1
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Riva F, Haddad N, Fahrig L, Banks-Leite C. Principles for area-based biodiversity conservation. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14459. [PMID: 38877751 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent international agreements have strengthened and expanded commitments to protect and restore native habitats for biodiversity protection ("area-based biodiversity conservation"). Nevertheless, biodiversity conservation is hindered because how such commitments should be implemented has been strongly debated, which can lead to suboptimal habitat protection decisions. We argue that, despite the debates, there are three essential principles for area-based biodiversity conservation. These principles are related to habitat geographic coverage, amount, and connectivity. They emerge from evidence that, while large areas of nature are important and must be protected, conservation or restoration of multiple small habitat patches is also critical for global conservation, particularly in regions with high land use. We contend that the many area-based conservation initiatives expected in the coming decades should follow the principles we identify, regardless of ongoing debates. Considering the importance of biodiversity for maintenance of ecosystem services, we suggest that this would bring widespread societal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riva
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
| | - Lenore Fahrig
- Geomatic and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Yuh YG, N’Goran KP, Beukou GB, Wendefeuer J, Neba TF, Ndotar AM, NdombaA DL, Ndadet ACJ, Herbinger I, Matthews HD, Turner SE. Recent decline in suitable large mammal habitats within the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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3
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Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Dancer A, Keane A, Beale CM, Dobson ADM, Amin R, Freeman R, Imong I, Jones K, Linkie M, Long B, Okeke FO, Plumptre AJ, Rowcliffe JM, Stokes EJ, van der Westhuizen E, Collen B. Evidence of deterrence from patrol data: Trialling application of a differenced‐
CPUE
metric. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | | | | | - Robin Freeman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London London UK
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria‐Program Calabar Nigeria
| | - Kate Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Matthew Linkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation New York New York USA
| | - Barney Long
- Global Wildlife Conservation Austin Texas USA
| | | | | | | | - Emma J. Stokes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation New York New York USA
| | | | - Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
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5
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Ghoddousi A, Van Cayzeele C, Negahdar P, Soofi M, Kh Hamidi A, Bleyhl B, Fandos G, Khorozyan I, Waltert M, Kuemmerle T. Understanding spatial patterns of poaching pressure using ranger logbook data to optimize future patrolling strategies. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2601. [PMID: 35366036 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poaching is driving many species toward extinction, and as a result, lowering poaching pressure is a conservation priority. This requires understanding where poaching pressure is high and which factors determine these spatial patterns. However, the cryptic and illegal nature of poaching makes this difficult. Ranger patrol data, typically recorded in protected area logbooks, contain information on patrolling efforts and poaching detection and should thus provide opportunities for a better understanding of poaching pressure. However, these data are seldom analyzed and rarely used to inform adaptive management strategies. We developed a novel approach to making use of analog logbook records to map poaching pressure and to test environmental criminology and predator-prey relationship hypotheses explaining poaching patterns. We showcase this approach for Golestan National Park in Iran, where poaching has substantially depleted ungulate populations. We digitized data from >4800 ranger patrols from 2014 to 2016 and used an occupancy modeling framework to relate poaching to (1) accessibility, (2) law enforcement, and (3) prey availability factors. Based on predicted poaching pressure and patrolling intensity, we provide suggestions for future patrol allocation strategies. Our results revealed a low probability (12%) of poacher detection during patrols. Poaching distribution was best explained by prey availability, indicating that poachers target areas with high concentrations of ungulates. Poaching pressure was estimated to be high (>0.49) in 39% of our study area. To alleviate poaching pressure, we recommend ramping up patrolling intensity in 12% of the national park, which could be achievable by reducing excess patrols in about 20% of the park. However, our results suggest that for 27% of the park, it is necessary to improve patrolling quality to increase detection probability of poaching, for example, by closing temporal patrolling gaps or expanding informant networks. Our approach illustrates that analog ranger logbooks are an untapped resource for evidence-based and adaptive planning of protected area management. Using this wealth of data can open up new avenues to better understand poaching and its determinants, to expand effectiveness assessments to the past, and, more generally, to allow for strategic conservation planning in protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Van Cayzeele
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pegah Negahdar
- Tropical Ecology, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mahmood Soofi
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- CSIRO Land and Water, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo Fandos
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor Khorozyan
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Waltert
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Kisingo A, Wilfred P, Magige FJ, Kayeye H, Nahonyo CL, Milner‐Gulland EJ. Resource managers' and users' perspectives on factors contributing to unauthorised hunting in western Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kisingo
- College of African Wildlife Management Moshi Tanzania
