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Rees J, Liu W, Canson J, Crosby L, Tinker A, Probst F, Ourselin S, Antonelli M, Molteni E, Mexia N, Shi Y, Matcham F. Qualitative exploration of the lived experiences of loneliness in later life to inform technology development. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2398259. [PMID: 39305060 PMCID: PMC11418060 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2398259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Loneliness is a negative emotional state which is common in later life. The accumulative effects of loneliness have a significant impact on the physical and mental health of older adults. We aim to qualitatively explore the experiences of loneliness in later life and identify relevant behaviours and indicators which will inform novel methods of loneliness detection and intervention. METHODS We conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with people aged 65 and over between September 2022 and August 2023. Data were analysed using a reflective thematic approach with early theme development on NVIVO software. RESULTS Three themes were identified from the experiences of loneliness in older adults. 1) Unique responses to loneliness, including crying, increased eating or drinking and sleep difficulties, 2) Age-related losses, such as networks, roles, and abilities to engage in activities reducing over time and 3) Individual differences in overcoming loneliness, where strategies such as keeping busy and adopting a positive mindset were impacted by motivation and mood of older adults. CONCLUSION Distinct signs and relevant factors to loneliness in later life have been identified which can be detected by future sensing technologies. Findings of this in-depth qualitative study highlight that loneliness is a subjective experience requiring a holistic and person-centred approach to detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rees
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Engineering, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jiana Canson
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Lynda Crosby
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Anthea Tinker
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Freya Probst
- Department of Engineering, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michela Antonelli
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Erika Molteni
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yu Shi
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Faith Matcham
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
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Wu CY, Tibbitts D, Beattie Z, Dodge H, Shannon J, Kaye J, Winters-Stone K. Using Continuous Passive Assessment Technology to Describe Health and Behavior Patterns Preceding and Following a Cancer Diagnosis in Older Adults: Proof-of-Concept Case Series Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45693. [PMID: 37561574 PMCID: PMC10450537 DOI: 10.2196/45693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing changes in health and behavior that precede and follow a sentinel health event, such as a cancer diagnosis, is challenging because of the lack of longitudinal, objective measurements that are collected frequently enough to capture varying trajectories of change leading up to and following the event. A continuous passive assessment system that continuously monitors older adults' physical activity, weight, medication-taking behavior, pain, health events, and mood could enable the identification of more specific health and behavior patterns leading up to a cancer diagnosis and whether and how patterns change thereafter. OBJECTIVE In this study, we conducted a proof-of-concept retrospective analysis, in which we identified new cancer diagnoses in older adults and compared trajectories of change in health and behaviors before and after cancer diagnosis. METHODS Participants were 10 older adults (mean age 71.8, SD 4.9 years; 3/10, 30% female) with various self-reported cancer types from a larger prospective cohort study of older adults. A technology-agnostic assessment platform using multiple devices provided continuous data on daily physical activity via wearable sensors (actigraphy); weight via a Wi-Fi-enabled digital scale; daily medication-taking behavior using electronic Bluetooth-enabled pillboxes; and weekly pain, health events, and mood with online, self-report surveys. RESULTS Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models revealed significant differences in the pre- and postcancer trajectories of step counts (P<.001), step count variability (P=.004), weight (P<.001), pain severity (P<.001), hospitalization or emergency room visits (P=.03), days away from home overnight (P=.01), and the number of pillbox door openings (P<.001). Over the year preceding a cancer diagnosis, there were gradual reductions in step counts and weight and gradual increases in pain severity, step count variability, hospitalization or emergency room visits, and days away from home overnight compared with 1 year after the cancer diagnosis. Across the year after the cancer diagnosis, there was a gradual increase in the number of pillbox door openings compared with 1 year before the cancer diagnosis. There was no significant trajectory change from the pre- to post-cancer diagnosis period in terms of low mood (P=.60) and loneliness (P=.22). CONCLUSIONS A home-based, technology-agnostic, and multidomain assessment platform could provide a unique approach to monitoring different types of behavior and health markers in parallel before and after a life-changing health event. Continuous passive monitoring that is ecologically valid, less prone to bias, and limits participant burden could greatly enhance research that aims to improve early detection efforts, clinical care, and outcomes for people with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Deanne Tibbitts
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Zachary Beattie
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hiroko Dodge
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jeffrey Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kerri Winters-Stone
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Hantke NC, Kaye J, Mattek N, Wu CY, Dodge HH, Beattie Z, Woltjer R. Correlating continuously captured home-based digital biomarkers of daily function with postmortem neurodegenerative neuropathology. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286812. [PMID: 37289845 PMCID: PMC10249904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome measures available for use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials are limited in ability to detect gradual changes. Measures of everyday function and cognition assessed unobtrusively at home using embedded sensing and computing generated "digital biomarkers" (DBs) have been shown to be ecologically valid and to improve efficiency of clinical trials. However, DBs have not been assessed for their relationship to AD neuropathology. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current study is to perform an exploratory examination of possible associations between DBs and AD neuropathology in an initially cognitively intact community-based cohort. METHODS Participants included in this study were ≥65 years of age, living independently, of average health for age, and followed until death. Algorithms, run on the continuously-collected passive sensor data, generated daily metrics for each DB: cognitive function, mobility, socialization, and sleep. Fixed postmortem brains were evaluated for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaque (NP) pathology and staged by Braak and CERAD systems in the context of the "ABC" assessment of AD-associated changes. RESULTS The analysis included a total of 41 participants (M±SD age at death = 92.2±5.1 years). The four DBs showed consistent patterns relative to both Braak stage and NP score severity. Greater NP severity was correlated with the DB composite and reduced walking speed. Braak stage was associated with reduced computer use time and increased total time in bed. DISCUSSION This study provides the first data showing correlations between DBs and neuropathological markers in an aging cohort. The findings suggest continuous, home-based DBs may hold potential to serve as behavioral proxies that index neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Hantke
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Nora Mattek
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Chao-Yi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hiroko H. Dodge
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Zachary Beattie
