1
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Wickramasingha PD, Morrissey CA, Phillips ID, Crane AL, Ferrari MCO, Chivers DP. Exposure to the insecticide, imidacloprid, impairs predator-recognition learning in damselfly larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123085. [PMID: 38072015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Many aquatic organisms use chemosensory information to learn about local predation threats, but contaminants in their environment may impair such cognitive processes. Neonicotinoids are a class of water-soluble systemic insecticides that have become a major concern in aquatic systems. In this study, we explored how a 10-day exposure to various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/L) of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid affects the learned recognition of predator odour by non-target damselfly larvae (Lestes spp). Unexposed larvae and those exposed to the low concentration (0.1 μg/L) demonstrated an appropriate learned response to a novel predator odour following a conditioning with the odour paired with chemical alarm cues. However, such learning failed to occur for larvae that were exposed to imidacloprid concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L. Thus, either the cognitive processing of the chemical information was impaired or the chemistry of one or both of the conditioning cues was altered, making them ineffective for learning. In a second experiment, we found evidence for this latter hypothesis. In the absence of background imidacloprid exposure, larvae did not show significant learned responses to the predator odour when the conditioning cues were mixed with imidacloprid (initial pulse solution of 3.0 μg/L) at the start of conditioning (reaching a final concentration of 0.01 μg/L). These findings indicate that even low levels of imidacloprid can have important implications for chemosensory cognition of non-target species in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Pl., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Iain D Phillips
- Water Security Agency, 10 - 3904 Miller Ave., Saskatoon, SK, S7P 0B1, Canada
| | - Adam L Crane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Pl., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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2
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Polo-Cavia N, Arribas R, Caballero-Díaz C, Baltanás Á, Gomez-Mestre I. Widespread learned predator recognition to an alien predator across populations in an amphibian species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14599. [PMID: 37669978 PMCID: PMC10480198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alien predators are a major cause of decline and extinction of species worldwide, since native organisms are rarely equipped with specific antipredatory strategies to cope with them. However, phenotypic plasticity and learned predator recognition may help prey populations to survive novel predators. Here we examine geographical variation in the learning ability of larval spadefoot toads (Pelobates cultripes) to recognize invasive predatory crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We compare the learning-mediated behavioural responses of tadpoles from six populations across two regions in Spain (central and southern), with different histories of exposure to the presence of the invasive species. Two of the populations showed innate recognition of chemical cues from the invasive crayfish, whereas three of them learned to recognize such cues as a threat after conditioning with conspecific alarm cues. Learning abilities did not differ among southern populations, but they did among central populations. We assessed patterns of genetic variation within and among these two regions through microsatellite markers and found low genetic divergence among the southern populations but greater differentiation among the central ones. We hypothesize that similar responses to the invasive crayfish in southern populations may have arisen from a combination of extended historical exposure to this introduced predator (~ 50 y) and higher levels of gene flow, as they inhabit a highly interconnected pond network. In contrast, populations from central Spain show lower connectivity, have been exposed to the invasive crayfish for a shorter period of time, and are more divergent in their plastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Arribas
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Monitoring Team on Natural Processes ICTS-RBD, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Caballero-Díaz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Baltanás
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Ecology, Evolution and Development Group, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092, Seville, Spain
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3
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Caballero-Díaz C, Arribas R, Polo-Cavia N. Assessment of predation risk through conspecific cues by anuran larvae. Anim Cogn 2023:10.1007/s10071-023-01793-y. [PMID: 37284929 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of predation risk is critical for prey survival during predator-prey interactions. Prey can assess predation risk by the presence of cues dropped by predators themselves, but they can also gather information about risk level through cues released by other prey, avoiding the hazard of being in close proximity to predators. In this study, we examine the ability of anuran larvae (Pelobates cultripes) to detect predation risk indirectly when they are in contact with conspecifics that have been recently exposed to chemical stimuli from natural predators (larvae of aquatic beetles). In a first experiment, we confirmed that larvae exposed to predator cues exhibited innate defensive behavior, indicating that they perceived the risk of predation and, thus, could potentially act as risk indicators for naïve conspecifics. In a second experiment, we observed that unexposed larvae paired with a startled conspecific adjusted their antipredator behavior, presumably by mirroring conspecifics' behavior and/or using chemical cues from their partners as a risk information source. This cognitive ability of tadpoles to assess predation risk through conspecific cues might play an important role in their interaction with predators, facilitating the early detection of potential threats to elicit appropriate antipredator responses and increase the chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Caballero-Díaz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Arribas
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Monitoring Team on Natural Processes ICTS-RBD, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Calle Américo Vespucio 26 - Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nuria Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Crane AL, Bryshun R, McCormack M, Achtymichuk GH, Rivera-Hernández IAE, Ferrari MCO. Evidence for the Predator Attraction Hypothesis in an amphibian predator-prey system. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:57-66. [PMID: 36461612 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many species possess damage-released chemical alarm cues that function in alerting nearby individuals to a predator attack. One hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of such cues is the Predator Attraction Hypothesis, where predators, rather than prey, are the "intended" recipients of these cues. If a predator attack attracts additional predators, these secondary predators might interfere with the predation event, providing the prey with a better chance to escape. In this study, we conducted two experiments to explore this hypothesis in an amphibian predator/prey system. In Experiment 1, we found that tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) showed a foraging attraction to chemical cues from wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. Salamanders that were experienced with tadpole prey, in particular, were strongly attracted to tadpole alarm cues. In Experiment 2, we observed experimental encounters between a tadpole and either one or two salamanders. The presence of the second predator caused salamanders to increase attack speed at the cost of decreased attack accuracy (i.e., increasing the probability that the tadpole would escape attacks). We also found that the mere presence of visual and chemical cues from a second predator did not affect this speed/accuracy trade-off but did cause enough of a distraction to increase tadpole survival. Thus, our findings are consistent with the Predator Attraction Hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of alarm cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Crane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Reid Bryshun
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Megan McCormack
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gabrielle H Achtymichuk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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5
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Vodrážková M, Šetlíková I, Navrátil J, Berec M. Presence of an alien turtle accelerates hatching of common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.74.82250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a predator affects prey populations either by direct predation or by modifying various parts of their life history. We investigated whether the hatching time, developmental stage, and body size at hatching of common frog (Rana temporaria) embryos would alter in the presence of a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) as a predator. The presence of a predator affected all factors examined. We found that in the absence of the slider, the embryos hatched in 12 days, while hatching was accelerated by two days in slider treatment. At the same time, the embryos hatched smaller and at a lower stage of development with the slider than without it. Our study extends the range of predators studied, including the effect on different phases of development of potential amphibian prey.
