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Czarzasta K, Sztechman D, Zera T, Wojciechowska M, Segiet-Swiecicka A, Puchalska L, Momot K, Joniec-Maciejak I, Machaj E, Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. Age- and sex-dependent cardiovascular impact of maternal perinatal stress and altered dopaminergic metabolism in the medulla oblongata of the offspring. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H614-H630. [PMID: 39028279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00548.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Maternal major depressive disorder with peripartum onset presents health risks to the mother and the developing fetus. Using a rat model of chronic mild stress, we previously reported on the neurodevelopmental impact of maternal perinatal stress on their offspring. This study examined the cardiovascular impact of maternal perinatal stress on their offspring. The cardiovascular impact was assessed in terms of blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters. The results examined by a three-way ANOVA showed a significant association of cardiovascular parameters with maternal perinatal stress and offspring sex and age. Increased blood pressure was observed in adolescent female and adult male offspring of stress-exposed dams. Echocardiography showed an increase in left atrial dimension and a reduction in left ventricular systolic function in adolescent stress-exposed female offspring. Increased interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were observed in adult stress-exposed male offspring. The underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular impact were examined in stress-exposed adult offspring by assessing the levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the medulla oblongata using high-performance liquid chromatography. A significant decrease in homovanillic acid, a dopamine metabolite and indicator of dopaminergic activity, was observed in adult stress-exposed female offspring. These results suggest a significant sex- and age-dependent impact of maternal stress during the peripartum period on the cardiovascular system in the offspring that extends to adulthood and suggests a multigenerational effect. The presented data urgently need follow-up to confirm their potential clinical and public health relevance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that maternal perinatal stress is associated with sex- and age-dependent impact on the cardiovascular system in their offspring. The effect was most significant in adolescent female and adult male offspring. Observed changes in hemodynamic parameters and dopaminergic activity of the medulla oblongata are novel results relevant to understanding the cardiovascular impact of maternal perinatal stress on the offspring. The cardiovascular changes observed in adult offspring suggest a potential long-term, multigenerational impact of maternal perinatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sztechman
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Segiet-Swiecicka
- Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiac Rehabilitation, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liana Puchalska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Momot
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Machaj
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Bernardo EM, Pedroza AADS, Ferreira DJS, de Andrade SC, Rozendo A, Fernandes MSDS, Silva TL, Fernandes MP, Lagranha CJ. The deleterious effects of maternal protein deprivation on the brainstem are minimized with moderate physical activity by offspring during early life. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:157-166. [PMID: 37816257 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Maternal protein malnutrition during developmental periods might impair the redox state and the brain's excitatory/inhibitory neural network, increasing central sympathetic tone. Conversely, moderate physical exercise at an early age reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Thus, we hypothesized that a moderate training protocol could reduce the harmful effects of a low-protein maternal diet on the brainstem of young male offspring. We used a rat model of maternal protein restriction during the gestational and lactation period followed by an offspring's continuous treadmill exercise. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups according to the protein content in the diet: normoprotein (NP), receiving 17% of casein, and low protein (LP), receiving 8% of casein until the end of lactation. At 30 days of age, the male offspring were further subdivided into sedentary (NP-Sed and LP-Sed) or exercised (NP-Ex and LP-Ex) groups. Treadmill exercise was performed as follows: 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day at 50% of maximal running capacity. The trained animals performed a treadmill exercise at 50% of the maximal running capacity, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Our results indicate that a low-protein diet promotes deficits in the antioxidant system and a likely mitochondrial uncoupling. On the other hand, physical exercise restores the redox balance, which leads to decreased oxidative stress caused by the diet. In addition, it also promotes benefits to GABAergic inhibitory signaling. We conclude that regular moderate physical exercise performed in youthhood protects the brainstem against changes induced by maternal protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Severina Cassia de Andrade
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Allifer Rozendo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry/CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Tercya Lucidi Silva
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry/CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry/CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
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Ando C, Ma S, Miyoshi M, Furukawa K, Li X, Jia H, Kato H. Postnatal nutrition environment reprograms renal DNA methylation patterns in offspring of maternal protein-restricted stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1134955. [PMID: 37125041 PMCID: PMC10133489 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition hampers the offspring health by manipulating the epigenome. Recent studies indicate that the changes in DNA methylation could be reversed by afterbirth nutrition supplementation. In this study, we used DNA methylation arrays to comprehensively investigate the DNA methylation status of the renal promoter regions and the effects of postnatal protein intake on DNA methylation. We fed stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rat dams a normal diet or a low-protein diet during pregnancy, and their 4-week-old male offspring were fed a normal diet or a high-/low-protein diet for 2 weeks. We found that the methylation status of 2,395 differentially methylated DNA regions was reprogrammed, and 34 genes were reset by different levels of postnatal protein intake in the offspring. Among these genes, Adora2b, Trpc5, Ar, Xrcc2, and Atp1b1 are involved in renal disease and blood pressure regulation. Our findings indicate that postnatal nutritional interventions can potentially reprogram epigenetic changes, providing novel therapeutic and preventive epigenetic targets for salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Ando
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sihui Ma
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Moe Miyoshi
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Furukawa
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xuguang Li
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Huijuan Jia,
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Hisanori Kato,
