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Latifi Z, Nejabati HR, Abroon S, Mihanfar A, Farzadi L, Hakimi P, Hajipour H, Nouri M, Fattahi A. Dual role of TGF-β in early pregnancy: clues from tumor progression. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1417-1430. [PMID: 30772900 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling in the endometrium is active during the implantation period and has a pivotal role in regulating endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. During embryo implantation, both apoptosis and proliferation of endometrial cells happen at the same time and it seems TGF-β is the factor that controls both of these processes. As shown in cancer cells, in special conditions this cytokine can have a dual effect and switch the action from apoptosis to proliferation. Owing to the similarity between embryo implantation and cancer development and also unusual pattern of proliferation and remodeling in the uterus, in this review we suggest the existence of such a switching in endometrium during the early pregnancy. Moreover, we address some potential mechanisms that could regulate the switching. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating TGF-β action and signaling during the implantation period could pave the way for introducing novel therapeutic strategies in order to solve implantation-associated issues such as repeated implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Abroon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aynaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Hakimi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hajipour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nam SM, Kim YB. The effects of platelet-rich plasma on hypertrophic scars fibroblasts. Int Wound J 2018; 15:547-554. [PMID: 29781178 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that a feedback mechanism of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signalling pathway, triggered by high-level TGF-β1, activates platelet-rich plasma (PRP) release to reduce connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) production and expression of CTGF mRNA in hypertrophic scar dermal fibroblasts. Primary dermal fibroblasts were isolated from cultures of hypertrophic scars. Cells were cultured after addition of serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 5% (wt/vol) PRP or platelet-poor plasma (PPP). At 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 days after addition of PRP or PPP, the TGF-β1 and CTGF levels in supernatants were determined using solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were performed to quantify TGF-β1 and CTGF mRNA expression levels. TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the PRP groups was lower than in the PPP groups from 4 to 13 days of culture, and there was statistically significant difference (P < .01). CTGF level and mRNA expression in the PRP groups was lower than in the PPP groups, and there were statistically significant differences (P < .01). Although further experiments will focus on clarifying the second messenger of the TGF-β1 negative feedback mechanism, the in vitro data presented show that PRP can potentially reduce CTGF and CTGF gene transcription by triggering the TGF-β1 signalling negative feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim SY, Nam SM, Park ES, Kim YB. Differences in Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblasts according to Scar Severity: Expression of Transforming Growth Factor β1 at the mRNA and Protein Levels. ARCHIVES OF AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY 2015. [DOI: 10.14730/aaps.2015.21.3.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seung Min Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Soo Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Korea
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Fang JS, Dai C, Kurjiaka DT, Burt JM, Hirschi KK. Connexin45 regulates endothelial-induced mesenchymal cell differentiation toward a mural cell phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:362-8. [PMID: 23220276 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.255950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of this study was to investigate the role of connexin (Cx) 45 in endothelial-induced mural cell differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS We created mural cell precursors that stably express only Cx45 in Cx43-deficient mesenchymal cells (ReCx45), and used our in vitro model of blood vessel assembly to assess the capacity of this Cx to support endothelial-induced mural cell differentiation. Lucifer Yellow dye injection and dual whole-cell patch clamping revealed that functional gap junctions exhibiting properties of Cx45-containing channels formed among ReCx45 transfectants, and between ReCx45 and endothelial cells. Heterocellular Cx45-containing gap junction channels enabled transforming growth factor-β activation and promoted the upregulation of mural cell-specific proteins in the mesenchymal precursors. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a critical role for Cx45 in the regulation of endothelial-induced mural cell differentiation, which is consistent with the phenotype of Cx45-deficient embryos that exhibit dysregulated transforming growth factor-β and lack mural cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Fang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Ganapathy N, Venkataraman SS, Daniel R, Aravind RJ, Kumarakrishnan VB. Molecular biology of wound healing. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:S334-7. [PMID: 23066284 PMCID: PMC3467878 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves the integrated action of a number of cell types, the extra cellular matrix, and soluble mediators termed cytokines. In recent years considerable advances have been made in the research, knowledge, and understanding of growth factors. Growth factors are, in essence, proteins that communicate activities to cells. Their function is dependent on the receptor site they attach to. Growth factors were initially named for the type of response generated by them, but newer research has shown that many of these cells may accomplish many different types of response. A growth factor's role in wound repair is a critical component of the successful resolution of a wound. Growth factors help regulate many of the activities involved in healing. The role and function of growth factor is an evolving area of science and offers the potential for treatment alternatives in the future.