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Center for Aging & Technology (ORCATECH), Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Khan SS, Gu T, Spinelli L, Wang RH. Sensor-based assessment of social isolation in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 36849963 PMCID: PMC9969951 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is a state of low social interaction with peers associated with various adverse health consequences in older adults living in the community. SI is most often assessed through retrospective self-reports, which can be prone to recall or self-report biases and influenced by stigma. Ambient and wearable sensors have been explored to objectively assess SI based on interactions of a person within the environment and physiological data. However, because this field is in its infancy, there is a lack of clarity regarding the application of sensors and their data in assessing SI and the methods to develop these assessments. To understand the current state of research in sensor-based assessment of SI in older adults living in the community and to make recommendations for the field moving forward, we conducted a scoping review. The aims of the scoping review were to (i) map the types of sensors (and their associated data) that have been used for objective SI assessment, and (ii) identify the methodological approaches used to develop the SI assessment. Using an established scoping review methodology, we identified eight relevant articles. Data from motion sensors and actigraph were commonly applied and compared and correlated with self-report measures in developing objective SI assessments. Variability exists in defining SI, feature extraction and the use of sensors and self-report assessments. Inconsistent definitions and use of various self-report scales for measuring SI create barriers to studying the concept and extracting features to build predictive models. Recommendations include establishing a consistent definition of SI for sensor-based assessment research and development and consider capturing its complexity through innovative domain-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehroz S. Khan
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428KITE, University Health Network, 550, University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 2A2 Canada
| | - Tiancheng Gu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1V7 Canada
| | - Lauren Spinelli
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1V7 Canada
| | - Rosalie H. Wang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1V7 Canada
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Prabhu D, Kholghi M, Sandhu M, Lu W, Packer K, Higgins L, Silvera-Tawil D. Sensor-Based Assessment of Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: A Survey. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9944. [PMID: 36560312 PMCID: PMC9781772 DOI: 10.3390/s22249944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) and loneliness are 'invisible enemies'. They affect older people's health and quality of life and have significant impact on aged care resources. While in-person screening tools for SI and loneliness exist, staff shortages and psycho-social challenges fed by stereotypes are significant barriers to their implementation in routine care. Autonomous sensor-based approaches can be used to overcome these challenges by enabling unobtrusive and privacy-preserving assessments of SI and loneliness. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of sensor-based tools to assess social isolation and loneliness through a structured critical review of the relevant literature. The aim of this survey is to identify, categorise, and synthesise studies in which sensing technologies have been used to measure activity and behavioural markers of SI and loneliness in older adults. This survey identified a number of feasibility studies using ambient sensors for measuring SI and loneliness activity markers. Time spent out of home and time spent in different parts of the home were found to show strong associations with SI and loneliness scores derived from standard instruments. This survey found a lack of long-term, in-depth studies in this area with older populations. Specifically, research gaps on the use of wearable and smart phone sensors in this population were identified, including the need for co-design that is important for effective adoption and practical implementation of sensor-based SI and loneliness assessment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Prabhu
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (M.K.); Tel.: +61-4-1599-0836 (D.P.); +61-7-3253-3689 (M.K.)
| | - Mahnoosh Kholghi
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (M.K.); Tel.: +61-4-1599-0836 (D.P.); +61-7-3253-3689 (M.K.)
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6
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Tao Q, Akhter-Khan SC, Ang TFA, DeCarli C, Alosco ML, Mez J, Killiany R, Devine S, Rokach A, Itchapurapu IS, Zhang X, Lunetta KL, Steffens DC, Farrer LA, Greve DN, Au R, Qiu WQ. Different loneliness types, cognitive function, and brain structure in midlife: Findings from the Framingham Heart Study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 53:101643. [PMID: 36105871 PMCID: PMC9465265 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It remains unclear whether persistent loneliness is related to brain structures that are associated with cognitive decline and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the relationships between different loneliness types, cognitive functioning, and regional brain volumes. Methods Loneliness was measured longitudinally, using the item from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in the Framingham Heart Study, Generation 3, with participants' average age of 46·3 ± 8·6 years. Robust regression models tested the association between different loneliness types with longitudinal neuropsychological performance (n = 2,609) and regional magnetic resonance imaging brain data (n = 1,829) (2002-2019). Results were stratified for sex, depression, and Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4). Findings Persistent loneliness, but not transient loneliness, was strongly associated with cognitive decline, especially memory and executive function. Persistent loneliness was negatively associated with temporal lobe volume (β = -0.18, 95%CI [-0.32, -0.04], P = 0·01). Among women, persistent loneliness was associated with smaller frontal lobe (β = -0.19, 95%CI [-0.38, -0.01], P = 0·04), temporal lobe (β = -0.20, 95%CI [-0.37, -0.03], P = 0·02), and hippocampus volumes (β = -0.23, 95%CI [-0.40, -0.06], P = 0·007), and larger lateral ventricle volume (β = 0.15, 95%CI [0.02, 0.28], P = 0·03). The higher cumulative loneliness scores across three exams, the smaller parietal, temporal, and hippocampus volumes and larger lateral ventricle were evident, especially in the presence of ApoE4. Interpretation Persistent loneliness in midlife was associated with atrophy in brain regions responsible for memory and executive dysfunction. Interventions to reduce the chronicity of loneliness may mitigate the risk of age-related cognitive decline and AD. Funding US National Institute on Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samia C. Akhter-Khan
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Alzheimer's Diesease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research Centers, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Alzheimer's Diesease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research Centers, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ami Rokach
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Indira Swetha Itchapurapu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - David C. Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Douglas N. Greve
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Alzheimer's Diesease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research Centers, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