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da Costa PCT, de Souza EL, Lacerda DC, Cruz Neto JPR, de Sales LCS, Silva Luis CC, Pontes PB, Cavalcanti Neto MP, de Brito Alves JL. Evidence for Quercetin as a Dietary Supplement for the Treatment of Cardio-Metabolic Diseases in Pregnancy: A Review in Rodent Models. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182772. [PMID: 36140900 PMCID: PMC9497971 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin supplementation during pregnancy and lactation has been linked to a lower risk of maternal cardio-metabolic disorders such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), dyslipidemia, preeclampsia, attenuation of malnutrition-related conditions, and gestational obesity in animal studies. Pre-clinical studies have shown that maternal supplementation with quercetin reduces cardio-metabolic diseases in dams and rodents’ offspring, emphasizing its role in modifying phenotypic plasticity. In this sense, it could be inferred that quercetin administration during pregnancy and lactation is a viable strategy for changing cardio-metabolic parameters throughout life. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) pathways could be associated with these changes. To highlight these discoveries, this review outlines the understanding from animal studies investigations about quercetin supplementation and its capacity to prevent or decrease maternal and offspring cardio-metabolic illnesses and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Trindade da Costa
- Postgraduation Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Postgraduation Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Cabral Lacerda
- Postgraduation Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane Cosmo Silva Luis
- Postgraduation Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Brielle Pontes
- Postgraduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Health Sciences Behavior, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marinaldo Pacífico Cavalcanti Neto
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphofunctional Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 21941-901, Brazil
| | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Postgraduation Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel./Fax: +55-81-998-455-485
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Elevated Vascular Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Remodelling Is a Common Feature in a Rat Model of Foetal Programming of Hypertension and SHR. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081902. [PMID: 36009448 PMCID: PMC9405620 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is of unknown aetiology, with sympathetic nervous system hyperactivation being one of the possible contributors. Hypertension may have a developmental origin, owing to the exposure to adverse factors during the intrauterine period. Our hypothesis is that sympathetic hyperinnervation may be implicated in hypertension of developmental origins, being this is a common feature with essential hypertension. Two-animal models were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-model of essential hypertension) and offspring from dams exposed to undernutrition (MUN-model of developmental hypertension), with their respective controls. In adult males, we assessed systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), sympathetic nerve function (3H-tritium release), sympathetic innervation (immunohistochemistry) and vascular remodelling (histology). MUN showed higher SBP/DBP, but not HR, while SHR exhibited higher SBP/DBP/HR. Regarding the mesenteric arteries, MUN and SHR showed reduced lumen, increased media and adventitial thickness and increased wall/lumen and connective tissue compared to respective controls. Regarding sympathetic nerve activation, MUN and SHR showed higher tritium release compared to controls. Total tritium tissue/tyrosine hydroxylase detection was higher in SHR and MUN adventitia arteries compared to respective controls. In conclusion, sympathetic hyperinnervation may be one of the contributors to vascular remodelling and hypertension in rats exposed to undernutrition during intrauterine life, which is a common feature with spontaneous hypertension.
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Simões-Alves AC, Arcoverde-Mello APFC, Campos JDO, Wanderley AG, Leandro CVG, da Costa-Silva JH, de Oliveira Nogueira Souza V. Cardiometabolic Effects of Postnatal High-Fat Diet Consumption in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Protein Restriction In Utero. Front Physiol 2022; 13:829920. [PMID: 35620602 PMCID: PMC9127546 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.829920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the high incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases has been replaced by a high prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases. Concomitantly, there have been profound changes in the behavior and eating habits of families around the world, characterizing a "nutritional transition" phenomenon, which refers to a shift in diet in response to modernization, urbanization, or economic development from undernutrition to the excessive consumption of hypercaloric and ultra-processed foods. Protein malnutrition that was a health problem in the first half of the 20th century has now been replaced by high-fat diets, especially diets high in saturated fat, predisposing consumers to overweight and obesity. This panorama points us to the alarming coexistence of both malnutrition and obesity in the same population. In this way, individuals whose mothers were undernourished early in pregnancy and then exposed to postnatal hyperlipidic nutrition have increased risk factors for developing metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Thus, our major aim was to review the cardiometabolic effects resulting from postnatal hyperlipidic diets in protein-restricted subjects, as well as to examine the epigenetic repercussions occasioned by the nutritional transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiany Cibelle Simões-Alves
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fonseca Cabral Arcoverde-Mello
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Jéssica de Oliveira Campos
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Carol Virginia Gois Leandro
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - João Henrique da Costa-Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Oliveira Nogueira Souza
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
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Melo JSVD, Macêdo PFCD, Costa LAR, Batista-de-Oliveira-Hornsby M, Ferreira DJS. Fish oil supplementation and physical exercise during the development period increase cardiac antioxidant capacity in Wistar rats. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220017721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Masiero BC, Calsa B, Oliveira CA, Moretti de Andrade TA, Esquisatto MAM, Catisti R. Morphofunctional and immunological cardiac evaluation of protein restriction on rat offspring. Ann Anat 2022; 241:151889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mariano VS, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Fetal Undernutrition Programming, Sympathetic Nerve Activity, and Arterial Hypertension Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704819. [PMID: 34867434 PMCID: PMC8635863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence showed that low birth weight is associated with environmental disruption during gestation, triggering embryotic or fetal adaptations and increasing the susceptibility of progeny to non-communicable diseases, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and arterial hypertension. In addition, dietary disturbance during pregnancy in animal models has highlighted mechanisms that involve the genesis of arterial hypertension, particularly severe maternal low-protein intake (LP). Functional studies demonstrated that maternal low-protein intake leads to the renal decrease of sodium excretion and the dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system signaling of LP offspring. The antinatriuretic effect is accentuated by a reduced number of nephron units and glomerulosclerosis, which are critical in establishing arterial hypertension phenotype. Also, in this way, studies have shown that the overactivity of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system occurs due to reduced sensory (afferent) renal nerve activity. As a result of this reciprocal and abnormal renorenal reflex, there is an enhanced tubule sodium proximal sodium reabsorption, which, at least in part, contributes directly to arterial hypertension development in some of the programmed models. A recent study has observed that significant changes in adrenal medulla secretion could be involved in the pathophysiological process of increasing blood pressure. Thus, this review aims to compile studies that link the central and peripheral sympathetic system activity mechanisms on water and salt handle and blood pressure control in the maternal protein-restricted offspring. Besides, these pathophysiological mechanisms mainly may involve the modulation of neurokinins and catecholamines pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Schiavinatto Mariano