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6
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Hemnani M, Guimarães ISC, Kaefer IL, Pires THDS. Alarm reaction depends on multiple chemical cues in tadpoles of the cane toad ( Rhinella marina). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2082537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Hemnani
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Manaus, Brasil
| | - Izabela S. Campos Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Manaus, Brasil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Manaus, Brasil
| | - Tiago H. da Silva Pires
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Evolutiva (LECE), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
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7
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Rivera-Hernández IAE, Crane AL, Pollock MS, Ferrari MCO. Disturbance cues function as a background risk cue but not as an associative learning cue in tadpoles. Anim Cogn 2022; 25:881-889. [PMID: 35099624 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Chemical information has an important role in the sensory ecology of aquatic species. For aquatic prey, chemical cues are a vital source of information related to predator avoidance and risk assessment. For instance, alarm cues are released by prey that have been injured by predators. In addition to providing accurate information about current risk, repeated exposure to alarm cues can elicit a fear response to novel stimuli (neophobia) in prey. Another source of chemical information is disturbance cues, released by prey that have been disturbed or harassed (but not injured) by a predator. While disturbance cues have received much less attention than alarm cues, they appear to be useful as an early warning signal of predation risk and have the potential to be used as a priming cue for learning. In this study, we used wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles to test whether repeated exposure to disturbance cues during the embryonic stage can induce neophobic behaviour. Three weeks following repeated exposure to disturbance cues, tadpoles showed reduced activity when exposed to a novel odour, but they no longer displayed an antipredator response to disturbance cues. In a second experiment, we found that tadpoles failed to learn that a novel odour was dangerous following a pairing with disturbance cues, whereas alarm cues facilitated such learning. Our results add to the growing body of information about disturbance cues and provide evidence of their function as an embryonic risk cue but not as an associative learning cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ita A E Rivera-Hernández
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, VER, Xalapa-Enríquez, Mexico.
| | - Adam L Crane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael S Pollock
- Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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8
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Szabo B, Mangione R, Rath M, Pašukonis A, Reber SA, Oh J, Ringler M, Ringler E. Naive poison frog tadpoles use bi-modal cues to avoid insect predators but not heterospecific predatory tadpoles. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb243647. [PMID: 34845497 PMCID: PMC8729909 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For animals to survive until reproduction, it is crucial that juveniles successfully detect potential predators and respond with appropriate behavior. The recognition of cues originating from predators can be innate or learned. Cues of various modalities might be used alone or in multi-modal combinations to detect and distinguish predators but studies investigating multi-modal integration in predator avoidance are scarce. Here, we used wild, naive tadpoles of the Neotropical poison frog Allobates femoralis ( Boulenger, 1884) to test their reaction to cues with two modalities from two different sympatrically occurring potential predators: heterospecific predatory Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles and dragonfly larvae. We presented A. femoralis tadpoles with olfactory or visual cues, or a combination of the two, and compared their reaction to a water control in a between-individual design. In our trials, A. femoralis tadpoles reacted to multi-modal stimuli (a combination of visual and chemical information) originating from dragonfly larvae with avoidance but showed no reaction to uni-modal cues or cues from heterospecific tadpoles. In addition, visual cues from conspecifics increased swimming activity while cues from predators had no effect on tadpole activity. Our results show that A. femoralis tadpoles can innately recognize some predators and probably need both visual and chemical information to effectively avoid them. This is the first study looking at anti-predator behavior in poison frog tadpoles. We discuss how parental care might influence the expression of predator avoidance responses in tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Szabo
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Rosanna Mangione
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrius Pašukonis
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - Stephan A. Reber
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jinook Oh
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Cremer Group, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Max Ringler
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, University of Music and Performing Arts Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Ringler
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Rößler DC, De Agrò M, Kim K, Shamble PS. Static visual predator recognition in jumping spiders. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C. Rößler
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
- Zukunftskolleg University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany
| | - Massimo De Agrò
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
- Institute of Zoology University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Kris Kim
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
| | - Paul S. Shamble
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
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10
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Melotto A, Ficetola GF, Alari E, Romagnoli S, Manenti R. Visual recognition and coevolutionary history drive responses of amphibians to an invasive predator. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
During biotic invasions, native prey are abruptly exposed to novel predators and are faced with unprecedented predatory pressures. Under these circumstances, the lack of common evolutionary history may hamper predator recognition by native prey, undermining the expression of effective antipredator responses. Nonetheless, mechanisms allowing prey to overcome evolutionary naïveté exist. For instance, in naïve prey, history of coevolution with similar native predators or detection of general traits characterizing predators can favor the recognition of stimuli released by invasive predators. However, few studies have assessed how these mechanisms shape prey response at the community level. Here, we evaluated behavioral responses in naïve larvae of 13 amphibian species to chemical and visual cues associated with an invasive predator, the American red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Moreover, we investigated how variation among species responses was related to their coexistence with similar native crayfish predators. Amphibian larvae altered their behavior in presence of visual stimuli of the alien crayfish, while chemical cues elicited feeble and contrasting behavioral shifts. Activity reduction was the most common and stronger response, whereas some species exhibited more heterogeneous strategies also involving distancing and rapid escape response. Interestingly, species sharing coevolutionary history with the native crayfish were able to finely tune their response to the invasive one, performing bursts to escape. These results suggest native prey can respond to invasive predators through recognition of generic risk cues (e.g., approaching large shapes), still the capability of modulating antipredator strategies may also depend on their coevolutionary history with similar native predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Melotto
