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Scheepens KMJ, Marsidi N, Genders RE, Horeman-Franse T. The Compressiometer: Toward a New Skin Tensiometer for Research and Surgical Planning. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2022; 10:2500109. [PMID: 34938614 PMCID: PMC8682962 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2021.3133485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
After surgery, around 35% of patients experience problems of excessive scarring, causing disfiguring and impaired function. An incision placed in the wrong direction causes unnecessary skin tension on the wound, resulting in increased collagen disposition and potentially hypertrophic scars. Currently, skin tension lines are used for incision planning. However, these lines are not universal and are a static representation of the skin tension that is in fact under influence of muscle action. By designing a new skin force measurement device the authors intend to make research on dynamic skin characteristics possible and to objectify incision planning and excision closure planning. The device applies a known compressive force to the skin in standardized directions and measures the displacement of the skin. This allows users to measure the skin reaction force in response to compression and to determine the optimal incision line or best wound closure direction. The device has an accuracy of 96% and a sensitivity of < 0.01 mm. It is compact, works non-invasively and standardizes measurement directions and is therefore an improvement over previously designed skin tensiometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn M J Scheepens
- MechanicalMaritime and Materials Engineering DepartmentTU Delft Delft 2628 CD The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre 2333 ZA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Nick Marsidi
- Leiden University Medical Centre 2333 ZA Leiden The Netherlands
- Ziekenhuisgroep Twente 7555 DL Hengelo The Netherlands
| | - Roel E Genders
- Leiden University Medical Centre 2333 ZA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Tim Horeman-Franse
- Sustainable Surgery and Translational Technology, MechanicalMaritime and Materials Engineering DepartmentTU Delft 2628 CN Delft The Netherlands
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Jeng GS, Zontak M, Parajuli N, Lu A, Ta K, Sinusas AJ, Duncan JS, O’Donnell M. Efficient Two-Pass 3-D Speckle Tracking for Ultrasound Imaging. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2018; 6:17415-17428. [PMID: 30740286 PMCID: PMC6365000 DOI: 10.1109/access.2018.2815522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Speckle tracking based on block matching is the most common method for multi-dimensional motion estimation in ultrasound elasticity imaging. Extension of two-dimensional (2-D) methods to three dimensions (3-D) has been problematic because of the large computational load of 3-D tracking, as well as performance issues related to the low frame (volume) rates of 3-D images. To address both of these problems, we have developed an efficient two-pass tracking method suited to cardiac elasticity imaging. PatchMatch, originally developed for image editing, has been adapted for ultrasound to provide first-pass displacement estimates. Second-pass estimation uses conventional block matching within a much smaller search region. 3-D displacements are then obtained using correlation filtering previously shown to be effective against speckle decorrelation. Both simulated and in vivo canine cardiac results demonstrate that the proposed two-pass method reduces computational cost compared to conventional 3-D exhaustive search by a factor of 10. Moreover, it outperforms one-pass tracking by a factor of about 3 in terms of root-mean-square error relative to available ground-truth displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Shi Jeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Maria Zontak
- College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Nripesh Parajuli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Allen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Kevinminh Ta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Albert J. Sinusas
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - James S. Duncan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Matthew O’Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Houcine A, Delalleau A, Heraud S, Guiraud B, Payre B, Duplan H, Delisle MB, Damour O, Bessou-Touya S. How biophysicalin vivotesting techniques can be used to characterize full thickness skin equivalents. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:284-94. [PMID: 26508353 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Houcine
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie; Faculté de Médecine Rangueil; Toulouse III; Université P. Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | | | - S. Heraud
- Banque de tissus et cellules; Laboratoire des substituts cutanés; Hospices Civils de Lyon and LBTI, UMR 5305; Lyon France
| | - B. Guiraud
- Département Pharmacologie; Pierre Fabre, R&D PFDC; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - B. Payre
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie; Faculté de Médecine Rangueil; Toulouse III; Université P. Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - H. Duplan
- Département Pharmacologie; Pierre Fabre, R&D PFDC; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - M.-B. Delisle
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie; Faculté de Médecine Rangueil; Toulouse III; Université P. Sabatier; Toulouse France
- CHU Toulouse et INSERM U 1037; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - O. Damour
