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Huang B, Wong TTW. Review of low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs in photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11503. [PMID: 37869479 PMCID: PMC10587694 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a promising imaging technique to provide structural, functional, and molecular information for preclinical and clinical studies. However, expensive and bulky lasers and motorized stages have limited the broad applications of conventional PAM systems. A recent trend is to use low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs to develop a compact PAM system and expand its applications from benchtop to bedside. Aim We provide (1) an overview of PAM systems and their limitations, (2) a comprehensive review of PAM systems with low-cost light sources and their applications, (3) a comprehensive review of PAM systems with miniaturized and handheld scanning designs, and (4) perspective applications and a summary of the cost-effective and miniaturized PAM systems. Approach Papers published before July 2023 in the area of using low-cost light sources and miniaturized designs in PAM were reviewed. They were categorized into two main parts: (1) low-cost light sources and (2) miniaturized or handheld designs. The first part was classified into two subtypes: pulsed laser diode and continuous-wave laser diode. The second part was also classified into two subtypes: galvanometer scanner and micro-electro-mechanical system scanner. Results Significant progress has been made in the development of PAM systems based on low-cost and compact light sources as well as miniaturized and handheld designs. Conclusions The review highlights the potential of these advancements to revolutionize PAM technology, making it more accessible and practical for various applications in preclinical studies, clinical practice, and long-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Huang
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Research Center for Medical Imaging and Analysis, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Lin R, Zhang J, Gao W, Wang X, Lv S, Lam KH, Gong X. A Miniature Multi-Functional Photoacoustic Probe. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1269. [PMID: 37374854 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic technology is a promising tool to provide morphological and functional information in biomedical research. To enhance the imaging efficiency, the reported photoacoustic probes have been designed coaxially involving complicated optical/acoustic prisms to bypass the opaque piezoelectric layer of ultrasound transducers, but this has led to bulky probes and has hindered the applications in limited space. Though the emergence of transparent piezoelectric materials helps to save effort on the coaxial design, the reported transparent ultrasound transducers were still bulky. In this work, a miniature photoacoustic probe with an outer diameter of 4 mm was developed, in which an acoustic stack was made with a combination of transparent piezoelectric material and a gradient-index lens as a backing layer. The transparent ultrasound transducer exhibited a high center frequency of ~47 MHz and a -6 dB bandwidth of 29.4%, which could be easily assembled with a pigtailed ferrule of a single-mode fiber. The multi-functional capability of the probe was successfully validated through experiments of fluid flow sensing and photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiatian Wang
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shengmiao Lv
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kwok-Ho Lam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Fang Z, Gao F, Jin H, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang R, Zheng Z, Xiao X, Tang K, Lou L, Tang KT, Chen J, Zheng Y. A Review of Emerging Electromagnetic-Acoustic Sensing Techniques for Healthcare Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1075-1094. [PMID: 36459601 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3226290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electromagnetic (EM) sensing techniques such as radar and LiDAR are widely used for remote sensing, vehicle applications, weather monitoring, and clinical monitoring. Acoustic techniques such as sonar and ultrasound sensors are also used for consumer applications, such as ranging and in vivo medical/healthcare applications. It has been of long-term interest to doctors and clinical practitioners to realize continuous healthcare monitoring in hospitals and/or homes. Physiological and biopotential signals in real-time serve as important health indicators to predict and prevent serious illness. Emerging electromagnetic-acoustic (EMA) sensing techniques synergistically combine the merits of EM sensing with acoustic imaging to achieve comprehensive detection of physiological and biopotential signals. Further, EMA enables complementary fusion sensing for challenging healthcare settings, such as real-world long-term monitoring of treatment effects at home or in remote environments. This article reviews various examples of EMA sensing instruments, including implementation, performance, and application from the perspectives of circuits to systems. The novel and significant applications to healthcare are discussed. Three types of EMA sensors are presented: (1) Chip-based radar sensors for health status monitoring, (2) Thermo-acoustic sensing instruments for biomedical applications, and (3) Photoacoustic (PA) sensing and imaging systems, including dedicated reconstruction algorithms were reviewed from time-domain, frequency-domain, time-reversal, and model-based solutions. The future of EMA techniques for continuous healthcare with enhanced accuracy supported by artificial intelligence (AI) is also presented.
