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Matenda RT, Rip D, Marais J, Williams PJ. Exploring the potential of hyperspectral imaging for microbial assessment of meat: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124261. [PMID: 38608560 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is always of paramount importance globally due to the devasting social and economic effects of foodborne disease outbreaks. There is a high consumption rate of meat worldwide, making it an essential protein source in the human diet, hence its microbial safety is of great importance. The food industry stakeholders are always in search of methods that ensure safe food whilst maintaining food quality and excellent sensory attributes. Currently, there are several methods used in microbial food analysis, however, these methods are often time-consuming and do not allow real-time analysis. Considering the recent technological breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and machine learning, it raises the question of whether these advancements could be leveraged within the meat industry to improve turnaround time for microbial assessments. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a highly prospective technology worth exploring for microbial analysis. The rapid, non-destructive method has the potential to be integrated into food production systems and allows foodborne pathogen detection in food samples, thus saving time. Although there has been a substantial increase in research on the utilisation of HSI in food applications over the past years, its use in the microbial assessment of meat is not yet optimal. This review aims to provide a basic understanding of the visible-near infrared HSI system, recent applications in the microbial assessment of meat products, challenges, and possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai T Matenda
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Diane Rip
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Marais
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Paul J Williams
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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Fernandez M, Thompson J, Calle A. Novel feed additive delivers antimicrobial copper and influences fecal microbiota in pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0428023. [PMID: 38629838 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04280-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrated alginate beads formulated with copper were synthesized and tested as a feed additive to influence the microbiota in finishing pigs and potentially use them as a preharvest intervention to reduce fecal pathogen shedding. The efficacy of the copper beads was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Salmonella was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when in contact with the copper beads solution for up to 6 h, with a 5.4 log CFU/mL reduction over the first hour. Chemical analysis of the soak solutions demonstrated the beads delivered their copper payload gradually over the same period the bactericidal effect was observed. For the in vivo experiments, pigs (n = 48) supplemented with the copper beads experienced significant shifts in their microbiota. Enterobacteriaceae (EB) increased by 1.07 log CFU/g (P < 0.05), while lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased by 1.22 log CFU/g (P < 0.05) during the treatment period. When beads were removed from the feed, EB and LAB concentrations returned to baseline, indicating copper beads led to measurable and significant changes in microbial loads. Fecal microbiome analysis conducted to explore additional changes by copper bead supplementation demonstrated that, at the phylum level, there was an increase in Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, and Acidobacteriota, while at the genus level, an increase in Methanosphaera and Pseudomonas was observed. Measures of copper in swine feces showed values ~20 times higher in the treatment group than in the control group during the treatment period, suggesting that dehydrated alginate copper beads were effective in delivering antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut.IMPORTANCECopper has long been known to have antimicrobial properties. However, when water-soluble salts are fed to livestock, the copper may rapidly dissolve in gastric contents and fail to reach the gut. Here, specially formulated copper beads are seamlessly incorporated into feed and allow copper to remain longer in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, reach deep into both the foregut and hindgut, and shift microbial populations. The technology delivers antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut and potentially reduces pathogenic microorganisms before animal slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fernandez
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra Calle