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Yeganeh B, Mukherjee S, Moir LM, Kumawat K, Kashani HH, Bagchi RA, Baarsma HA, Gosens R, Ghavami S. Novel non-canonical TGF-β signaling networks: emerging roles in airway smooth muscle phenotype and function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:50-63. [PMID: 22874922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ASM cells express a wide range of receptors involved in contraction, growth, matrix protein production and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is one of the major players in determining the structural and functional abnormalities of the ASM in asthma and COPD. It is increasingly evident that TGF-β functions as a master switch, controlling a network of intracellular and autocrine signaling loops that effect ASM phenotype and function. In this review, the various elements that participate in non-canonical TGF-β signaling, including MAPK, PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, and Ca(2+), are discussed, focusing on their effect on ASM phenotype and function. In addition, new aspects of ASM biology and their possible association with non-canonical TGF-β signaling will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Canada
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TGF-β but not BMP signaling induces prechondrogenic condensation through ATP oscillations during chondrogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:793-800. [PMID: 22814106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although both TGF-β and BMP signaling enhance expression of adhesion molecules during chondrogenesis, TGF-β but not BMP signaling can initiate condensation of uncondensed mesenchymal cells. However, it remains unclear what causes the differential effects between TGF-β and BMP signaling on prechondrogenic condensation. Our previous report demonstrated that ATP oscillations play a critical role in prechondrogenic condensation. Thus, the current study examined whether ATP oscillations are associated with the differential actions of TGF-β and BMP signaling on prechondrogenic condensation. The result revealed that while both TGF-β1 and BMP2 stimulated chondrogenic differentiation, TGF-β1 but not BMP2 induced prechondrogenic condensation. It was also found that TGF-β1 but not BMP2 induced ATP oscillations and inhibition of TGF-β but not BMP signaling prevented insulin-induced ATP oscillations. Moreover, blockage of ATP oscillations inhibited TGF-β1-induced prechondrogenic condensation. In addition, TGF-β1-driven ATP oscillations and prechondrogenic condensation depended on Ca(2+) influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels. This study suggests that Ca(2+)-driven ATP oscillations mediate TGF-β-induced the initiation step of prechondrogenic condensation and determine the differential effects between TGF-β and BMP signaling on chondrogenesis.
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Mukherjee S, Kolb MRJ, Duan F, Janssen LJ. Transforming growth factor-β evokes Ca2+ waves and enhances gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:757-64. [PMID: 22268139 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0223oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts maintain the structural framework of animal tissue by synthesizing extracellular matrix molecules. Chronic lung diseases are characterized in part by changes in fibroblast numbers, properties, and more. Fibroblasts respond to a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and proinflammatory mediators. However, the signaling mechanisms behind these responses have not been fully explored. We sought to determine the role of Ca(2+) waves in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Primary human pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured and treated with TGF-β and different blockers under various conditions. Cells were then loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator dye Oregon green, and Ca(2+) waves were monitored by confocal [Ca(2+)](i) fluorimetry. Real-time PCR was used to probe gene expression. TGF-β (1 nM) evoked recurring Ca(2+) waves. A 30-minute pretreatment of SD 208, a TGF-β receptor-1 kinase inhibitor, prevented Ca(2+) waves from being evoked by TGF-β. The removal of external Ca(2+) completely occluded TGF-β-evoked Ca(2+) waves. Cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the internal Ca(2+) pump, evoked a relatively slowly developing rise in Ca(2+) waves compared with the rapid changes evoked by TGF-β, but the baseline fluorescence was increased. Ryanodine (10(-5) M) also blocked TGF-β-mediated Ca(2+) wave activity. Real-time PCR showed that TGF-β rapidly and dramatically increased the gene expression of collagen A1 and fibronectin. This increase was blocked by ryanodine treatment and cyclopiazonic acid. We conclude that, in human pulmonary fibroblasts, TGF-β acts on ryanodine-sensitive channels, leading to Ca(2+) wave activity, which in turn amplifies extracellular matrix gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave. East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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van der Veer WM, Bloemen MCT, Ulrich MMW, Molema G, van Zuijlen PP, Middelkoop E, Niessen FB. Potential cellular and molecular causes of hypertrophic scar formation. Burns 2008; 35:15-29. [PMID: 18952381 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A scar is an expected