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Xiao M, Tian F, Liu X, Zhou Q, Pan J, Luo Z, Yang M, Yi C. Virus Detection: From State-of-the-Art Laboratories to Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Testing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105904. [PMID: 35393791 PMCID: PMC9110880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious virus outbreaks pose a significant challenge to public healthcare systems. Early and accurate virus diagnosis is critical to prevent the spread of the virus, especially when no specific vaccine or effective medicine is available. In clinics, the most commonly used viral detection methods are molecular techniques that involve the measurement of nucleic acids or proteins biomarkers. However, most clinic-based methods require complex infrastructure and expensive equipment, which are not suitable for low-resource settings. Over the past years, smartphone-based point-of-care testing (POCT) has rapidly emerged as a potential alternative to laboratory-based clinical diagnosis. This review summarizes the latest development of virus detection. First, laboratory-based and POCT-based viral diagnostic techniques are compared, both of which rely on immunosensing and nucleic acid detection. Then, various smartphone-based POCT diagnostic techniques, including optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and other types of biosensors are discussed. Moreover, this review covers the development of smartphone-based POCT diagnostics for various viruses including COVID-19, Ebola, influenza, Zika, HIV, et al. Finally, the prospects and challenges of smartphone-based POCT diagnostics are discussed. It is believed that this review will aid researchers better understand the current challenges and prospects for achieving the ultimate goal of containing disease-causing viruses worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHunghomHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
| | - Jiangfei Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
| | - Zhaofan Luo
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHunghomHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhen518107P. R. China
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Gao S, Tsumura R, Vang DP, Bisland K, Xu K, Tsunoi Y, Zhang HK. Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscope based on compact and low-cost delta configuration actuator. ULTRASONICS 2022; 118:106549. [PMID: 34474357 PMCID: PMC8530928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art configurations for acoustic-resolution photoacoustic (PA) microscope (AR-PAM) are large in size and expensive, hindering their democratization. While previous research on AR-PAMs introduced a low-cost light source to reduce the cost, few studies have investigated the possibility of optimizing the sensor actuation, particularly for the AR-PAM. Additionally, there is an unmet need to evaluate the image quality deterioration associated with the actuation inaccuracy. A low-cost actuation device is introduced to reduce the system size and cost of the AR-PAM while maintaining the image quality by implementing the advanced beamformers. This work proposes an AR-RAM incorporating the delta configuration actuator adaptable from a low-cost off-the-shelf 3D printer as the sensor actuation device. The image degradation due to the data acquisition positioning inaccuracy is evaluated in the simulation. We further assess the mitigation of potential actuation precision uncertainty through advanced 3D synthetic aperture focusing algorithms represented by the Delay-and-Sum (DAS) with Coherence Factor (DAS+CF) and Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS) algorithms. The simulation study demonstrated the tolerance of image quality on actuation inaccuracy and the effect of compensating the actuator motion precision error through advanced reconstruction algorithms. With those algorithms, the image quality degradation was suppressed to within 25% with the presence of 0.2 mm motion inaccuracy. The experimental evaluation using phantoms and an ex-vivo sample presented the applicability of low-cost delta configuration actuators for AR-PAMs. The measured full width at half maximum of the 0.2 mm diameter pencil-lead phantom were 0.45 ± 0.06 mm, 0.31 ± 0.04 mm, and 0.35 ± 0.07 mm, by applying the DAS, DAS+CF, and DMAS algorithms, respectively. AR-PAMs with a compact and low-cost delta configuration provide high-quality PA imaging with better accessibility for biomedical applications. The research evaluated the image degradation contributed by the actuation inaccuracy and suggested that the advanced beamformers are capable of suppressing the actuation inaccuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Robotics Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States
| | - Ryosuke Tsumura
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Robotics Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States
| | - Doua P Vang
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States
| | - Keion Bisland
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Robotics Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States
| | - Keshuai Xu
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Computer Science, Baltimore 21218, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Tsunoi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Haichong K Zhang
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Robotics Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Computer Science, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester 01609, United States.
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Recent Technical Progression in Photoacoustic Imaging—Towards Using Contrast Agents and Multimodal Techniques. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11219804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For combining optical and ultrasonic imaging methodologies, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is the most important and successful hybrid technique, which has greatly contributed to biomedical research and applications. Its theoretical background is based on the photoacoustic effect, whereby a modulated or pulsed light is emitted into tissue, which selectively absorbs the optical energy of the light at optical wavelengths. This energy produces a fast thermal expansion in the illuminated tissue, generating pressure waves (or photoacoustic waves) that can be detected by ultrasonic transducers. Research has shown that optical absorption spectroscopy offers high optical sensitivity and contrast for ingredient determination, for example, while ultrasound has demonstrated good spatial resolution in biomedical imaging. Photoacoustic imaging combines these advantages, i.e., high contrast through optical absorption and high spatial resolution due to the low scattering of ultrasound in tissue. In this review, we focus on advances made in PAI in the last five years and present categories and key devices used in PAI techniques. In particular, we highlight the continuously increasing imaging depth achieved by PAI, particularly when using exogenous reagents. Finally, we discuss the potential of combining PAI with other imaging techniques.