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
- Laboratoire D’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Elisa Alari
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Samuele Romagnoli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
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11
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Raised by aliens: constant exposure to an invasive predator triggers morphological but not behavioural plasticity in a threatened species tadpoles. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring biotic invasions, native communities are abruptly exposed to novel and often severe selective pressures. The lack of common evolutionary history with invasive predators can hamper the expression of effective anti-predator responses in native prey, potentially accelerating population declines. Nonetheless, rapid adaptation and phenotypic plasticity may allow native species to cope with the new ecological pressures. We tested the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is fostered when facing invasive species and evaluated whether plasticity offers a pool of variability that might help the fixation of adaptive phenotypes. We assessed behavioural and morphological trait variation in tadpoles of the Italian agile frog (Rana latastei) in response to the invasive crayfish predator, Procambarus clarkii, by rearing tadpoles under different predation-risk regimes: non-lethal crayfish presence and crayfish absence. After two-month rearing, crayfish-exposed tadpoles showed a plastic shift in their body shape and increased tail muscle size, while behavioural tests showed no effect of crayfish exposure on tadpole behaviour. Furthermore, multivariate analyses revealed weak divergence in morphology between invaded and uninvaded populations, while plasticity levels were similar between invaded and uninvaded populations. Even if tadpoles displayed multiple plastic responses to the novel predator, none of these shifts underwent fixation after crayfish arrival (10–15 years). Overall, these findings highlight that native prey can finely tune their responses to invasive predators through plasticity, but the adaptive value of these responses in whitstanding the novel selective pressures, and the long-term consequences they can entail remain to be ascertained.
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12
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Pueta M, Ardanaz D, Tallone JC. Habituation in anuran tadpoles and the role of risk uncertainty. Anim Cogn 2021; 25:63-72. [PMID: 34302566 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to learn in the context of predation allows prey to respond to threats by adjusting their behavior based on specific information acquired from their current environment. Habituation is a process that allows animals to adapt to environmental changes. Very little is known about habituation in wild animals in general and there are no studies on habituation in anuran tadpoles in particular. Here, we performed three experiments to investigate the behavioral response of predator naïve Pleurodema thaul tadpoles to repeated stimulation with two predation risk cues (injured conspecific and predator fed cues) which a priori provide different information regarding risk. Experiment 1 showed that P. thaul tadpoles habituate the antipredator response when undergo predation risk chemical cues from injured conspecific and that response is long term. Experiment 2 showed that P. thaul tadpoles did not habituate their antipredator response when exposed to cues derived from an event of nymph odonate preying on P. thaul tadpoles (predator fed cues). Experiment 3 specifically evaluated the risk imposed by each of the risk cues used in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 and showed that the degree of perceived risk in tadpoles appear to be similar in a single experience with any risk stimuli. We suggest that the behavioral habituation of tadpoles in the context of predation could be modulated by the level of uncertainty associated with risk stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pueta
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Biología Evolutiva y Comportamiento de Herpetozoos, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. .,Departamento de Biología General, (CRUB-UNComa), Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
| | - Dolores Ardanaz
- Departamento de Biología General, (CRUB-UNComa), Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan Cruz Tallone
- Departamento de Biología General, (CRUB-UNComa), Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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13
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Seigel AR, DeVriendt IG, Hohenstein SJ, Lueders MB, Shastri A, Wisenden BD. Tone deaf: Association of an auditory stimulus with predation risk by zebrafish Danio rerio does not generalize to another auditory stimulus. Behav Processes 2021; 189:104421. [PMID: 33992740 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Predator recognition by small fishes can be acquired when chemical alarm cues released from damaged skin (by a predator attack) are paired with a novel stimulus, such as the appearance or odor of a predator. Once learned, fish can extend recognition of risk by generalizing to associate risk with additional stimuli that are similar to the conditioned novel stimulus. Here, we trained zebrafish to associate a novel auditory stimulus with predation risk, and then tested to see if they generalize risk to all sound stimuli or whether the conditioned response is limited to the sound frequency of the conditioning stimulus. We found that zebrafish Danio rerio readily associated risk of predation with Tone 1 (285 Hz), as evidenced by reduction in activity, increased time spent near the substratum and increased shelter use, but fish conditioned to fear Tone 1 completely ignored presentation of a second tone of 762 Hz. These data suggest that generalization does not occur as easily for auditory cues as they do for olfactory and visual cues, perhaps due to differences in the properties of sensory biology or the cognitive mechanisms that process information in different sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Seigel
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, United States
| | | | | | - Mark B Lueders
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, United States
| | - Ananda Shastri
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, United States
| | - Brian D Wisenden
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, United States.