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carvalho RM, Ferreira IMDESR, Miranda Jr F. Protein malnutrition during lactation affects thoracic aortic tunica media thickness in Wistar rat pups. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e361008. [PMID: 34852134 PMCID: PMC8650804 DOI: 10.1590/acb361008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the morphological effects of a low-protein diet during maternal lactation on the offspring's thoracic aorta. METHODS Two female Wistar rats were mated with male of the same species at 4 months of age. Until the birth of the pups, all animals received commercial rat chow. After giving birth, the puerperal females were divided into two groups and adjusted the litter to five puppies per group: a control group that received commercial feed, and an experimental group whose diet included the same amount of calories, but 8% lower protein content. All animals' masses were measured throughout the lactation period, and the pups were euthanized after weaning at 21 days of age. The thoracic aorta was removed, histologically processed and stained with Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin for histomorphometric analysis of tunica media thickness. RESULTS Although both groups were born with similar body mass, during the 21 days of lactation the restricted protein group gained only 39% of the body mass of the control group. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the restricted protein group had a significantly lower mean tunica media thickness than the control group. CONCLUSIONS A low-protein diet for nursing mothers influences mass gain and aortic tunica media thickness in their offspring.
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Fragoso J, Carvalho Jurema Santos G, da Silva HT, Loizon E, de Oliveira Nogueira Souza V, Vidal H, Guedes RCA, Costa-Silva JH, da Silva Aragão R, Pirola L, Leandro CG. Effects of maternal low-protein diet and spontaneous physical activity on the transcription of neurotrophic factors in the placenta and the brains of mothers and offspring rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:505-512. [PMID: 32799949 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal protein restriction and physical activity can affect the interaction mother-placenta-fetus. This study quantified the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurothrophin 4, tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB/NTRK2), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1r) in the different areas of mother's brain (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex), placenta, and fetus' brain of rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 20) were housed in cages containing a running wheel for 4 weeks before gestation. According to the distance spontaneously traveled daily, rats were classified as inactive or active. During gestation, on continued access to the running wheel, active and inactive groups were randomized to receive normoprotein diet (18% protein) or a low-protein (LP) diet (8% protein). At day 20 of gestation, gene expression of neurotrophic factors was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in different brain areas and the placenta. Dams submitted to a LP diet during gestation showed upregulation of IGF-1r and BDNF messenger RNA in the hypothalamus, IGF-1r and NTRK2 in the hippocampus, and BDNF, NTRK2, IGF-1 and IGF-1r in the cortex. In the placenta, there was a downregulation of IGF-1. In the brain of pups from mothers on LP diet, IGF-1r and NTRK2 were downregulated. Voluntary physical activity attenuated the effects of LP diet on IGF-1r in the hypothalamus, IGF-1r and NTRK2 in the hippocampus, IGF-1 in the placenta, and NTRK2 in the fetus' brain. In conclusion, both maternal protein restriction and spontaneous physical activity influence the gene expression of BDNF, NTRK2, IGF-1, and IGF-1r, with spontaneous physical activity being able to normalize in part the defects caused by protein restriction during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fragoso
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Carvalho Jurema Santos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- CarMeN (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921Oullins, France
| | | | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921Oullins, France
| | | | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Raquel da Silva Aragão
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pirola
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901Recife, PE, Brazil
- CarMeN (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921Oullins, France
| | - Carol Gois Leandro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901Recife, PE, Brazil
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Silva Pedroza AA, Bernardo EM, Pereira AR, Andrade Silva SC, Lima TA, de Moura Freitas C, da Silva Junior JC, Gomes DA, Ferreira DS, Lagranha CJ. Moderate offspring exercise offsets the harmful effects of maternal protein deprivation on mitochondrial function and oxidative balance by modulating sirtuins. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1622-1634. [PMID: 33810953 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been demonstrated that maternal low protein during development induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the heart. Moderate-intensity exercise in early life, conversely, increases the overall cardiac health. Thus, we hypothesize that moderate-intensity exercise performed during young age could ameliorate the deleterious effect of maternal protein deprivation on cardiac bioenergetics. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a rat model of maternal protein restriction during gestational and lactation period followed by an offspring treadmill moderate physical training. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: normal nutrition receiving 17% of casein in the diet and undernutrition receiving a low-protein diet (8% casein). At 30 days of age, the male offspring were further subdivided into sedentary (NS and LS) or exercised (NT and LT) groups. Treadmill exercise was performed as follows: 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day at 50% of maximal running capacity. Our results showed that a low-protein diet decreases oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function associated with higher oxidative stress. In contrast, exercise rescues mitochondrial capacity and promotes a cellular resilience to oxidative stress. Up-regulation of cardiac sirtuin 1 and 3 decreased acetylation levels, redeeming from the deleterious effect of protein restriction. CONCLUSION Our findings show that moderate daily exercise during a young age acts as a therapeutical intervention opposing the harmful effects of a maternal diet restricted in protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elenilson M Bernardo
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Allifer R Pereira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV- Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia Andrade Silva
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Talitta A Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV- Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Moura Freitas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV- Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jose Carlos da Silva Junior