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Sprint G, Cook DJ, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Holder LB. Multimodal Fusion of Smart Home and Text-based Behavior Markers for Clinical Assessment Prediction. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTING FOR HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:41. [PMID: 36381500 PMCID: PMC9645787 DOI: 10.1145/3531231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New modes of technology are offering unprecedented opportunities to unobtrusively collect data about people's behavior. While there are many use cases for such information, we explore its utility for predicting multiple clinical assessment scores. Because clinical assessments are typically used as screening tools for impairment and disease, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), automatically mapping behavioral data to assessment scores can help detect changes in health and behavior across time. In this paper, we aim to extract behavior markers from two modalities, a smart home environment and a custom digital memory notebook app, for mapping to ten clinical assessments that are relevant for monitoring MCI onset and changes in cognitive health. Smart home-based behavior markers reflect hourly, daily, and weekly activity patterns, while app-based behavior markers reflect app usage and writing content/style derived from free-form journal entries. We describe machine learning techniques for fusing these multimodal behavior markers and utilizing joint prediction. We evaluate our approach using three regression algorithms and data from 14 participants with MCI living in a smart home environment. We observed moderate to large correlations between predicted and ground-truth assessment scores, ranging from r = 0.601 to r = 0.871 for each clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Sprint
- Department of Computer Science, Gonzaga University
| | - Diane J Cook
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University
| | | | - Lawrence B Holder
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University
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Kim D, Bian H, Chang CK, Dong L, Margrett J. In-Home Monitoring Technology for Aging in Place: Scoping Review. Interact J Med Res 2022; 11:e39005. [PMID: 36048502 PMCID: PMC9478817 DOI: 10.2196/39005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For successful aging-in-place strategy development, in-home monitoring technology is necessary as a new home modification strategy. Monitoring an older adult's daily physical activity at home can positively impact their health and well-being by providing valuable information about functional, cognitive, and social health status. However, it is questionable how these in-home monitoring technologies have changed the traditional residential environment. A comprehensive review of existing research findings should be utilized to characterize recent relative technologies and to inform design considerations. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of this study was to classify recent smart home technologies that monitor older adults' health and to architecturally describe these technologies as they are used in older adults' homes. METHODS The scoping review method was employed to identify key characteristics of in-home monitoring technologies for older adults. In June 2021, four databases, including Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Scopus, were searched for peer-reviewed articles pertaining to smart home technologies used to monitor older adults' health in their homes. We used two search strings to retrieve articles: types of technology and types of users. For the title, abstract, and full-text screening, the inclusion criteria were original and peer-reviewed research written in English, and research on monitoring, detecting, recognizing, analyzing, or tracking human physical, emotional, and social behavior. The exclusion criteria included theoretical, conceptual, or review papers; studies on wearable systems; and qualitative research. RESULTS This scoping review identified 30 studies published between June 2016 and 2021 providing overviews of in-home monitoring technologies, including (1) features of smart home technologies and (2) sensor locations and sensor data. First, we found six functions of in-home monitoring technology among the reviewed papers: daily activities, abnormal behaviors, cognitive impairment, falls, indoor person positioning, and sleep quality. Most of the research (n=27 articles) focused on functional monitoring and analysis, such as activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, or falls among older adults; a few studies (n=3) covered social interaction monitoring. Second, this scoping review also found 16 types of sensor technologies. The most common data types encountered were passive infrared motion sensors (n=21) and contact sensors (n=19), which were used to monitor human behaviors such as bodily presence and time spent on activities. Specific locations for each sensor were also identified. CONCLUSIONS This wide-ranging synthesis demonstrates that in-home monitoring technologies within older adults' homes play an essential role in aging in place, in that the technology monitors older adults' daily activities and identifies various health-related issues. This research provides a key summarization of in-home monitoring technologies that can be applied in senior housing for successful aging in place. These findings will be significant when developing home modification strategies or new senior housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Interior Design, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hongyi Bian
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carl K Chang
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jennifer Margrett
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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9
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Schütz N, Knobel SEJ, Botros A, Single M, Pais B, Santschi V, Gatica-Perez D, Buluschek P, Urwyler P, Gerber SM, Müri RM, Mosimann UP, Saner H, Nef T. A systems approach towards remote health-monitoring in older adults: Introducing a zero-interaction digital exhaust. NPJ Digit Med 2022; 5:116. [PMID: 35974156 PMCID: PMC9381599 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-022-00657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using connected sensing devices to remotely monitor health is a promising way to help transition healthcare from a rather reactive to a more precision medicine oriented proactive approach, which could be particularly relevant in the face of rapid population ageing and the challenges it poses to healthcare systems. Sensor derived digital measures of health, such as digital biomarkers or digital clinical outcome assessments, may be used to monitor health status or the risk of adverse events like falls. Current research around such digital measures has largely focused on exploring the use of few individual measures obtained through mobile devices. However, especially for long-term applications in older adults, this choice of technology may not be ideal and could further add to the digital divide. Moreover, large-scale systems biology approaches, like genomics, have already proven beneficial in precision medicine, making it plausible that the same could also hold for remote-health monitoring. In this context, we introduce and describe a zero-interaction digital exhaust: a set of 1268 digital measures that cover large parts of a person’s activity, behavior and physiology. Making this approach more inclusive of older adults, we base this set entirely on contactless, zero-interaction sensing technologies. Applying the resulting digital exhaust to real-world data, we then demonstrate the possibility to create multiple ageing relevant digital clinical outcome assessments. Paired with modern machine learning, we find these assessments to be surprisingly powerful and often on-par with mobile approaches. Lastly, we highlight the possibility to discover novel digital biomarkers based on this large-scale approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Schütz
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel E J Knobel
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angela Botros
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Single
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Pais
- LaSource School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Santschi
- LaSource School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gatica-Perez
- Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland.,School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Prabitha Urwyler
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Gerber
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M Müri
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs P Mosimann
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Saner
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Nef