| | - Paulo Wilfred
- Department of Life Sciences Open University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | | | - Heri Kayeye
- Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania
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7
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Sarkar D, Bortolamiol S, Gogarten JF, Hartter J, Hou R, Kagoro W, Omeja P, Tumwesigye C, Chapman CA. Exploring multiple dimensions of conservation success: Long‐term wildlife trends, anti‐poaching efforts and revenue sharing in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sarkar
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University Ottawa Canada
- Department of Geography University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - S. Bortolamiol
- Geo212 Paris France
- UMR 7533 Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces CNRS Aubervilliers France
| | - J. F. Gogarten
- Viral Evolution and Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation ‐ University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - J. Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation Northwest University Xi’an China
| | - W. Kagoro
- Uganda Wildlife Authority Kampala Uganda
| | - P. Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
| | | | - C. A. Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation Northwest University Xi’an China
- Wilson Center Washington DC USA
- Department of Anthropology George Washington University Washington DC USA
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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8
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Watts M, Klein CJ, Tulloch VJD, Carvalho SB, Possingham HP. Software for prioritizing conservation actions based on probabilistic information. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1299-1308. [PMID: 33305882 PMCID: PMC8419856 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Marxan is the most common decision-support tool used to inform the design of protected-area systems. The original version of Marxan does not consider risk and uncertainty associated with threatening processes affecting protected areas, including uncertainty about the location and condition of species' populations and habitats now and in the future. We described and examined the functionality of a modified version of Marxan, Marxan with Probability. This software explicitly considers 4 types of uncertainty: probability that a feature exists in a particular place (estimated based on species distribution models or spatially explicit population models); probability that features in a site will be lost in the future due to a threatening process, such as climate change, natural catastrophes, and uncontrolled human interventions; probability that a feature will exist in the future due to natural successional processes, such as a fire or flood; and probability the feature exists but has been degraded by threatening processes, such as overfishing or pollution, and thus cannot contribute to conservation goals. We summarized the results of 5 studies that illustrate how each type of uncertainty can be used to inform protected area design. If there were uncertainty in species or habitat distribution, users could maximize the chance that these features were represented by including uncertainty using Marxan with Probability. Similarly, if threatening processes were considered, users minimized the chance that species or habitats were lost or degraded by using Marxan with Probability. Marxan with Probability opens up substantial new avenues for systematic conservation planning research and application by agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Watts
- University of New EnglandArmidaleNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth Environmental SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth Environmental SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do PortoR. Padre Armando QuintasVairãoPortugal
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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9
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Moore JF, Udell BJ, Martin J, Turikunkiko E, Masozera MK. Optimal allocation of law enforcement patrol effort to mitigate poaching activities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02337. [PMID: 33780061 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poaching is a global problem causing the decline of species worldwide. Optimizing the efficiency of ranger patrols to deter poaching activity at the lowest possible cost is crucial for protecting species with limited resources. We applied decision analysis and spatial optimization algorithms to allocate efforts of ranger patrols throughout a national park. Our objective was to mitigate poaching activity at or below management risk targets for the lowest monetary cost. We examined this trade-off by constructing a Pareto efficiency frontier using integer linear programming. We used data from a ranger-based monitoring program in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Our measure of poaching risk is based on dynamic occupancy models that account for imperfect detection of poaching activities. We found that in order to achieve a 5% reduction in poaching risk, 622 ranger patrol events (each corresponding to patrolling 1-km2 sites) were needed within a year at a cost of US$49,760. In order to attain a 60% reduction in poaching risk, 15,560 patrol events were needed at a cost of US$1,244,800. We evaluated the trade-off between patrol cost and poaching risk based on our model by constructing a Pareto efficiency frontier and park managers found the solution for a 50% risk reduction to be a practical trade-off based on funding constraints (comparable to recent years) and the diminishing returns between risk mitigation and cost. This expected reduction in risk required 8,558 patrol events per year at a cost of US$684,640. Our results suggest that optimal solutions could increase efficiency compared to the actual effort allocations from 2006 to 2016 in Nyungwe National Park (e.g., risk reductions of ~30% under recent budgets compared to ~50% reduction in risk under the optimal strategy). The modeling framework in this study took into account imperfect detection of poaching risk as well as the directional and conditional nature of ranger patrol events given the spatial adjacency relationships of neighboring sites and access points. Our analyses can help to improve the efficiency of ranger patrols, and the modeling framework can be broadly applied to other spatial conservation planning problems with conditional, multilevel, site selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Moore