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Resendiz-Moctezuma C, Fonville APL, Harsh BN, Stasiewicz MJ, Miller MJ. Use of Doehlert Matrix as a Tool for High-Throughput Screening of Organic Acids and Essential Oils on Miniaturized Pork Loins, Followed by Lab-Scale Validation That Confirmed Tested Compounds Do Not Show Synergistic Effects against Salmonella Typhimurium. Foods 2023; 12:4034. [PMID: 37959153 PMCID: PMC10647486 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The many possible treatments and continuously changing consumer trends present a challenge when selecting antimicrobial interventions during pork processing. Thirty-five potential antimicrobials were screened at commercial working concentrations by individually adding them to miniaturized (69 cm3) disks of pork loin ends, followed by inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585. Two organic acids and nine essential oils significantly inhibited Salmonella counts on pork (p < 0.05). However, six compounds that represent different levels of significance (p < 0.05-p < 0.0001) were selected as independent variables to build a Response Surface Methodology model based on a Doehlert matrix (Doehlert Matrix-RSM): lactic acid 1.25%, formic acid 0.25%, cumin 0.25%, clove 0.25%, peppermint 0.5%, and spearmint 0.5%. The goal of the Doehlert Matrix-RSM was to study single and paired effects of these antimicrobials on the change in Salmonella over 24 h. The Doehlert Matrix-RSM model predicted that lactic acid, formic acid, cumin, peppermint, and spearmint significantly reduced Salmonella when added alone, while no significant interactions between these antimicrobials were found. A laboratory-scale validation was carried out on pork loin end slices, which confirmed the results predicted by the model. While this screening did not identify novel synergistic combinations, our approach to screening a variety of chemical compounds by implementing a miniaturized pork loin disk model allowed us to identify the most promising antimicrobial candidates to then formally design experiments to study potential interactions with other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Resendiz-Moctezuma
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (C.R.-M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Arianna P. L. Fonville
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (C.R.-M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Bailey N. Harsh
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1503 Maryland Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Stasiewicz
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (C.R.-M.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (C.R.-M.); (M.J.S.)
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Schwan CL, Bastos LM, Young S, Domesle K, Ge B, Hsu CH, Li C, Strain E, Vipham J, Jones C, Amachawadi R, Nagaraja TG, Trinetta V. Graphical abstractGenotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial and Heavy Metal tolerance in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli Isolates from Swine Feed Mills. J Food Prot 2023:100113. [PMID: 37290750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials and heavy metals are commonly used in the animal feed industry. The role of in-feed antimicrobials on the evolution and persistence of resistance in enteric bacteria is not well described. Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) is widely used for genetic characterizations of bacterial isolates, including antimicrobial resistance, heavy metal tolerance, virulence factors, and relatedness to other sequenced isolates. The goals of this study were to i) use WGS to characterize Salmonella enterica (n = 33) and Escherichia coli (n = 30) isolated from swine feed and feed mill environments; and ii) investigate their genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial and heavy metal tolerance. Salmonella isolates belonged to 10 serovars, the most common being Cubana, Senftenberg, and Tennessee. E. coli isolates were grouped into 22 O groups. Phenotypic resistance to at least one antimicrobial was observed in 19 Salmonella (57.6%) and 17 E. coli (56.7%) isolates, whereas multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes) was observed in four Salmonella (12%) and two E. coli (7%) isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 17 Salmonella (51%) and 29 E. coli (97%), with 11 and 29 isolates possessing genes conferring resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes. Phenotypically, 53% Salmonella and 58% E. coli presented resistance to copper and arsenic. All isolates that possessed the copper resistance operon were resistant to the highest concentration tested (40 mM). Heavy metal tolerance genes to copper and silver were present in 26 Salmonella isolates. Our study showed a strong agreement between predicted and measured resistances when comparing genotypic and phenotypic data for antimicrobial resistance, with an overall concordance of 99% and 98.3% for Salmonella and E. coli, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Schwan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shenia Young
