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Chondrogiannis C, Kotsi K, Grammatikopoulos G, Petropoulou Y. Seasonal Differences in Leaf Photoprotective Potential between Adults and Juveniles of Two Mediterranean Perennials with Distinct Growth Forms: A Comparative Field Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3110. [PMID: 37687356 PMCID: PMC10489676 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic differences between adult and juvenile Mediterranean plants were previously studied under field conditions, yet the corresponding differentiation of their photoprotective efficiency has not been sufficiently investigated. The present study aims to examine possible differences in the photoprotective potential between adults and juveniles of two native Mediterranean plants with distinct growth forms. Thus, the seasonal variations in individual carotenoids, electron transport rate (ETR), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were monitored in fully exposed mature leaves from adults and juveniles of the winter deciduous tree Cercis siliquastrum L. and the evergreen sclerophyllous shrub Nerium oleander L. All plants were grown under apparently similar field conditions. In both species, juveniles displayed substantially lower ETR and increased NPQ values than adults in spring, with the differences intensifying during summer drought and diminishing in autumn. Concomitantly, juveniles showed significantly higher chlorophyll-based total carotenoids in spring and summer mainly due to the higher investment in xanthophyll cycle components (VAZ), in combination with an increased mid-day de-epoxidation state (DEPS) and partial retention of zeaxanthin in the dark. In N. oleander, although ETR was lower in juveniles during winter, NPQ was extremely low in both ages. In conclusion, juveniles exhibit enhanced photoprotection potential, especially in the summer, due to their reduced photochemical capacity. The photosynthetic superiority of adults during the favorable spring period may be attributed to the needs of the co-existing reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiola Petropoulou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.C.); (G.G.)
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Alonso-Forn D, Peguero-Pina JJ, Ferrio JP, García-Plazaola JI, Martín-Sánchez R, Niinemets Ü, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Cell-level anatomy explains leaf age-dependent declines in mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic capacity in the evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1988-2002. [PMID: 35451029 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Mediterranean evergreen tree species experience a reduction in net CO2 assimilation (AN) and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) during aging and senescence, which would be influenced by changes in leaf anatomical traits at cell level. Anatomical modifications can be accompanied by the dismantling of photosynthetic apparatus associated to leaf senescence, manifested through changes at the biochemical level (i.e., lower nitrogen investment in photosynthetic machinery). However, the role of changes in leaf anatomy at cell level and nitrogen content in gm and AN decline experienced by old non-senescent leaves of evergreen trees with long leaf lifespan is far from being elucidated. We evaluated age-dependent changes in morphological, anatomical, chemical and photosynthetic traits in Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia Lam., an evergreen oak with high leaf longevity. All photosynthetic traits decreased with increasing leaf age. The relative change in cell wall thickness (Tcw) was less than in chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space (Sc/S), and Sc/S was a key anatomical trait explaining variations in gm and AN among different age classes. The reduction of Sc/S was related to ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts associated to leaf aging, with a concomitant reduction in cytoplasmic nitrogen. Changes in leaf anatomy and biochemistry were responsible for the age-dependent modifications in gm and AN. These findings revealed a gradual physiological deterioration related to the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus in older leaves of Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza E-50018, Spain
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana 930, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
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Wang H, Wu F, Li M, Zhu X, Shi C, Shao C, Ding G. Structure and chlorophyll fluorescence of heteroblastic foliage affect first-year growth in Pinus massoniana Lamb. seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:206-217. [PMID: 34906903 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pine seedlings exhibit heteroblastic foliage (primary and secondary needles) during seedling development. However, few trials have studied how heteroblastic foliage influences pine seedling growth by seasonal variation. This study first investigated the anatomical differences between the primary and secondary needles of one-year-old Pinus massoniana seedlings. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and evaluated the photoprotective mechanisms and light energy partitioning of these heteroblastic leaves from September to November. The results showed that the primary needles, as juvenile foliage, had a greater fraction of mesophyll tissue and stomata. In addition, the primary needles had two vascular bundles, and shorter distance from xylem and phloem to mesophyll cells, exhibiting a luxury growth strategy of rapidly obtaining high returns. The ChlF parameters indicated that the primary needles maintained a relatively high level of photoprotection by thermal dissipation (nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)) and nonregulated energy dissipation (Y(NO)). The secondary needles, representing mature foliage, had greater area of xylem and phloem tissues. The contents of Chl b and carotenoids (Car) significantly increased in November, promoting φPo and photoprotection, which suggested that the secondary needles were more resistant to low temperatures. During the whole light response process of secondary needles, the increases in the electron transfer rate (ETR) and light energy utilization efficiency (α) helped to increase the actual photosynthetic quantum yield (Y(II)) by reducing energy dissipation by decreasing the proportion of regulated energy dissipation (Y(NPQ)) and Y(NO). Given the sensitivity of this heteroblastic foliage to environmental changes, the practical use and extension of P. massoniana for afforestation purposes should be carried out with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Min Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changshuang Shi