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Blakely KK, Baker NR. Loneliness in Community-Dwelling, Older Adults: An Integrative Review. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Qirtas MM, Zafeiridi E, Pesch D, White EB. Loneliness and Social Isolation Detection Using Passive Sensing Techniques: Scoping Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2022; 10:e34638. [PMID: 35412465 PMCID: PMC9044142 DOI: 10.2196/34638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness and social isolation are associated with multiple health problems, including depression, functional impairment, and death. Mobile sensing using smartphones and wearable devices, such as fitness trackers or smartwatches, as well as ambient sensors, can be used to acquire data remotely on individuals and their daily routines and behaviors in real time. This has opened new possibilities for the early detection of health and social problems, including loneliness and social isolation. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize recent scientific studies that used passive sensing techniques, such as the use of in-home ambient sensors, smartphones, and wearable device sensors, to collect data on device users' daily routines and behaviors to detect loneliness or social isolation. This review also aimed to examine various aspects of these studies, especially target populations, privacy, and validation issues. METHODS A scoping review was undertaken, following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews). Studies on the topic under investigation were identified through 6 databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ACM, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase). The identified studies were screened for the type of passive sensing detection methods for loneliness and social isolation, targeted population, reliability of the detection systems, challenges, and limitations of these detection systems. RESULTS After conducting the initial search, a total of 40,071 papers were identified. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 (0.07%) studies were included in this scoping review. Most studies (20/29, 69%) used smartphone and wearable technology to detect loneliness or social isolation, and 72% (21/29) of the studies used a validated reference standard to assess the accuracy of passively collected data for detecting loneliness or social isolation. CONCLUSIONS Despite the growing use of passive sensing technologies for detecting loneliness and social isolation, some substantial gaps still remain in this domain. A population heterogeneity issue exists among several studies, indicating that different demographic characteristics, such as age and differences in participants' behaviors, can affect loneliness and social isolation. In addition, despite extensive personal data collection, relatively few studies have addressed privacy and ethical issues. This review provides uncertain evidence regarding the use of passive sensing to detect loneliness and social isolation. Future research is needed using robust study designs, measures, and examinations of privacy and ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Muhammad Qirtas
- School of Computer Science & Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Evi Zafeiridi
- School of Computer Science & Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dirk Pesch
- School of Computer Science & Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eleanor Bantry White
- School of Computer Science & Information Technology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Morita PP, Sahu KS, Oetomo A. Health Monitoring Using Smart Home Technologies: A Scoping Review (Preprint). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2022; 11:e37347. [PMID: 37052984 PMCID: PMC10141305 DOI: 10.2196/37347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Internet of Things (IoT) has become integrated into everyday life, with devices becoming permanent fixtures in many homes. As countries face increasing pressure on their health care systems, smart home technologies have the potential to support population health through continuous behavioral monitoring. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to provide insight into this evolving field of research by surveying the current technologies and applications for in-home health monitoring. METHODS Peer-reviewed papers from 2008 to 2021 related to smart home technologies for health care were extracted from 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL); 49 papers met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. RESULTS Most of the studies were from Europe and North America. The largest proportion of the studies were proof of concept or pilot studies. Approximately 78% (38/49) of the studies used real human participants, most of whom were older females. Demographic data were often missing. Nearly 60% (29/49) of the studies reported on the health status of the participants. Results were primarily reported in engineering and technology journals. Almost 62% (30/49) of the studies used passive infrared sensors to report on motion detection where data were primarily binary. There were numerous data analysis, management, and machine learning techniques employed. The primary challenges reported by authors were differentiating between multiple participants in a single space, technology interoperability, and data security and privacy. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review synthesizes the current state of research on smart home technologies for health care. We were able to identify multiple trends and knowledge gaps-in particular, the lack of collaboration across disciplines. Technological development dominates over the human-centric part of the equation. During the preparation of this scoping review, we noted that the health care research papers lacked a concrete definition of a smart home, and based on the available evidence and the identified gaps, we propose a new definition for a smart home for health care. Smart home technology is growing rapidly, and interdisciplinary approaches will be needed to ensure integration into the health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plinio P Morita
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Research Institute of Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Centre for Digital Therapeutics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirti Sundar Sahu
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Arlene Oetomo
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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13
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Latikka R, Rubio-Hernández R, Lohan ES, Rantala J, Nieto Fernández F, Laitinen A, Oksanen A. Older Adults' Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Physical Information and Communication Technology in the Era of Ambient Assisted Living: A Systematic Literature Review. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e28022. [PMID: 34967760 PMCID: PMC8759023 DOI: 10.2196/28022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness and social isolation can have severe effects on human health and well-being. Partial solutions to combat these circumstances in demographically aging societies have been sought from the field of information and communication technology (ICT). OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review investigates the research conducted on older adults' loneliness and social isolation, and physical ICTs, namely robots, wearables, and smart homes, in the era of ambient assisted living (AAL). The aim is to gain insight into how technology can help overcome loneliness and social isolation other than by fostering social communication with people and what the main open-ended challenges according to the reviewed studies are. METHODS The data were collected from 7 bibliographic databases. A preliminary search resulted in 1271 entries that were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria. The characteristics of the selected studies were coded, and the results were summarized to answer our research questions. RESULTS The final data set consisted of 23 empirical studies. We found out that ICT solutions such as smart homes can help detect and predict loneliness and social isolation, and technologies such as robotic pets and some other social robots can help alleviate loneliness to some extent. The main open-ended challenges across studies relate to the need for more robust study samples and study designs. Further, the reviewed studies report technology- and topic-specific open-ended challenges. CONCLUSIONS Technology can help assess older adults' loneliness and social isolation, and alleviate loneliness without direct interaction with other people. The results are highly relevant in the COVID-19 era, where various social restrictions have been introduced all over the world, and the amount of research literature in this regard has increased recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Latikka