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dayane A Gomes
- Neuropsyquiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diorginis S Ferreira
- Colegiado de Educação Física, Federal University of São Franscisco Valley, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV- Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil; Neuropsyquiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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13
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Kawarazaki W, Fujita T. Kidney and epigenetic mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:350-363. [PMID: 33627838 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) but the salt sensitivity of BP differs between individuals. The interplay of ageing, genetics and environmental factors, including malnutrition and stress, contributes to BP salt sensitivity. In adults, obesity is often associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. The children of women who experience malnutrition during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing obesity, diabetes and salt-sensitive hypertension as adults. Similarly, the offspring of mice that are fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy develop salt-sensitive hypertension in association with aberrant DNA methylation of the gene encoding type 1A angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) in the hypothalamus, leading to upregulation of hypothalamic AT1AR and renal sympathetic overactivity. Ageing is also associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. In aged mice, promoter methylation leads to reduced kidney production of the anti-ageing factor Klotho and a decrease in circulating soluble Klotho. In the setting of Klotho deficiency, salt-induced activation of the vascular Wnt5a-RhoA pathway leads to ageing-associated salt-sensitive hypertension, potentially as a result of reduced renal blood flow and increased peripheral resistance. Thus, kidney mechanisms and aberrant DNA methylation of certain genes are involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension during fetal development and old age. Three distinct paradigms of epigenetic memory operate on different timescales in prenatal malnutrition, obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Kawarazaki
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan. .,Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
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14
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Lamana GL, Ferrari ALL, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational and Breastfeeding Low-Protein Intake on Blood Pressure, Kidney Structure, and Renal Function in Male Rat Offspring in Adulthood. Front Physiol 2021; 12:658431. [PMID: 33967827 PMCID: PMC8100335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.658431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous studies demonstrated that maternal protein-restricted (low-protein, LP) 16-week-old offspring had pronounced nephron number reduction and arterial hypertension associated with an unchanged glomerular filtration rate (GFR). An enhanced gomerular area may be related to increased glomerular filtration and overflow, which accounts for glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. The effect of protein restriction during gestational and breastfeeding periods is unknown. Method: The functional e-structural kidney evaluation was obtained using lithium and creatinine clearance, kidney morphometry, immunoblotting, and immunostaining analysis in 16 and 24-week-old LP offspring compared to age-matched NP progeny. Results: Low protein rats' progeny had significantly reduced birth weight, without previous catch-up growth phenomena, in parallel with a decreased adiposity index. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) glomerular expression was significantly enhanced in the LP group. Also, the LP offspring had a 38% lower nephron number and an increased glomerular volume. They also presented with a higher cardiac index and arterial blood pressure compared with age-matched NP offspring. The LP rats exhibited augmented Na+/K+-ATPase in the proximal segments, and NOS1 immunoreactivity in whole renal tissue was associated with sodium retention in the proximal nephron segments. We also found significantly enhanced collagen content associated with increased TGFβ1 and ZEB1/2 renal immunoreactivity in LP offspring compared with NP offspring. Increased hypertrophy markers in LP podocytes were associated with an amplified IL-6/STAT3 pathway activity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, these are the first data demonstrating renal functional and structural changes in protein restriction during gestation and lactation model of fetal programming. The fetal-programmed adult offspring showed pronounced structural glomerular disorders with an accentuated and advanced fibrosis stage, without a change in the GFR. These findings suggest that the glomerular enhanced TGF-β1 action may induce ZEB1/2 expression that may cause glomeruli epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Besides, decreased nephron number in the LP offspring with preserved glomerular function may be related to protective or even attenuate the activated IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Leme Lamana
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Leticia Luchiari Ferrari
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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15
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Kim OY, Kim EM, Chung S. Impacts of Dietary Macronutrient Pattern on Adolescent Body Composition and Metabolic Risk: Current and Future Health Status-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3722. [PMID: 33276567 PMCID: PMC7761580 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, particularly in childhood and adolescence, is one of the serious public health problems worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, 10% of young people aged 5-17 years are obese, which is rapidly increasing around the world. Furthermore, approximately 80% of adolescents who become obese develop bodyweight-related health problems in adulthood. Eating habits and lifestyles play important roles in forming body composition and metabolic status. Changes in body composition in adolescence, the period in which secondary sex characteristics begin to develop, can alter hormonal and metabolic status, can consequently affect health status and the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood, and moreover may have an impact on probable body composition and metabolic status in the next generation. Here, we reviewed cross-sectional and interventional studies to analyze the role of dietary patterns focusing on macronutrient intake in growth, body composition, and metabolic changes in adolescents. These findings provide insights into optimal dietary guidelines for healthy growth with accretion of adequate body composition in adolescence, and provide an effective strategy for preventing and managing the risk of obesity-related metabolic disease in adulthood, with the additional benefit of providing potential benefits for the next generation's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Dietetic Department, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul 03181, Korea;
| | - Sochung Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
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16