result of wound healing. However, in some individuals, and particularly in burn victims, the wound healing processes may lead to a fibrotic hypertrophic scar, which is raised, red, inflexible and responsible for serious functional and cosmetic problems. It seems that a wide array of subsequent processes are involved in hypertrophic scar formation, like an affected haemostasis, exaggerated inflammation, prolonged reepithelialization, overabundant extracellular matrix production, augmented neovascularization, atypical extracellular matrix remodeling and reduced apoptosis. Platelets, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, Langerhans cells and keratinocytes are directly and indirectly involved in the activation of fibroblasts, which in turn produce excess extracellular matrix. Following the chronology of normal wound healing, we unravel, clarify and reorganize the complex molecular and cellular key processes that may be responsible for hypertrophic scars. It remains unclear whether these processes are a cause or a consequence of unusual scar tissue formation, but raising evidence exists that immunological responses early following wounding play an important role. Therefore, when developing preventive treatment modalities, one should aim to put the early affected wound healing processes back on track as quickly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem M van der Veer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Niessen FB, Andriessen MP, Schalkwijk J, Visser L, Timens W. Keratinocyte-derived growth factors play a role in the formation of hypertrophic scars. J Pathol 2001; 194:207-16. [PMID: 11400150 DOI: 10.1002/path.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In predisposed individuals, wound healing can lead to hypertrophic scar or keloid formation, characterized by an overabundant extracellular matrix. It has recently been shown that hypertrophic scars are accompanied by abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation, and significantly increased acanthosis, compared with normal scars. This study addressed the question of whether the development of normal and hypertrophic scars is regulated by differences in the growth factor profiles of both the epidermis and the dermis. The presence of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was investigated in biopsies taken from breast reduction scars at 3 and 12 months following surgery. The samples were analysed by immunohistological methods and categorized as scars that remained hypertrophic (HH), became normal (HN) or remained normal after 12 months (NN). The epidermal expression of IL-1alpha was significantly increased in NN scars compared with HN and HH scars 3 and 12 months following operation, whereas the dermal expression showed no difference. PDGF was significantly increased in the dermis of normal scars after 3 months and in both the epidermis and the dermis of hypertrophic scars after 12 months. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta and bFGF showed no differences. It is hypothesized that impaired production of keratinocyte-derived growth factors, such as IL-1alpha, leads to a decrease in the catabolism of the dermal matrix, whereas augmented epidermal PDGF production leads to increased formation of the dermal matrix in hypertrophic scars. These observations support the possibility that the epidermis is involved in preventing the formation of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Niessen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Firth JD, Sue ES, Putnins EE, Oda D, Uitto VJ. Chymotrypsin-like enzyme secretion is stimulated in cultured epithelial cells during proliferation and in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontal Res 1996; 31:345-54. [PMID: 8858539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A chymotrypsin-like enzyme was partially purified from culture medium of epithelial cells of human skin, human gingiva and porcine periodontal ligament by aprotinin-affinity chromatography. The enzyme levels from all three cell types were low in quiescent cultures but increased markedly when the cells were allowed to proliferate. The biphasic elution profile of the enzyme from the affinity column closely matched that of alpha-chymotrypsin and the protein comigrated with it on polyacrylamide gels at 27,000 ML. Synthetic substrate tests of purified fractions showed strong chymotrypsin-like but no trypsin-like or elastase-like activity. Inhibition of protease activity and pH optimum in the range of 7.5-8.0 were consistent with chymotrypsin-like enzymes. Secreted activity was found to be significantly increased by phorbol myristate acetate treatment in a time-course that differed from that of elastase-like activity. Keratinocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor but not transforming growth factor-beta increased the chymotrypsin-like activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The enzyme secretion by epithelial cells was strongly elevated by exposure to 5 of 6 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains isolated from plaque samples of juvenile periodontitis patients. These results indicate that chymotrypsin-like enzymes are secreted by proliferative phenotypes of normal epithelial cells. This enzyme may, therefore, play a role in epithelial physiology and in cell response to certain pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Firth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Thomas DW, O'Neill ID, Harding KG, Shepherd JP. Cutaneous wound healing: a current perspective. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53:442-7. [PMID: 7699500 DOI: 10.1016/0278-2391(95)90721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D W Thomas
