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Li K, Liu F, He Y, Qu Q, Sun P, Du L, Wang J, Chen R, Gan Y, Fu D, Fan Z, Liu B, Hu Z, Miao Y. The homing of exogenous hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells into hair follicle niches. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173549. [PMID: 37917167 PMCID: PMC10807717 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair loss is a debilitating condition associated with the depletion of dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which can be replenished by dermal sheath cells (DSCs). Hence, strategies aimed at increasing the populations of DPCs and DSCs hold promise for the treatment of hair loss. In this study, we demonstrated in mice that introduced exogenous DPCs and DSCs (hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells) could effectively migrate and integrate into the dermal papilla and dermal sheath niches, leading to enhanced hair growth and prolonged anagen phases. However, the homing rates of DPCs and DSCs were influenced by various factors, including recipient mouse depilation, cell passage number, cell dose, and immune rejection. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we also discovered that the CXCL13/CXCR5 pathway mediated the homing of DPCs and DSCs into hair follicle niches. This study underscores the potential of cell-based therapies for hair loss by targeted delivery of DPCs and DSCs to their respective niches and sheds light on the intriguing concept that isolated mesenchymal stem cells can home back to their original niche microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Medical Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruosi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Gan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danlan Fu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhexiang Fan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingcheng Liu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Shen K, Sun Y, Cao P, Zhang J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Li S, Xu C, Han C, Qiao Y, Zhang Q, Wang B, Luo L, Yang Y, Guan H. Extracellular vesicles from 3D cultured dermal papilla cells improve wound healing via Krüppel-like factor 4/vascular endothelial growth factor A -driven angiogenesis. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad034. [PMID: 37908562 PMCID: PMC10615254 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-healing wounds are an intractable problem of major clinical relevance. Evidence has shown that dermal papilla cells (DPCs) may regulate the wound-healing process by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, low isolation efficiency and restricted cell viability hinder the applications of DPC-EVs in wound healing. In this study, we aimed to develop novel 3D-DPC spheroids (tdDPCs) based on self-feeder 3D culture and to evaluate the roles of tdDPC-EVs in stimulating angiogenesis and skin wound healing. Methods To address the current limitations of DPC-EVs, we previously developed a self-feeder 3D culture method to construct tdDPCs. DPCs and tdDPCs were identified using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we extracted EVs from the cells and compared the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro using immunofluorescence staining, a scratch-wound assay and a Transwell assay. We simultaneously established a murine model of full-thickness skin injury and evaluated the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on wound-healing efficiency in vivo using laser Doppler, as well as hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, CD31 and α-SMA staining. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of tdDPC-EV- and phosphate-buffered saline-treated HUVECs. To validate the RNA-seq data, we constructed knockdown and overexpression vectors of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Western blotting, a scratch-wound assay, a Transwell assay and a tubule-formation test were performed to detect the protein expression, cell migration and lumen-formation ability of KLF4 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in HUVECs incubated with tdDPC-EVs after KLF4 knockdown or overexpression. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were conducted to verify the activation effect of KLF4 on VEGFA. Results We successfully cultured tdDPCs and extracted EVs from DPCs and tdDPCs. The tdDPC-EVs significantly promoted the proliferation, lumen formation and migration of HUVECs. Unlike DPC-EVs, tdDPC-EVs exhibited significant advantages in terms of promoting angiogenesis, accelerating wound healing and enhancing wound-healing efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis and further functional experiments verified that the tdDPC-EV-regulated KLF4/VEGFA axis is pivotal in accelerating wound healing. Conclusions 3D cultivation can be utilized as an innovative optimization strategy to effectively develop DPC-derived EVs for the treatment of skin wounds. tdDPC-EVs significantly enhance wound healing via KLF4/VEGFA-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kuo Shen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wanfu Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shaohui Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chaolei Xu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yating Qiao