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Barros MADV, de Brito Alves JL, Barros RGN, Santana E Silva M, Nasser S, Tourneur Y, Leandro CVG, Vidal H, Pirola L, Costa-Silva JH. Effects of maternal protein restriction on central and peripheral renin-angiotensin systems in male rat offspring. Life Sci 2020; 263:118574. [PMID: 33049280 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the involvement of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) on the cardiorespiratory control in rats from dams fed with a low-protein diet. MAIN METHODS Male offspring were obtained from dams fed a normoprotein diet (NP, 17% casein) and low-protein diet (LP, 8% casein) during pregnancy and lactation. Direct measurements of arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory frequency (RF) were recorded in awake 90-day-old at resting and after losartan potassium through either intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjections or intravenous (IV) administration. Cardiovascular variability was evaluated by spectral analysis. Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity was assessed through the potassium cyanide (KCN; 40 μg/0.1 ml/rat, IV). Gene expression was evaluated by qPCR, and MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase) expression was evaluated by western blot. KEY FINDINGS The LP offspring had higher mean AP (MAP) and RF than NP offspring. In the spectral analysis, the LP rats also showed higher low frequency of systolic AP (NP: 2.7 ± 0.3 vs. LP: 5.0 ± 1.0 mmHg). After ICV losartan, MAP and RF in LP rats remained higher than those in NP rats, but without changes in HR. The peripheral chemoreflex was similar between the groups. LP group had lower gene expression of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) (NP: 1.13 ± 0.06 vs. LP: 0.88 ± 0.08). Peripherally, LP rats had larger delta of MAP after IV losartan (NP: -9.8 ± 2 vs. LP: -23 ± 6 mmHg), without changes in HR and RF. SIGNIFICANCE In rats, the RAS participates peripherally, but not centrally, in the maintenance of arterial hypertension in male offspring induced by maternal protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Assis de Vasconcelos Barros
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil; Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB, João Pessoa 58051900, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Gabriella Nery Barros
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Manuel Santana E Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Souad Nasser
- Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Yves Tourneur
- Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Carol Virgínia Gois Leandro
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Luciano Pirola
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil; Carmen (Cardiology, Metabolism and Nutrition) Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, South Lyon Medical Faculty, 69921 Oullins, France.
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17
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Alves DS, Barbosa DFS, Nogueira VO, Tourneur Y, Fontes DAF, Brito-Alves JL, Costa-Silva JH. Maternal protein restriction affects cardiovascular, but not respiratory response to L-glutamate microinjection into the NTS of conscious rats. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:907-918. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1692508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Alves
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - D. F. S. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - V. O. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Y. Tourneur
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - D. A. F. Fontes
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - J. L. Brito-Alves
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB, Brazil
| | - J. H. Costa-Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
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18
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Maternal physical activity prevents the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and cardiorespiratory dysfunction in protein malnourished rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14406. [PMID: 31594995 PMCID: PMC6783408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal physical activity attenuates cardiorespiratory dysfunctions and transcriptional alterations presented by the carotid body (CB) of rats. Rats performed physical activity and were classified as inactive/active. During gestation and lactation, mothers received either normoprotein (NP-17% protein) or low-protein diet (LP-8% protein). In offspring, biochemical serum levels, respiratory parameters, cardiovascular parameters and the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and purinergic receptors were evaluate. LP-inactive pups presented lower RF from 1st to 14th days old, and higher RF at 30 days than did NP-inactive and NP-active pups. LP-inactive pups presented with reduced serum protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides levels and an increased fasting glucose level compared to those of NP-inactive and NP-active groups. LP and LP-inactive animals showed an increase in the cardiac variability at the Low-Frequency bands, suggesting a major influence of sympathetic nervous activity. In mRNA analyses, LP-inactive animals showed increased HIF-1α expression and similar expression of TH and purinergic receptors in the CB compared to those of NP groups. All these changes observed in LP-inactive pups were reversed in the pups of active mothers (LP-active). Maternal physical activity is able to attenuate the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and HIF-1α transcription changes induced by protein malnutrition.
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19
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Santana DF, Ferreira DS, Braz GRF, Sousa SMS, Silva TLDA, Gomes DA, Fernandes MP, Andrade-da-Costa BL, Lagranha CJ. Maternal Protein Restriction in Two Successive Generations Impairs Mitochondrial Electron Coupling in the Progeny's Brainstem of Wistar Rats From Both Sexes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:203. [PMID: 30930735 PMCID: PMC6427765 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal protein deficiency during the critical development period of the progeny disturbs mitochondrial metabolism in the brainstem, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in the first-generation (F1) offspring, but is unknown if this effect persists in the second-generation (F2) offspring. The study tested whether mitochondrial health and oxidative balance will be restored in F2 rats. Male and female rats were divided into six groups according to the diet fed to their mothers throughout gestation and lactation periods. These groups were: (1) normoprotein (NP) and (2) low-protein (LP) rats of the first filial generation (F1-NP and F1-LP, respectively) and (3) NP and (4) LP rats of the second filial generation (F2-NP and F2-LP, respectively). After weaning, all groups received commercial chow and a portion of each group was sacrificed on the 30th day of life for determination of mitochondrial and oxidative parameters. The remaining portion of the F1 group was mated at adulthood and fed an NP or LP diet during the periods of gestation and lactation, to produce progeny belonging to (5) F2R-NP and (6) F2R-LP group, respectively. Our results demonstrated that male F1-LP rats suffered mitochondrial impairment associated with an 89% higher production of reactive species (RS) and 137% higher oxidative stress biomarkers, but that the oxidative stress was blunted in female F1-LP animals despite the antioxidant impairment. In the second generation following F0 malnutrition, brainstem antioxidant defenses were restored in the F2-LP group of both sexes. However, F2R-LP offspring, exposed to LP in the diets of the two preceding generations displayed a RS overproduction with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our findings demonstrate that nutritional stress during the reproductive life of the mother can negatively affect mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative balance in the brainstem of F1 progeny, but that restoration of a normal diet during the reproductive life of those individuals leads toward a mitochondrial recovery in their own (F2) progeny. Otherwise, if protein deprivation is continued from the F0 generation and into the F1 generation, the F2 progeny will exhibit no recovery, but instead will remain vulnerable to further oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Santana
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Diorginis S Ferreira
- Colegiado de Educação Física, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ruda F Braz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Shirley M S Sousa