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Domesle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Beilei Ge
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Cong Li
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Jessie Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Raghavendra Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Braley C, Gaucher ML, Fravalo P, Shedleur-Bourguignon F, Longpré J, Thibodeau A. Slight Temperature Deviation during a 56-Day Storage Period Does Not Affect the Microbiota of Fresh Vacuum-Packed Pork Loins. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081695. [PMID: 37107490 PMCID: PMC10138144 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is profitable to export fresh meat overseas, where it is often regarded as a premium commodity. Meeting this demand for fresh meat, however, necessitates long export times, during which uncontrolled temperature increases can affect the microbiological quality of the meat and thereby, reduce shelf life or compromise food safety. To study the impact of temperature deviations on microbial community composition and diversity, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. detection to describe the surface microbiota of eight batches of vacuum-packed loins stored at -1.5 °C (control) for 56 days and subjected to a 2 °C or 10 °C temperature deviation for a few hours (mimicking problems regularly encountered in the industry) at day 15 or 29. The presence of pathogens was negligible. The applied temperature deviations were not associated with different microbiota. Sequencing analysis showed the presence of Yersinia, an unexpected pathogen, and relative abundance increased in the groups subjected to temperature deviations. Over time, Lactobacillales_unclassified genus became the main constituent of the microbiota of vacuum-packed pork loins. Although the microbiota of the eight batches appeared similar at the beginning of storage, differences were revealed after 56 days, suggesting unequal aging of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Braley
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Le Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), 75003 Paris, France
| | - Fanie Shedleur-Bourguignon
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jessie Longpré
- F. Ménard, Division d'Olymel s.e.c., Ange-Gardien, QC J0E 1E0, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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6
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Gonzalez SV, Nair MN, Belk KE, Geornaras I. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Spray Treatments in Reducing Salmonella enterica Populations on Chilled Pork. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100068. [PMID: 36940659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting on alternative antimicrobial interventions for pathogen control on chilled pork carcasses and cuts are limited. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of various spray treatments against Salmonella enterica inoculated on skin-on pork samples were evaluated. Chilled pork jowls were portioned (10 by 5 by 1 cm) and inoculated, on the skin side, with a mixture of six S. enterica serotype strains to target levels of 6 to 7 log CFU/cm2 (high inoculation level) or 3 to 4 log CFU/cm2 (low inoculation level). Samples were then left nontreated (control) or were treated (10 s) using a laboratory-scale spray cabinet with water, formic acid (1.5%), a proprietary blend of sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate (SSS, pH 1.2), peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 400 ppm), or PAA (400 ppm) that was pH-adjusted (acidified) with acetic acid (1.5%), formic acid (1.5%), or SSS (pH 1.2). Samples (n = 6) were analyzed for Salmonella populations after treatment application (0 h) and after 24 h of refrigerated (4°C) storage. Irrespective of inoculation level, all spray treatments effectively reduced (P < 0.05) Salmonella levels immediately following their application. Overall, pathogen reductions for the chemical treatments, compared to the respective high and low inoculation level nontreated controls, ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 log CFU/cm2 (high inoculation level) and 1.0 to 1.7 log CFU/cm2 (low inoculation level). Acidification of PAA with acetic acid, formic acid, or SSS did not (P ≥ 0.05) enhance the initial bactericidal effects of the nonacidified PAA treatment. Salmonella populations recovered from all treated samples following 24 h of storage were, in general, similar (P ≥ 0.05) or up to 0.6 log CFU/cm2 lower (P < 0.05) than those recovered from samples analyzed immediately after treatment application. The results of the study may be used by processing establishments to help identify effective decontamination interventions for reducing Salmonella contamination on pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Gonzalez
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Mahesh N Nair
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Keith E Belk
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA.