- Department of hair diagnosis and treatment, Peking University Shougang Hospital, 9 Jinyuanzhuang Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Qingyi Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Hu L, Kimura S, Haga M, Kashiwagi S, Takagi K, Shimizu T, Ishii T, Ohyama M. Vitamins and Their Derivatives Synergistically Promote Hair Shaft Elongation ex vivo via PlGF/VEGFR-1 Signalling Activation. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 108:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kazi T, Nagata A, Nakagawa T, Matsuzaki T, Inui S. Dermal Papilla Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Increase Hair Inductive Gene Expression in Adipose Stem Cells via β-Catenin Activation. Cells 2022; 11:202. [PMID: 35053317 PMCID: PMC8773911 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated cell differentiation has gained attention in developmental biology due to genetic exchange between donor cells and recipient cells via transfer of mRNA and miRNA. EVs, also known as exosomes, play a role in maintaining paracrine cell communication and can induce cell proliferation and differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can adopt dermal papilla (DP)-like properties with dermal papilla cell-derived extracellular vesicles (DPC-EVs). To understand the effect of DPC-EVs on cell differentiation, DPC-EVs were characterized and incubated with ASCs, of monolayer and spheroid cell cultures, in combination with the CAO1/2FP medium specialized for dermal papilla cells (DPCs). DPC-like properties in ASCs were initially evaluated by comparing several genes and proteins with those of DPCs via real-time PCR analysis and immunostaining, respectively. We also evaluated the presence of hair growth-related microRNAs (miRNAs), specifically mir-214-5P, mir-218-5p, and mir-195-5P. Here, we found that miRNA expression patterns varied in DPC-EVs from passage 4 (P4) or P5. In addition, DPC-EVs in combination with CAP1/2FP accelerated ASC proliferation at low concentrations and propagated hair inductive gene expression for versican (vcan), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-sma), osteopontin (opn), and N-Cam (ncam). Comparison between the expression of hair inductive genes (vcan, α-sma, ctnb, and others), the protein VCAN, α-SMA and β-Catenin (CTNB), and hair inductive miRNAs (mir-214-5P, mir-218-5p, and mir-195-5p) of DPC-EVs revealed similarities between P4 DPC-EVs-treated ASCs and DPCs. We concluded that early passage DPC-EVs, in combination with CAP1/2FP, enabled ASCs to transdifferentiate into DPC-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheruzzaman Kazi
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.N.); (T.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Abir Nagata
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.N.); (T.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.N.); (T.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Takashi Matsuzaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environment Science, Shimane University, Shimane 690-0823, Japan
| | - Shigeki Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.N.); (T.N.); (S.I.)
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Deng W, Zhang Y, Wang W, Song A, Mukama O, Huang J, Han X, Deng S, Lin Z, Habimana JDD, Huang R, Peng K, Ni B, Zhang S, Yan X, Li J, Wu LP, Li Z. Hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells decrease alopecia areata mouse hair loss and reduce inflammation around the hair follicle. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:548. [PMID: 34674748 PMCID: PMC8532319 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune hair loss disease with increasing incidence. Corticosteroids are the most widely used for hair loss treatment; however, long-term usage of hormonal drugs is associated with various side effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has been studied extensively to curb autoimmune diseases without affecting immunity against diseases.
Methods Hair follicle-derived MSCs (HF-MSCs) were harvested from the waste material of hair transplants, isolated and expanded. The therapeutic effect of HF-MSCs for AA treatment was investigated in vitro AA-like hair follicle organ model and in vivo C3H/HeJ AA mice model. Results AA-like hair follicle organ in vitro model was successfully established by pre-treatment of mouse vibrissa follicles by interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The AA-like symptoms were relieved when IFN-γ induced AA in vitro model was co-cultured with HF-MSC for 2 days. In addition, when skin grafted C3H/HeJ AA mice models were injected with 106 HF-MSCs once a week for 3 weeks, the transcription profiling and immunofluorescence analysis depicted that HF-MSCs treatment significantly decreased mouse hair loss and reduced inflammation around HF both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study provides a new therapeutic approach for alopecia areata based on HF-MSCs toward its future clinical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02614-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aishi Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Omar Mukama
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Huang
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihao Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuoxian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jean du Dieu Habimana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongqi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Ni