- Department of Wildlife Conservation and Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Bradley J Udell
- Department of Wildlife Conservation and Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Julien Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
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10
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Abstract
AbstractLaw enforcement in protected areas is critical for ensuring long-term conservation and achieving conservation objectives. In 2004, patrol-based monitoring of law enforcement was implemented in protected areas in Ghana. Here, we evaluate long-term trends and changes in patrol staff performance, and illegal activities, in the Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve. The assessment was based on ranger patrol-based monitoring data collected during January 2006–August 2017. Along the patrol routes, patrol officers recorded all encounters with illegal activities associated with hunting and capturing or harming of animals. Across all years, staff performance was lowest in 2006 as staff learned the system but increased in 2007 and peaked in 2010, the latter as a result of motivation of the patrol staff. After 2011, staff performance decreased, mainly because of the retirement of some patrol staff and insufficient logistical support for successful patrolling. Snares were the most commonly recorded indicators of illegal activity. Because their use is silent, poachers using snares are less likely to be detected than poachers using other forms of hunting. Long-term assessment of patrol-based monitoring data provides reliable information on illegal activities related to wildlife, to enable stakeholders to design effective measures for biodiversity conservation. Our assessment indicates that patrol staff performance in Kogyae is, at least partly, dependent on governmental or external support and incentives, in particular the provision of equipment and transport facilities.
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11
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Chapman LA, White PCL. Patterns in rhino poaching activity on private land in South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Chapman
- Department of Environment and Geography University of York York UK
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12
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Cox D, Pintea L, Poaty P, Nsafou A, Sitou A, Turmo F, VillaMarin E, Atencia R. Commentary: Challenges of evaluating the effectiveness of public awareness campaigns in Congo Republic. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23205. [PMID: 33040401 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conservation groups are always challenged with assigning limited resources to interventions they assume will have the most effective impact in addressing threats to their conservation targets. These decisions are often made based on experience and perceived outcomes, rather than evidence. In the past decade, multiple public awareness and proactive law enforcement activities have been initiated in the Congo Republic to address the illegal wildlife trade. This paper presents the challenges faced and lessons learned in shifting from experience to evidence-based program evaluation related to the effectiveness of billboards in informing and inspiring local populations to support positive conservation behavior with regard to great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Cox
- Jane Goodall Institute-Africa Programs, Vienna, Virginia, USA
| | - Lilian Pintea
- Jane Goodall Institute-Africa Programs, Vienna, Virginia, USA
| | - Patricia Poaty
- Jane Goodall Institute Republic of Congo, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Achille Nsafou
- Jane Goodall Institute Republic of Congo, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Alain Sitou
- Jane Goodall Institute Republic of Congo, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Fernando Turmo
- Jane Goodall Institute Republic of Congo, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | | | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute Republic of Congo, Pointe-Noire, Congo
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13
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Effects of integrated conservation–development projects on unauthorized resource use in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a mixed-methods spatio-temporal approach. ORYX 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605319000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study supplements spatial panel econometrics techniques with qualitative GIS to analyse spatio-temporal changes in the distribution of integrated conservation–development projects relative to poaching activity and unauthorized resource use in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Cluster and spatial regression analyses were performed on data from ranger monitoring containing > 35,000 combined observations of illegal activities in Volcanoes National Park, against tourism revenue sharing and conservation NGO funding data for 2006–2015. Results were enriched with qualitative GIS analysis from key informant interviews. We found a statistically significant negative linear effect of overall integrated conservation–development investments on unauthorized resource use in Volcanoes National Park. However, individually, funding from Rwanda's tourism revenue sharing policy did not have an effect in contrast to the significant negative effect of conservation NGO funding. In another contrast between NGO funding and tourism revenue sharing funding, spatial analysis revealed significant gaps in revenue sharing funding relative to the hotspots of illegal activities, but these gaps were not present for NGO funding. Insight from qualitative GIS analysis suggests that incongruity in prioritization by decision makers at least partly explains the differences between the effects of revenue sharing and conservation NGO investment. Although the overall results are encouraging for integrated conservation–development projects, we recommend increased spatial alignment of project funding with clusters of illegal activities, which can make investment decision-making more data-driven and projects more effective for conservation.