- Banque de tissus et cellules; Laboratoire des substituts cutanés; Hospices Civils de Lyon and LBTI, UMR 5305; Lyon France
| | - S. Bessou-Touya
- Département Pharmacologie; Pierre Fabre, R&D PFDC; Toulouse Cedex France
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Association between collagen production and mechanical stretching in dermal extracellular matrix: In vivo effect of cross-linked hyaluronic acid filler. A randomised, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Skin anisotropy in vivo and initial natural stress effect: A quantitative study using high-frequency static elastography. J Biomech 2012; 45:2860-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Chao CY, Zheng YP, Cheing GL. The association between skin blood flow and edema on epidermal thickness in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14:602-9. [PMID: 22512286 PMCID: PMC3389379 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2011.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin blood flow plays an important role in maintaining the health of the skin. The development of interstitial edema may impede oxygen diffusion to the skin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of skin blood flow and edema and epidermal thickness in the feet of people with and without diabetic neuropathy compared with a healthy control group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty-seven subjects (19 people with diabetic neuropathy and foot ulceration, 35 people with diabetes but without neuropathy, and 33 healthy controls without diabetes) participated in the study. High-frequency ultrasonography was used to measure the epidermal thickness and edema in papillary skin at the big toe as reflected by the thickness of the subepidermal low echogenic band (SLEB). The capillary nutritive blood flow was measured by the use of video capillaroscopy, and skin blood flux was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry. RESULTS There was a 7.2% increase in epidermal thickness in those with diabetes but without neuropathy and a 16.5% decrease in people with diabetic neuropathy and foot ulceration compared with the healthy controls (all P<0.05). The SLEB thickness increased in all subjects with diabetes to a greater degree in those with neuropathy and ulceration than in those without (64.7% vs. 11.8%, P<0.001). Skin blood flux was shown to be higher in the diabetes groups than in the controls (all P<0.05), but no significant differences were found in the resting nutritive capillary blood flow (P>0.05). A significant negative correlation (P=0.002, r=-0.366) was demonstrated between the SLEB and epidermal thickness at the pulp of the big toe, whereas no significant correlation was demonstrated between skin blood flow and epidermal thickness (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS An increase in subepidermal edema was demonstrated in people with diabetic neuropathy and ulceration, which may partly contribute to reduced epidermal thickness at the pulp of the big toe. This may subsequently lead to the breaking down of skin in the diabetic foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y.L. Chao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Physiotherapy Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gladys L.Y. Cheing
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Treece G, Lindop J, Chen L, Housden J, Prager R, Gee A. Real-time quasi-static ultrasound elastography. Interface Focus 2011; 1:540-52. [PMID: 22866230 PMCID: PMC3262269 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound elastography is a technique used for clinical imaging of tissue stiffness with a conventional ultrasound machine. It was first proposed two decades ago, but active research continues in this area to the present day. Numerous clinical applications have been investigated, mostly related to cancer imaging, and though these have yet to prove conclusive, the technique has seen increasing commercial and clinical interest. This paper presents a review of the most widely adopted, non-quantitative, techniques focusing on technical innovations rather than clinical applications. The review is not intended to be exhaustive, concentrating instead on placing the various techniques in context according to the authors' perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Treece
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Joel Lindop
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
- Bloomberg New Energy Finance, London, UK
| | - Lujie Chen
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 287 Ghim Moh Road, no. 04-00, Singapore 279623, Republic of Singapore
| | - James Housden
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Richard Prager
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Andrew Gee
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
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Chao CYL, Zheng YP, Cheing GLY. Epidermal thickness and biomechanical properties of plantar tissues in diabetic foot. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:1029-1038. [PMID: 21640473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot is a common complication for people with diabetes but it is unclear whether the change is initiated from the skin surface or underneath plantar tissues. This study compared the thickness of epidermis and the thickness and stiffness of the total plantar soft tissue among people with diabetes with or without complications. Seventy-two people with diabetes, including 22 people with neuropathies, 16 foot ulcerations, 34 pure diabetics without complications and 40 healthy controls participated in the study. The thickness of the epidermal layer of the plantar skin was examined using high-frequency ultrasonography; the thickness and stiffness of the total plantar soft tissue were measured by using tissue ultrasound palpation system at the big toe, the first, third and fifth metatarsal heads; and the heel pad. Compared with the control group, the average epidermal thickness of plantar skin was reduced by 15% in people with diabetic foot ulceration and 9% in people with neuropathy, but was increased by 6% in pure diabetics. There was an 8% increase in total thickness of plantar soft tissue in the 3 diabetic groups at all testing sites (all p < 0.05), except the first metatarsal head. The stiffness of plantar soft tissue was increased in all diabetic groups at all testing sites compared with the control (all p < 0.05). The epidermal plantar skin becomes thinner and plantar soft tissues stiffen in people with diabetes, particularly in persons who have neuropathy or ulceration, which increases the risk of tissue breakdown and ulceration formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y L Chao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Mechanical skin thinning-to-thickening transition observed in vivo through 2D high frequency elastography. J Biomech 2010; 43:2954-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Detorakis ET, Drakonaki EE, Tsilimbaris MK, Pallikaris IG, Giarmenitis S. Real-time ultrasound elastographic imaging of ocular and periocular tissues: a feasibility study. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41:135-41. [PMID: 20128584 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20091230-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study examines the value of ultrasound elastography for the examination of ocular and periocular structures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Five patients, aged 22 to 75 years, who each had one blind eye were included. Patients underwent ultrasound elastography of their blind eye and periocular tissues using a 7-13 MHz probe. Strain grayscale and color-coded elastographic maps were recorded. In the former, a quantitative assessment of signal intensity (corresponding to elastic properties) for specific anatomical structures was performed. RESULTS Anterior vitreous displayed intermediate elasticity, whereas posterior vitreous displayed low elasticity. Medial and lateral rectus muscle elasticity was higher in primary position than in adduction or abduction. CONCLUSION The pattern of elastic imaging in the vitreous cavity could be attributed to posterior vitreous detachment, whereas that of medial and lateral rectus muscles may be related to the level of muscle fiber strain.
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Lindop JE, Treece GM, Gee AH, Prager RW. The general properties including accuracy and resolution of linear filtering methods for strain estimation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2008; 55:2363-2368. [PMID: 19049915 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of strain imaging systems applies linear filtering to estimate strain from displacement data. Methods such as piecewise-linear least squares regression and staggered strain estimation have come to be widely known and applied, but the properties of these estimators have rarely (or never) been compared quantitatively. Given their tractable properties, careful analysis of linear filters allows us to make numerous observations that are simple, yet valuable. We consider accuracy and resolving power, which raises the question of whether any particular filter offers the best possible accuracy at a given resolution. Our surprising results provide insight at two levels: They highlight general considerations affecting the type of filter that is appropriate for practical applications, and indicate promising avenues for further research.
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Huang SW, Rubin JM, Xie H, Witte RS, Jia C, Olafsson R, O'Donnell M. Analysis of correlation coefficient filtering in elasticity imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2008; 55:2426-41. [PMID: 19049922 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Correlation-based speckle tracking methods are commonly used in elasticity imaging to estimate displacements. In the presence of local strain, a larger window size results in larger displacement error. To reduce tracking error, we proposed a short correlation window followed by a correlation coefficient filter. Although simulation and experimental results demonstrated the efficacy of the method, it was not clear why correlation coefficient filtering reduces tracking error since tracking error increases if normalization before filtering is not applied. In this paper, we analyzed tracking errors by estimating phase variances of the cross-correlation function and the correlation coefficient at the true time lag based on statistical properties of these functions' real and imaginary parts. The role of normalization is clarified by identifying the effect of the cross-correlation function's amplitude fluctuation on the function's imaginary part. Furthermore, we present analytic forms for predicting axial displacement error as a function of strain, system parameters (signal-to-noise ratio, center frequency, and signal and noise bandwidths), and tracking parameters (window and filter sizes) for cases with and without normalization before filtering. Simulation results correspond to theory well for both noise-free cases and general cases with an empirical correction term included for strains up to 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Sommers MS, Zink TM, Fargo JD, Baker RB, Buschur C, Shambley-Ebron DZ, Fisher BS. Forensic sexual assault examination and genital injury: is skin color a source of health disparity? Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26:857-66. [PMID: 18926341 PMCID: PMC2587067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study objectives were to (1) estimate the frequency, prevalence, type, and location of anogenital injury in black and white women after consensual sex and (2) investigate the role of skin color in the detection of injury during the forensic sexual assault examination. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with 120 healthy volunteers who underwent a well-controlled forensic examination after consensual sexual intercourse. RESULTS Fifty-five percent of the sample had at least 1 anogenital injury after consensual intercourse; percentages significantly differed between white (68%) and black (43%) participants (P = .02). Race/ethnicity was a significant predictor of injury prevalence and frequency in the external genitalia but not in the internal genitalia or anus. However, skin color variables--lightness/darkness-, redness/greenness-, and yellowness/blueness-confounded the original relationship between race/ethnicity and injury occurrence and frequency in the external genitalia, and 1 skin color variable--redness/greenness--was significantly associated with injury occurrence and frequency in the internal genitalia. CONCLUSIONS Although differences exist in anogenital injury frequency and prevalence between black and white women, such differences can be more fully explained by variations in skin color rather than race/ethnicity. Clinical recommendations and criminal justice implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S Sommers
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Delalleau A, Josse G, Lagarde JM, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. A nonlinear elastic behavior to identify the mechanical parameters of human skin in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2008; 14:152-64. [PMID: 18412557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Various analyses have been performed to identify the mechanical properties of the human skin tissue in vivo. They generally use different approaches and hypotheses (behavior laws as well as mechanical tests) and the obtained results are consequently difficult to analyze and compare. In this paper, an inverse method that can be adapted to any kind of mechanical tests and behavior laws is presented. METHOD A suction deformation performed on the volar aspect of the forearm of a subject is considered. This test is modeled with the finite element method to compare the experimental and simulated curves using an inverse method that allows the skin mechanical parameters identification. This process is based on two optimization algorithms, Kalman's filter and Gauss-Newton's methods. To account for the nonlinear behavior of the skin, a specific nonlinear elastic law, which is then compared with standard linear elastic and neo-Hookean's mechanical behaviors, was developed. RESULTS The obtained results first prove that neither linear elasticity nor neo-Hookean's laws can be used to model the skin. On the contrary, the nonlinear elastic model presents a relevant fit of the experimental curves. The skin thickness is also proved to be another key point to be taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results are successfully compared with literature and the reliability of the proposed method is underlined with the identification of 300 additional experimental curves. The different works we are currently focusing on are finally introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delalleau
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR 5513, CNRS, ECL, ENISE, Saint Etienne, France
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Jacquet E, Josse G, Khatyr F, Garcin C. A new experimental method for measuring skin's natural tension. Skin Res Technol 2008; 14:1-7. [PMID: 18211595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The precise determination of skin's mechanical properties is still an open question. When performing an in vivo test, the piece of skin tested is not as well defined as it is in material testing. Moreover, the body zone and the body posture imply an initial stress on the skin. Consequently, a precise mechanical analysis needs a precise measurement of the natural skin tension. METHODS A new method and the relative device are presented. It is based on an extensiometry test. Skin is tested not only in traction but also in compression. The tested skin sample is well defined and protected from surrounding effects by follower tabs. The size and shape of the device have been optimised by a finite element modelisation. RESULTS The method was tested with elastomers pre-tensioned at different loads. It is shown that the initial tension can be retrieved with good precision. Tests were then performed in vivo on the forearm for different arm positions. It is shown that initial tension could be only clearly determined for the highest skin tension, although the skin presented very different traction behaviour with different arm positions. CONCLUSION It is shown how body posture influences measurements. An innovative method for easily determining initial tension is presented. Nevertheless, further tests and device improvements are needed to apply this skin tension measurement for different body zones and body postures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Jacquet
- University of Franche Comte, FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR 6174, Besançon, France.
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Delalleau A, Josse G, Lagarde J. A method to individually consider the dermis thickness for skin mechanical analyses. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10255840802296533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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