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Demaître N, De Reu K, François E, De Zutter L, Rasschaert G, Geeraerd A. Intra- and inter-batch variability in raw pork challenge test studies and their consequences on model predictions: An intricate interplay between L. monocytogenes, the microbiome, and packaging atmosphere. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110042. [PMID: 36527792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct challenge studies in raw pork by strictly following all aspects of the 2014 EURL technical guidance document for conducting shelf-life studies on Listeria monocytogenes. Growth potential was assessed on three batches of self-cut pork chops and one batch of in-house prepared pure minced pork without any additives in air and MAP (70 % O2/30% CO2) packaging. Pork chops did not support the growth of the pathogen throughout the shelf-life, given the specific conditions used in this study, with growth potential values of 0.28 and 0.46 log CFU/g, respectively, for both air and MAP. Substantial growth (>0.5 log CFU/g) was obtained in minced pork after investigating only one batch, with growth potential values of 1.69 and 0.80 log CFU/g, for air and MAP. However, both intra- and inter-batch variability for pork chops and intra-batch variability for minced pork was observed; with elevated growth being evened out by the way growth potential is calculated in the EURL 2014 document, leading to underestimations and posing a potential risk to public health. Maximum growth rate in minced pork at a constant temperature of 7 °C was estimated at μmax = 0.680 log CFU/day and μmax = 0.489 log CFU/day in air and MAP, respectively. Model predictions for the growth potential showed acceptable results for air-packed minced pork with better accuracy when the lag phase was implemented as indicated in the renewed protocol (CRL EU, 2021). In MAP, all models used, including the Combase Growth model and to a lesser extent the DMRI dynamic safety model, overestimate the growth potential probably due to a lack of integration of the changing CO2 levels in the packages. The predictive models used in this study do not adequately account for the dynamics in the raw pig matrix, which may have an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes, including interaction with the microbiome and CO2, and emphasize the importance of remaining critical of predictive model outcomes. In addition, the experimental intra- and inter-batch variability raise questions about the sense or nonsense of using predictive microbiology in these raw pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Demaître
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Ellen François
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Annemie Geeraerd
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division MeBioS, Sustainability in the agri-food chain group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Influence of low-energy electron beam irradiation on the quality and shelf-life of vacuum-packaged pork stored under chilled and superchilled conditions. Meat Sci 2023; 195:109019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Vargas DA, Blandon SE, Sarasty O, Osorio-Doblado AM, Miller MF, Echeverry A. Shelf-Life Evaluation of Pork Loins as Influenced by the Application of Different Antimicrobial Interventions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213464. [PMID: 36360077 PMCID: PMC9654175 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the impact of antimicrobial interventions and refrigerated dark storage on the shelf-life of pork chops. Boneless pork loins (n = 36) were split and stored for 1, 14, 28, and 42 days at 2–4 °C after being treated with the following antimicrobials: water (WAT), Bovibrom 225 ppm (BB225), Bovibrom 500 ppm (BB500), Fit Fresh 3 ppm (FF3), or washing solution 750 ppm (WS750). After the end of dark storage, pork loins were further processed and sliced into chops, overwrapped in trays, and displayed for up to an additional 96 h in a retail case. Instrumental and visual color measurements as well as mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria were measured. BB500 and FF3 performed better in inhibiting the growth of indicator bacteria under 6 logs; however, FF3 presented the best stability for color during storage. Principal component analysis clustered initial dark storage days with a* and chroma while % discoloration, hue, b* and microorganisms where clustered with longer dark storage times. In general, treatment FF3 presented the best performance, both in inhibiting microbial growth and maintaining the stability of color, thus increasing the shelf-life of pork loins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Vargas
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Sabrina E. Blandon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Oscar Sarasty
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Markus F. Miller
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Alejandro Echeverry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-834-8733
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10