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Elena Simona Lohan
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Rantala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Arto Laitinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Yamada Y, Shinkawa K, Nemoto M, Arai T. Automatic Assessment of Loneliness in Older Adults Using Speech Analysis on Responses to Daily Life Questions. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:712251. [PMID: 34966297 PMCID: PMC8710612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.712251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness is a perceived state of social and emotional isolation that has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects in older adults. Automatically assessing loneliness by passively monitoring daily behaviors could potentially contribute to early detection and intervention for mitigating loneliness. Speech data has been successfully used for inferring changes in emotional states and mental health conditions, but its association with loneliness in older adults remains unexplored. In this study, we developed a tablet-based application and collected speech responses of 57 older adults to daily life questions regarding, for example, one's feelings and future travel plans. From audio data of these speech responses, we automatically extracted speech features characterizing acoustic, prosodic, and linguistic aspects, and investigated their associations with self-rated scores of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Consequently, we found that with increasing loneliness scores, speech responses tended to have less inflections, longer pauses, reduced second formant frequencies, reduced variances of the speech spectrum, more filler words, and fewer positive words. The cross-validation results showed that regression and binary-classification models using speech features could estimate loneliness scores with an R 2 of 0.57 and detect individuals with high loneliness scores with 95.6% accuracy, respectively. Our study provides the first empirical results suggesting the possibility of using speech data that can be collected in everyday life for the automatic assessments of loneliness in older adults, which could help develop monitoring technologies for early detection and intervention for mitigating loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miyuki Nemoto
- Dementia Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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15
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Mertens M, Debard G, Davis J, Devriendt E, Milisen K, Tournoy J, Croonenborghs T, Vanrumste B. Motion Sensor-Based Detection of Outlier Days Supporting Continuous Health Assessment for Single Older Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6080. [PMID: 34577295 PMCID: PMC8472855 DOI: 10.3390/s21186080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aging population has resulted in interest in remote monitoring of elderly individuals' health and well being. This paper describes a simple unsupervised monitoring system that can automatically detect if an elderly individual's pattern of presence deviates substantially from the recent past. The proposed system uses a small set of low-cost motion sensors and analyzes the produced data to establish an individual's typical presence pattern. Then, the algorithm uses a distance function to determine whether the individual's observed presence for each day significantly deviates from their typical pattern. Empirically, the algorithm is validated on both synthetic data and data collected by installing our system in the residences of three older individuals. In the real-world setting, the system detected, respectively, five, four, and one deviating days in the three locations. The deviating days detected by the system could result from a health issue that requires attention. The information from the system can aid caregivers in assessing the subject's health status and allows for a targeted intervention. Although the system can be refined, we show that otherwise hidden but relevant events (e.g., fall incident and irregular sleep patterns) are detected and reported to the caregiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mertens
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium;
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Glen Debard
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences Kempen, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Jesse Davis
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Els Devriendt
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.D.); (K.M.)
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Koen Milisen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.D.); (K.M.)
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Croonenborghs
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Bart Vanrumste
- eMedia ResearchLab and STADIUS, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
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16
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Wang T, Cook DJ. sMRT: Multi-Resident Tracking in Smart Homes With Sensor Vectorization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2021; 43:2809-2821. [PMID: 32070942 PMCID: PMC7423766 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2020.2973571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smart homes equipped with anonymous binary sensors offer a low-cost, unobtrusive solution that powers activity-aware applications, such as building automation, health monitoring, behavioral intervention, and home security. However, when multiple residents are living in a smart home, associating sensor events with the corresponding residents can pose a major challenge. Previous approaches to multi-resident tracking in smart homes rely on extra information, such as sensor layouts, floor plans, and annotated data, which may not be available or inconvenient to obtain in practice. To address those challenges in real-life deployment, we introduce the sMRT algorithm that simultaneously tracks the location of each resident and estimates the number of residents in the smart home, without relying on ground-truth annotated sensor data or other additional information. We evaluate the performance of our approach using two smart home datasets recorded in real-life settings and compare sMRT with two other methods that rely on sensor layout and ground truth-labeled sensor data.
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17
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Shah SGS, Nogueras D, van Woerden HC, Kiparoglou V. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Digital Technology Interventions to Reduce Loneliness in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e24712. [PMID: 34085942 PMCID: PMC8214187 DOI: 10.2196/24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness is a serious public health issue, and its burden is increasing in many countries. Loneliness affects social, physical, and mental health, and it is associated with multimorbidity and premature mortality. In addition to social interventions, a range of digital technology interventions (DTIs) are being used to tackle loneliness. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of DTIs in reducing loneliness, especially in adults. The effectiveness of DTIs in reducing loneliness needs to be systematically assessed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of DTIs in reducing loneliness in older adults. METHODS We conducted electronic searches in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science for empirical studies published in English from January 1, 2010, to July 31, 2019. The study selection criteria included interventional studies that used any type of DTIs to reduce loneliness in adults (aged ≥18 years) with a minimum intervention duration of 3 months and follow-up measurements at least 3 months after the intervention. Two researchers independently screened articles and extracted data using the PICO (participant, intervention, comparator, and outcome) framework. The primary outcome measure was loneliness. Loneliness scores in both the intervention and control groups at baseline and at follow-up at 3, 4, 6, and 12 months after the intervention were extracted. Data were analyzed via narrative synthesis and meta-analysis using RevMan (The Cochrane Collaboration) software. RESULTS A total of 6 studies were selected from 4939 screened articles. These studies included 1 before and after study and 5 clinical trials (4 randomized clinical trials and 1 quasi-experimental study). All of these studies enrolled a total of 646 participants (men: n=154, 23.8%; women: n=427, 66.1%; no gender information: n=65, 10.1%) with an average age of 73-78 years (SD 6-11). Five clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis, and by using the random effects model, standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for each trial and pooled across studies at the 3-, 4-, and 6-month follow-ups. The overall effect estimates showed no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of DTIs compared with that of usual care or non-DTIs at follow-up at 3 months (SMD 0.02; 95% CI -0.36 to 0.40; P=.92), 4 months (SMD -1.11; 95% CI -2.60 to 0.38; P=.14), and 6 months (SMD -0.11; 95% CI -0.54 to 0.32; P=.61). The quality of evidence was very low to moderate in these trials. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis shows no evidence supporting the effectiveness of DTIs in reducing loneliness in older adults. Future research may consider randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer durations for both the interventions and follow-ups. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghulam Sarwar Shah
