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Kvalnes T, Flagstad Ø, Våge J, Strand O, Viljugrein H, Sæther B. Harvest and decimation affect genetic drift and the effective population size in wild reindeer. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13684. [PMID: 38617828 PMCID: PMC11009432 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Harvesting and culling are methods used to monitor and manage wildlife diseases. An important consequence of these practices is a change in the genetic dynamics of affected populations that may threaten their long-term viability. The effective population size (N e) is a fundamental parameter for describing such changes as it determines the amount of genetic drift in a population. Here, we estimate N e of a harvested wild reindeer population in Norway. Then we use simulations to investigate the genetic consequences of management efforts for handling a recent spread of chronic wasting disease, including increased adult male harvest and population decimation. The N e/N ratio in this population was found to be 0.124 at the end of the study period, compared to 0.239 in the preceding 14 years period. The difference was caused by increased harvest rates with a high proportion of adult males (older than 2.5 years) being shot (15.2% in 2005-2018 and 44.8% in 2021). Increased harvest rates decreased N e in the simulations, but less sex biased harvest strategies had a lower negative impact. For harvest strategies that yield stable population dynamics, shifting the harvest from calves to adult males and females increased N e. Population decimation always resulted in decreased genetic variation in the population, with higher loss of heterozygosity and rare alleles with more severe decimation or longer periods of low population size. A very high proportion of males in the harvest had the most severe consequences for the loss of genetic variation. This study clearly shows how the effects of harvest strategies and changes in population size interact to determine the genetic drift of a managed population. The long-term genetic viability of wildlife populations subject to a disease will also depend on population impacts of the disease and how these interact with management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kvalnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | | | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteÅsNorway
| | - Olav Strand
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)TrondheimNorway
| | | | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
- Gjærevoll Center for Biodiversity Foresight AnalysesNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
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2
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Harju S, Cambrin S, Berg J. Indirect impacts of a highway on movement behavioral states of a threatened tortoise and implications for landscape connectivity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:716. [PMID: 38184706 PMCID: PMC10771453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Roads have often been identified as barriers to the movement of free-ranging animals. However, whether restoration of landscape connectivity across roadways can mitigate barriers to movement is insufficiently understood in light of indirect effects of roads on wildlife movement. We GPS-tagged free-ranging Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) to quantify movement behavioral states using hidden Markov models in relation to a major highway and to document use of existing, permeable culverts. We then used the observed movement behaviors to parameterize simulations of tortoise movement to evaluate alternative culvert designs and placements for enhancing connectivity across the roadway. Tortoises were most active during mid-day, in warm temperatures, and when close to the highway. The highway affected transition probabilities between movement states, as females were more likely than males to switch to an energy-demanding traveling movement state, remain in that state, and move farther than usual within that state. In contrast, males were more likely than females to continue in the low-energy resting state when close to the highway, but if traveling, to travel farther than usual. We observed two highway crossings by a tagged tortoise, which was a higher rate of crossing than in simulated tortoises. Simulated crossing rates increased with culvert size and culvert density, and size and density appeared more important for crossing than if culverts were placed singly or in pairs. Existing culvert densities across the region appeared potentially sufficient for long-term genetic connectivity, but only if retrofitted to allow for tortoise access and passing. We concluded that existing highway traffic may indirectly depress tortoise populations adjacent to the highway, particularly via negative impacts to female movements, and that existing culverts in washes should be retrofitted to allow for periodic tortoise crossings to improve structural connectivity for occasional passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Harju
- Heron Ecological, LLC, P.O. Box 235, Kingston, ID, 83839, USA.
| | - Scott Cambrin
- Clark County Desert Conservation Program, 4701 W Russell Rd, Las Vegas, NV, 89118, USA
| | - Jodi Berg
- Alta Science and Engineering, 220 E Fifth St, Suite 325, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA
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3
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Brown MB, Fennessy JT, Crego RD, Fleming CH, Alves J, Brandlová K, Fennessy S, Ferguson S, Hauptfleisch M, Hejcmanova P, Hoffman R, Leimgruber P, Masiaine S, McQualter K, Mueller T, Muller B, Muneza A, O'Connor D, Olivier AJ, Rabeil T, Seager S, Stacy-Dawes J, van Schalkwyk L, Stabach J. Ranging behaviours across ecological and anthropogenic disturbance gradients: a pan-African perspective of giraffe ( Giraffa spp .) space use. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230912. [PMID: 37357852 PMCID: PMC10291724 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movement behaviours are shaped by diverse factors, including resource availability and human impacts on the landscape. We generated home range estimates and daily movement rate estimates for 149 giraffe (Giraffa spp.) from all four species across Africa to evaluate the effects of environmental productivity and anthropogenic disturbance on space use. Using the continuous time movement modelling framework and a novel application of mixed effects meta-regression, we summarized overall giraffe space use and tested for the effects of resource availability and human impact on 95% autocorrelated kernel density estimate (AKDE) size and daily movement. The mean 95% AKDE was 359.9 km2 and the mean daily movement was 14.2 km, both with marginally significant differences across species. We found significant negative effects of resource availability, and significant positive effects of resource heterogeneity and protected area overlap on 95% AKDE size. There were significant negative effects of overall anthropogenic disturbance and positive effects of the heterogeneity of anthropogenic disturbance on daily movements and 95% AKDE size. Our results provide unique insights into the interactive effects of resource availability and anthropogenic development on the movements of a large-bodied browser and highlight the potential impacts of rapidly changing landscapes on animal space-use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Butler Brown
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Eros, Windhoek, Namibia
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | | | - Ramiro D. Crego
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Joel Alves
- Wildscapes Veterinary & Conservation Services, Hoedspruit, South Africa
| | - Karolina Brandlová
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Sara Ferguson
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Eros, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Morgan Hauptfleisch
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technology, 8 Johann Albrecht Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Pavla Hejcmanova
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czechia
| | - Rigardt Hoffman
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Eros, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Peter Leimgruber
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Symon Masiaine
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kylie McQualter
- Centre for Ecosystem Studies, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre and Department of Biological Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ben Muller
- Wildscapes Veterinary & Conservation Services, Hoedspruit, South Africa
| | - Arthur Muneza
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Eros, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - David O'Connor
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre and Department of Biological Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adriaan Jacobus Olivier
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jenna Stacy-Dawes
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Louis van Schalkwyk
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jared Stabach
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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4
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Tasser E, Unterthurner B, Agreiter A, Aukenthaler H, Gerstgrasser L, Giardino M, Tappeiner U, Rüdisser J. Long-term game species dynamic as indicator for changing landscape quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162375. [PMID: 36858228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban sprawl, increased traffic and modern forestry, as well as the globalisation of agriculture, have increasingly been affecting the landscape and its quality as habitat for species especially since the middle of the last century. Still, there are hardly any methods nor indicators which can measure the quality of the landscape for species over a long period. In this study, we investigated the influence of landscape structure and landscape quality on harvest data of 28 game species in South Tyrol, Italy, over the last 150 years. The harvest data were used to assess the population dynamics of individual species and habitat guilds since 1870. As a first result, we could show, on the examples of six species, that count population data were highly correlated with harvest data and are therefore well suited to estimate their population size. Second, the populations of ungulates consistently increased during the study period. The numbers of mesocarnivores as well as smaller forest and alpine game species increased strongly until the 1970s/80s of the last century, followed by a decline. The populations of farmland species and some synanthropic species have decreased substantially, and some species have even disappeared completely. Based on these results, we were able to show, in a third step, that the landscape quality for game species in South Tyrol has developed differently: In particular, the agriculturally used habitats have lost quality, whereas forests and alpine regions have initially gained quality due to the extensification of use; during the last five decades, the quality decreases again, at least for small game species. Our results thus provide concrete implications for the active improvement of the landscape quality for farmland and forest species, as well as indications for future priorities in funding support of alpine pasture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Tasser
- Eurac Research, Institute of Alpine Environment, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Birgith Unterthurner