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15
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Anagnostou M, Mwedde G, Roe D, Smith RJ, Travers H, Baker J. Ranger perceptions of the role of local communities in providing actionable information on wildlife crime. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development London UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
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16
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Thiault L, Weekers D, Curnock M, Marshall N, Pert PL, Beeden R, Dyer M, Claudet J. Predicting poaching risk in marine protected areas for improved patrol efficiency. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109808. [PMID: 31739093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are effective resource management and conservation measures, but their success is often hindered by non-compliant activities such as poaching. Understanding the risk factors and spatial patterns of poaching is therefore crucial for efficient law enforcement. Here, we conducted explanatory and predictive modelling of poaching from recreational fishers within no-take zones of Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) using Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). Combining patrol effort data, observed distribution of reported incidents, and spatially-explicit environmental and human risk factors, we modeled the occurrence probability of poaching incidents and mapped poaching risk at fine-scale. Our results: (i) show that fishing attractiveness, accessibility and fishing capacity play a major role in shaping the spatial patterns of poaching; (ii) revealed key interactions among these factors as well as tipping points beyond which poaching risk increased or decreased markedly; and (iii) highlight gaps in patrol effort that could be filled for improved resource allocation. The approach developed through this study provide a novel way to quantify the relative influence of multiple interacting factors in shaping poaching risk, and hold promises for replication across a broad range of marine or terrestrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - Damian Weekers
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Michie Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Matt Curnock
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Nadine Marshall
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Petina L Pert
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Roger Beeden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Michelle Dyer
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
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17
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Travers H, Archer LJ, Mwedde G, Roe D, Baker J, Plumptre AJ, Rwetsiba A, Milner-Gulland EJ. Understanding complex drivers of wildlife crime to design effective conservation interventions. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:1296-1306. [PMID: 30968970 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In conservation understanding the drivers of behavior and developing robust interventions to promote behavioral change is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach. This is particularly true for efforts to address illegal wildlife use, where pervasive-and sometimes simplistic-narratives often obscure complex realities. We used an indirect questioning approach, the unmatched count technique, to investigate the drivers and prevalence of wildlife crime in communities surrounding 2 national parks in Uganda and combined scenario interviews and a choice experiment to predict the performance of potential interventions designed to tackle these crimes. Although poverty is often assumed to be a key driver of wildlife crime, we found that better-off households and those subject to human-wildlife conflict and those that do not receive any benefits from the parks' tourism revenue sharing were more likely to be involved in certain types of wildlife crime, especially illegal hunting. The interventions predicted to have the greatest impact on reducing local participation in wildlife crime were those that directly addressed the drivers including, mitigating damage caused by wildlife and generating financial benefits for park-adjacent households. Our triangulated approach provided insights into complex and hard-to-access behaviors and highlighted the importance of going beyond single-driver narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Lucy J Archer
- Formerly Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SL5 7PY, U.K
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | - Geoffrey Mwedde
- Wildlife Conservation Society Uganda Program, Plot 802 Kiwaffu Road, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development, 80-86 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8NH, U.K
| | - Julia Baker
- Balfour Beatty, Biodiversity Technical Services, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU, U.K
| | - Andrew J Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Pembroke Road, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, U.K
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Aggrey Rwetsiba
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Plot 7 Kira Road, Kamwokya, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
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18
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Heinicke S, Mundry R, Boesch C, Hockings KJ, Kormos R, Ndiaye PI, Tweh CG, Williamson EA, Kühl HS. Towards systematic and evidence-based conservation planning for western chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23042. [PMID: 31468565 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As animal populations continue to decline, frequently driven by large-scale land-use change, there is a critical need for improved environmental planning. While data-driven spatial planning is widely applied in conservation, as of yet it is rarely used for primates. The western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) declined by 80% within 24 years and was uplisted to Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2016. To support conservation planning for western chimpanzees, we systematically identified geographic areas important for this taxon. We based our analysis on a previously published data set of modeled density distribution and on several scenarios that accounted for different spatial scales and conservation targets. Across all scenarios, typically less than one-third of areas we identified as important are currently designated as high-level protected areas (i.e., national park or IUCN category I or II). For example, in the scenario for protecting 50% of all chimpanzees remaining in West Africa (i.e., approximately 26,500 chimpanzees), an area of approximately 60,000 km2 was selected (i.e., approximately 12% of the geographic range), only 24% of which is currently designated as protected areas. The derived maps can be used to inform the geographic prioritization of conservation interventions, including protected area expansion, "no-go-zones" for industry and infrastructure, and conservation sites outside the protected area network. Environmental guidelines by major institutions funding infrastructure and resource extraction projects explicitly require corporations to minimize the negative impact on great apes. Therefore, our results can inform avoidance and mitigation measures during the planning phases of such projects. This study was designed to inform future stakeholder consultation processes that could ultimately integrate the conservation of western chimpanzees with national land-use priorities. Our approach may help in promoting similar work for other primate taxa to inform systematic conservation planning in times of growing threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heinicke
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (West Africa Representation), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Kimberley J Hockings