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine Dental School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Sahl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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Thomas DW, Hopkinson I, Harding KG, Shepherd JP. The pathogenesis of hypertrophic/keloid scarring. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 23:232-6. [PMID: 7798696 DOI: 10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hypertrophic and keloid scars after cutaneous wounding is of particular relevance to the practice of maxillofacial surgery. This paper reviews current knowledge of the local and systemic factors underlying the formation of these scars and outlines the current and potential treatment modalities for these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Thomas
- Department of Oral Surgery, Medicine and Pathology, Cardiff Dental School, UK
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Beck LS, DeGuzman L, Lee WP, Xu Y, Siegel MW, Amento EP. One systemic administration of transforming growth factor-beta 1 reverses age- or glucocorticoid-impaired wound healing. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2841-9. [PMID: 8254038 PMCID: PMC288485 DOI: 10.1172/jci116904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of intravenously administered recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta 1 (rhTGF-beta 1) on the healing of incisional wounds in rats with impaired healing due to age or glucocorticoid administration was investigated. The administration of methylprednisolone to young adult rats decreased wound breaking strength to 50% of normal control. Breaking strength of incisional wounds from 19-mo-old rats was decreased approximately 27% compared with wounds from normal healing young adult rats. A single intravenous administration of rhTGF-beta 1 (100 or 500 micrograms/kg) increased wound breaking strength from old rats or young adult rats with glucocorticoid-induced impaired healing to levels similar to normal healing control animals when determined 7 d after injury. Even though the circulating half-life of systemically administered rhTGF-beta 1 is < 5 min, a sustained stimulatory effect on extracellular matrix secretion was evident in glucocorticoid-impaired rats when rhTGF-beta 1 was administered at the time of wounding, 4 h after wounding, or even 24 h before wounding. These observations indicate a previously unrecognized potential for the active form of TGF-beta 1 to profoundly influence the wound healing cascade after brief systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Beck
- Department of Developmental Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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Stamp GW, Nasim M, Cardillo M, Sudhindra SG, Lalani EN, Pignatelli M. Transforming growth factor-beta distribution in basal cell carcinomas: relationship to proliferation index. Br J Dermatol 1993; 129:57-64. [PMID: 8103666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) distribution in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) was studied using polyclonal antibodies recognizing intra- (precursor) and extracellular (activated) forms (LC 1-30 and CC 1-30), and compared with an index of cell proliferation (PCNA immunoreactivity). Intracellular TGF-beta is found in suprabasal keratinocytes and the outer root sheath. Extracellular TGF-beta is largely absent from normal skin, but is abundant in the intracellular spaces of hyperplastic epidermis overlying BCCs. Twenty-five of 29 BCCs showed increased extracellular TGF-beta in the desmoplastic stroma, with intercellular staining in nine of these. Intracellular TGF-beta was present in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, although only 17 of 29 BCCs were positive, predominantly in central cells showing apparent maturation. Little correlation was seen between the degree of staining of tumour cells and the distribution of extracellular TGF-beta. PCNA immunoreactivity was greater in BCCs compared with normal epidermis in 24 of 37 cases (P = 0.005), and was concentrated on the periphery of nodular BCCs. Strongest stromal reactivity for TGF-beta and maximal PCNA index also showed a significant correlation (P = 0.023). This study demonstrated abundant TGF-beta in the active stroma around BCCs, which may account for many of the morphological and functional characteristics of this tumour, but which may be a product of stromal rather than tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Stamp
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, U.K