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.,Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Belmira Lara Andrade-da-Costa
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behaviour, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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20
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Deng Y, Tan X, Li ML, Wang WZ, Wang YK. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Regulates Cholinergic Signaling and Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Responses in Hypertensive Rats. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:67-78. [PMID: 30318562 PMCID: PMC6357273 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is a key region in cardiovascular regulation. It has been demonstrated that cholinergic synaptic transmission in the RVLM is enhanced in hypertensive rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the brain plays beneficial roles in cardiovascular function in hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ACE2 overexpression in the RVLM on cholinergic synaptic transmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Four weeks after injecting lentiviral particles containing enhanced green fluorescent protein and ACE2 bilaterally into the RVLM, the blood pressure and heart rate were notably decreased. ACE2 overexpression significantly reduced the concentration of acetylcholine in microdialysis fluid from the RVLM and blunted the decrease in blood pressure evoked by bilateral injection of atropine into the RVLM in SHRs. In conclusion, we suggest that ACE2 overexpression in the RVLM attenuates the enhanced cholinergic synaptic transmission in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Miao-Ling Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medical Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang-Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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21
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Sinha S, Patro N, Patro IK. Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:966. [PMID: 30618587 PMCID: PMC6305321 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition has been widely recognized as a grave burden restricting the progress of underdeveloped and developing countries. Maternal, neonatal and postnatal nutritional immunity provides an effective approach to decrease the risk of malnutrition associated stress in adulthood. Particularly, maternal nutritional status is a critical contributor for determining the long-term health aspects of an offspring. Maternal malnutrition leads to increased risk of life, poor immune system, delayed motor development and cognitive dysfunction in the children. An effective immunomodulatory intervention using nutraceutical could be used to enhance immunity against infections. The immune system in early life possesses enormous dynamic capacity to manage both genetic and environment driven processes and can adapt to rapidly changing environmental exposures. These immunomodulatory stimuli or potent nutraceutical strategy can make use of early life plasticity to target pathways of immune ontogeny, which in turn could increase the immunity against infectious diseases arising from malnutrition. This review provides appreciable human and animal data showing enduring effects of protein deprivation on CNS development, oxidative stress and inflammation and associated behavioral and cognitive impairments. Relevant studies on nutritional supplementation and rehabilitation using Spirulina as a potent protein source and neuroprotectant against protein malnutrition (PMN) induced deleterious changes have also been discussed. However, there are many futuristic issues that need to be resolved for proper modulation of these therapeutic interventions to prevent malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrstha Sinha
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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22
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Camm EJ, Botting KJ, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Near to One's Heart: The Intimate Relationship Between the Placenta and Fetal Heart. Front Physiol 2018; 9:629. [PMID: 29997513 PMCID: PMC6029139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the fetal heart is exquisitely controlled by a multitude of factors, ranging from humoral to mechanical forces. The gatekeeper regulating many of these factors is the placenta, an external fetal organ. As such, resistance within the placental vascular bed has a direct influence on the fetal circulation and therefore, the developing heart. In addition, the placenta serves as the interface between the mother and fetus, controlling substrate exchange and release of hormones into both circulations. The intricate relationship between the placenta and fetal heart is appreciated in instances of clinical placental pathology. Abnormal umbilical cord insertion is associated with congenital heart defects. Likewise, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, where monochorionic twins have unequal sharing of their placenta due to inter-twin vascular anastomoses, can result in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in both fetuses. Moreover, epidemiological studies have suggested a link between placental phenotypic traits and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life. To date, the mechanistic basis of the relationships between the placenta, fetal heart development and later risk of cardiac dysfunction have not been fully elucidated. However, studies using environmental exposures and gene manipulations in experimental animals are providing insights into the pathways involved. Likewise, surgical instrumentation of the maternal and fetal circulations in large animal species has enabled the manipulation of specific humoral and mechanical factors to investigate their roles in fetal cardiac development. This review will focus on such studies and what is known to date about the link between the placenta and heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley J Botting
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Maternal low-quality protein diet exerts sex-specific effects on plasma amino acid profile and alters hepatic expression of methyltransferases in adult rat offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:409-416. [PMID: 29582727 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is a critical factor in the development of the offspring. Both protein content and source in maternal diet affect neonatal health, but the long-term effects of maternal low-quality protein diet on the offspring are less clear. This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal low-quality protein diet on offspring's growth, development, circulating metabolites and hepatic expression of methyltransferases. Virgin Wistar rats were mated at 11 weeks of age. Dams were then maintained on either a chow diet with 20% casein as the control group (C), or a low-quality protein diet with 20% wheat gluten as the experimental group (WG) throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, all offspring were fed a control chow diet until the age of 20 weeks. Male WG offspring had significantly lower body weight and energy intake, whereas female WG offspring had significantly higher body weight and energy intake when compared with controls. Early life exposure to WG diet had no significant effect on circulating metabolites. However, fasting insulin concentrations and homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance were decreased in WG male and female offspring. Maternal low-quality protein diet increased plasma aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, cystathione and decreased lysine in male WG offspring. Conversely, the same amino acids were reduced in female WG offspring. Adult offspring exposed to WG diet had significantly upregulated hepatic DNMT3a and DNMT3b expressions. Our study showed that there were differential effects of maternal poor-quality protein diet upon adult offspring's metabolism.