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kormos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Papa Ibnou Ndiaye
- Département de Biologie animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Clement G Tweh
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Monrovia, Liberia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Denninger Snyder K, Mneney PB, Wittemyer G. Predicting the risk of illegal activity and evaluating law enforcement interventions in the western Serengeti. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Denninger Snyder
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Grumeti Fund Mugumu Tanzania
| | | | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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20
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Allan JR, Levin N, Jones KR, Abdullah S, Hongoh J, Hermoso V, Kark S. Navigating the complexities of coordinated conservation along the river Nile. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7668. [PMID: 30949575 PMCID: PMC6447383 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The river Nile flows across 11 African countries, supporting millions of human livelihoods, and holding globally important biodiversity and endemism yet remains underprotected. No basin-wide spatial conservation planning has been attempted to date, and the importance of coordinated conservation planning for the Nile's biodiversity remains unknown. We address these gaps by creating a basin-wide conservation plan for the Nile's freshwater fish. We identify priority areas for conservation action and compare cross-boundary collaboration scenarios for achieving biodiversity conservation targets, accounting for river connectivity. We found that collaborative conservation efforts are crucial for reducing conservation costs, saving 34% of costs compared to an uncoordinated, business-as-usual scenario. While most Nile basin countries benefit from coordinating conservation planning, costs and benefits are unequally distributed. We identify "hot spots" consistently selected as conservation priority areas across all collaboration scenarios, and provide a framework for improving return on conservation investment for large and complex river systems globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Allan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - N. Levin
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - K. R. Jones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - S. Abdullah
- School of Economics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - J. Hongoh
- School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - V. Hermoso
- Centre de ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya, Crta. Sant Llorenc de Morunys, Km 2, 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - S. Kark
- Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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21
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Holden MH, Biggs D, Brink H, Bal P, Rhodes J, McDonald‐Madden E. Increase anti‐poaching law‐enforcement or reduce demand for wildlife products? A framework to guide strategic conservation investments. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Holden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics & Physics University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Duan Biggs
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | | | - Payal Bal
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Eve McDonald‐Madden
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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22
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Weekers DP, Zahnow R. Risky facilities: Analysis of illegal recreational fishing in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0004865818804021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Duarte de Paula Costa M, Mills M, Richardson AJ, Fuller RA, Muelbert JH, Possingham HP. Efficiently enforcing artisanal fisheries to protect estuarine biodiversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1450-1458. [PMID: 29944185 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre-existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variability, existing seasonal fishing closures, representative conservation targets and enforcement costs. We calculated enforcement cost in three ways, based on different assumptions about who could be responsible for monitoring the fishery. We applied this approach in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil), where we found three important results. First, spatial priorities for enforcement were similar under different climate scenarios. Second, we found that the cost and percentage of area enforced varied among scenarios tested by the conservation planning analysis, with only a modest increase in budget needed to incorporate climate variability. Third, we found that spatial priorities for enforcement depend on whether enforcement is carried out by a central authority or by the community itself. Here, we demonstrated a method that can be used to efficiently design enforcement plans, resulting in the conservation of biodiversity and estuarine resources. Also, cost of enforcement can be potentially reduced when fishers are empowered to enforce management within their fishing grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Duarte de Paula Costa
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Ictioplâncton, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália Km 8, CP 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Morena Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland BioSciences Precinct (QBP), St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - José H Muelbert
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Ictioplâncton, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália Km 8, CP 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
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24
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25
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Effects of anti-poaching patrols on the distribution of large mammals in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. ORYX 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605317001272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe effectiveness of protected area management is a major concern. In Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, recurrent human pressure challenges the ability of law enforcement authorities to protect wildlife. During 2010–2015 we studied the implementation of law enforcement in the Park to determine (1) the potential for improvement of the protection of large mammals and (2) the minimum patrolling effort needed to obtain increases in their populations. We recorded presence of large mammals and illegal activities in two areas within the Park, the research area (210 km2) and the rest of the Park (5,150 km2), and compiled data about patrolling efforts from the Park authorities. Using a generalized linear mixed model we identified a relationship between increased patrolling effort and the relative abundance of large mammals, especially for monkey groups, pygmy hippopotamuses Choeropsis liberiensis and duikers. At low patrolling efforts duiker encounter rates remained stable, whereas rates of encounter with monkey groups and pygmy hippopotamuses decreased. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus encounter rates were slower to respond and remained stable at higher patrolling effort, but decreased at low patrolling effort. Our findings suggest that a minimum of 1.32 patrol days per km2 over 2 years is required for chimpanzee and monkey populations to increase, whereas a patrolling effort of 0.48 days per km2 over 2 years would lead to an increase in duiker and pygmy hippopotamus populations. We maintain that the patrolling effort required to ensure an increase in wildlife can be estimated relatively precisely from multi-year biomonitoring programmes.