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Yang X, Chen YH, Xia F, Sawan M. Photoacoustic imaging for monitoring of stroke diseases: A review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100287. [PMID: 34401324 PMCID: PMC8353507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability after ischemic heart disease. However, there is lacking a non-invasive long-time monitoring technique for stroke diagnosis and therapy. The photoacoustic imaging approach reconstructs images of an object based on the energy excitation by optical absorption and its conversion to acoustic waves, due to corresponding thermoelastic expansion, which has optical resolution and acoustic propagation. This emerging functional imaging method is a non-invasive technique. Due to its precision, this method is particularly attractive for stroke monitoring purpose. In this paper, we review the achievements of this technology and its applications on stroke, as well as the development status in both animal and human applications. Also, various photoacoustic systems and multi-modality photoacoustic imaging are introduced as for potential clinical applications. Finally, the challenges of photoacoustic imaging for monitoring stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- CenBRAIN Lab., School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chen
- CenBRAIN Lab., School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen Xia
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- CenBRAIN Lab., School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Lab., School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Corresponding author at: CenBRAIN Lab., School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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Ahn J, Kim JY, Choi W, Kim C. High-resolution functional photoacoustic monitoring of vascular dynamics in human fingers. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100282. [PMID: 34258222 PMCID: PMC8259315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional imaging of microvascular dynamics in extremities delivers intuitive information for early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of vascular diseases. High-resolution and high-speed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) visualizes and measures multiparametric information of microvessel networks in vivo such as morphology, flow, oxygen saturation, and metabolic rate. Here, we demonstrate high-resolution photoacoustic monitoring of vascular dynamics in human fingers. We photoacoustically monitored the position displacement of blood vessels associated with arterial pulsation in human fingers. Then, during and after arterial occlusion, we photoacoustically quantified oxygen consumption and blood perfusion in the fingertips. The results demonstrate that high-resolution functional PAM could be a vital tool in peripheral vascular examination for measuring heart rate, oxygen consumption, and/or blood perfusion.
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Yao J, Wang LV. Perspective on fast-evolving photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210105-PERR. [PMID: 34196136 PMCID: PMC8244998 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.6.060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Acoustically detecting the rich optical absorption contrast in biological tissues, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) seamlessly bridges the functional and molecular sensitivity of optical excitation with the deep penetration and high scalability of ultrasound detection. As a result of continuous technological innovations and commercial development, PAT has been playing an increasingly important role in life sciences and patient care, including functional brain imaging, smart drug delivery, early cancer diagnosis, and interventional therapy guidance. AIM Built on our 2016 tutorial article that focused on the principles and implementations of PAT, this perspective aims to provide an update on the exciting technical advances in PAT. APPROACH This perspective focuses on the recent PAT innovations in volumetric deep-tissue imaging, high-speed wide-field microscopic imaging, high-sensitivity optical ultrasound detection, and machine-learning enhanced image reconstruction and data processing. Representative applications are introduced to demonstrate these enabling technical breakthroughs in biomedical research. CONCLUSIONS We conclude the perspective by discussing the future development of PAT technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
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Photoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature Using LED versus Laser Illumination: A Comparison Study on Tissue Phantoms and In Vivo Humans. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020424. [PMID: 33435375 PMCID: PMC7827532 DOI: 10.3390/s21020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are becoming an epidemic with an increasing aging population and increases in obesity and type II diabetes. Point-of-care (POC) diagnosis and monitoring of vascular diseases is an unmet medical need. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) provides label-free multiparametric information of deep vasculature based on strong absorption of light photons by hemoglobin molecules. However, conventional PAI systems use bulky nanosecond lasers which hinders POC applications. Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as cost-effective and portable optical sources for the PAI of living subjects. However, state-of-art LED arrays carry significantly lower optical energy (<0.5 mJ/pulse) and high pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) (4 KHz) compared to the high-power laser sources (100 mJ/pulse) with low PRFs of 10 Hz. Given these tradeoffs between portability, cost, optical energy and frame rate, this work systematically studies the deep tissue PAI performance of LED and laser illuminations to help select a suitable source for a given biomedical application. To draw a fair comparison, we developed a fiberoptic array that delivers laser illumination similar to the LED array and uses the same ultrasound transducer and data acquisition platform for PAI with these two illuminations. Several controlled studies on tissue phantoms demonstrated that portable LED arrays with high frame averaging show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of up to 30 mm depth, and the high-energy laser source was found to be more effective for imaging depths greater than 30 mm at similar frame rates. Label-free in vivo imaging of human hand vasculature studies further confirmed that the vascular contrast from LED-PAI is similar to laser-PAI for up to 2 cm depths. Therefore, LED-PAI systems have strong potential to be a mobile health care technology for diagnosing vascular diseases such as peripheral arterial disease and stroke in POC and resource poor settings.