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changchang Shao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Guo X, Shi P, Niinemets Ü, Hölscher D, Wang R, Liu M, Li Y, Dong L, Niklas KJ. "Diminishing returns" for leaves of five age-groups of Phyllostachys edulis culms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1662-1672. [PMID: 34580863 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf mass (M) and lamina surface area (A) are important functional traits reported to obey a scaling relationship called "diminishing returns" (i.e., M ∝ Aα>1 ). Previous studies have focused primarily on eudicots and ignored whether the age of leaves affects the numerical value of the scaling exponent (i.e., α). METHODS The effect of age was examined using 1623 Phyllostachys edulis leaves from culms differing in age collected in Nanjing, China. The scaling relationships among leaf A, fresh mass (FM), and dry mass (DM) were evaluated using reduced major axis protocols. The bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of differences in α-values. RESULTS Overall, the numerical values of α exceeded 1.0. The scaling relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A. The scaling exponents of FM vs. A exhibited a "high-low-high-low-high" numerical trend from the oldest to the youngest age-group. FM increased linearly as culm age decreased; the leaf DM per unit area (LMA) exhibited a parabolic trend across the age-groups. CONCLUSIONS "Diminishing returns" is confirmed for all but one age-group of an important monocot species. The relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A for each age-group. The FM per unit A decreased with increasing age-groups, whereas the middle age-groups had a greater LMA than the oldest and youngest age-groups. These data are the first to show that the age of shoots affects the scaling relationship between leaf mass and area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Guo
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Wang
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Administrative Bureau of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Lawrence EH, Springer CJ, Helliker BR, Scott Poethig R. MicroRNA156-mediated changes in leaf composition lead to altered photosynthetic traits during vegetative phase change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1008-1022. [PMID: 33064860 PMCID: PMC8299463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphology and physiology change with growth and development. Some of these changes are due to change in plant size and some are the result of genetically programmed developmental transitions. In this study we investigate the role of the developmental transition, vegetative phase change (VPC), on morphological and photosynthetic changes. We used overexpression of microRNA156, the master regulator of VPC, to modulate the timing of VPC in Populus tremula × alba, Zea mays, and Arabidopsis thaliana to determine its role in trait variation independent of changes in size and overall age. Here, we find that juvenile and adult leaves in all three species photosynthesize at different rates and that these differences are due to phase-dependent changes in specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N but not photosynthetic biochemistry. Further, we found juvenile leaves with high SLA were associated with better photosynthetic performance at low light levels. This study establishes a role for VPC in leaf composition and photosynthetic performance across diverse species and environments. Variation in leaf traits due to VPC are likely to provide distinct benefits under specific environments; as a result, selection on the timing of this transition could be a mechanism for environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clint J. Springer
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Brent R. Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Li Y. Plant rejuvenation: from phenotypes to mechanisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1249-1262. [PMID: 32780162 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant rejuvenation refers to the reversal of the adult phase in plants and the recovery of part or all of juvenile plant characteristics. The growth and reproductive vitality of plants can be increased after rejuvenation. In recent years, research has successfully reversed the development clock in plants by certain methods; created rejuvenated plants and revealed the basic rules of plant morphology, physiology and reproduction. Here, we reconstitute the changes at the morphological and macromolecular levels, including those in RNA, phytohormones and DNA, during plant rejuvenation. In addition, the characteristics of plant phase changes that can be used as references for plant rejuvenation are also summarized. We further propose possible mechanisms for plant rejuvenation, methods for reversing plant development and problems that should be avoided. Overall, this study highlights the physiological and molecular events involved in plant rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory For Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Veromann-Jürgenson LL, Brodribb TJ, Niinemets Ü, Tosens T. Variability in the chloroplast area lining the intercellular airspace and cell walls drives mesophyll conductance in gymnosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4958-4971. [PMID: 32392579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic efficiency of plants in different environments is controlled by stomata, hydraulics, biochemistry, and mesophyll conductance (gm). Recently, gm was demonstrated to be the key limitation of photosynthesis in gymnosperms. Values of gm across gymnosperms varied over 20-fold, but this variation was poorly explained by robust structure-bound integrated traits such as leaf dry mass per area. Understanding how the component structural traits control gm is central for identifying the determinants of variability in gm across plant functional and phylogenetic groups. Here, we investigated the structural traits responsible for gm in 65 diverse gymnosperms. Although the integrated morphological traits, shape, and anatomical characteristics varied widely across species, the distinguishing features of all gymnosperms were thick mesophyll cell walls and low chloroplast area exposed to intercellular airspace (Sc/S) compared with angiosperms. Sc/S and cell wall thickness were the fundamental traits driving variations in gm across gymnosperm species. Chloroplast thickness was the strongest limitation of gm among liquid-phase components. The variation in leaf dry mass per