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26
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Hermoso V, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Linke S, Dudgeon D, Petry P, McIntyre P. Optimal allocation of Red List assessments to guide conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3525-3532. [PMID: 28168766 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The IUCN Red List is the most extensive source of conservation status assessments for species worldwide, but important gaps in coverage remain. Here, we demonstrate the use of a spatial prioritization approach to efficiently prioritize species assessments to achieve increased and up-to-date coverage efficiently. We focus on freshwater fishes, which constitute a significant portion of vertebrate diversity, although comprehensive assessments are available for only 46% of species. We used marxan to identify ecoregions for future assessments that maximize the coverage of species while accounting for anthropogenic stress. We identified a set of priority regions that would help assess one-third (ca 4000 species) of all freshwater fishes in need of assessment by 2020. Such assessments could be achieved without increasing current investment levels. Our approach is suitable for any taxon and can help ensure that species threat assessments are sufficiently complete to guide global conservation efforts in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Lleida, Spain
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Simon Linke
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - David Dudgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paulo Petry
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Moore JF, Mulindahabi F, Masozera MK, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Turikunkiko E, Oli MK. Are ranger patrols effective in reducing poaching-related threats within protected areas? J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Moore
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | | | | | - James D. Nichols
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Laurel MD USA
| | - James E. Hines
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Laurel MD USA
| | | | - Madan K. Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
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28
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Critchlow R, Plumptre AJ, Alidria B, Nsubuga M, Driciru M, Rwetsiba A, Wanyama F, Beale CM. Improving Law-Enforcement Effectiveness and Efficiency in Protected Areas Using Ranger-collected Monitoring Data. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Critchlow
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Y010 5DD UK
| | - Andrew J. Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Plot 802 Kiwafu Rd, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487 Kampala Uganda
- Conservation Science Group, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Dept of Zoology; Cambridge University; UK
| | - Bazil Alidria
- Uganda Wildlife Authority; P.O. Box 3530 Kampala Uganda
| | - Mustapha Nsubuga
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Plot 802 Kiwafu Rd, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487 Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - F. Wanyama
- Uganda Wildlife Authority; P.O. Box 3530 Kampala Uganda
| | - Colin M. Beale
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Y010 5DD UK
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29
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Cibot M, Krief S, Philippon J, Couchoud P, Seguya A, Pouydebat E. Feeding Consequences of Hand and Foot Disability in Wild Adult Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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31
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Levy D, Harrington HA, Van Gorder RA. Role of seasonality on predator-prey-subsidy population dynamics. J Theor Biol 2016; 396:163-81. [PMID: 26916622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of seasonality on predator-prey interactions in the presence of a resource subsidy is examined using a system of non-autonomous ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The problem is motivated by the Arctic, inhabited by the ecological system of arctic foxes (predator), lemmings (prey), and seal carrion (subsidy). We construct two nonlinear, nonautonomous systems of ODEs named the Primary Model, and the n-Patch Model. The Primary Model considers spatial factors implicitly, and the n-Patch Model considers space explicitly as a "Stepping Stone" system. We establish the boundedness of the dynamics, as well as the necessity of sufficiently nutritional food for the survival of the predator. We investigate the importance of including the resource subsidy explicitly in the model, and the importance of accounting for predator mortality during migration. We find a variety of non-equilibrium dynamics for both systems, obtaining both limit cycles and chaotic oscillations. We were then able to discuss relevant implications for biologically interesting predator-prey systems including subsidy under seasonal effects. Notably, we can observe the extinction or persistence of a species when the corresponding autonomous system might predict the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Levy
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Heather A Harrington
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Robert A Van Gorder
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
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32