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Ferreira DJS, Pedroza AA, Braz GRF, Fernandes MP, Lagranha CJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction: maternal protein restriction as a trigger of reactive species overproduction and brainstem energy failure in male offspring brainstem. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:778-788. [PMID: 29495951 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1444543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotic organisms, wherein their capacity to produce energy vary among the tissues depending upon the amounts of oxygen consumed. Part of the oxygen consumed during ATP generation produces reactive oxygen species, which if not efficiently removed can trigger a systemic damage to molecular compounds characterized as oxidative stress. Several studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) are related to a plethora of neural disorders. Herein, we hypothesize that a late autonomic imbalance-induced hypertension might be related to long-lasting effects of protein restriction during the critical period of the CNS development on the mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the brainstem of adult (i.e. 150 days of age) male Wistar rats. Maternal protein restriction was induced by offering a diet based on 8% of casein from first day of pregnancy until weaning, when the male pups started to receive laboratory chow up to 150 days of life. The protein restriction induced an extended detrimental modulation in mitochondria function, decreasing the phosphorylation capacity with concomitant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, wherein the reactive species overproduction triggered a disruption in proton conductance, which may gradually compromise mitochondria energy conservation. Interestingly, the elevated activity of glutathione-S-transferase and the augmented expression of uncoupling protein 2 are likely protective mechanisms induced by lipid peroxidation products, being feasible molecular changes attempting to deal with oxidative stress-induced ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J S Ferreira
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Program, Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | - A A Pedroza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | - G R F Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | - M P Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | - C J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Program, Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
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de Brito Alves JL, Costa-Silva JH. Maternal protein malnutrition induced-hypertension: New evidence about the autonomic and respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:422-429. [PMID: 29164748 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal protein malnutrition during the critical stages of development (pregnancy, lactation and first infancy) can lead to adult hypertension. Studies have shown that renal and cardiovascular dysfunctions can be associated to the development of hypertension in humans and rats exposed to maternal protein malnutrition. The etiology of hypertension, however, includes a complex network involved in central and peripheral blood pressure control. Recently, the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in protein-restricted rats has been reported. Studies have shown that protein malnutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation alters blood pressure control through mechanisms that include central sympathetic-respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic modifications, which may contribute to adult hypertension. Thus, this review will discuss the historical context, new evidences of neurogenic disruption in respiratory-sympathetic activities and possible epigenetic mechanisms involved in maternal protein malnutrition induced- hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
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Lagranha CJ, Silva TLA, Silva SCA, Braz GRF, da Silva AI, Fernandes MP, Sellitti DF. Protective effects of estrogen against cardiovascular disease mediated via oxidative stress in the brain. Life Sci 2017; 192:190-198. [PMID: 29191645 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During their reproductive years women produce significant levels of estrogens, predominantly in the form of estradiol, that are thought to play an important role in cardioprotection. Mechanisms underlying this action include both estrogen-mediated changes in gene expression, and post-transcriptional activation of protein signaling cascades in the heart and in neural centers controlling cardiovascular function, in particular, in the brainstem. There, specific neurons, especially those of the bulbar region play an important role in the neuronal control of the cardiovascular system because they control the outflow of sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity as well as the reception of chemical and mechanical signals. In the present review, we discuss how estrogens exert their cardioprotective effect in part by modulating the actions of internally generated products of cellular oxidation such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brain stem neurons. The significance of this review is in integrating the literature of oxidative damage in the brain with the literature of neuroprotection by estrogen in order to better understand both the benefits and limitations of using this hormone to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil.
| | - Tercya Lucidi Araujo Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia A Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Glaber Ruda F Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Aline Isabel da Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Donald F Sellitti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tiu AC, Bishop MD, Asico LD, Jose PA, Villar VAM. Primary Pediatric Hypertension: Current Understanding and Emerging Concepts. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:70. [PMID: 28780627 PMCID: PMC6314210 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of primary pediatric hypertension and its tracking into adult hypertension point to the importance of determining its pathogenesis to gain insights into its current and emerging management. Considering that the intricate control of BP is governed by a myriad of anatomical, molecular biological, biochemical, and physiological systems, multiple genes are likely to influence an individual's BP and susceptibility to develop hypertension. The long-term regulation of BP rests on renal and non-renal mechanisms. One renal mechanism relates to sodium transport. The impaired renal sodium handling in primary hypertension and salt sensitivity may be caused by aberrant counter-regulatory natriuretic and anti-natriuretic pathways. The sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems are examples of antinatriuretic pathways. An important counter-regulatory natriuretic pathway is afforded by the renal autocrine/paracrine dopamine system, aberrations of which are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, including that associated with obesity. We present updates on the complex interactions of these two systems with dietary salt intake in relation to obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. We review how insults during pregnancy such as maternal and paternal malnutrition, glucocorticoid exposure, infection, placental insufficiency, and treatments during the neonatal period have long-lasting effects in the regulation of renal function and BP. Moreover, these effects have sex differences. There is a need for early diagnosis, frequent monitoring, and timely management due to increasing evidence of premature target organ damage. Large controlled studies are needed to evaluate the long-term consequences of the treatment of elevated BP during childhood, especially to establish the validity of the current definition and treatment of pediatric hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Tiu
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Michael D Bishop
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Laureano D Asico