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Nogueras
- EvZein Limited, Holley Crescent, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Cornelis van Woerden
- Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Kiparoglou
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cook DJ, Schmitter-Edgecombe M. Fusing Ambient and Mobile Sensor Features Into a Behaviorome for Predicting Clinical Health Scores. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:65033-65043. [PMID: 34017671 PMCID: PMC8132971 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3076362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in machine learning and low-cost, ubiquitous sensors offer a practical method for understanding the predictive relationship between behavior and health. In this study, we analyze this relationship by building a behaviorome, or set of digital behavior markers, from a fusion of data collected from ambient and wearable sensors. We then use the behaviorome to predict clinical scores for a sample of n = 21 participants based on continuous data collected from smart homes and smartwatches and automatically labeled with corresponding activity and location types. To further investigate the relationship between domains, including participant demographics, self-report and external observation-based health scores, and behavior markers, we propose a joint inference technique that improves predictive performance for these types of high-dimensional spaces. For our participant sample, we observe correlations ranging from small to large for the clinical scores. We also observe an improvement in predictive performance when multiple sensor modalities are used and when joint inference is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane J Cook
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Wu C, Barczyk AN, Craddock RC, Harari GM, Thomaz E, Shumake JD, Beevers CG, Gosling SD, Schnyer DM. Improving prediction of real-time loneliness and companionship type using geosocial features of personal smartphone data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smhl.2021.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Unobtrusive Health Monitoring in Private Spaces: The Smart Home. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030864. [PMID: 33525460 PMCID: PMC7866106 DOI: 10.3390/s21030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advances in sensor technology, big data, and artificial intelligence, unobtrusive in-home health monitoring has been a research focus for decades. Following up our research on smart vehicles, within the framework of unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces, this work attempts to provide a guide to current sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home monitoring by a literature review of the state of the art and to answer, in particular, the questions: (1) What types of sensors can be used for unobtrusive in-home health data acquisition? (2) Where should the sensors be placed? (3) What data can be monitored in a smart home? (4) How can the obtained data support the monitoring functions? We conducted a retrospective literature review and summarized the state-of-the-art research on leveraging sensor technology for unobtrusive in-home health monitoring. For structured analysis, we developed a four-category terminology (location, unobtrusive sensor, data, and monitoring functions). We acquired 912 unique articles from four relevant databases (ACM Digital Lib, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Scopus) and screened them for relevance, resulting in n=55 papers analyzed in a structured manner using the terminology. The results delivered 25 types of sensors (motion sensor, contact sensor, pressure sensor, electrical current sensor, etc.) that can be deployed within rooms, static facilities, or electric appliances in an ambient way. While behavioral data (e.g., presence (n=38), time spent on activities (n=18)) can be acquired effortlessly, physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate, respiratory rate) are measurable on a limited scale (n=5). Behavioral data contribute to functional monitoring. Emergency monitoring can be built up on behavioral and environmental data. Acquired physiological parameters allow reasonable monitoring of physiological functions to a limited extent. Environmental data and behavioral data also detect safety and security abnormalities. Social interaction monitoring relies mainly on direct monitoring of tools of communication (smartphone; computer). In summary, convincing proof of a clear effect of these monitoring functions on clinical outcome with a large sample size and long-term monitoring is still lacking.
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Cuesta-Lozano D, Simón-López LC, Mirón-González R, García-Sastre M, Bonito-Samino D, Asenjo-Esteve ÁL. Prevalence Rates of Loneliness and Its Impact on Lifestyle in the Healthy Population of Madrid, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145121. [PMID: 32679876 PMCID: PMC7400407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Spanish population presents higher levels of loneliness than citizens of countries in Northern Europe. Numerous studies have linked loneliness to increased morbidity and mortality, but very few studies have associated loneliness with healthy lifestyles. The objectives of this research are to identify the feeling of unwanted loneliness in various age and gender groups in the city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain), to determine lifestyle habits in the areas of diet and physical exercise, and to examine the association between lifestyle habits and perceived loneliness. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study on the perception of loneliness among men (59.06%) and women (60.06%) in a sample (n = 611) of the general population (N = 198,945), by means of random assignment of a health survey, was conducted. The data were collected using an ad hoc questionnaire. The data were stratified and analyzed with the IBM SSPS® v.25 software package. Results: The frequency of loneliness is stratified by sex and age, and healthy lifestyle habits in terms of diet and physical exercise are analyzed. Conclusions: People with perceived loneliness do not have worse lifestyle habits. However, women living with other people have a higher perception of loneliness than those living alone. Specifically, the perception of loneliness in young adult women could suggest a low level of moderate physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuesta-Lozano
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (D.C.-L.); (L.C.S.-L.); (M.G.-S.); (Á.L.A.-E.)
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Leticia Carmen Simón-López
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (D.C.-L.); (L.C.S.-L.); (M.G.-S.); (Á.L.A.-E.)
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Rubén Mirón-González
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (D.C.-L.); (L.C.S.-L.); (M.G.-S.); (Á.L.A.-E.)
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Montserrat García-Sastre
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (D.C.-L.); (L.C.S.-L.); (M.G.-S.); (Á.L.A.-E.)
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Daniel Bonito-Samino
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Ángel L. Asenjo-Esteve
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (D.C.-L.); (L.C.S.-L.); (M.G.-S.); (Á.L.A.-E.)