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Nero LA, Botelho CV, Sovinski ÂI, Grossi JL, Call DR, Dos Santos Bersot L. Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian Pork Production Chain. J Food Prot 2022; 85:973-979. [PMID: 35358316 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Here we characterized the distribution and the antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from a Brazilian pork production chain. Samples (n = 1,114) from pig farms, pig lots, and slaughterhouses, located in two Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Paraná), were subjected to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus enumeration. S. aureus isolates (n = 251) from this collection were further characterized for their resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, and tetracycline through phenotypic and molecular assays. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts from pig farms were higher compared with other samples (P < 0.05). Other counts were relatively low but were present in all production stages. S. aureus isolates were commonly resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (54 of 73, 74.0%), qualifying them as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but PCR assays indicated that few harbored the expected antimicrobial resistance genes (femB, mecA, and mecC). Lower frequencies of vancomycin and tetracycline resistance were found (6.8 to 37.0%). PCR sensitivity (34.5 to 86.7%) and specificity (26.6 to 85.0%) for detection of antibiotic resistance genes varied based on the assessed antibiotic. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci are widely distributed in the Brazilian pork production chain, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can become a potential health and economic impediment for the Brazilian pork industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Augusto Nero
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Vieira Botelho
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Idalia Sovinski
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana Líbero Grossi
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 S.E. Ott Road, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington 99164-7090, USA
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
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11
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Juneja VK, Sidhu G, Xu X, Osoria M, Glass KA, Schill KM, Golden MC, Schaffner DW, Kumar GD, Shrestha S, Singh M, Mishra A. Predictive model for growth of Clostridium botulinum from spores at temperatures applicable to cooling of cooked ground pork. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Zhang L, Piao X. Different dietary protein sources influence growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:71-81. [PMID: 34977377 PMCID: PMC8669252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of high-quality proteins are commonly used in swine production. Our research investigated the effects of hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets (weaned at 28 d) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 8 piglets per pen. This study included 2 periods: d 0 to14 for phase 1 and d 15 to 28 for phase 2. Dietary treatments contained 15.90% HWP, 15.80% FSBM, and 15.10% ESBM in phase 1, and 7.90% HWP, 7.80% FSBM, and 7.50% ESBM in phase 2, respectively. The ADG of piglets in ESBM was increased (P < 0.05) compared with HWP and FSBM during d 1-28. Compared with HWP and FSBM, ESBM increased (P < 0.05) the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and the serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in piglets on d 14, as well as increased (P < 0.05) the serum FRAP level in piglets on d 28. ESBM decreased (P < 0.05) serum levels of DAO and IL-1β in piglets compared with HWP on d 28. ESBM enhanced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Oscillospiraceae and Christensenellaceae, as well as reduced the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae in the feces compared with HWP and FSBM. The PICRUSt analysis revealed that the number of gene tags related to degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine, as well as lysine degradation in ESBM were lower (P < 0.05) than that in HWP and FSBM. ESBM increased (P < 0.05) the fecal butyrate level in piglets compared with FSBM, and ESBM tended to decrease (P = 0.076) the fecal cadaverine level. Overall, ESBM had advantages over HWP and FSBM in improving antioxidant status, immune function, fecal bacteria and metabolites for weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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13
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Pozuelo KC, Vega D, Habib K, Najar-Villarreal F, Kang Q, Trinetta V, O'Quinn TG, Phebus RK, Gragg SE. Validation of post-harvest antimicrobial interventions to control Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on market hog carcass surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109421. [PMID: 34600270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although swine are less associated with STEC foodborne disease outbreaks, the potential for swine to serve as a source of STEC infections in human beings cannot be disregarded. This study compared eight USDA-approved antimicrobial intervention technologies to quantify their ability to reduce STEC contamination on market hog carcasses. Hogs were harvested to provide skin-on carcass sides, and eight sides (per three replications) were inoculated with a 7-strain STEC cocktail (ca. 5 log CFU/cm2 across all external and body cavity surfaces). Each side was randomly assigned to a final pre-chill wash treatment administered in a commercial Chad carcass cabinet using a low-volume spray [3% lactic acid (lLA; 130 °F), 400 ppm peracetic acid (lPAA), or acidified 400 ppm peracetic acid (laPAA)] or a high-volume wash [ambient water (hAW), 400 ppm PAA (hPAA), 400 or 600 ppm hypobromous acid (hDBDMH), or 71 °C water (hHW)] treatment according to a randomized complete block study design. Post-treatment (after a 10-min hanging drip) and post-chilling (18 h at 2 °C) STEC reductions were compared for external skin-on