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street, N.W. Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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Kereliuk SM, Brawerman GM, Dolinsky VW. Maternal Macronutrient Consumption and the Developmental Origins of Metabolic Disease in the Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1451. [PMID: 28684678 PMCID: PMC5535942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research aimed at understanding the rise in obesity and cardiometabolic disease in children suggests that suboptimal maternal nutrition conditions organ systems and physiological responses in the offspring contributing to disease development. Understanding the mechanisms by which the macronutrient composition of the maternal diet during pregnancy or lactation affects health outcomes in the offspring may lead to new maternal nutrition recommendations, disease prevention strategies and therapies that reduce the increasing incidence of cardiometabolic disease in children. Recent mechanistic animal model research has identified how excess fats and sugars in the maternal diet alter offspring glucose tolerance, insulin signaling and metabolism. Maternal nutrition appears to influence epigenetic alterations in the offspring and the programming of gene expression in key metabolic pathways. This review is focused on experimental studies in animal models that have investigated mechanisms of how maternal consumption of macronutrients affects cardiometabolic disease development in the offspring. Future research using "-omic" technologies is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of how altered maternal macronutrient consumption influences the development of disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kereliuk
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Gabriel M Brawerman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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de Sousa SM, Braz GRF, Freitas CDM, de Santana DF, Sellitti DF, Fernandes MP, Lagranha CJ. Oxidative injuries induced by maternal low-protein diet in female brainstem. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:580-588. [PMID: 28494696 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1325974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that a maternal low-protein diet increases the susceptibility of offspring to cardiovascular disease in later-life. Moreover, a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in females than in males is understood to be largely due to the protective effect of high levels of estrogens throughout a woman's reproductive life. However, to our knowledge, the role of estradiol in moderating the later-life susceptibility of offspring of nutrient-deprived mothers to cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. The present study is aimed at investigating whether oxidative stress in the brainstem caused by a maternal low-protein diet administered during a critical period of fetal/neonatal brain development (i.e during gestation and lactation) is affected by estradiol levels. Female Wistar rat offspring were divided into four groups according to their mothers' diets and to the serum estradiol levels of the offspring at the time of testing: (1) 22 days of age/control diet: (2) 22 days of age/low-protein diet; (3) 122 days of age/control diet: (4) 122 days of age/low-protein diet. Undernutrition in the context of low serum estradiol compared to undernutrition in a higher estradiol context resulted in increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and a reduction in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Total global oxy-score showed oxidative damage in 22-day-old rats whose mothers had received a low-protein diet. In the 122-day-old group, we observed a decrease in oxidative stress biomarkers, increased enzymatic antioxidant activity, and a positive oxy-score when compared to control. We conclude from these results that following a protein deficiency in the maternal diet during early development of the offspring, estrogens present at high levels at reproductive age may confer resistance to the oxidative damage in the brainstem that is very apparent in pre-pubertal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Maria de Sousa
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
| | - Glauber Rudá F Braz
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Moura Freitas
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
| | - David Filipe de Santana
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
| | | | - Mariana P Fernandes
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry CAV-Federal University of Pernambuco , UFPE 55608-680 , Brazil
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Effects of high-fat diet on somatic growth, metabolic parameters and function of peritoneal macrophages of young rats submitted to a maternal low-protein diet. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:796-803. [PMID: 28412994 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a post-weaning high-fat (HF) diet on somatic growth, food consumption, metabolic parameters, phagocytic rate and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophages in young rats submitted to a maternal low-protein (LP) diet. Male Wistar rats (aged 60 d) were divided in two groups (n 22/each) according to their maternal diet during gestation and lactation: control (C, dams fed 17 % casein) and LP (dams fed 8 % casein). At weaning, half of the groups were fed HF diet and two more groups were formed (HF and low protein-high fat (LP-HF)). Somatic growth, food and energy intake, fat depots, serum glucose, cholesterol and leptin concentrations were evaluated. Phagocytic rate and NO production were analysed in peritoneal macrophages under stimulation of zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+interferon γ (IFN-γ), respectively. The maternal LP diet altered the somatic parameters of growth and development of pups. LP and LP-HF pups showed a higher body weight gain and food intake than C pups. HF and LP-HF pups showed increased retroperitoneal and epididymal fat depots, serum level of TAG and total cholesterol compared with C and LP pups. After LPS+IFN-γ stimulation, LP and LP-HF pups showed reduced NO production when compared with their pairs. Increased phagocytic activity and NO production were seen in LP but not LP-HF peritoneal macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages of LP pups were hyporesponsive to LPS+IFN-γ induced NO release, even after a post-weaning HF diet. Our data demonstrated that there was an immunomodulation related to dietary fatty acids after the maternal LP diet-induced metabolic programming.
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Costa-Silva JH, Simões-Alves AC, Fernandes MP. Developmental Origins of Cardiometabolic Diseases: Role of the Maternal Diet. Front Physiol 2016; 7:504. [PMID: 27899895 PMCID: PMC5110566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental origins of cardiometabolic diseases have been related to maternal nutritional conditions. In this context, the rising incidence of arterial hypertension, diabetes type II, and dyslipidemia has been attributed to genetic programming. Besides, environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition or overnutrition can program changes in the integration among physiological systems leading to cardiometabolic diseases. This phenomenon can be understood in the context of the phenotypic plasticity and refers to the adjustment of a phenotype in response to environmental input without genetic change, following a novel, or unusual input during development. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may alter the morphology and physiology that contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. It has been shown that both maternal protein restriction and overnutrition alter the central and peripheral control of arterial pressure and metabolism. This review will address the new concepts on the maternal diet induced-cardiometabolic diseases that include the potential role of the perinatal malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H Costa-Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aiany C Simões-Alves
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Fernandes
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
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