- Eurac Research, Institute of Alpine Environment, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy; South Tyrolian Hunting Association, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Agreiter
- Office for Hunting and Fisheries, Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Giardino
- Eurac Research, Institute of Alpine Environment, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Eurac Research, Institute of Alpine Environment, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy; Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Dorber M, Panzacchi M, Strand O, van Moorter B. New indicator of habitat functionality reveals high risk of underestimating trade-offs among sustainable development goals: The case of wild reindeer and hydropower. AMBIO 2023; 52:757-768. [PMID: 36759433 PMCID: PMC9989093 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although biodiversity is crucial for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), following the current trajectory, we risk failing SDG 15. Using a new indicator quantifying the loss of functional habitat (habitat that is simultaneously suitable and well-connected), we show that the real impact of renewable energy is far larger than previously assumed. Specifically, we estimate that the construction of hydropower reservoirs in south Norway caused a loss of ca. 222 km2 of functional habitat for wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)-which is far larger than assumed based on land inundation indices (110 km2). Fully mitigating these impacts is challenging: scenario analyses reveal that the measures proposed by societal actors would yield only a fraction of the habitat lost (2-12 km2) and could cause trade-off risks with other SDGs. Using indices of functional connectivity is crucial for environmental impact assessments, as entire ecological networks for several species can be affected far beyond the reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dorber
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, NTNU, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manuela Panzacchi
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Strand
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bram van Moorter
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Xu W, Gigliotti LC, Royauté R, Sawyer H, Middleton AD. Fencing amplifies individual differences in movement with implications on survival for two migratory ungulates. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:677-689. [PMID: 36598334 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fences have recently been recognized as one of the most prominent linear infrastructures on earth. As animals traverse fenced landscapes, they adjust movement behaviours to optimize resource access while minimizing energetic costs of coping with fences. Examining individual responses is key for connecting localized fence effects with population dynamics. We investigated the multi-scale effects of fencing on animal movements, space use and survival of 61 pronghorn and 96 mule deer on a gradient of fence density in Wyoming, USA. Taking advantage of the recently developed Barrier Behaviour Analysis, we classified individual movement responses upon encountering fences (i.e. barrier behaviours). We adopted the reaction norm framework to jointly quantify individual plasticity and behavioural types of barrier behaviours, as well as behaviour syndromes between barrier behaviours and animal space use. We also assessed whether barrier behaviours affect individual survival. Our results highlighted a high-level individual plasticity encompassing differences in the degree and direction of barrier behaviours for both pronghorn and mule deer. Additionally, these individual differences were greater at higher fence densities. For mule deer, fence density determined the correlation between barrier behaviours and space use and was negatively associated with individual survival. However, these relationships were not statistically significant for pronghorn. By integrating approaches from movement ecology and behavioural ecology with the emerging field of fence ecology, this study provides new evidence that an extraordinarily widespread linear infrastructure uniquely impacts animals at the individual level. Managing landscape for lower fence densities may help prevent irreversible behavioural shifts for wide-ranging animals in fenced landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Laura C Gigliotti
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Raphaël Royauté
- French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), Versailles cedex, France
| | - Hall Sawyer
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Arthur D Middleton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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7
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Reyes-Puig JP, Reyes-Puig C, Pacheco-Esquivel J, Recalde S, Recalde F, Recalde D, Salazar J, Peña E, Paredes S, Robalino M, Flores F, Paredes V, Sailema E, Ríos-Alvear G. First insights in terrestrial mammals monitoring in the Candelaria and Machay Reserves in the Ecuadorian Tropical Andes. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e98119. [PMID: 38327364 PMCID: PMC10848741 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e98119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat disturbance leads to biodiversity decline and modifications in the landscape structure and composition, affecting both dispersal movements and ecological processes at different temporal and spatial scales. The Ecuadorian Tropical Andes harbour suitable habitats for the distribution of a wide variety of species; however, there is a lack of studies focused on mammal diversity and its association with the habitat attributes in the central-eastern slopes. Here, we reported the diversity of terrestrial mammals recorded between 2019 and 2021 in a camera-trap monitoring study in the Candelaria and Machay reserves in the upper basin of the Pastaza River, Ecuador. We performed site-occupancy probability analysis to assess the influence of spatial variables in the species' occurrence and also, based on natural marks, we reported preliminary findings in Andean bear individual identification. We detected 22 species of terrestrial mammals. Alpha diversity was similar between reserves with slightly higher species richness in Machay. Evenness indices showed unequal species distribution, with the Andean bear and domestic dogs exhibiting greater dominance. In addition, species composition was dissimilar between reserves, where the species turnover mostly explained the beta diversity. We observed that Andean bear and puma detections increased according to the natural vegetation cover. Conversely, domestic dogs were frequently detected in cells with an increasing proportion of pastures and crops. Additionally, we identified 26 Andean bears and six individuals recaptured during our study. Our results caution about the disturbance derived from human activities since we recorded unprecedented detections of domestic dogs in wild habitats. Nonetheless, it highlights the importance of private conservation areas (e.g. Candelaria, Machay and others) for supporting the occurrence and dispersal of terrestrial mammal species between larger areas in the upper basin of the Pastaza River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Unidad de Investigación, Quito, EcuadorInstituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Unidad de InvestigaciónQuitoEcuador
- Fundación Óscar Efrén Reyes, Baños de Agua Santa, EcuadorFundación Óscar Efrén ReyesBaños de Agua SantaEcuador
| | - Carolina Reyes-Puig
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Unidad de Investigación, Quito, EcuadorInstituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Unidad de InvestigaciónQuitoEcuador
- Fundación Óscar Efrén Reyes, Baños de Agua Santa, EcuadorFundación Óscar Efrén ReyesBaños de Agua SantaEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical iBIOTROP, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical iBIOTROPQuitoEcuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto BIOSFERA, Quito, EcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de Quito, Instituto BIOSFERAQuitoEcuador
| | | | - Santiago Recalde
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
| | - Fausto Recalde
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
| | - Darwin Recalde
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
| | - Jordy Salazar
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Ecominga Foundation, Baños, EcuadorEcominga FoundationBañosEcuador
| | - Silvia Paredes
- Asociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde Warmi, Baños - El Placer, EcuadorAsociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde WarmiBaños - El PlacerEcuador
| | - Marina Robalino
- Asociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde Warmi, Baños - El Placer, EcuadorAsociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde WarmiBaños - El PlacerEcuador
| | - Fernanda Flores
- Asociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde Warmi, Baños - El Placer, EcuadorAsociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde WarmiBaños - El PlacerEcuador
| | - Vladimir Paredes
- Asociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde Warmi, Baños - El Placer, EcuadorAsociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde WarmiBaños - El PlacerEcuador
| | - Edelina Sailema
- Asociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde Warmi, Baños - El Placer, EcuadorAsociación de Turismo Comunitario Quinde WarmiBaños - El PlacerEcuador
| | - Gorky Ríos-Alvear
- Fundación Óscar Efrén Reyes, Baños de Agua Santa, EcuadorFundación Óscar Efrén ReyesBaños de Agua SantaEcuador
- CIBIO Centro de Investigación em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Porto, PortugalCIBIO Centro de Investigación em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosPortoPortugal
- Grupo de Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, EcuadorGrupo de Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica IkiamTenaEcuador
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8
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Bressloff PC. Renewal equations for single-particle diffusion through a semipermeable interface. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014110. [PMID: 36797906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion through semipermeable interfaces has a wide range of applications, ranging from molecular transport through biological membranes to reverse osmosis for water purification using artificial membranes. At the single-particle level, one-dimensional diffusion through a barrier with constant permeability κ_{0} can be modeled in terms of so-called snapping out Brownian motion (BM). The latter sews together successive rounds of partially reflected BMs that are restricted to either the left or right of the barrier. Each round is killed (absorbed) at the barrier when its Brownian local time exceeds an exponential random variable parameterized by κ_{0}. A new round is then immediately started in either direction with equal probability. It has recently been shown that the probability density for snapping out BM satisfies a renewal equation that relates the full density to the probability densities of partially reflected BM on either side of the barrier. Moreover, generalized versions of the renewal equation can be constructed that incorporate non-Markovian, encounter-based models of absorption. In this paper we extend the renewal theory of snapping out BM to single-particle diffusion in bounded domains and higher spatial dimensions. In each case we show how the solution of the renewal equation satisfies the classical diffusion equation with a permeable boundary condition at the interface. That is, the probability flux across the interface is continuous and proportional to the difference in densities on either side of the interface. We also consider an example of an asymmetric interface in which the directional switching after each absorption event is biased. Finally, we show how to incorporate an encounter-based model of absorption for single-particle diffusion through a spherically symmetric interface. We find that, even when the same non-Markovian model of absorption applies on either side of the interface, the resulting permeability is an asymmetric time-dependent function with memory. Moreover, the permeability functions tend to be heavy tailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Bressloff