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14
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Tuttle LJ, Lamb RW, Stringer AL. Differential learning by native versus invasive predators to avoid distasteful cleaning mutualists. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J. Tuttle
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Kāne‘ohe HI USA
| | - Robert W. Lamb
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
- Department of Biology Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Allison L. Stringer
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
- Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman MT USA
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15
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Metapopulation genetics of endangered reticulated flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma bishopi) in a dynamic and fragmented landscape. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Background choice and immobility as context dependent tadpole responses to perceived predation risk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13577. [PMID: 32782286 PMCID: PMC7419541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of immobility and camouflage is widespread as a defensive mechanism in prey from varied taxa. However, many experiments assessing the reaction of prey to predator cues are conducted under artificial laboratory conditions. In a previous experiment we observed the tadpoles of Ololygon machadoi (Hylidae) to respond to predator visual and/or chemical cues by choosing backgrounds that improve their disruptive properties, but detected no associated reduction of movement. Here we experimentally demonstrate this response in the species' natural habitat, on backgrounds where the tadpoles are likely to achieve their best camouflage. We also tested whether previous experiences could influence both background choice and immobility in O. machadoi tadpoles. These novel experimental results suggest that a defensive behavior—i.e., reduction of movement—in these tadpoles is more strongly expressed under the natural conditions where they evolved, compared to laboratory conditions where prey and predator were brought into closer contact. Besides, previous experiences are likely to play an important role in expressed defensive responses.
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17
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Gosavi SM, Tapkir SD, Kumkar P, Verma CR, Kharat SS. Act now before its too late: Copper exposure drives chemo-ecology of predator-prey dynamics of freshwater common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes, 1846). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109509. [PMID: 32311527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use of copper (Cu) in various commercial products, its existence in aquatic bodies (freshwater and marine) is not unusual. Cu is well known for its effect on the olfactory physiology of fish. However, there are limited studies on the effect of Cu on important ecological functions in fish (predator-prey dynamics) that are primarily influenced by olfaction. In a series of experiments, we studied the effect of Cu exposure on the chemoreceptive behavior of the prey fish, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis. Prey fishes were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration (5 μg/L) of Cu for 3 h and the anti-predator responses against native (Channa gachua) and alien predatory fish (tilapia) were quantified using an ethological assay. Cu exposed prey fishes did not recognize the native predator and had a lower survival rate than control (unexposed) fishes in predation trials. Cu exposed prey fishes have failed to learn associatively to detect a non-native predator resulting in higher mortality in prey population in direct encounters with tilapia. However, such a lack of predator recognition was found to be short-term and the treated prey fishes recovered anti-predator responses within 72 h. In addition, Cu inactivated the alarm cue which acts as a signal for the presence of predators and ensures associative learning and therefore it was considered to be an 'info-disruptor' in the present study. These outcomes together demonstrate that even at low concentration, Cu influences ecological decisions and survival against predators. Owing to the ubiquitous occurrence of Cu in water bodies, the present investigation will contribute to the knowledge of how environmental stressors alter the crucial ecological decisions of prey individuals in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, we suggest that freshwater reservoirs containing high levels of Cu could be unsuitable for the long-term survival of prey fishes and freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, 246-A, J.B.B. Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 008, India.