surfaces and internal body cavity lean surface tissue. Post-treatment color changes were determined for lean, adipose, and skin carcass surfaces before and after chilling. When applied to the external, skin-on surface, the hHW, hPAA, and hDBDMH600 deluge washes were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more effective than the other intervention technologies, achieving STEC reductions of 3.8, 3.4, and 3.2 log CFU/cm2, respectively. In comparison, the hAW control reduced STEC by 1.7-log CFU/cm2 on the external, skin-on surface. The carcass interventions were less effective at reducing STEC populations attached to interior body cavity (diaphragm region), with post-chill populations reduced by 0.9-2.2 log cycles, while the hAW control wash achieved a 0.6-log reduction. None of the treatments negatively impacted instrumental carcass color. While all market hog carcass interventions reduced STEC populations, larger reductions were observed when applied to the external, skin-on surface, with the largest reductions achieved by the hHW, hPAA, and hDBDMH600 deluge washes. These data equip pork processors with the information necessary to support decision-making when selecting an intervention technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Pozuelo
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Vega
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kellen Habib
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Travis G O'Quinn
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara E Gragg
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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14
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Dynamics of Microbial Shedding in Market Pigs during Fasting and the Influence of Alginate Hydrogel Bead Supplementation during Transportation. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shedding of foodborne pathogenic bacteria by food-animals can be affected by multiple factors, such as animal health, diet, stress, and environmental conditions. The practices that come with transport involve fasting, handling, mixing with unfamiliar pigs, and fluctuating temperatures. These practices, especially fasting and transport, can increase the microbial load in the feces of animals. The use of alginate hydrogels is a novel delivery system that can be a potential food safety intervention during transport to induce satiety and provide electrolytes to the animal’s system. This study sought to observe microbial shedding as affected by fasting and hydrogel bead supplementation during transport. Sixty market pigs were subjected to a 12 h fasting period and an additional 4 h transport period, in which a treatment group was fed hydrogel beads and a control group was not. Sampling points were before fast (BF), before transport (BT), and after transport (AT). Fecal samples were collected from every animal at each sampling point. Results from this study showed a significant increase in the concentrations of both Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli between the before fast (BF) and after transport (AT) sampling points. However, no difference (p > 0.05) was found between the treatment (hydrogel) and control (no hydrogel) during transport. Moreover, no significant difference was found in the prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 at the three different sampling points, or between the treatment and control groups.
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15
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Shen L, Gan M, Chen L, Zhao Y, Niu L, Tang G, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Zhang S, Zhu L. miR-152 targets pyruvate kinase to regulate the glycolytic activity of pig skeletal muscles and affects pork quality. Meat Sci 2021; 185:108707. [PMID: 35032684 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a type of non-coding RNA, microRNAs are widely involved in the biological processes of animals. In the present study, the expression of miR-152 in glycolytic muscle fibers (Longissimus thoracis, LT) was lower than that of oxidative muscle fibers (Psoas major, PM). Using dual luciferase assay, miR-152 was shown to target muscle pyruvate kinase (PKM) to perform biological functions. Moreover, overexpression of miR-152 in primary porcine cells inhibited PKM gene expression and reduced lactic acid production in cells, whereas inhibition of miR-152 expression promoted PKM gene expression and increased lactic acid production. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of miR-152 was significantly positively correlated with the ultimate pH of LT after slaughter, while the expression of the PKM gene was significantly negatively correlated with the final pH of LT. In vivo and in vitro experiments discussed herein suggest that miR-152 may affect muscle pH by targeting the expression of the PKM gene. Our findings enrich the understanding of the genetic regulatory network that influences pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Tinghuan Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang County, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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16