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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9
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DeVoe JD, Proffitt KM, Millspaugh JJ. Fence types influence pronghorn movement responses. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. DeVoe
- Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
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10
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Bressloff PC. A probabilistic model of diffusion through a semi-permeable barrier. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2022.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion through semi-permeable structures arises in a wide range of processes in the physical and life sciences. Examples at the microscopic level range from artificial membranes for reverse osmosis to lipid bilayers regulating molecular transport in biological cells to chemical and electrical gap junctions. There are also macroscopic analogues such as animal migration in heterogeneous landscapes. It has recently been shown that one-dimensional diffusion through a barrier with constant permeability
κ
0
is equivalent to snapping out Brownian motion (BM). The latter sews together successive rounds of partially reflecting BMs that are restricted to either the left or the right of the barrier. Each round is killed when its Brownian local time exceeds an exponential random variable parameterized by
κ
0
. A new round is then immediately started in either direction with equal probability. In this article, we use a combination of renewal theory, Laplace transforms and Green’s function methods to show how an extended version of snapping out BM provides a general probabilistic framework for modelling diffusion through a semi-permeable barrier. This includes modifications of the diffusion process away from the barrier (e.g. stochastic resetting) and non-Markovian models of membrane absorption that kill each round of partially reflected BM. The latter leads to time-dependent permeabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Bressloff
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah 155 South1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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11
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Koskei M, Kolowski J, Wittemyer G, Lala F, Douglas-Hamilton I, Okita-Ouma B. The role of environmental, structural and anthropogenic variables on underpass use by African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Tsavo Conservation Area. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Jones PF, Jakes AF, Vegter SE, Verhage MS. Is it the road or the fence? Influence of linear anthropogenic features on the movement and distribution of a partially migratory ungulate. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:37. [PMID: 36038930 PMCID: PMC9422137 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic linear features change the behavior and selection patterns of species, which must adapt to these ever-increasing features on the landscape. Roads are a well-studied linear feature that alter the survival, movement, and distribution of animals. Less understood are the effects of fences on wildlife, though they tend to be more ubiquitous across the landscape than roads. Even less understood are potential indirect effects when fences are found in tandem with roads along transportation corridors. METHODS We assessed how the spatial configuration of fences and roads effect the movement (crossing effect) and distribution (proximity effect) of a partially migratory pronghorn population (Antilocapra americana) on the grasslands of southern Alberta, Canada. We used data from 55 collared pronghorn within a step-selection function framework to assess the influence of 4 linear features: (1) pasture fences, (2) roads not fenced, (3) roads fenced on one side, and (4) roads fenced on both sides on the selection pattern of migratory and resident animals. We examined whether steps along a movement pathway (i.e., crossing effect) were influenced by the type of linear feature animals attempted to cross and, whether these features affected the distribution of pronghorn (i.e., proximity effect) across the landscape. RESULTS The top model for crossing effect for both movement tactics contained all 4 linear features and land cover. Regression coefficients were negative for all linear features, indicating that individuals were less likely to chose steps that crossed linear features. For the proximity effect, migrant animals avoided all linear features except roads fenced on both sides, where they selected areas closer to this feature. Resident animals, on the other hand, were found closer to pasture fences but further from roads without fences. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both fences and roads are indirectly affecting pronghorn resource use spatially and behaviorally, whether each linear feature is found separately or in tandem. Modifying existing fences and roads to account for responses to these distinct linear features could facilitate more successful crossing opportunities and/or shifts in distribution. Allowing pronghorn to freely move across the landscape will maintain functional connectivity to ensure population persistence of this endemic ungulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Jones
- Alberta Conservation Association, #400 817-4th Ave South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 0P3, Canada.
| | - Andrew F Jakes
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Scott E Vegter
- Alberta Conservation Association, #400 817-4th Ave South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - Mike S Verhage
- Alberta Conservation Association, #400 817-4th Ave South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 0P3, Canada
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Joshi V, Popp S, Werfel J, McCreery HF. Alignment with neighbours enables escape from dead ends in flocking models. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220356. [PMID: 35975561 PMCID: PMC9382454 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated movement in animal groups (flocks, schools, herds, etc.) is a classic and well-studied form of collective behaviour. Most theoretical studies consider agents in unobstructed spaces; however, many animals move in often complicated environments and must navigate around and through obstacles. Here we consider simulated agents behaving according to typical flocking rules, with the addition of repulsion from obstacles, and study their collective behaviour in environments with concave obstacles (dead ends). We find that groups of such agents heading for a goal can spontaneously escape dead ends without wall-following or other specialized behaviours, in what we term 'flocking escapes'. The mechanism arises when agents align with one another while heading away from the goal, forming a self-stable cluster that persists long enough to exit the obstacle and avoids becoming trapped again when turning back towards the goal. Solitary agents under the same conditions are never observed to escape. We show that alignment with neighbours reduces the effective turning speed of the group while letting individuals maintain high manoeuvrability when needed. The relative robustness of flocking escapes in our studies suggests that this emergent behaviour may be relevant for a variety of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Joshi
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stefan Popp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Justin Werfel
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Helen F. McCreery
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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14
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Matthiopoulos J. Defining, estimating, and understanding the fundamental niches of complex animals in heterogeneous environments. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine. University of Glasgow. Glasgow. G12 8QQ Scotland
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15
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Potts JR, Börger L, Strickland BK, Street GM. Assessing the predictive power of step selection functions: how social and environmental interactions affect animal space use. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Potts
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road Sheffield UK
| | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University, Singleton Park Swansea Wales UK
- Centre for Biomathematics College of Science Swansea University, Singleton Park Swansea Wales UK
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Garrett M. Street
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
- Quantitative Ecology and Spatial Technologies Laboratory Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
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16
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Hodges CW, Marshall BM, Hill JG, Strine CT. Malayan kraits (Bungarus candidus) show affinity to anthropogenic structures in a human dominated landscape. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7139. [PMID: 35504946 PMCID: PMC9065047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal movement can impact human–wildlife conflict by influencing encounter and detection rates. We assess the movement and space use of the highly venomous and medically important Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) on a suburban university campus. We radio-tracked 14 kraits for an average of 114 days (min: 19, max: 218), during which we located individuals an average of 106 times (min: 21, max: 229) each. Most individuals displayed some level of attraction to buildings (n = 10) and natural areas (n = 12); we identified a similar unambiguous pattern of attraction to buildings and natural areas at the population level (of our sample). Snakes remained in shelter sites for long durations (max: 94 days) and revisited sites on average every 15.45 days. Over 50% of locations were within human settlements and 37.1% were associated with buildings. We found generally seasonal patterns of activity, with higher activity in wet seasons, and lower activity in the hot season. These results show frequent proximity between Malayan kraits and humans at the university; thereby, suggesting a near constant potential for human-wildlife conflict. Despite the fact that no snakebites from this species occurred at the university during our study period, substantial education and awareness training should be considered to ensure continued coexistence on campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Wesley Hodges
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamin Michael Marshall
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jacques George Hill
- Science and Math Division, Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR, 72703, USA
| | - Colin Thomas Strine
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand. .,Department of Natural Science, Dickinson State University, North Dakota, 58601, USA.