| | - Sandip D Tapkir
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 007, India; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budêjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Chandani R Verma
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Falaschi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Melotto
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy
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19
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Effect of early exposure to predation on risk perception and survival of fish exposed to a non-native predator. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Resende PS, Viana–Junior AB, Young RJ, Azevedo CSD. A global review of animal translocation programs. ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2020.43.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We performed a bibliometric analysis to investigate the efficiency of release techniques (soft and hard–release), to analyse the characteristics and outcomes of the translocation programs, to identify knowledge gaps, and to provide recommendations. Animal conservation studies involving animal release to the wild increased significantly over the 31 years studied and were more frequently performed with terrestrial mammals than with other taxonomic groups. Most of the studies were performed by researchers from developed countries. Translocations occurred mostly in temperate regions, with almost no translocations occurring in the tropics. Almost 60 % of the studies did not provide information regarding the success or failure of the translocation programs. The most commonly used technique was hard release. Wild–caught specimens were preferred for translocations. Translocation programs were less common for groups like amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. If criteria for suitable translocation are met, this management tool should also be conducted for tropical threatened species, led by native researchers. Furthermore, criteria for successful translocation should be clearly identified in order to improve future conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Resende
- Universidade Federal de São João del–Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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21
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Hernández MC, Navarro-Castilla Á, Piñeiro A, Silván G, Illera JC, Barja I. Are Baseline Glucocorticoid Levels Linked to Aggressive Behaviour in Wild Wood Mice? POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2020.68.1.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Hernández
- Unidad Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Navarro-Castilla
- Unidad Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Piñeiro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gema Silván
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barja
- Unidad Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Polo-Cavia N, Boyero L, Martín-Beyer B, Navazo T, Bosch J. Effects of coexistence and predator experience on antipredatory responses of montane amphibian larvae towards native and introduced salmonids. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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When food access is challenging: evidence of wood mice ability to balance energy budget under predation risk and physiological stress reactions. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Garcia TS, Bredeweg EM, Urbina J, Ferrari MCO. Evaluating adaptive, carry-over, and plastic antipredator responses across a temporal gradient in Pacific chorus frogs. Ecology 2019; 100:e02825. [PMID: 31325377 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of antipredator traits is dependent on the frequency and intensity of predator exposure over evolutionary and ecological time. We hypothesized that prey species would respond with increasing accuracy when exposed to predators across generational, ontogenetic, and immediate time scales. We assessed larval Pacific chorus frog (PSRE; Pseudacris regilla) individuals that varied in population sympatry, embryonic conditioning, and immediate exposure to stocked populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using PSRE populations from sites with and without resident rainbow trout, we conditioned embryos to trout odor, PSRE alarm cues, trout odor in combination with alarm cues, or control water. After being hatched and reared in control water, individuals were exposed to the four predator cue treatments using a fully factorial design. Tadpoles from populations with resident rainbow trout did not behave or develop differently than tadpoles originating from fishless sites. However, we found evidence that PSRE reduced predation risk with a combination of carry-over effect (i.e., transfer of information across life history stages) and within-life stage phenotypically plastic mechanisms. We found both developmental and behavioral carry-over effects: tadpoles conditioned with trout odor as embryos grew more slowly and took refuge more often than control animals. Within-life-stage behavioral plasticity was observed in tadpoles from all treatment groups, responding to predator cues with increased refuge use. Potentially additive effects of predator exposure on prey response should be considered when predicting the ability of prey to recognize novel threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Garcia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Evan M Bredeweg
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Jenny Urbina
- Environmental Science Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
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25
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Zamora‐Camacho FJ, Aragón P. Failed predator attacks have detrimental effects on antipredatory capabilities through developmental plasticity inPelobates cultripestoads. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Aragón
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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26
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Tapkir SD, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Gosavi SM. Impact, recovery and carryover effect of Roundup® on predator recognition in common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:189-200. [PMID: 30632094 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the negative impact of a variety of environmental contaminants on aquatic animals is essential to curb biodiversity loss and stop degradation of ecological functions. Excessive and unrestricted use of pesticides is the most serious threat to aquatic animals including amphibians and fishes. Among the known pesticides, glyphosate based formulations have been shown to have lethal effects on many aquatic organisms. However, negative effects of pesticides on crucial ecological interactions such as prey-predator interactions are relatively unknown from tropics. In many aquatic organisms, recognition of predators is based on odor signatures; and therefore any anthropogenic alteration in water chemistry has the potential to impair recognition and learning of predators. Through a series of behavioral experiments we evaluated the effect of glyphosate based herbicide (Roundup®) on the antipredator behavior of common spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis to understand the effects of pesticide-exposure on recognition of conspecific alarm cues, and associative learning to avoid predation. We exposed common spiny loach (for 3 h or 15 days) to sub-lethal concentration (0.5 mg a.e./L) of Roundup® and subsequently with conspecific alarm cues, signaling the proximity of a predator. Unexposed prey fish showed a significant reduction in activity level in response to conspecific alarm cues. Whereas such alarm response was not observed in prey fish that were exposed to Roundup® either for 3 h or 15 days. Such lack of response could be associated with alteration of olfactory function in prey individuals. However, this inability to detect the conspecific alarm cues was found to be transient and exposed fish recovered within 2 days. In subsequent experiments, we showed that Roundup® deactivates the conspecific alarm cues thus making them unavailable for prey to evoke the response. Furthermore, Roundup® mediated degradation of conspecific alarm cues and diminished the associative learning necessary for detection of the invasive/unknown/novel predators. Overall, due to the worldwide occurrence of glyphosate in water bodies, glyphosate mediated behavioral suppression exposes the prey animals to a considerable risk of predation, both by native and non-native predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip D Tapkir
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 400 007, India
| | - Sanjay S Kharat
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Pradeep Kumkar
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India
| | - Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 016, India.