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin-Ping Wu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China. .,Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China. .,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China. .,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Choi M, Choi YM, Choi SY, An IS, Bae S, An S, Jung JH. Glucose metabolism regulates expression of hair-inductive genes of dermal papilla spheres via histone acetylation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4887. [PMID: 32184439 PMCID: PMC7078220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is one of the crucial factors to regulate epigenetic landscape in various cells including immune cells, embryonic stem cells and hair follicle stem cells. Dermal papilla cells (DP) interact with epithelial stem cells to orchestrate hair formation. Here we show that active DP exhibit robust aerobic glycolysis. We observed decrease of signature genes associated with hair induction by DP in presence of low glucose (2 mM) and glycolysis inhibitors. Moreover, hair shaft elongation was attenuated by glycolysis inhibitors. Interestingly, excessive glucose is able to increase the expression of hair inductive genes and elongation of hair shaft. We also observed glycolysis-mediated histone acetylation is increased and chemical inhibition of acetyltransferase reduces expression of the signature genes associated with hair induction in active DP. These results suggest that glucose metabolism is required for expression of signature genes associated with hair induction. This finding may be beneficial for establishing and maintaining of active DP to generate hair follicle in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Choi
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Yeong Min Choi
- Korea Institute of Dermatological Science, GeneCellPharm Corporation, 375 Munjeong 2(i)-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05836, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Choi
- Korea Institute of Dermatological Science, GeneCellPharm Corporation, 375 Munjeong 2(i)-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05836, South Korea
| | - In-Sook An
- Korea Institute of Dermatological Science, GeneCellPharm Corporation, 375 Munjeong 2(i)-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05836, South Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Jin Hyuk Jung
- Korea Institute of Dermatological Science, GeneCellPharm Corporation, 375 Munjeong 2(i)-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05836, South Korea.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hair loss or alopecia affects the majority of the population at some time in their life, and increasingly, sufferers are demanding treatment. Three main types of alopecia (androgenic [AGA], areata [AA] and chemotherapy-induced [CIA]) are very different, and have their own laboratory models and separate drug-discovery efforts. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors review the biology of hair, hair follicle (HF) cycling, stem cells and signaling pathways. AGA, due to dihydrotesterone, is treated by 5-α reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor blockers and ATP-sensitive potassium channel-openers. AA, which involves attack by CD8(+)NK group 2D-positive (NKG2D(+)) T cells, is treated with immunosuppressives, biologics and JAK inhibitors. Meanwhile, CIA is treated by apoptosis inhibitors, cytokines and topical immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION The desire to treat alopecia with an easy topical preparation is expected to grow with time, particularly with an increasing aging population. The discovery of epidermal stem cells in the HF has given new life to the search for a cure for baldness. Drug discovery efforts are being increasingly centered on these stem cells, boosting the hair cycle and reversing miniaturization of HF. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune attack in AA will yield new drugs. New discoveries in HF neogenesis and low-level light therapy will undoubtedly have a role to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenildo Santos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Boston, MA 02114 , USA +1 617 726 6182 ; +1 617 726 6643 ;
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Bertolini M, Meyer KC, Slominski R, Kobayashi K, Ludwig RJ, Paus R. The immune system of mouse vibrissae follicles: cellular composition and indications of immune privilege. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:593-8. [PMID: 23947674 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although vibrissae hair follicles (VHFs) have long been a key research model in the life sciences, their immune system (IS) is essentially unknown. Therefore, we have characterized basic parameters of the VHF-IS of C57BL/6J mice by quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometry. Murine anagen VHF harbour few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the distal mesenchyme and sinuses but hardly any gamma-delta T cells in their distal epithelium. MHC class II+ Langerhans cells are seeded in the VHF infundibulum, which is also surrounded by MHC class II+ and CD11b+ cells (macrophages). The number of Langerhans cells then declines sharply in the VHF bulge, and the VHF bulb lacks MHC class II+ cells. Mast cells densely populate the VHF connective tissue sheath, where they strikingly cluster around the bulge. Both the bulge and the bulb of VHF display signs of immune privilege, that is, low MHC class I and MHC class II expression and local immunoinhibitor expression (CD200, TGFβ1). This immunophenotyping study fills an important gap in the immunobiology of murine skin and identifies differences between the IS of VHF, mouse pelage and human terminal HFs. This facilitates utilizing murine VHF as a versatile organ culture model for general immunology and immune privilege research in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Al-Nuaimi Y, Hardman JA, Bíró T, Haslam IS, Philpott MP, Tóth BI, Farjo N, Farjo B, Baier G, Watson REB, Grimaldi B, Kloepper JE, Paus R. A meeting of two chronobiological systems: circadian proteins Period1 and BMAL1 modulate the human hair cycle clock. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:610-619. [PMID: 24005054 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) is a continuously remodeled mini organ that cycles between growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and relative quiescence (telogen). As the anagen-to-catagen transformation of microdissected human scalp HFs can be observed in organ culture, it permits the study of the unknown controls of autonomous, rhythmic tissue remodeling of the HF, which intersects developmental, chronobiological, and growth-regulatory mechanisms. The hypothesis that the peripheral clock system is involved in hair cycle control, i.e., the anagen-to-catagen transformation, was tested. Here we show that in the absence of central clock influences, isolated, organ-cultured human HFs show circadian changes in the gene and protein expression of core clock genes (CLOCK, BMAL1, and Period1) and clock-controlled genes (c-Myc, NR1D1, and CDKN1A), with Period1 expression being hair cycle dependent. Knockdown of either BMAL1 or Period1 in human anagen HFs significantly prolonged anagen. This provides evidence that peripheral core clock genes modulate human HF cycling and are an integral component of the human hair cycle clock. Specifically, our study identifies BMAL1 and Period1 as potential therapeutic targets for modulating human hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusur Al-Nuaimi
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan A Hardman
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Doctoral Training Centre in Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA ''Lendulet'' Cell Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Iain S Haslam
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Balázs I Tóth
- DE-MTA ''Lendulet'' Cell Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gerold Baier
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Ralf Paus
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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10
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Won CH, Kwon OS, Kang YJ, Yoo HG, Lee DH, Chung JH, Kim KH, Park WS, Park NH, Cho K, Kwon SO, Choi JS, Eun HC. Comparative secretome analysis of human follicular dermal papilla cells and fibroblasts using shotgun proteomics. BMB Rep 2012; 45:253-8. [PMID: 22531137 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermal papilla cells (DPCs) of hair follicles are known to secrete paracrine factors for follicular cells. Shotgun proteomic analysis was performed to compare the expression profiles of the secretomes of human DPCs and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). In this study, the proteins secreted by DPCs and matched DFs were analyzed by 1DE/LTQ FTICR MS/MS, semi-quantitatively determined using emPAI mole percent values and then characterized using protein interaction network analysis. Among the 1,271 and 1,188 proteins identified in DFs and DPCs, respectively, 1,529 were further analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. We identified 28 DPC-specific extracellular matrix proteins including transporters (ECM1, A2M), enzymes (LOX, PON2), and peptidases (C3, C1R). The biochemically- validated DPC-specific proteins included thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), an insulin-like growth factor binding protein3 (IGFBP3), and, of particular interest, an integrin beta1 subunit (ITGB1) as a key network core protein. Using the shotgun proteomic technique and network analysis, we selected ITGB1, IGFBP3, and THBS1 as being possible hair-growth modulating protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyeob Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103 660, South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, Synaptic Transmission Unit, NINDS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103 660, South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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12
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Ouji Y, Yoshikawa M, Moriya K, Ishizaka S. Effects of Wnt-10b on hair shaft growth in hair follicle cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:516-22. [PMID: 17548054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are deeply involved in the proliferation and differentiation of skin epithelial cells. We previously reported the differentiation of cultured primary skin epithelial cells toward hair shaft and inner root sheath (IRS) of the hair follicle via beta-catenin stabilization caused by Wnt-10b, however, the effects of Wnt-10b on cultured hair follicles have not been reported. In the present study, we examined the effects of Wnt-10b on shaft growth using organ cultures of whisker hair follicles in serum-free conditions. No hair shaft growth was observed in the absence of Wnt-10b, whereas its addition to the culture promoted elongation of the hair shaft, intensive incorporation of BrdU in matrix cells flanking the dermal papilla (DP), and beta-catenin stabilization in DP and IRS cells. These results suggest a promoting effect of Wnt-10b on hair shaft growth that is involved with stimulation of the DP via Wnt-10b/beta-catenin signalling, proliferation of matrix cells next to the DP, and differentiation of IRS cells by Wnt-10b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiteru Ouji