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Ishizuka J, Beauchamp RD, Sato K, Townsend CM, Thompson JC. Novel action of transforming growth factor beta 1 in functioning human pancreatic carcinoid cells. J Cell Physiol 1993; 156:112-8. [PMID: 8391003 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041560116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have shown recently that 5-HT is an autocrine growth stimulatory factor for a cell line (BON) that is derived from a human pancreatic carcinoid tumor. This action is mediated by a 5-HT receptor-linked decrease of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) production, but not mediated by a 5-HT receptor-linked stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. The BON cells also express transforming growth factor betas (TGF beta s) (1, 2, and 3) and release TGF beta into their medium. In this study, we examined the effects of TGF beta on the secretion of 5-HT, on signal transduction pathways involved in 5-HT secretion, and on growth of BON cells. TGF beta 1 inhibited basal and acetylcholine-stimulated release of 5-HT, but did not inhibit isobutylmethylxanthine-stimulated release of 5-HT. TGF beta 1 inhibited both basal and acetylcholine-stimulated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol in a dose dependent manner, but did not affect cyclic AMP production. TGF-beta 1 inhibited growth of BON cells in culture; this effect was reversed by exogenously administered 5-HT. Three different specific and saturable TGF beta 1 binding sites were identified; binding assays performed after mild acid wash (0.1% acetic acid, pH 2.5) conditions uncovered TGF beta receptors that were apparently occupied by endogenously produced TGF beta species. Affinity cross-linking assay showed that BON cells had three different TGF beta binding proteins. These results suggest that TGF beta 1 can inhibit growth of BON cells by altering secretory responses of 5-HT by means of receptor-mediated inhibition of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. We conclude that growth of BON cells is regulated, at least in part, by the opposing receptor-mediated autocrine actions of 5-HT and TGF beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ishizuka
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0533
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hammar
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hahm SH, Cooper RH. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 rapidly activates phosphorylase in a calcium-dependent manner in rat hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 1992; 311:37-40. [PMID: 1397287 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81361-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) rapidly activated phosphorylase in isolated rat hepatocytes (half-maximal rate of activation with approximately 0.1 ng/ml). Removal of Ca2+ from the external medium just before TGF-beta 1 addition markedly attenuated phosphorylase activation. TGF-beta 1 (1 ng/ml) produced a small increase in [Ca2+]i (approximately 10% increase after 30 s), which appears sufficient to account for phosphorylase activation. These observations indicate that activation of the TGF-beta 1 signal transduction system in hepatocytes is linked with a small increase in [Ca2+]i, and external Ca2+ may contribute in part to this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208
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Kim HJ, Abdelkader N, Katz M, McLane JA. 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 enhances antiproliferative effect and transcription of TGF-beta1 on human keratinocytes in culture. J Cell Physiol 1992; 151:579-87. [PMID: 1295905 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041510318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both TGF-beta and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) have been reported to decrease the proliferation of normal human keratinocytes. The effect and expression of TGF-beta in keratinocytes treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 was investigated. Human keratinocytes were grown in the presence of various concentrations of TGF-beta and/or 1,25(OH)2D3 prior to enumeration. TGF-beta, alone, has a half maximal dose of inhibition (ED50) of approximately 750 pg/ml after seven days in culture in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (KGM; Clonetics) supplemented with 1.5 mM calcium. When 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-7)M) was also added to cultures with various concentrations of TGF-beta, the ED50 shifted an average of 2-fold less. The presence of TGF-beta (10 pg/ml) augmented the potency of 1,25(OH)2D3 by at least 10-fold. In keratinocyte cultures, the antiproliferative effect of the two compounds together is synergistic. In keratinocytes grown for 1 week in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 at 10(-6)M, the TGF-beta 1 message increased approximately 5-fold. An increase is detected within 2 hours of exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3. There was only a 50% increase in the levels of TGF-beta 2 and no detection of TGF-beta 3. When keratinocyte cultures were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta, the induced-antiproliferative activity was blocked by more than 50%. The keratinocytes produced more active than latent TGF-beta after growth with high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Roche Dermatologics, Preclinical Research, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey 07110-1199