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Das D, Sharma A, Rajendran P, Pramanik M. Another decade of photoacoustic imaging. Phys Med Biol 2020; 66. [PMID: 33361580 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abd669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging - a hybrid biomedical imaging modality finding its way to clinical practices. Although the photoacoustic phenomenon was known more than a century back, only in the last two decades it has been widely researched and used for biomedical imaging applications. In this review we focus on the development and progress of the technology in the last decade (2010-2020). From becoming more and more user friendly, cheaper in cost, portable in size, photoacoustic imaging promises a wide range of applications, if translated to clinic. The growth of photoacoustic community is steady, and with several new directions researchers are exploring, it is inevitable that photoacoustic imaging will one day establish itself as a regular imaging system in the clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Arunima Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Praveenbalaji Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, N1.3-B2-11, Singapore, 637457, SINGAPORE
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12
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Zhou J, Jokerst JV. Photoacoustic imaging with fiber optic technology: A review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100211. [PMID: 33163358 PMCID: PMC7606844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has achieved remarkable growth in the past few decades since it takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound (US) imaging. In order to better promote the wide clinical applications of PAI, many miniaturized and portable PAI systems have recently been proposed. Most of these systems utilize fiber optic technologies. Here, we overview the fiber optic technologies used in PAI. This paper discusses three different fiber optic technologies: fiber optic light transmission, fiber optic US transmission, and fiber optic US detection. These fiber optic technologies are analyzed in different PAI modalities including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), and minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (MIPAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
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Wang H, Ma Y, Yang H, Jiang H, Ding Y, Xie H. MEMS Ultrasound Transducers for Endoscopic Photoacoustic Imaging Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E928. [PMID: 33053796 PMCID: PMC7601211 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is drawing extensive attention and gaining rapid development as an emerging biomedical imaging technology because of its high spatial resolution, large imaging depth, and rich optical contrast. PAI has great potential applications in endoscopy, but the progress of endoscopic PAI was hindered by the challenges of manufacturing and assembling miniature imaging components. Over the last decade, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has greatly facilitated the development of photoacoustic endoscopes and extended the realm of applicability of the PAI. As the key component of photoacoustic endoscopes, micromachined ultrasound transducers (MUTs), including piezoelectric MUTs (pMUTs) and capacitive MUTs (cMUTs), have been developed and explored for endoscopic PAI applications. In this article, the recent progress of pMUTs (thickness extension mode and flexural vibration mode) and cMUTs are reviewed and discussed with their applications in endoscopic PAI. Current PAI endoscopes based on pMUTs and cMUTs are also introduced and compared. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions of MEMS ultrasound transducers for endoscopic PAI applications are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Yifei Ma
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (H.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Huabei Jiang
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (H.Y.); (H.J.)
| | - Yingtao Ding
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huikai Xie
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.M.); (Y.D.)
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Chen H, Agrawal S, Dangi A, Wible C, Osman M, Abune L, Jia H, Rossi R, Wang Y, Kothapalli SR. Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy Using Transparent Ultrasound Transducer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5470. [PMID: 31835900 PMCID: PMC6960623 DOI: 10.3390/s19245470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The opacity of conventional ultrasound transducers can impede the miniaturization and workflow of current photoacoustic systems. In particular, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) requires the coaxial alignment of optical illumination and acoustic-detection paths through complex beam combiners and a thick coupling medium. To overcome these hurdles, we developed a novel OR-PAM method on the basis of our recently reported transparent lithium niobate (LiNbO3) ultrasound transducer (Dangi et al., Optics Letters, 2019), which was centered at 13 MHz ultrasound frequency with 60% photoacoustic bandwidth. To test the feasibility of wearable OR-PAM, optical-only raster scanning of focused light through a transducer was performed while the transducer was fixed above the imaging subject. Imaging experiments on resolution targets and carbon fibers demonstrated a lateral resolution of 8.5 µm. Further, we demonstrated vasculature mapping using chicken embryos and melanoma depth profiling using tissue phantoms. In conclusion, the proposed OR-PAM system using a low-cost transparent LiNbO3 window transducer has a promising future in wearable and high-throughput imaging applications, e.g., integration with conventional optical microscopy to enable a multimodal microscopy platform capable of ultrasound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ajay Dangi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Christopher Wible
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mohamed Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lidya Abune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huizhen Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Randall Rossi
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; (H.C.); (S.A.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (M.O.); (L.A.); (H.J.); (Y.W.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
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