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Robb BS, Merkle JA, Sawyer H, Beck JL, Kauffman MJ. Nowhere to run: semi‐permeable barriers affect pronghorn space use. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Robb
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Jerod A. Merkle
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Hall Sawyer
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Beck
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - Matthew J. Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 USA
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Londe DW, Elmore RD, Davis CA, Hovick TJ, Fuhlendorf SD, Rutledge J. Why did the chicken not cross the road? Anthropogenic development influences the movement of a grassland bird. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2543. [PMID: 35080784 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Movement and selection are inherently linked behaviors that form the foundation of a species' space-use patterns. Anthropogenic development in natural ecosystems can result in a variety of behavioral responses that can involve changes in either movement (speed or direction of travel) or selection (resources used), which in turn may cause population-level consequences including loss of landscape connectivity. Understanding how a species alters these different behaviors in response to human activity is essential for effective conservation. In this study, we investigated the effects of anthropogenic development such as roads, power lines and oil wells on the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) movement and selection behaviors in the post-nesting and non-breeding season. Our first objective was to assess using integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) if greater prairie-chickens altered their movement behaviors or their selection patterns when encountering oil wells, power lines, or roads. Our second objective was to determine whether prairie-chickens avoided crossing linear features such as roads or power lines by comparing the number of crossing events in greater prairie-chicken movement tracks to the number of movements that crossed these features in simulated movement tracks. Based on the iSSA analysis, we found that greater prairie-chickens avoided oil wells, power lines, and roads in both seasons, and altered their rate of movement when near anthropogenic structures. However, changes in speed varied by season, with prairie-chickens increasing their movement rates in the post-nesting season when near to development and decreasing movement rates in the non-breeding season. Furthermore, prairie-chickens crossed roads and power lines at much lower rates than expected. These changes in behavior can result in habitat loss for greater prairie-chickens, as well as the potential loss of landscape connectivity. By considering both movement and selection, we were able to develop an ecological understanding of how increasing human activity may influence the space use of this species of conservation concern. Furthermore, this research provides insight into the decision-making processes by animals when they encounter anthropogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Londe
- Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert Dwayne Elmore
- Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Craig A Davis
- Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Torre J Hovick
- School of Natural Resources Sciences-Range Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Samuel D Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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20
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Joly K, Gunn A, Côté SD, Panzacchi M, Adamczewski J, Suitor MJ, Gurarie E. Caribou and reindeer migrations in the changing Arctic. ANIMAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ami-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Caribou and reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, are the most numerous and socio-ecologically important terrestrial species in the Arctic. Their migrations are directly and indirectly affected by the seasonal nature of the northernmost regions, human development and population size; all of which are impacted by climate change. We review the most critical drivers of Rangifer migration and how a rapidly changing Arctic may affect them. In order to conserve large Rangifer populations, they must be allowed free passage along their migratory routes to reach seasonal ranges. We also provide some pragmatic ideas to help conserve Rangifer migrations into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service , 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99709, USA
| | - Anne Gunn
- Salt Spring Island , British Columbia V8K 1V1 Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Caribou Ungava & Centre d’études nordiques , Université Laval , Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Manuela Panzacchi
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) , Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Jan Adamczewski
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, Northwest Territories , Canada
| | - Michael J. Suitor
- Fish and Wildlife Branch, Environment Yukon, Yukon Government , Dawson City , Yukon , Canada
| | - Eliezer Gurarie
- Department of Biology , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA , and Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse , NY 13210
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21
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Passoni G, Coulson T, Ranc N, Corradini A, Hewison AJM, Ciuti S, Gehr B, Heurich M, Brieger F, Sandfort R, Mysterud A, Balkenhol N, Cagnacci F. Roads constrain movement across behavioural processes in a partially migratory ungulate. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:57. [PMID: 34774097 PMCID: PMC8590235 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human disturbance alters animal movement globally and infrastructure, such as roads, can act as physical barriers that impact behaviour across multiple spatial scales. In ungulates, roads can particularly hamper key ecological processes such as dispersal and migration, which ensure functional connectivity among populations, and may be particularly important for population performance in highly human-dominated landscapes. The impact of roads on some aspects of ungulate behaviour has already been studied. However, potential differences in response to roads during migration, dispersal and home range movements have never been evaluated. Addressing these issues is particularly important to assess the resistance of European landscapes to the range of wildlife movement processes, and to evaluate how animals adjust to anthropogenic constraints. METHODS We analysed 95 GPS trajectories from 6 populations of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) across the Alps and central Europe. We investigated how roe deer movements were affected by landscape characteristics, including roads, and we evaluated potential differences in road avoidance among resident, migratory and dispersing animals (hereafter, movement modes). First, using Net Squared Displacement and a spatio-temporal clustering algorithm, we classified individuals as residents, migrants or dispersers. We then identified the start and end dates of the migration and dispersal trajectories, and retained only the GPS locations that fell between those dates (i.e., during transience). Finally, we used the resulting trajectories to perform an integrated step selection analysis. RESULTS We found that roe deer moved through more forested areas during the day and visited less forested areas at night. They also minimised elevation gains and losses along their movement trajectories. Road crossings were strongly avoided at all times of day, but when they occurred, they were more likely to occur during longer steps and in more forested areas. Road avoidance did not vary among movement modes and, during dispersal and migration, it remained high and consistent with that expressed during home range movements. CONCLUSIONS Roads can represent a major constraint to movement across modes and populations, potentially limiting functional connectivity at multiple ecological scales. In particular, they can affect migrating individuals that track seasonal resources, and dispersing animals searching for novel ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Passoni
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre (CRI), Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Nathan Ranc
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 95064, USA
| | - Andrea Corradini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre (CRI), Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, TN, Italy
- Stelvio National Park, Via De Simoni 42, 23032, Bormio, SO, Italy
| | - A J Mark Hewison
- INRAE, CEFS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- LTSER ZA Pyrénées Garonne, 31320, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Simone Ciuti
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4, Ireland
| | - Benedikt Gehr
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Falko Brieger