- Department of Zoology, Post Graduate Research Centre, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 005, India.
- Department of Zoology, Maharashtra College of Arts, Science and Commerce, 246-A, Jahangir Boman Behram Marg, Nagpada, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 008, India.
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27
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Zamora-Camacho FJ, Cortés-Manzaneque S, Aragón P. Simulated predation pressure in Pelobates cultripes tadpoles modulates morphology at the metamorphic stage. Curr Zool 2018; 65:651-656. [PMID: 31857812 PMCID: PMC6911851 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the impacts of variation of biotic interactions at key life cycle stages are crucial to understand the interface between ecological and developmental processes. Predators exert a major impact on prey fitness. Although direct consumption entails the greatest effect, predators can affect prey by means of other mechanisms. For instance, injuries inflicted by failed predation attempts can jeopardize prey fitness, even beyond the short-term. In anuran tadpoles, failed predation typically results in partial tail loss, which is known to reduce swimming speed. However, the potential consequences of tadpole partial tail loss after metamorphosis remain understudied. Because tail materials could be important in conforming metamorph body, we assess the effects of tadpole partial tail loss on metamorph body size in Iberian spadefoot toads Pelobates cultripes. We clipped 55% tail length of pre-tail-resorption stage anesthetized tadpoles, and compared their body size as metamorphs with anesthetized and non-anesthetized non-tail-clipped controls. Also, we tested whether tail length correlated with metamorph body size of individuals of the control groups. Tail-clipped tadpoles produced smaller metamorphs than both controls (the bdy size of metamorphs from both controls was similar), which could incur costs in mid-term survival or time to first reproduction. This effect could be particularly important in areas with introduced predators, if autochthonous tadpoles lack defenses against them. Results suggest that materials resorbed from tadpole tail tissues might be reallocated into metamorph body, according to the negative effect of shorter tails in a correlational analysis, and clipped tails in an experimental test, on metamorph body size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Aragón
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Gazzola A, Russo G, Balestrieri A. Embryonic and larval defensive responses of agile frog (Rana dalmatina
) to alien crayfish. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzola
- Eco-Ethology Lab.; DSTA-Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Animal Biology Section; University of Catania; Catania Italy
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29
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30
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Bailey LD, Ens BJ, Both C, Heg D, Oosterbeek K, van de Pol M. No phenotypic plasticity in nest-site selection in response to extreme flooding events. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0139. [PMID: 28483869 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a crucial mechanism for responding to changes in climatic means, yet we know little about its role in responding to extreme climatic events (ECEs). ECEs may lack the reliable cues necessary for phenotypic plasticity to evolve; however, this has not been empirically tested. We investigated whether behavioural plasticity in nest-site selection allows a long-lived shorebird (Haematopus ostralegus) to respond to flooding. We collected longitudinal nest elevation data on individuals over two decades, during which time flooding events have become increasingly frequent. We found no evidence that individuals learn from flooding experiences, showing nest elevation change consistent with random nest-site selection. There was also no evidence of phenotypic plasticity in response to potential environmental cues (lunar nodal cycle and water height). A small number of individuals, those nesting near an artificial sea wall, did show an increase in nest elevation over time; however, there is no conclusive evidence this occurred in response to ECEs. Our study population showed no behavioural plasticity in response to changing ECE patterns. More research is needed to determine whether this pattern is consistent across species and types of ECEs. If so, ECEs may pose a major challenge to the resilience of wild populations.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Bailey
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bruno J Ens
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, PO Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Both
- Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dik Heg
- Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Clinical Research, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kees Oosterbeek
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, PO Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van de Pol
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Garcia TS, Urbina JC, Bredeweg EM, Ferrari MCO. Embryonic learning and developmental carry-over effects in an invasive anuran. Oecologia 2017; 184:623-631. [PMID: 28669002 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carry-over effects influence trait responses in later life stages as a result of early experience with environmental cues. Predation risk is an influential stressor and selection exists for early recognition of threats. In particular, invasive species may benefit from carry-over effects by preemptively recognizing and responding to novel predators via latent developmental changes and embryonic learning. In a factorial experiment, we conditioned invasive American bullfrog embryos (Lithobates catesbeianus) to the odor of a novel fish predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) alone or in combination with injured conspecific cues. We quantified developmental carryover in the larval life stage and found that individuals conditioned to the highest risk (fish and injured conspecific cues) grew into longer bodied larvae relative to larvae from lower risk treatments. We also assessed embryonic learning, a behavioral carry-over effect, and found an interaction between embryonic conditioning and larval exposure. Behavioral responses were only found in scenarios when predation risk varied in intensity across life history stages, thus requiring a more flexible antipredator strategy. This indicates a potential trade-off between the two strategies in larval growth and development rates, and time until metamorphosis. Our results suggest that early predator exposure and carry-over effects have significant impacts on life history trajectories for American bullfrogs. This research contributes to our understanding of a potentially important invasion mechanism in an anuran species of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Garcia
- 104 Nash Hall, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jenny C Urbina
- Environmental Science Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Evan M Bredeweg
- 104 Nash Hall, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
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32