- Program in Tissue Engineering and Department of Parasitology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Iida M, Ihara S, Matsuzaki T. Hair cycle-dependent changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in the mesenchyme and epithelium in mouse vibrissal follicles. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:185-95. [PMID: 17394597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected in the restricted mesenchymal and epithelial regions in mouse vibrissal follicles. Its localization and strength dramatically changed during the hair cycle. Activity in the dermal papilla (DP) was moderate in very early anagen, reached a maximal level in early anagen, decreased at the proximal region of DP after mid anagen, and was kept at a low level during catagen. The bulbar dermal sheath showed intense ALP activity only in early anagen. Although most bulbar epithelium did not show ALP activity, germinative epidermal cells that were adjacent to the ALP-negative DP cells became ALP-positive in mid anagen and rearranged in a single layer so as to encapsulate the DP in mid catagen. During catagen, the outermost layer of bulbar epithelium became ALP-positive, which could be follicular epithelial precursors migrating from the bulge. Before the initiation of hair formation, ALP activity in the bulbar epithelium rapidly decreased and that in DP increased. These dynamic changes of ALP expression might be related to DP's functions in hair induction and also to reconstruction of the bulbar structure during the hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Iida
- Division of Resources Life Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Roh C, Tao Q, Photopoulos C, Lyle S. In vitro differences between keratinocyte stem cells and transit-amplifying cells of the human hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 125:1099-105. [PMID: 16354178 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells within the human hair follicle are critical for hair development, hair cycling, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. We and others have previously shown that the hair follicle bulge area contains keratinocyte stem cells, whereas the hair matrix represents the proliferating and differentiating transit-amplifying (TA) cell compartment. In order to better characterize the phenotypic differences between human keratinocyte stem cells and their daughter TA cells, we compared the in vitro properties of cell adhesion, cell migration, clonogenicity, and in vitro life span. Epithelial outgrowths from the hair matrix appeared within 2 d of explant, whereas stem cell outgrowths appeared between 7 and 10 d after explant. Both populations form colonies; however, stem cells from telogen follicles formed more total colonies, and more colonies greater than 3 mm. Upon subculture, stem cells formed colonies until passage 6 and terminally differentiated at passage 7, whereas TA cells only formed colonies until passage 2. Stem cells express more beta1 integrin and adhere more rapidly to collagen IV. Most strikingly, TA cells showed a 7-fold greater mobility on migration assays than stem cells (0.704 vs 0.102 microm per min). These results help define the human hair follicle stem cell and TA cell phenotypes and correlate with the in vivo properties of these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Roh
- Pathology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Kwon OS, Oh JK, Kim MH, Park SH, Pyo HK, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC. Human hair growth ex vivo is correlated with in vivo hair growth: selective categorization of hair follicles for more reliable hair follicle organ culture. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 297:367-71. [PMID: 16328343 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Of the numerous assays used to assess hair growth, hair follicle organ culture model is one of the most popular and powerful in vitro systems. Changes in hair growth are commonly employed as a measurement of follicular activity. Hair cycle stage of mouse vibrissa follicles in vivo is known to determine subsequent hair growth and follicle behavior in vitro and it is recommended that follicles be taken at precisely the same cyclic stage. This study was performed to evaluate whether categorization of human hair follicles by the growth in vivo could be used to select follicles of the defined anagen stage for more consistent culture. Occipital scalp samples were obtained from three subjects, 2 weeks later after hair bleaching. Hair growth and follicle length of isolated anagen VI follicles were measured under a videomicroscope. Follicles were categorized into four groups according to hair growth and some were cultured ex vivo for 6 days. Follicles showed considerable variations with respect to hair growth and follicle length; however, these two variables were relatively well correlated. Hair growth in culture was closely related with hair growth rate in vivo. Moreover, minoxidil uniquely demonstrated a significant increase of hair growth in categorized hair follicles assumed at a similar early anagen VI stage of hair cycle. Selection of follicles at a defined stage based on hair-growth rate would permit a more reliable outcome in human hair follicle organ culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Sang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Yang CL, Kurczab T, Down G, Kealey T, Langlands K. Gene expression profiling of the ageing rat vibrissa follicle. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:22-8. [PMID: 16029322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of gene expression profiling to the study of chronological ageing has the potential to illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying a complex and active process. For example, ageing of the skin and its constituent organs has myriad phenotypic consequences, and a better understanding of the means by which these changes arise has important corollaries for intervention strategies. OBJECTIVES We used a transcriptional profiling approach to investigate changes in gene expression associated with ageing of the large vibrissa follicle of the Wistar rat. METHODS Follicle mRNA isolated from male Wistar rats at 1 and 18 months of age was hybridized to Clontech Atlas 1.2 Rat cDNA macroarrays. Confirmation of array results was provided by the use of Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Seven transcripts displayed at least a 1.6-fold increase in expression with age, of which APOD (2.5-fold), GSTM2 (2.0-fold) and NPY (1.8-fold) showed the greatest increases. Decreased expression was found in 19 transcripts, most notably in ALOX12 (13.3-fold) and GAP43 (12.6-fold) expression. CONCLUSIONS Follicular ageing is characterized by transcriptional changes associated with diverse aspects of keratinocyte metabolism, proliferation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Yang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hill's Road, Cambridge CB2 2QR, UK
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17
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Randall VA, Sundberg JP, Philpott MP. Animal and in vitro models for the study of hair follicles. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:39-45. [PMID: 12894993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the way in which the hair follicle functions is not well understood, many hair disorders are poorly controlled. A range of in vitro and in vivo models have therefore been developed to investigate the cell biological and biochemical mechanisms involved in the organization of this complex tissue. These range from cultures of a single cell type, such as those of the regulatory, mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla, through organ culture of isolated follicles to natural or genetically manipulated animal models. Each system has advantages and disadvantages for studying particular aspects of follicular function and some are potentially useful for the development of novel treatments for hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Randall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP UK.
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Robinson M, Reynolds AJ, Gharzi A, Jahoda CA. In vivo induction of hair growth by dermal cells isolated from hair follicles after extended organ culture. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:596-604. [PMID: 11564165 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful hair follicle organ culture has been established for some time, but hair growth in vitro is limited and generally terminates prematurely in comparison with in vivo. The reasons why growth stops in culture are as yet unknown. In this investigation, adult rat vibrissa follicles for which growth in culture is limited to about 10 d, were maintained in vitro for a minimum of 20 d after the hair shaft stopped growing. The pattern of fiber growth and long-term follicle pathology reflected the initial hair cycle stage at the time of isolation. Furthermore, there was evidence that a group of follicles put into culture when in late anagen were attempting to cycle in vitro. Microscopy showed that, in spite of widespread pathologic changes to the follicle epithelium, dermal cells in the follicle showed remarkable resilience. Their viability was confirmed when primary cell cultures were established from isolated dermal tissue. These cells labeled positively for alpha-smooth muscle actin, an established marker of hair follicle dermal cell phenotype in vitro. Moreover, isolated dermal tissue induced hair growth when implanted into inactivated hair follicles in vivo. These data confirm that the cessation in hair growth is not due to a loss of the inductive capacity in the dermal component. Long-term organ culture may provide opportunities to investigate factors that are expressed or lost during hair growth cessation. In addition it may be possible to develop this method further to obtain a reliable and predictable model of hair follicle cycling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
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Harris SJ, Jahoda CA. A correlation between versican and neurofilament expression patterns during the development and adult cycling of rat vibrissa follicles. Mech Dev 2001; 101:227-31. [PMID: 11231081 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Versican, a proteoglycan recently implicated in hair follicle induction, has been shown to influence axon outgrowth in vitro and in vivo. We used immunohistochemistry to study the relationship between versican expression and innervation, during rat vibrissa follicle development and the adult hair cycle. During development, nerve fibres were commonly associated with areas of weak versican expression, and the path of axons appeared to be delineated by sharp boundaries of versican expression. Versican expression changed in the lower follicle dermis during the adult hair follicle cycle but remained strong around the follicle neck reflecting the constant innervation. Our observations show a correlation between versican expression and peripheral innervation indicating that versican may have a dual role in hair follicle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harris
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Rogers
- Department of Animal Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Stenn
- Beauty Genome Sciences Inc., Skillman, New Jersey, USA.