- Wildlife Institute, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg, Wonnhaldestraße 4, 79100, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Sandfort
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niko Balkenhol
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre (CRI), Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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22
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Seigle-Ferrand J, Marchand P, Morellet N, Gaillard JM, Hewison AJM, Saïd S, Chaval Y, Santacreu H, Loison A, Yannic G, Garel M. On this side of the fence: Functional responses to linear landscape features shape the home range of large herbivores. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:443-457. [PMID: 34753196 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of global change for animal movement is a major issue for conservation and management. In particular, habitat fragmentation generates increased densities of linear landscape features that can impede movements. While the influence of these features on animal movements has been intensively investigated, they may also play a key role at broader spatial scales (e.g. the home range scale) as resources, cover from predators/humans, corridors/barriers, or landmarks. How space use respond to varying densities of linear features has been mostly overlooked in large herbivores, in contrast to studies done on predators. Focusing on large herbivores should provide additional insights to understand how animals solve the trade-off between energy acquisition and mortality risk. Here, we investigated the role of anthropogenic (roads and tracks) and natural (ridges, valley bottoms and forest edges) linear features on home range features in five large herbivores. We analysed an extensive GPS monitoring data base of 710 individuals across nine populations, ranging from mountain areas mostly divided by natural features to lowlands that were highly fragmented by anthropogenic features. Nearly all of the linear features studied were found at the home range periphery, suggesting that large herbivores primarily use them as landmarks to delimit their home range. In contrast, for mountain species, ridges often occurred in the core range, probably related to their functional role in terms of resources and refuge. When the density of linear features was high, they no longer occurred predominantly at the home range periphery, but instead were found across much of the home range. We suggest that, in highly fragmented landscapes, large herbivores are constrained by the costs of memorising the spatial location of key features, and by the requirement for a minimum area to satisfy their vital needs. These patterns were mostly consistent in both males and females and across species, suggesting that linear features have a preponderant influence on how large herbivores perceive and use the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seigle-Ferrand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - P Marchand
- Off. Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Portes du Soleil, Juvignac, France
| | - N Morellet
- Univ. Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA Pyrénées Garonne, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - J-M Gaillard
- Univ, Lyon 1, CNRS, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - A J M Hewison
- Univ. Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA Pyrénées Garonne, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - S Saïd
- Off. Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Portes du Soleil, Juvignac, France.,Off. Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Flore et Végétation, Montfort, Birieux, France
| | - Y Chaval
- Univ. Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France.,LTSER ZA Pyrénées Garonne, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - H Santacreu
- Univ. Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - A Loison
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - G Yannic
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - M Garel
- Off. Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 Allée Bethleem, Gières, France
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Borah
- Dept of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State Univ. Logan UT USA
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ÖZCAN AU. Ekolojik Köprülerin Potansiyel Yer Seçimleri: İzmir-Çeşme Otoyolu Örneği. ULUSLARARASI TARIM VE YABAN HAYATI BILIMLERI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24180/ijaws.848860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Characteristic of habitat suitability for the Asian elephant in the fragmented Ulu Jelai Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-021-00154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yannic G, Helfer V, Sermier R, Schmidt BR, Fumagalli L. Fine scale genetic structure in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) along a rural-to-urban gradient. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tyler NJC, Hanssen-Bauer I, Førland EJ, Nellemann C. The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate of Change. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.585685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The productive performance of large ungulates in extensive pastoral grazing systems is modulated simultaneously by the effects of climate change and human intervention independent of climate change. The latter includes the expansion of private, civil and military activity and infrastructure and the erosion of land rights. We used Saami reindeer husbandry in Norway as a model in which to examine trends in, and to compare the influence of, both effects on a pastoral grazing system. Downscaled projections of mean annual temperature over the principal winter pasture area (Finnmarksvidda) closely matched empirical observations across 34 years to 2018. The area, therefore, is not only warming but seems likely to continue to do so. Warming notwithstanding, 50-year (1969–2018) records of local weather (temperature, precipitation and characteristics of the snowpack) demonstrate considerable annual and decadal variation which also seems likely to continue and alternately to amplify and to counter net warming. Warming, moreover, has both positive and negative effects on ecosystem services that influence reindeer. The effects of climate change on reindeer pastoralism are evidently neither temporally nor spatially uniform, nor indeed is the role of climate change as a driver of change in pastoralism even clear. The effects of human intervention on the system, by contrast, are clear and largely negative. Gradual liberalization of grazing rights from the 18th Century has been countered by extensive loss of reindeer pasture. Access to ~50% of traditional winter pasture was lost in the 19th Century owing to the closure of international borders to the passage of herders and their reindeer. Subsequent to this the area of undisturbed pasture within Norway has decreased by 71%. Loss of pasture due to piecemeal development of infrastructure and to administrative encroachment that erodes herders' freedom of action on the land that remains to them, are the principal threats to reindeer husbandry in Norway today. These tangible effects far exceed the putative effects of current climate change on the system. The situation confronting Saami reindeer pastoralism is not unique: loss of pasture and administrative, economic, legal and social constraints bedevil extensive pastoral grazing systems across the globe.
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Forging a Bayesian link between habitat selection and avoidance behavior in a grassland grouse. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2791. [PMID: 33531620 PMCID: PMC7854595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat selection is a basic aspect of the ecology of many species, yet often the term is conflated or confused with both habitat preference and habitat use. We argue that each term fits within a conceptual framework that can be viewed in Bayesian terms and demonstrate, using long-term data on occupancy patterns of a grassland grouse, how prior probability profiles can be estimated. We obtained estimates by specifically focusing on whether and to what extent the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) avoids anthropogenic features such as roads, powerlines, petroleum wells, fences, and buildings, in two study areas, one with denser and one with sparser incidence of features. Grouse strongly avoided large features such as outbuildings and tended to avoid tall features such as powerlines; by contrast, grouse did not or only slightly avoided low, unobtrusive features such as fences. We further examined co-location of pairs of anthropogenic features and found that certain features were avoided so strongly that avoidance distance may be shorter for other features; that is, birds were "pushed toward" some features because they are "pushed away" from others. In each case, our approach points toward a means to incorporate avoidance behavior directly into analytic studies of habitat selection, in that data on use (the posterior, as it were) could be used to infer the selection process provided data on preference (the prior, as it were) could be obtained.