- UAH Community Care and Social Determinants of Health Research Group, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
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Belmonte-Fernández Ó, Caballer-Miedes A, Chinellato E, Montoliu R, Sansano-Sansano E, García-Vidal R. Anomaly Detection in Activities of Daily Living with Linear Drift. Cognit Comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-020-09740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Pereyda C, Raghunath N, Minor B, Wilson G, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Cook DJ. Cyber-physical Support of Daily Activities. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1145/3365225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces RAS, a cyber-physical system that supports individuals with memory limitations to perform daily activities in their own homes. RAS represents a partnership between a smart home, a robot, and software agents. When smart home residents perform activities, RAS senses their movement in the space and identifies the current activity. RAS tracks activity steps to detect omission errors. When an error is detected, the RAS robot finds and approaches the human with an offer of assistance. Assistance consists of playing a video recording of the entire activity, showing the omitted activity step, or guiding the resident to the object that is required for the current step. We evaluated RAS performance for 54 participants performing three scripted activities in a smart home testbed and for 2 participants using the system over multiple days in their own homes. In the testbed experiment, activity errors were detected with a sensitivity of 0.955 and specificity of 0.992. RAS assistance was performed successfully with a rate of 0.600. In the in-home experiments, activity errors were detected with a combined sensitivity of 0.905 and a combined specificity of 0.988. RAS assistance was performed successfully for the in-home experiments with a rate of 0.830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pereyda
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nisha Raghunath
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Bryan Minor
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Garrett Wilson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Diane J. Cook
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Ethical Applications of Big Data-Driven AI on Social Systems: Literature Analysis and Example Deployment Use Case. INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/info11050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of technological solutions to address the production of goods and offering of services is ubiquitous. Health and social issues, however, have only slowly been permeated by technological solutions. Whilst several advances have been made in health in recent years, the adoption of technology to combat social problems has lagged behind. In this paper, we explore Big Data-driven Artificial Intelligence (AI) applied to social systems; i.e., social computing, the concept of artificial intelligence as an enabler of novel social solutions. Through a critical analysis of the literature, we elaborate on the social and human interaction aspects of technology that must be in place to achieve such enabling and address the limitations of the current state of the art in this regard. We review cultural, political, and other societal impacts of social computing, impact on vulnerable groups, and ethically-aligned design of social computing systems. We show that this is not merely an engineering problem, but rather the intersection of engineering with health sciences, social sciences, psychology, policy, and law. We then illustrate the concept of ethically-designed social computing with a use case of our ongoing research, where social computing is used to support safety and security in home-sharing settings, in an attempt to simultaneously combat youth homelessness and address loneliness in seniors, identifying the risks and potential rewards of such a social computing application.
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25
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Dorsey ER, Omberg L, Waddell E, Adams JL, Adams R, Ali MR, Amodeo K, Arky A, Augustine EF, Dinesh K, Hoque ME, Glidden AM, Jensen-Roberts S, Kabelac Z, Katabi D, Kieburtz K, Kinel DR, Little MA, Lizarraga KJ, Myers T, Riggare S, Rosero SZ, Saria S, Schifitto G, Schneider RB, Sharma G, Shoulson I, Stevenson EA, Tarolli CG, Luo J, McDermott MP. Deep Phenotyping of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:855-873. [PMID: 32444562 PMCID: PMC7458535 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype is the set of observable traits of an organism or condition. While advances in genetics, imaging, and molecular biology have improved our understanding of the underlying biology of Parkinson's disease (PD), clinical phenotyping of PD still relies primarily on history and physical examination. These subjective, episodic, categorical assessments are valuable for diagnosis and care but have left gaps in our understanding of the PD phenotype. Sensors can provide objective, continuous, real-world data about the PD clinical phenotype, increase our knowledge of its pathology, enhance evaluation of therapies, and ultimately, improve patient care. In this paper, we explore the concept of deep phenotyping-the comprehensive assessment of a condition using multiple clinical, biological, genetic, imaging, and sensor-based tools-for PD. We discuss the rationale for, outline current approaches to, identify benefits and limitations of, and consider future directions for deep clinical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Emma Waddell
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jamie L. Adams
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Roy Adams
- Machine Learning, AI and Healthcare Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Katherine Amodeo
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Arky
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Erika F. Augustine
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karthik Dinesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Alistair M. Glidden
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stella Jensen-Roberts
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Kabelac
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dina Katabi
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel R. Kinel
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Max A. Little
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
| | - Karlo J. Lizarraga
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Taylor Myers
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara Riggare
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Suchi Saria
- Machine Learning, AI and Healthcare Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Statistics, and Health Policy, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ruth B. Schneider
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ira Shoulson
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Grey Matter Technologies, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - E. Anna Stevenson
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher G. Tarolli
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jiebo Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. McDermott
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Turjamaa R, Pehkonen A, Kangasniemi M. How smart homes are used to support older people: An integrative review. Int J Older People Nurs 2019; 14:e12260. [DOI: 10.1111/opn.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Turjamaa
- School of Health Care Kuopio Savonia University of Applied Sciences Kuopio Finland
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Aki Pehkonen
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Mari Kangasniemi
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine University of Turku Turku Finland
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Kaye J, Reynolds C, Bowman M, Sharma N, Riley T, Golonka O, Lee J, Quinn C, Beattie Z, Austin J, Seelye A, Wild K, Mattek N. Methodology for Establishing a Community-Wide Life Laboratory for Capturing Unobtrusive and Continuous Remote Activity and Health Data. J Vis Exp 2018:56942. [PMID: 30102277 PMCID: PMC6126551 DOI: 10.3791/56942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An end-to-end suite of technologies has been established for the unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of health and activity changes occurring in the daily life of older adults over extended periods of time. The technology is aggregated into a system that incorporates the principles of being minimally obtrusive, while generating secure, privacy protected, continuous objective data in real-world (home-based) settings for months to years. The system includes passive infrared presence sensors placed throughout the home, door contact sensors installed on exterior doors, connected physiological monitoring devices (such as scales), medication boxes, and wearable actigraphs. Driving sensors are also installed in participants' cars and computer (PC, tablet or smartphone) use is tracked. Data is annotated via frequent online self-report options that provide vital information with regard to the data that is difficult to infer via sensors such as internal states (e.g., pain, mood, loneliness), as well as data referent to activity pattern interpretation (e.g., visitors, rearranged furniture). Algorithms have been developed using the data obtained to identify functional domains key to health or disease activity monitoring, including mobility (e.g., room transitions, steps, gait speed), physiologic function (e.g., weight, body mass index, pulse), sleep behaviors (e.g., sleep time, trips to the bathroom at night), medication adherence (e.g., missed doses), social engagement (e.g., time spent out of home, time couples spend together), and cognitive function (e.g., time on computer, mouse movements, characteristics of online form completion, driving ability). Change detection of these functions provides a sensitive marker for the application in health surveillance of acute illnesses (e.g., viral epidemic) to the early detection of prodromal dementia syndromes. The system is particularly suitable for monitoring the efficacy of clinical interventions in natural history studies of geriatric syndromes and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kaye
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University;
| | - Christina Reynolds
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Molly Bowman
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Nicole Sharma
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Thomas Riley
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Ona Golonka
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Charlie Quinn
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Zachary Beattie
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Johanna Austin
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Adriana Seelye
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Katherine Wild
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Nora Mattek
- Department of Neurology, ORCATECH - Oregon Center for Aging & Technology, Oregon Health & Science University
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Cook DJ, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Jonsson L, Morant AV. Technology-Enabled Assessment of Functional Health. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 12:319-332. [PMID: 29994684 PMCID: PMC11288404 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2851500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of pervasive computing technologies has dramatically altered the face of healthcare. With the introduction of mobile devices, body area networks, and embedded computing systems, care providers can use continuous, ecologically valid information to overcome geographic and temporal barriers and thus provide more effective and timely health assessments. In this paper, we review recent technological developments that can be harnessed to replicate, enhance, or create methods for assessment of functional performance. Enabling technologies in wearable sensors, ambient sensors, mobile technologies, and virtual reality make it possible to quantify real-time functional performance and changes in cognitive health. These technologies, their uses for functional health assessment, and their challenges for adoption are presented in this paper.