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Abstract
In mammals hair growth is cyclical; however, the factors that regulate the hair growth cycle are still poorly understood. The recent development of methods for culturing hair follicles in vitro has proved an important tool to investigate many aspects of the regulation of hair follicle growth. At present, however, these models are based on the culture of anagen hair follicles and have only partially been used to address the cyclical nature of hair growth. In this study we have made use of the fact that in rodents the hair growth cycle is synchronized, well characterized, and relatively short. We have isolated vibrissa follicles from 12 d old rats and confirmed by histology that these follicles are in the anagen stage of their first hair growth cycle. We have then maintained these follicles in vitro, on Gelfoam supports, for up to 23 d (35 d of age) and compared their histology with in vivo follicles from equivalent age littermates. We observed that 12 d old follicles maintained in vitro for up to 23 d show changes in morphology that suggest that cultured rat vibrissa follicles retain cyclical activity in vitro. Cyclical changes in hair follicle morphology were only seen in follicles maintained on gelfoam supports and moreover, hair follicle size appears to be a key feature in determining the ability of the follicle to cycle in vitro. All follicles that showed cyclical changes in vitro, however, appeared to remain blocked in pro-anagen. These data suggest that the vibrissa follicle is a in vitro good model system with which to investigate hair cycle control. J Invest Dermatol 115:1152-1155 2000
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Philpott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Sun LL, Xu LL, Nielsen TB, Rhee P, Burris D. Cyclopentyladenosine improves cell proliferation, wound healing, and hair growth. J Surg Res 1999; 87:14-24. [PMID: 10527699 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N(6)-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a structural analog of adenosine, is a vasodilator with extensive pharmacological effects. However, little is known about the effect of CPA on wound healing and hair growth. METHODS Cellular responses to CPA were measured in vitro by tetrazolium dye reduction and in vivo by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake. The effect of CPA on healing of incisional and excisional wounds on the dorsum of diabetic (db/db, n = 94) and nondiabetic (db/+, n = 20) mice and hair growth along the wound margin was evaluated with wound breaking strength, wound closure rate, and quantitative histology. RESULTS CPA stimulated proliferation of BALB/3T3 fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in both quiescent and nonquiescent phases. Wounds treated with CPA at 10 microM showed a significant increase in the number of BrdU-labeled cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and cells in sebaceous glands and the outer root sheath of hair follicles, compared with controls (P < 0.05). CPA application (5.1 microg/daily for 12 days) significantly increased the breaking strength of incisional wounds at day 24 postwound (P < 0.05). Excisional wound closure rate in the CPA-treated group (3.4 microg/daily for 15 days) was accelerated starting at day 10 postwound compared with controls (P < 0.01). Tissue sections from CPA-treated wounds showed a sevenfold increase in hair follicle number, compared with controls (P < 0.01). Enhanced hair growth along the wound margin was revealed in CPA-treated groups. CONCLUSION CPA stimulated proliferation of many cell types in vivo and in vitro and enhanced wound healing and hair growth. Therefore, CPA could be an interesting candidate for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Sun
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Su HY, Hickford JG, The PH, Hill AM, Frampton CM, Bickerstaffe R. Increased vibrissa growth in transgenic mice expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:245-8. [PMID: 9989803 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mediates many of the actions of growth hormone. Overexpression of IGF-1 has been reported to have endocrine and paracrine/autocrine effects on somatic growth in transgenic mice. To study the paracrine/autocrine effects of IGF-1 in hair follicles, transgenic mice were produced by pronuclear microinjection of a construct containing a mouse ultra-high sulfur keratin (UHS-KER) promoter linked to an ovine IGF-1 cDNA. This UHS-KER promoter has previously been shown to direct expression of a reporter gene to the hair follicles of transgenic mice. Four transgenic mouse lines were established as a result of microinjection of 435 embryos. Transgene expression was found in skin at day 8 and day 15 of age in three of the lines. Progeny tests were carried out by mating two of the transgenic expressing males to nontransgenic females. Mice from one line were all nonexpressors while four of the 12 mice from the other showed integration of the transgene and three expressed transgene IGF-1 mRNA in the skin. Vibrissa growth at 11-21 d of age was significantly greater in transgenic expressors than in their nontransgenic littermates. Specifically, the increase in vibrissa length for transgenics at days 11-16 (20.5%) is approximately 2-fold compared with days 16-21 (11.9%). These results demonstrate that local overexpression of IGF-1 in transgenic mice is capable of stimulating vibrissa growth during the first neonatal hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Su
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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