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Lopes B, McEvoy JF, Morato RG, Luz HR, Costa FB, Benatti HR, Dias TDC, Rocha VJ, Ramos VDN, Piovezan U, Monticelli PF, Nievas AM, Pacheco RC, Moro MEG, Brasil J, Leimgruber P, Labruna MB, Ferraz KMPMDB. Human-modified landscapes alter home range and movement patterns of capybaras. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The expansion of human activity forces species to co-exist with people in human-modified landscapes (HMLs). However, living in HMLs demands behavioral adaptations, and the proximity between wildlife and people heightens human–wildlife conflicts. Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a thriving rodent species in HMLs in Brazil and as such, is involved in human–wildlife conflicts, such as vehicle collisions and transmission of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF). Despite their public importance, the effects of HMLs on capybara movement behavior have never been investigated. Our study aimed to investigate changes in home range, ranging pattern, and activity, for capybaras in six HMLs and two natural landscapes (NLs) by monitoring capybaras with GPS collars. We found home ranges 2.43 times greater in NLs than in HMLs and differences in ranging pattern in HMLs. Capybaras tended to be more nocturnal and move shorter distances across HMLs than NLs. Our results confirm the impacts of the HMLs altering capybara movement. The aggregation of capybaras in very small home ranges might imply on greater risks of tick infestations. In addition, capybara–vehicle collision may be increased during capybaras’ nocturnal activity. Therefore, we recommend that transportation agencies avoid the construction of transportation infrastructures (roads, railways, airstrips) in capybaras’ home ranges, which should be of restricted access to people in BSF endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - John F McEvoy
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United State
| | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP, Brasil
| | - Hermes R Luz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia/Renorbio, Ponto Focal Maranhão, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Francisco B Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Hector Ribeiro Benatti
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Thiago da Costa Dias
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e educação, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, Brasil
| | - Vlamir José Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e educação, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Patricia Ferreira Monticelli
- Departamento de Psicologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Nievas
- Departamento de Psicologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Richard Campos Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Jardel Brasil
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Americana, Prefeitura de Americana, Americana, SP, Brasil
| | - Peter Leimgruber
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United State
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Fullman TJ, Wilson RR, Joly K, Gustine DD, Leonard P, Loya WM. Mapping potential effects of proposed roads on migratory connectivity for a highly mobile herbivore using circuit theory. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e2207. [PMID: 32632940 PMCID: PMC7816249 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Migration is common worldwide as species access spatiotemporally varying resources and avoid predators and parasites. However, long-distance migrations are increasingly imperiled due to development and habitat fragmentation. Improved understanding of migratory behavior has implications for conservation and management of migratory species, allowing identification and protection of seasonal ranges and migration corridors. We present a technique that applies circuit theory to predict future effects of development by analyzing season-specific resistance to movement from anthropogenic and natural environmental features across an entire migratory path. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by examining potential effects of a proposed road system on barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and subsistence hunters in northern Alaska. Resource selection functions revealed migratory selection by caribou. We tested five scenarios relating habitat selection to landscape resistance using Circuitscape and GPS telemetry data. To examine the effect of potential roads on connectivity of migrating animals and human hunters, we compared current flow values near communities in the presence of proposed roads. Caribou avoided dense vegetation, rugged terrain, major rivers, and existing roads in both spring and fall. A negative linear relationship between resource selection and landscape resistance was strongly supported for fall migration while spring migration featured a negative logarithmic relationship. Overall patterns of caribou connectivity remained similar in the presence of proposed roads, though reduced current flow was predicted for communities near the center of current migration areas. Such data can inform decisions to allow or disallow projects or to select among alternative development proposals and mitigation measures, though consideration of cumulative effects of development is needed. Our approach is flexible and can easily be adapted to other species, locations and development scenarios to expand understanding of movement behavior and to evaluate proposed developments. Such information is vital to inform policy decisions that balance new development, resource user needs, and preservation of ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan R. Wilson
- The Wilderness SocietyAnchorageAlaska99501USA
- Present address:
Marine Mammals ManagementU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAnchorageAlaska99503USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and PreserveArctic Inventory and Monitoring NetworkNational Park ServiceFairbanksAlaska99709USA
| | - David D. Gustine
- Grand Teton National ParkNational Park ServiceMooseWyoming83012USA
| | - Paul Leonard
- Science ApplicationsU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFairbanksAlaska99701USA
| | - Wendy M. Loya
- Science ApplicationsU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAnchorageAlaska99503USA
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Laskin DN, Watt D, Whittington J, Heuer K. Designing a fence that enables free passage of wildlife while containing reintroduced bison: a multispecies evaluation. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dillon Watt
- D. Watt (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8873-5460)
| | | | - Karsten Heuer
- K. Heuer (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-5116), Parks Canada, Banff National Park, Box 900, Banff, AB, T1L 1K2, Canada
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Peterson JM, Earl JE, Fuhlendorf SD, Elmore RD, Haukos DA, Tanner AM, Carleton SA. Estimating response distances of lesser prairie‐chickens to anthropogenic features during long‐distance movements. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Peterson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma74078USA
| | - Julia E. Earl
- School of Biological Sciences Louisiana Tech University Ruston Louisiana71272USA
| | - Samuel D. Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma74078USA
| | - R. Dwayne Elmore
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma74078USA
| | - David A. Haukos
- U.S. Geological Survey Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Ashley M. Tanner
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma74078USA
| | - Scott A. Carleton
- U.S. Geological Survey New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico87103USA
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Barry T, Gurarie E, Cheraghi F, Kojola I, Fagan WF. Does dispersal make the heart grow bolder? Avoidance of anthropogenic habitat elements across wolf life history. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Van Moorter B, Engen S, Fryxell JM, Panzacchi M, Nilsen EB, Mysterud A. Consequences of barriers and changing seasonality on population dynamics and harvest of migratory ungulates. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany animal populations providing ecosystem services, including harvest, live in seasonal environments and migrate between seasonally distinct ranges. Unfortunately, two major sources of human-induced global change threaten these populations: climate change and anthropogenic barriers. Anthropogenic infrastructure developments present a global threat to animal migrations through increased migration mortality or behavioral avoidance. Climate change alters the seasonal and spatial dynamics of resources and therefore the effects of migration on population performance. We formulated a population model with ideal-free migration to investigate changes in population size and harvest yield due to barriers and seasonal dynamics. The model predicted an increasing proportion of migrants when the difference between areas in seasonality or carrying capacity increased. Both migration cost and behavioral avoidance of barriers substantially reduced population size and harvest yields. Not surprisingly, the negative effects of barriers were largest when the population benefited most from migration. Despite the overall decline in harvest yield from a migratory population due to barriers, barriers could result in locally increased yield from the resident population following reduced competition from migrants. Our approach and results enhance the understanding of how global warming and infrastructure development worldwide may change population dynamics and harvest offtake affecting livelihoods and rural economies.
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Webber QMR, Laforge MP, Bonar M, Robitaille AL, Hart C, Zabihi-Seissan S, Vander Wal E. The Ecology of Individual Differences Empirically Applied to Space-Use and Movement Tactics. Am Nat 2020; 196:E1-E15. [PMID: 32552106 DOI: 10.1086/708721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Movement provides a link between individual behavioral ecology and the spatial and temporal variation in an individual's landscape. Individual variation in movement traits is an important axis of animal personality, particularly in the context of foraging ecology. We tested whether individual caribou (Rangifer tarandus) displayed plasticity in movement and space-use behavior across a gradient of resource aggregation. We quantified first-passage time and range-use ratio as proxies for movement-related foraging behavior and examined how these traits varied at the individual level across a foraging resource gradient. Our results suggest that individuals adjusted first-passage time but not range-use ratio to maximize access to high-quality foraging resources. First-passage time was repeatable, and intercepts for first-passage time and range-use ratio were negatively correlated. Individuals matched first-passage time but not range-use ratio to the expectations of our patch-use model that maximized access to foraging resources, a result that suggests that individuals acclimated their movement patterns to accommodate both intra- and interannual variation in foraging resources on the landscape. Collectively, we highlight repeatable movement and space-use tactics and provide insight into how individual plasticity in movement interacts with landscape processes to affect the distribution of behavioral phenotypes and potentially fitness and population dynamics.