area was not correlated with the key ultrastructural traits determining gm. Thus, given the absence of correlating integrated easy-to-measure traits, detailed knowledge of underlying component traits controlling gm across plant taxa is necessary to understand the photosynthetic limitations across ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Fernández de Simón B, Sanz M, Sánchez-Gómez D, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Rising [CO 2] effect on leaf drought-induced metabolome in Pinus pinaster Aiton: Ontogenetic- and genotypic-specific response exhibit different metabolic strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:201-216. [PMID: 32078898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) together with water deficit can influence ecological interactions of trees through an array of chemically driven changes in plant leaves. In four drought stressed Pinus pinaster genotypes, grown under two levels of atmospheric [CO2] (ambient (aCO2) and enriched (eCO2)) the metabolome of adult and juvenile needles was analyzed to know if the metabolic responses to this environmental situation could be genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. Drought had the highest incidence, followed by needle ontogeny, being lower the eCO2 effect. The eCO2 reduced, eliminated or countered the 50 (adult needles) - 44% (juvenile) of the drought-induced changes, suggesting that CO2-enriched plants could perceived less oxidative stress under drought, and proving that together, these two abiotic factors triggered a metabolic response different from that under single factors. Genotype drought tolerance and ontogenetic stage determined the level of metabolite accumulation and the plasticity to eCO2 under drought, which was mainly reflected in antioxidant levels and tree chemical defense. At re-watering, previously water stressed plants showed both, reduced C and N metabolism, and a "drought memory effect", favoring antioxidants and osmolyte storage. This effect showed variations regarding genotype drought-tolerance, needle ontogeny and [CO2], with remarkable contribution of terpenoids. Chemical defense and drought tolerance were somehow linked, increasing chemical defense during recovery in the most drought-sensitive individuals. The better adaptation of trees to drought under eCO2, as well as their ability to recover better from water stress, are essential for the survival of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Sanz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bl 17 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - David Sánchez-Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación, Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albadalejito (CIAF), Carretera Toledo-Cuenca, km 174, 16194, Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Wang N, Palmroth S, Maier CA, Domec JC, Oren R. Anatomical changes with needle length are correlated with leaf structural and physiological traits across five Pinus species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1690-1704. [PMID: 30684950 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pinus has wide geographical range and includes species that are the most economically valued among forest trees worldwide. Pine needle length varies greatly among species, but the effects of needle length on anatomy, function, and coordination and trade-offs among traits are poorly understood. We examined variation in leaf morphological, anatomical, mechanical, chemical, and physiological characteristics among five southern pine species: Pinus echinata, Pinus elliottii, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, and Pinus virginiana. We found that increasing needle length contributed to a trade-off between the relative fractions of support versus photosynthetic tissue (mesophyll) across species. From the shortest (7 cm) to the longest (36 cm) needles, mechanical tissue fraction increased by 50%, whereas needle dry density decreased by 21%, revealing multiple adjustments to a greater need for mechanical support in longer needles. We also found a fourfold increase in leaf hydraulic conductance over the range of needle length across species, associated with weaker upward trends in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. Our results suggest that the leaf size strongly influences their anatomical traits, which, in turn, are reflected in leaf mechanical support and physiological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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de Simón BF, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Metabolic response to elevated CO 2 levels in Pinus pinaster Aiton needles in an ontogenetic and genotypic-dependent way. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:202-212. [PMID: 30216778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes involve elevated atmospheric [CO2], fostering the carbon allocation to tree sink tissues, partitioning it into metabolic pathways. We use metabolomics analysis in adult and juvenile needles of four Pinus pinaster genotypes exposed to two levels of growth [CO2]: ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and enriched (800 μmol mol-1), to know if the metabolic responses are genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. The eCO2-induced changes in the needle metabolomes are more significant in secondary metabolism pathways and especially meaningful in juvenile needles. The heteroblasty has important consequences in the expression of the metabolome, and on the plasticity to CO2, determining the level of specific metabolite accumulation, showing an interdependence between adult and juvenile needles. The P. pinaster needle metabolomes also show clear quantitative differences linked to genotype, as well as regarding the metabolic response to eCO2, showing both, common and genotype-specific biochemical responses. Thus, the changes in flavonol levels are mainly genotype-independent, while those in terpenoid and free fatty acids are mainly genotype-dependent, ratifying the importance of genotype to determine the metabolic response to eCO2. To understand the adaptation mechanisms that tree species can develop to cope with eCO2 it is necessary to know the genetically distinct responses within a species to recognize the CO2-induced changes from the divergent approaches, what can facilitate knowing also the possible interrelation of the physiological and metabolic responses. That could explain the controversial effects of eCO2 on the carbon-based metabolite in conifers, at the inter- and intra-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía Del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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