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Polo-Cavia N, Gomez-Mestre I. Pigmentation plasticity enhances crypsis in larval newts: associated metabolic cost and background choice behaviour. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39739. [PMID: 28051112 PMCID: PMC5209684 DOI: 10.1038/srep39739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In heterogeneous environments, the capacity for colour change can be a valuable adaptation enhancing crypsis against predators. Alternatively, organisms might achieve concealment by evolving preferences for backgrounds that match their visual traits, thus avoiding the costs of plasticity. Here we examined the degree of plasticity in pigmentation of newt larvae (Lissotriton boscai) in relation to predation risk. Furthermore, we tested for associated metabolic costs and pigmentation-dependent background choice behaviour. Newt larvae expressed substantial changes in pigmentation so that light, high-reflecting environment induced depigmentation whereas dark, low-reflecting environment induced pigmentation in just three days of exposure. Induced pigmentation was completely reversible upon switching microhabitats. Predator cues, however, did not enhance cryptic phenotypes, suggesting that environmental albedo induces changes in pigmentation improving concealment regardless of the perceived predation risk. Metabolic rate was higher in heavily pigmented individuals from dark environments, indicating a high energetic requirement of pigmentation that could impose a constraint to larval camouflage in dim habitats. Finally, we found partial evidence for larvae selecting backgrounds matching their induced phenotypes. However, in the presence of predator cues, larvae increased the time spent in light environments, which may reflect a escape response towards shallow waters rather than an attempt at increasing crypsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Ecology, Evolution, and Development Group, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC. E-41092 Seville, Spain
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33
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Pujol‐Buxó E, García‐Guerrero C, Llorente GA. Alien versus predators: effective induced defenses of an invasive frog in response to native predators. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pujol‐Buxó
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - C. García‐Guerrero
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - G. A. Llorente
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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34
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Burraco P, Gomez-Mestre I. Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:462-472. [PMID: 27792531 DOI: 10.1086/688737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic disturbances cause profound alterations in organisms, inducing physiological adjustments to avoid, reduce, or remedy the impact of disturbances. In vertebrates, the stress response is regulated via neuroendocrine pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis that regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have cascading effects on multiple physiological pathways, affecting the metabolic rate, reactive oxygen species production, or immune system. Determining the extent to which natural and anthropogenic environmental factors induce stress responses in vertebrates is of great importance in ecology and conservation biology. Here we study the physiological stress response in spadefoot toad tadpoles (Pelobates cultripes) against three levels of a series of natural and anthropogenic stressors common to many aquatic systems: salinity (0, 6, and 9 ppt), herbicide (0, 1, and 2 mg/L acid equivalent of glyphosate), water acidity (pH 4.5, 7.0, and 9.5), predators (absent, native, and invasive), and temperature (21°, 25°, and 29°C). The physiological stress response was assessed examining corticosterone levels, standard metabolic rate, activity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative cellular damage in lipids, and immunological status. We found that common stressors substantially altered the physiological state of tadpoles. In particular, salinity and herbicides cause dramatic physiological changes in tadpoles. Moreover, tadpoles reduced corticosterone levels in the presence of natural predators but did not do so against invasive predators, indicating a lack of innate recognition. Corticosterone and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase were the most sensitive parameters to stress in this study. Anthropogenic perturbations of aquatic systems pose serious threats to larval amphibians even at nonlethal concentrations, judging from the marked physiological stress responses generated, and reveal the importance of incorporating physiological information onto conservation, ecological, and evolutionary studies.
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Polo-Cavia N, Boyero L, Martín-Beyer B, Barmuta LA, Bosch J. Joint effects of rising temperature and the presence of introduced predatory fish on montane amphibian populations. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - L. Boyero
- Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
| | - B. Martín-Beyer
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC; Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación; Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama; Rascafría Spain
| | - L. A. Barmuta
- Freshwater Ecology Group; School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - J. Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC; Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación; Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama; Rascafría Spain
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Perotti MG, Pueta M, Jara FG, Úbeda CA, Moreno Azocar DL. Lack of functional link in the tadpole morphology induced by predators. Curr Zool 2016; 62:227-235. [PMID: 29491910 PMCID: PMC5804239 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of predator-induced plasticity have focused on documenting how prey species respond to predators by modifying phenotypic traits and how traits correlate with fitness. We have previously shown that Pleurodema thaul tadpoles exposed to the dragonfly Rhionaeschna variegata responded strongly by showing morphological changes, less activity, and better survival than non-exposed tadpoles. Here, we tested whether there is a functional link between morphological plasticity and increased survival in the presence of predators. Tadpoles that experienced predation risk were smaller, less developed, and much less active than tadpoles without this experience. Burst speed did not correlate significantly with morphological changes and predator-induced deeper tails did not act as a lure to divert predator strikes away from the head. Although we have previously found that tadpoles with predator-induced morphology survive better under a direct predator threat, our results on the functional link between morphology and fitness are not conclusive. Our results suggest that in P. thaul tadpoles (1) burst speed is not important to evade predators, (2) those exposed to predators reduce their activity, and (3) morphological changes do not divert predator attacks away from areas that compromise tadpole survivalEE. Our results show that morphological changes in P. thaul tadpoles do not explain burst speed or lure attraction, although there was a clear reduction of activity, which itself reduces predation. We propose that changes in tadpole activity could be further analyzed from another perspective, with morphological change as an indirect product of behavior mediated by physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Perotti