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Bauder JM, Breininger DR, Bolt MR, Legare ML, Jenkins CL, Rothermel BB, McGarigal K. Movement barriers, habitat heterogeneity or both? Testing hypothesized effects of landscape features on home range sizes in eastern indigo snakes. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bauder
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | - D. R. Breininger
- NASA Ecological Programs Integrated Mission Support Services Kennedy Space Center FL USA
| | - M. R. Bolt
- NASA Ecological Programs Integrated Mission Support Services Kennedy Space Center FL USA
| | - M. L. Legare
- Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Titusville FL USA
| | | | | | - K. McGarigal
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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Kelson SJ, Power ME, Finlay JC, Carlson SM. Partial migration alters population ecology and food chain length: evidence from a salmonid fish. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J. Kelson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California, Berkeley 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Mary E. Power
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley 23060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Jacques C. Finlay
- College of Biological Sciences University of Minnesota 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California, Berkeley 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley California 94720 USA
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Maida JR, Bishop CA, Larsen KW. Migration and disturbance: impact of fencing and development on Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus) spring movements in British Columbia. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing anthropogenic pressures, including land-use transformation globally, the natural process of animal migration is undergoing alterations across many taxa. Small-scale migrants provide useful systems at workable scales for investigating the influence of disturbance and landscape barriers on natural movement patterns and migrations. The Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840) in British Columbia, Canada, is a small, migrant predator that undertakes seasonal spring movements from its communal hibernaculum to summer hunting and mating grounds and reverses its movements in autumn. From 2011 to 2016, we examined changes to spring migration movements in 27 male Western Rattlesnakes encountering both mitigative fencing barriers and disturbed habitats. Individuals moving through disturbed habitats or intercepted by mitigative fencing demonstrated shorter migration distances and reduced spring path sinuosity compared with individuals migrating in undisturbed habitats. Specifically, individuals encountering a fence during spring movements completed shorter total spring migration path lengths and occupied smaller home ranges over the course of the entire active season. Total spring migration distance also was strongly associated with the distance that individuals traveled until they first encountered human disturbance. This study contributes significantly to our knowledge of how fencing barriers may impact normal behavioural patterns in smaller vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R. Maida
- Environmental Science Program, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Christine A. Bishop
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Wildlife Research Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Karl W. Larsen
- Department of Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
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Quaglietta L, Porto M, Ford AT. Simulating animal movements to predict wildlife-vehicle collisions: illustrating an application of the novel R package SiMRiv. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Paterson JE, Baxter‐Gilbert J, Beaudry F, Carstairs S, Chow‐Fraser P, Edge CB, Lentini AM, Litzgus JD, Markle CE, McKeown K, Moore JA, Refsnider JM, Riley JL, Rouse JD, Seburn DC, Zimmerling JR, Davy CM. Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9794-9803. [PMID: 31534694 PMCID: PMC6745830 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Roads are one of the most widespread human-caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road-adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - James Baxter‐Gilbert
- Department of Botany and ZoologyCentre for Invasion BiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Frederic Beaudry
- Environmental Studies and Geology DivisionAlfred UniversityAlfredNYUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chantel E. Markle
- School of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Julia L. Riley
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Jeremy D. Rouse
- Parry Sound District OfficeOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryParry SoundONCanada
| | | | - J. Ryan Zimmerling
- Canadian Wildlife ServiceEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaGatineauQCCanada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughONCanada
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Bega D, Samocha Y, Yitzhak N, Saar M, Subach A, Scharf I. The effect of maze complexity on maze-solving time in a desert ant. Behav Processes 2019; 166:103893. [PMID: 31252072 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One neglected aspect of research on foraging behavior is that of the effect of obstacles that increase habitat complexity on foraging efficiency. Here, we explored how long it takes individually foraging desert ant workers (Cataglyphis niger) to reach a food reward in a maze, and examined whether maze complexity affects maze-solving time (the time elapsed till the first worker reached the food reward). The test mazes differed in their complexity level, or the relative number of correct paths leading to the food reward, vs. wrong paths leading to dead-ends. Maze-solving time steeply increased with maze complexity, but was unaffected by colony size, despite the positive correlation between colony size and the number of workers that searched for food. The number of workers observed feeding on the food reward 10 min after its discovery decreased with complexity level but not colony size. We compared our experimental results to three simulation models, applying different search methods, ranked them according to their fit to the data and found the self-avoiding random search to fit the best. We suggest possible reasons for the model deviations from the observational findings. Our data emphasize the necessity to refer to habitat complexity when studying foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darar Bega
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Samocha
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Yitzhak
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Saar
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aziz Subach
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inon Scharf
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Péron G. Modified home range kernel density estimators that take environmental interactions into account. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:16. [PMID: 31139416 PMCID: PMC6530033 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kernel density estimation (KDE) is a major tool in the movement ecologist toolbox that is used to delineate where geo-tracked animals spend their time. Because KDE bandwidth optimizers are sensitive to temporal autocorrelation, statistically-robust alternatives have been advocated, first, data-thinning procedures, and more recently, autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE). These yield asymptotically consistent, but very smoothed distributions, which may feature biologically unrealistic aspects such as spilling beyond impassable borders. METHOD I introduce a semi-parametric variant of AKDE designed to extrapolate more realistic home range shapes by incorporating movement mechanisms into the bandwidth optimizer and into the base kernels. I implement a first approximative version based on the step selection framework. This method allows accommodating land cover selection, permeability of linear features, and attraction for select landscape features when delineating home ranges. RESULTS In a plains zebra (Equus quagga), the reluctance to cross a railway, the avoidance of dense woodland, and the preference for grassland when foraging created significant differences between the estimated home range contours by the new and by previous methods. CONCLUSION There is a tradeoff to find between fully parametric density estimators, which can be very realistic but need to be provided with a good model and adequate environmental data, and non-parametric density estimators, which are more widely applicable and asymptotically consistent, but whose details are bandwidth-limited. The proposed semi-parametric approach attempts to strike this balance, but I outline a few areas of future improvement. I expect the approach to find its use in studies that compare extrapolated resource availability and interpolated resource use, in order to discover the movement mechanisms that we need to improve the extrapolations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Péron
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Panuccio M, Agostini N, Nelli L, Andreou G, Xirouchachis S. Factors shaping distribution and abundance of raptors wintering in two large Mediterranean islands. COMMUNITY ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Panuccio
- MEDRAPTORS (Mediterranean Raptor Migration Network), Via Mario Fioretti 18, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - N. Agostini
- MEDRAPTORS (Mediterranean Raptor Migration Network), Via Mario Fioretti 18, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - G. Andreou
- Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - S. Xirouchachis
- Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
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Bennitt E, Hubel TY, Bartlam-Brooks HLA, Wilson AM. Possible causes of divergent population trends in sympatric African herbivores. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213720. [PMID: 30861044 PMCID: PMC6421633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympatric herbivores experience similar environmental conditions but can vary in their population trends. Identifying factors causing these differences could assist conservation efforts aimed at maintaining fully functional ecosystems. From 1996-2013, tsessebe and wildebeest populations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, declined by 73% and 90%, respectively, whereas zebra populations remained stable. These sympatric, medium sized herbivores are exposed to similar natural and anthropogenic pressures, but apparently differ in their responses to those pressures. To identify factors that could cause these differences, we fitted GPS-enabled collars to six zebra, eight tsessebe and seven wildebeest in the Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana. We calculated utilisation distributions (UDs) from GPS data, and used 95% isopleths to compare seasonal home range size between species. We calculated utilisation intensity (UI) from the UDs and generated spatial layers representing resources and disturbances, and then used model averaging to identify factors affecting UI for each species. We calculated second and third order habitat selection ratios to determine whether species were habitat specialists or generalists. Zebra occupied larger home ranges than tsessebe and wildebeest, showed weaker responses to spatial variables and displayed no third order habitat selection; zebra social systems are also more fluid, allowing for information exchange between stable harems. Herbivore species that are sedentary, occupy small home ranges, are habitat specialists and exist in relatively isolated groups are likely to be less resistant and resilient to the rapid pace of environmental change forecast by climate change scenarios. Resources contained within existing protected areas are unlikely to maintain populations of such species at sufficiently high levels, potentially leading to functional extinction. Special precautions may be needed to ensure that such species can persist in the wild, such as buffer zones around existing protected areas, which would allow greater potential for adaptive movement should current environmental conditions change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bennitt
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun,
Botswana
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatjana Y. Hubel
- Structure and Motion Lab, Royal Veterinary College, London, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Alan M. Wilson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Royal Veterinary College, London, United
Kingdom
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Karelus DL, McCown JW, Scheick BK, van de Kerk M, Bolker BM, Oli MK. Incorporating movement patterns to discern habitat selection: black bears as a case study. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Animals’ use of space and habitat selection emerges from their movement patterns, which are, in turn, determined by their behavioural or physiological states and extrinsic factors. Aim The aims of the present study were to investigate animal movement and incorporate the movement patterns into habitat selection analyses using Global Positioning System (GPS) location data from 16 black bears (Ursus americanus) in a fragmented area of Florida, USA. Methods Hidden Markov models (HMMs) were used to discern the movement patterns of the bears. These results were then used in step-selection functions (SSFs) to evaluate habitat selection patterns and the factors influencing these patterns. Key results HMMs revealed that black bear movement patterns are best described by three behavioural states: (1) resting (very short step-lengths and large turning angles); (2) encamped (moderate step-lengths and large turning angles); and (3) exploratory (long step-lengths and small turning angles). Bears selected for forested wetlands and marsh wetlands more than any other land cover type, and generally avoided urban areas in all seasons and when in encamped and exploratory behavioural states. Bears also chose to move to locations farther away from major roads. Conclusions Because habitat selection is influenced by how animals move within landscapes, it is essential to consider animals’ movement patterns when making inferences about habitat selection. The present study achieves this goal by using HMMs to first discern black bear movement patterns and associated parameters, and by using these results in SSFs to investigate habitat selection patterns. Thus, the methodological framework developed in this study effectively incorporates state-specific movement patterns while making inferences regarding habitat selection. The unified methodological approach employed here will contribute to an improved understanding of animal ecology as well as informed management decisions. Implications Conservation plans focused on preserving forested wetlands would benefit bears by not only providing habitat for resting and foraging, but also by providing connectivity through fragmented landscapes. Additionally, the framework could be applied to species that follow annual cycles and may provide a tool for investigating how animals are using dispersal corridors.