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Maxwell SL, Venter O, Jones KR, Watson JEM. Integrating human responses to climate change into conservation vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1355:98-116. [PMID: 26555860 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of climate change on biodiversity is now evident, with the direct impacts of changing temperature and rainfall patterns and increases in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events on species distribution, populations, and overall ecosystem function being increasingly publicized. Changes in the climate system are also affecting human communities, and a range of human responses across terrestrial and marine realms have been witnessed, including altered agricultural activities, shifting fishing efforts, and human migration. Failing to account for the human responses to climate change is likely to compromise climate-smart conservation efforts. Here, we use a well-established conservation planning framework to show how integrating human responses to climate change into both species- and site-based vulnerability assessments and adaptation plans is possible. By explicitly taking into account human responses, conservation practitioners will improve their evaluation of species and ecosystem vulnerability, and will be better able to deliver win-wins for human- and biodiversity-focused climate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Maxwell
- School of Geography, Planning, and Environmental Management.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oscar Venter
- University of Northern British Columbia, Ecosystem Science and Management, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - James E M Watson
- School of Geography, Planning, and Environmental Management.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York
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33
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Dhanjal-Adams KL, Mustin K, Possingham HP, Fuller RA. Optimizing disturbance management for wildlife protection: the enforcement allocation problem. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran L. Dhanjal-Adams
- School of Biological Sciences; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Karen Mustin
- School of Biological Sciences; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- Division of Ecology and Evolution; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Berkshire UK
| | - Richard A. Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
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34
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Ghoddousi A, Kh. Hamidi A, Soofi M, Khorozyan I, Kiabi BH, Waltert M. Effects of ranger stations on predator and prey distribution and abundance in an Iranian steppe landscape. Anim Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ghoddousi
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | | | - M. Soofi
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation; Tehran Iran
| | - I. Khorozyan
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - B. H. Kiabi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University G.C.; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Waltert
- Workgroup on Endangered Species; J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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35
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Critchlow R, Plumptre AJ, Driciru M, Rwetsiba A, Stokes EJ, Tumwesigye C, Wanyama F, Beale CM. Spatiotemporal trends of illegal activities from ranger-collected data in a Ugandan national park. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1458-1470. [PMID: 25996571 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Within protected areas, biodiversity loss is often a consequence of illegal resource use. Understanding the patterns and extent of illegal activities is therefore essential for effective law enforcement and prevention of biodiversity declines. We used extensive data, commonly collected by ranger patrols in many protected areas, and Bayesian hierarchical models to identify drivers, trends, and distribution of multiple illegal activities within the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area (QECA), Uganda. Encroachment (e.g., by pastoralists with cattle) and poaching of noncommercial animals (e.g., snaring bushmeat) were the most prevalent illegal activities within the QECA. Illegal activities occurred in different areas of the QECA. Poaching of noncommercial animals was most widely distributed within the national park. Overall, ecological covariates, although significant, were not useful predictors for occurrence of illegal activities. Instead, the location of illegal activities in previous years was more important. There were significant increases in encroachment and noncommercial plant harvesting (nontimber products) during the study period (1999-2012). We also found significant spatiotemporal variation in the occurrence of all activities. Our results show the need to explicitly model ranger patrol effort to reduce biases from existing uncorrected or capture per unit effort analyses. Prioritization of ranger patrol strategies is needed to target illegal activities; these strategies are determined by protected area managers, and therefore changes at a site-level can be implemented quickly. These strategies should also be informed by the location of past occurrences of illegal activity: the most useful predictor of future events. However, because spatial and temporal changes in illegal activities occurred, regular patrols throughout the protected area, even in areas of low occurrence, are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Critchlow
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Y010 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - A J Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Plot 802 Kiwafu Rd, Kansanga, P.O. Box 7487, Kampala, Uganda
| | - M Driciru
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Rwetsiba
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E J Stokes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A
| | - C Tumwesigye
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda
| | - F Wanyama
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 3530, Kampala, Uganda
| | - C M Beale
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Y010 5DD, United Kingdom
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