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Mariana Pueta
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología General. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina, and
| | - Fabián Gastón Jara
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Carmen Adria Úbeda
- Departamento de Zoología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Debora Lina Moreno Azocar
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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Pueta M, Perotti MG. Anuran tadpoles learn to recognize injury cues from members of the same prey guild. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:745-51. [PMID: 26968427 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-0971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of predation risk from cues released from injured heterospecific could be beneficial when prey belongs to the same prey guild. Here, we performed three experiments. Experiment 1 showed that P. thaul tadpoles reduced their activity levels when exposed to conspecific injury cues, but not when exposed to amphipod injury cues. Experiment 2 tested whether P. thaul tadpoles can learn to recognize predation risk from chemical cues released from injured heterospecifics from the same prey guild (amphipod, Hyalella patagonica). A group of tadpoles were conditioned by exposing them to a specific concentration of amphipod injury cues paired with conspecific injury cues. Two days later, we evaluated changes in the activity of tadpoles when they were exposed to amphipod cues. As a control of learning, we used an unpaired group. Additionally, we used more control groups to fully investigate the learning mechanism. Our results showed that tadpoles can learn to recognize predation risk from injured amphipods and that the mechanism underlying the observed learned response could be associative. Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 and also showed that a low concentration of amphipod cues did not sustain that learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pueta
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología- INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. .,Departamento de Biología General. (CRUB-UNComa), Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
| | - Maria Gabriela Perotti
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología- INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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Polo-Cavia N, Burraco P, Gomez-Mestre I. Low levels of chemical anthropogenic pollution may threaten amphibians by impairing predator recognition. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 172:30-35. [PMID: 26765086 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that direct mortality and physiological effects caused by pollutants are major contributing factors to global amphibian decline. However, even sublethal concentrations of pollutants could be harmful if they combined with other factors to cause high mortality in amphibians. Here we show that sublethal concentrations of pollutants can disrupt the ability of amphibian larvae to recognize predators, hence increasing their risk of predation. This effect is indeed much more important since very low amounts of pollutants are ubiquitous, and environmental efforts are mostly directed towards preventing lethal spills. We analyzed the effects of two common contaminants (humic acid and ammonium nitrate) on the ability of tadpoles of the western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) to recognize chemical cues from a common predator, nymphs of the dragonfly Anax imperator. We compared the swimming activity of tadpoles in the presence and absence of water-borne chemical cues from dragonflies at different concentrations of humic acid and ammonium nitrate. Tadpoles reduced swimming activity in response to predator cues in the absence of pollutants, whereas they remained unresponsive to these cues when either humic acid or ammonium nitrate was added to the water, even at low concentrations. Moreover, changes in tadpole activity associated with the pollutants themselves were non-significant, indicating no toxic effect. Alteration of the natural chemical environment of aquatic systems by pollutants may be an important contributing cause for declines in amphibian populations, even at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Polo-Cavia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Burraco
- Ecology, Evolution, and Development Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Ecology, Evolution, and Development Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, E-41092 Seville, Spain.
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Jormalainen V, Gagnon K, Sjöroos J, Rothäusler E. The invasive mud crab enforces a major shift in a rocky littoral invertebrate community of the Baltic Sea. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zabierek K, Epp K. Antipredator response of Eurycea nana to a nocturnal and a diurnal predator: avoidance is not affected by circadian cycles of predators. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both predators and prey exhibit cyclic shifts in activity throughout the day, which should cause the threat posed by predators to change in a recurrent pattern. If the threat posed by a predator is dependent on their circadian foraging cycle, prey may respond more or less intensely to predators at different times of day, thereby maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of avoidance behaviors. We examined whether predator-naïveEurycea nana, a federally threatened neotenic salamander, exhibits a different antipredator response to chemical cues of a diurnal predator, the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and a nocturnal predator, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We predicted thatE. nanawould show more intense antipredator responses (reduced activity) to a diurnal predator during the day and to a nocturnal predator at night. We found that, although there was significant antipredator behavior ofE. nanatoward sunfish, there was no detectable response to crayfish and no effect of time of day on responses to either predator, suggesting that eitherE. nanadoes not innately exhibit circadian patterns in avoidance of these species or that those patterns were undetectable in this study. Future studies should examine whether experience with predators may cause these salamanders to be more sensitive to the diel variation in threat, as has been found with some other amphibians and fish. Due to the threatened nature of this species, understanding the factors that influence antipredator behavior are crucial for management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Epp
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, 83 Windham St, Willimantic, CT 06226, USA
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Atherton JA, McCormick MI. Active in the sac: damselfish embryos use innate recognition of odours to learn predation risk before hatching. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bucciarelli GM, Blaustein AR, Garcia TS, Kats LB. Invasion Complexities: The Diverse Impacts of Nonnative Species on Amphibians. COPEIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-14-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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