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Quaglietta L, Porto M. SiMRiv: an R package for mechanistic simulation of individual, spatially-explicit multistate movements in rivers, heterogeneous and homogeneous spaces incorporating landscape bias. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:11. [PMID: 30984401 PMCID: PMC6444552 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of suitable analytical software and computational power constrains the comprehension of animal movement. In particular, we are aware of no tools allowing simulating spatially-explicit multistate Markovian movements constrained to linear features or conditioned by landscape heterogeneity, which hinders movement ecology research in linear/dendritic (e.g. river networks) and heterogeneous landscapes.SiMRiv is a novel, fast and intuitive R package we designed to fill such gap. It does so by allowing continuous-space mechanistic spatially-explicit simulation of multistate Markovian individual movements incorporating landscape bias on local behavior. RESULTS We present SiMRiv and its main functionalities, illustrate its simulation capabilities and easy-of-use, and discuss its limitations and potential improvements. We further provide examples of use and a preliminary evaluation, using real and simulated data, of a parameter approximation experimental method. SiMRiv allowed us to generate increasingly complex movements of three theoretical species (aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial), showing the effects of input parameters and water-dependence on emerging movement patterns, and to parameterize a high-frequency simulation model from real, low-frequency movement (telemetry) data. Typical running times for conducting 1000 simulations with 10,000 steps each, of two-state movement trajectories in a river network, were of ca. 3 min in an Intel Core i7 CPU X990 @ 3.47 GHz. CONCLUSIONS SiMRiv allows simulation of movements constrained to linear habitats or conditioned by landscape heterogeneity, therefore enhancing the application of movement ecology to linear/dendritic and heterogeneous landscapes. Importantly, the software is flexible enough to be used in linear, heterogeneous, as well as homogeneous landscapes. Using the same software, algorithm and approach, one can therefore use SiMRiv to study the movement of different organisms in a variety of landscapes, facilitating comparative research.SiMRiv balances ease and speed with high realism of the movement models obtainable, constituting a fast, powerful, yet intuitive tool, which should contribute exploring several movement-related questions. Its applications depart from the generation of mechanistic null movement models, up to population level (e.g. landscape connectivity) analyses, holding potential for all fields requiring the simulation of random trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Quaglietta
- 1CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- 2CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Porto
- 1CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- 2CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Spitz DB, Clark DA, Wisdom MJ, Rowland MM, Johnson BK, Long RA, Levi T. Fire history influences large-herbivore behavior at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2082-2091. [PMID: 30179283 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent environmental changes often prompt animals to alter their behavior leading to predictable patterns across a range of temporal scales. The nested nature of circadian and seasonal behavior complicates tests for effects of rarer disturbance events like fire. Fire can dramatically alter plant community structure, with important knock-on effects at higher trophic levels, but the strength and timing of fire's effects on herbivores remain unclear. We combined prescribed fire treatments with fine-scale location data to quantify herbivore responses to fire across three temporal scales. Between 2001 and 2003, 26 stands of fir (Abies spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned and burned; 27 similar stands were left untreated as experimental controls. Analyzing female elk (Cervus canadensis) locations across 21 yr (1996-2016), we found crepuscular, seasonal, and successional shifts in behavioral responses to fire. Elk displayed "commuting" behavior, avoiding burns during the day, but selecting them at night. Elk selection for burns was strongest in early summer and the relative probability of elk using burns peaked quickly (5 yr post burn) before gradually returning to pre-treatment levels (15 yr post burn). Our results demonstrate that fire history has complex, persistent effects on herbivore behavior, and suggest that herbivores benefit from heterogeneous landscapes containing a range of successional stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Spitz
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Darren A Clark
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, La Grande, Oregon, 97850, USA
| | - Michael J Wisdom
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon, 97850, USA
| | - Mary M Rowland
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon, 97850, USA
| | - Bruce K Johnson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, La Grande, Oregon, 97850, USA
| | - Ryan A Long
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Lempidakis E, Wilson RP, Luckman A, Metcalfe RS. What can knowledge of the energy landscape tell us about animal movement trajectories and space use? A case study with humans. J Theor Biol 2018; 457:101-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bullock JM, Bonte D, Pufal G, da Silva Carvalho C, Chapman DS, García C, García D, Matthysen E, Delgado MM. Human-Mediated Dispersal and the Rewiring of Spatial Networks. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:958-970. [PMID: 30314915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans fundamentally affect dispersal, directly by transporting individuals and indirectly by altering landscapes and natural vectors. This human-mediated dispersal (HMD) modifies long-distance dispersal, changes dispersal paths, and overall benefits certain species or genotypes while disadvantaging others. HMD is leading to radical changes in the structure and functioning of spatial networks, which are likely to intensify as human activities increase in scope and extent. Here, we provide an overview to guide research into HMD and the resulting rewiring of spatial networks, making predictions about the ecological and evolutionary consequences and how these vary according to spatial scale and the traits of species. Future research should consider HMD holistically, assessing the range of direct and indirect processes to understand the complex impacts on eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gesine Pufal
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Cristina García
- Centre for Research on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems and Biodiversity Research Unit, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Mar Delgado
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems and Biodiversity Research Unit, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Bastille-Rousseau G, Wall J, Douglas-Hamilton I, Wittemyer G. Optimizing the positioning of wildlife crossing structures using GPS telemetry. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- Save the Elephants; Nairobi Kenya
| | | | | | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- Save the Elephants; Nairobi Kenya
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