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29
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Automatic assessment of functional health decline in older adults based on smart home data. J Biomed Inform 2018; 81:119-130. [PMID: 29551743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the context of an aging population, tools to help elderly to live independently must be developed. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of using unobtrusively collected activity-aware smart home behavioral data to automatically detect one of the most common consequences of aging: functional health decline. After gathering the longitudinal smart home data of 29 older adults for an average of >2 years, we automatically labeled the data with corresponding activity classes and extracted time-series statistics containing 10 behavioral features. Using this data, we created regression models to predict absolute and standardized functional health scores, as well as classification models to detect reliable absolute change and positive and negative fluctuations in everyday functioning. Functional health was assessed every six months by means of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living-Compensation (IADL-C) scale. Results show that total IADL-C score and subscores can be predicted by means of activity-aware smart home data, as well as a reliable change in these scores. Positive and negative fluctuations in everyday functioning are harder to detect using in-home behavioral data, yet changes in social skills have shown to be predictable. Future work must focus on improving the sensitivity of the presented models and performing an in-depth feature selection to improve overall accuracy.
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30
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Alberdi A, Weakley A, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Cook DJ, Aztiria A, Basarab A, Barrenechea M. Smart Home-Based Prediction of Multidomain Symptoms Related to Alzheimer's Disease. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 22:1720-1731. [PMID: 29994359 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2798062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As members of an increasingly aging society, one of our major priorities is to develop tools to detect the earliest stage of age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The goal of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of using unobtrusively collected activity-aware smart home behavior data to detect the multimodal symptoms that are often found to be impaired in AD. After gathering longitudinal smart home data for 29 older adults over an average duration of 2 years, we automatically labeled the data with corresponding activity classes and extracted time-series statistics containing ten behavioral features. Mobility, cognition, and mood were evaluated every six months. Using these data, we created regression models to predict symptoms as measured by the tests and a feature selection analysis was performed. Classification models were built to detect reliable absolute changes in the scores predicting symptoms and SmoteBOOST and wRACOG algorithms were used to overcome class imbalance where needed. Results show that all mobility, cognition, and depression symptoms can be predicted from activity-aware smart home data. Similarly, these data can be effectively used to predict reliable changes in mobility and memory skills. Results also suggest that not all behavioral features contribute equally to the prediction of every symptom. Future work therefore can improve model sensitivity by including additional longitudinal data and by further improving strategies to extract relevant features and address class imbalance. The results presented herein contribute toward the development of an early change detection system based on smart home technology.
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31
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Pencheon E. One is the loneliest number: insight into a silent epidemic. Perspect Public Health 2017; 137:156-157. [PMID: 28447552 DOI: 10.1177/1757913917700834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sensor-Driven Detection of Social Isolation in Community-Dwelling Elderly. HUMAN ASPECTS OF IT FOR THE AGED POPULATION. APPLICATIONS, SERVICES AND CONTEXTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58536-9_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Dhawan AP. Collaborative Paradigm of Preventive, Personalized, and Precision Medicine With Point-of-Care Technologies. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2016; 4:2800908. [PMID: 28560119 PMCID: PMC5396943 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2016.2635126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in biosensors, medical instrumentation, and information processing and communication technologies (ICT) have enabled significant improvements in healthcare. However, these technologies have been mainly applied in clinical environments, such as hospitals and healthcare facilities, under managed care by well-trained and specialized individuals. The global challenge of providing quality healthcare at affordable cost leads to the proposed paradigm of P reventive, Personalized, and Precision Medicine that requires a seamless use of technology and infrastructure support for patients and healthcare providers at point-of-care (POC) locations including homes, semi or pre-clinical facilities, and hospitals. The complexity of the global healthcare challenge necessitates strong collaborative interdisciplinary synergies involving all stakeholder groups including academia, federal research institutions, industry, regulatory agencies, and clinical communities. It is critical to evolve with collaborative efforts on the translation of research to technology development toward clinical validation and potential healthcare applications. This special issue is focused on technology innovation and translational research for POC applications with potential impact in improving global healthcare in the respective areas. Some of these papers were presented at the NIH-IEEE Strategic Conference on Healthcare Innovations and POC Technologies for Precision Medicine (HI-POCT) held at the NIH on November 9-10, 2015. The papers included in the Special Issue provide a spectrum of critical issues and collaborative resources on translational research of advanced POC devices and ICT into global healthcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atam P Dhawan
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Vice Provost for Research and Distinguished Professor
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