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Rodland KD, Lenormand P, Muldoon LL, Magun BE. Regulation of transin/stromelysin and VL30 gene expression by intracellular calcium. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:12S-16S. [PMID: 1588122 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12462100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in intracellular Ca++ levels are observed as a second messenger in response to a number of cellular agonists, including epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor beta 1, and endothelin-1. The role of elevated intracellular Ca++ in transducing the effects of these three agonists on gene expression has been studied using two target genes: transin/stromelysin-1 and the endogenous murine retrovirus VL30. Although the effects of EGF and TGF beta 1 on transin/stromelysin-1 mRNA expression appear to be independent of these agonists' effects on intracellular Ca++ levels, elevated Ca++ interacted synergistically with activators of pkC to induce transin expression, even though neither agent alone could induce transin/stromelysin-1 expression. In contrast, the integrated VL30 retrovirus could be induced by Ca++ ionophores alone, and induction of VL30 mRNA by other agonists was blocked if intracellular Ca++ levels were held below a threshold value of 165 nM with Ca++ chelators. Genetic analysis of the VL30 upstream regulatory region indicated that a triple-repeat element present in the VL30 long-terminal repeat could function as an inducible enhancer, but responsiveness to either EGF or pkC activation required the concomitant elevation of intracellular Ca++. Because EGF was capable of inducing expression even in pkC-depleted cells, providing Ca++ levels were elevated, these results indicate that elevated intracellular Ca++ is capable of interacting synergistically with multiple signaling pathways to stimulate increased gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rodland
- Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, Oregon Health Science University, Portland 97201-3098
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Izumi T, Scully SP, Heydemann A, Bolander ME. Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates type II collagen expression in cultured periosteum-derived cells. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7:115-21. [PMID: 1549955 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis can occur during a bone repair process, which is related to several growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) downregulates the expression of type II collagen by chondrocytes in vitro, but injection of TGF-beta 1 into the periosteum in vivo increases type II collagen mRNA levels and initiates chondrogenesis. We examined the effect of TGF-beta 1 on collagen gene expression in a bovine periosteum-derived cell culture system to evaluate its direct effect on the periosteum. Cultured cells expressed alkaline phosphatase and collagen pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(II) mRNAs. A low level of type II collagen synthesis was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. TGF-beta 1 had no effect on periosteal cell proliferation. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(I) mRNA did not change with TGF-beta 1 treatment, but alkaline phosphatase mRNA showed a dose-dependent decrease. Expression of collagen pro alpha 1(II) mRNA was stimulated 2.7-fold by TGF-beta 1. TGF-beta 1 also caused a 2.6-fold increase in type II collagen synthesis by immunoprecipitation. These findings indicate that TGF-beta 1 is an enhancer of the expression of the chondrocyte phenotype of the periosteal cells and suggest that TGF-beta 1 is important in initiating and promoting cartilage formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Sunderkötter C, Goebeler M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Bhardwaj R, Sorg C. Macrophage-derived angiogenesis factors. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 51:195-216. [PMID: 1784630 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A majority of angiogenic factors has been shown to be produced by macrophages. This review will give a concise description of their biochemical nature, their isolation from macrophages and their angiogenic activity. Among the factors with mitogenic effects on endothelial cells are basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and very probably insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Other secretory products such as angiotropin and human angiogenic factor (HAF) are nonmitogenic but promote angiogenesis by inducing migration of endothelial cells. Prostaglandins, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), granulocyte-macrophage- and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF, G-CSF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) have also been shown to be angiogenic, but their mode of action is still to be clearly defined. As the extracellular matrix appears to be involved in the control of angiogenesis, macrophage-derived factors that can alter this structure via degradation or via the clotting system will also be discussed. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) have complex actions on endothelial cells, and can partially inhibit angiogenesis. Among the factors which solely inhibit neovascularization are the interferons. As it is not known whether all of these factors play a role in angiogenesis in vivo attempts to detect them in situ during the course of neovascularization will be described. Finally macrophages will be discussed as cells that may not be mandatory for each phase of the angiogenic process but whose angiogenic capabilities are comprehensive and unsurpassed by any other cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sunderkötter
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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