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Hoa VB, Song DH, Seol KH, Kang SM, Kim HW, Kim JH, Cho SH. Coating with chitosan containing lauric acid (C12:0) significantly extends the shelf-life of aerobically - Packaged beef steaks during refrigerated storage. Meat Sci 2021; 184:108696. [PMID: 34741876 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present research aimed at investigating the application potential of a newly developed chitosan/lauric acid edible coating in preservation of fresh beef under refrigerated storage and aerobic packaging conditions. The 2-cm thick steaks were coated with 2% chitosan (CHI), 1 mM lauric acid in 2% chitosan (CHI/1 mM LA) or 3 mM lauric acid in 2% chitosan (CHI/3 mM LA), and over-wrapped in permeable film. Non-coated samples were used as a control (CON). Results showed that the inhibitory effects against the spoilage bacteria growth, volatile basic nitrogen formation and lipid oxidation of the chitosan coating was increased with the incorporation of lauric acid (p˂0.05). More importantly, the incorporation of lauric acid almost completely protected the meat samples against the discoloration after 21 days of storage. The coating with chitosan or chitosan/lauric acid completely inhibited the formation of bacterial spoilage-derived volatile compounds. Overall, coating of chitosan containing 1-3 mM lauric acid could be a promising method in preservation of fresh beef to improve safety and quality under aerobic packaging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Ba Hoa
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Heon Song
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwan Seol
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Moon Kang
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Cho
- Animal Products Utilization Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kelbert L, Stephan R, Furtwaengler C, Pinillo JA, Morach M, Nüesch-Inderbinen M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Hepatitis E Virus, and Salmonella Antibodies in Meat Juice Samples from Pigs at Slaughter in Switzerland. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1760-1764. [PMID: 34086887 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis E virus (HEV), and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii, anti-HEV, and anti-Salmonella antibodies from healthy pigs at slaughter in Switzerland. From August to September 2020, the diaphragm muscle of Swiss fattening pigs was collected in three Swiss abattoirs from 188 farms. Two randomly chosen pig carcasses per farm were selected. On the basis of the slaughter data, we noted the production system and the canton of origin, comparing indoor (n = 120) and free-range (n = 68) farming and regional allocation. The meat juice of these samples was analyzed for pathogen-specific antibodies by using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The seroprevalences were 1.3% for T. gondii, 71.8% for the HEV, and 5.3% for Salmonella, respectively. Comparing the origins, the results of many cantons were not meaningful due to the low number of samples. No regional accumulations were found for T. gondii and HEV. The results showed that 2.1% of the farms had least one T. gondii-seropositive animal, 80.3% had at least one HEV-seropositive animal, and 8.5% had at least one Salmonella-seropositive animal, respectively. The seropositivity of T. gondii was higher in free-range pigs than in indoor pigs, whereas anti-Salmonella antibodies were more common in pigs from indoor farming than in outdoor pigs. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was similar in free-range and indoor farming pigs. Compared with studies from 2012, the seroprevalence of T. gondii has decreased, whereas the seroprevalence of the HEV has increased and is highly prevalent among fattening pigs in Switzerland. The low seroprevalence of Salmonella has remained stable in recent years. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Kelbert
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Antonio Pinillo
- Office for Food Safety and Animal Welfare of Canton Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marina Morach
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Meat Safety Interventions in Pig Herds to Control Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091825. [PMID: 34576721 PMCID: PMC8466550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-harvest interventions to control the main foodborne pathogens in pork in the European Union. A total of 1180 studies were retrieved from PubMed® and Web of Science for 15 pathogens identified as relevant in EFSA's scientific opinion on the public health hazards related to pork (2011). The study selection focused on controlled studies where a cause-effect could be attributed to the interventions tested, and their effectiveness could be inferred. Altogether, 52 studies published from 1983 to 2020 regarding Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium, and Salmonella spp. were retained and analysed. Research was mostly focused on Salmonella (n = 43 studies). In-feed and/or water treatments, and vaccination were the most tested interventions and were, overall, successful. However, the previously agreed criteria for this systematic review excluded other effective interventions to control Salmonella and other pathogens, like Yersinia enterocolitica, which is one of the most relevant biological hazards in pork. Examples of such successful interventions are the Specific Pathogen Free herd principle, stamping out and repopulating with disease-free animals. Research on other pathogens (i.e., Hepatitis E, Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii) was scarce, with publications focusing on epidemiology, risk factors and/or observational studies. Overall, high herd health coupled with good management and biosecurity were effective to control or prevent most foodborne pathogens in pork at the pre-harvest level.
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19
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Hu Z, Xiao Y, Wang B, Jin TZ, Lyu W, Ren D. Combined treatments of low dose irradiation with antimicrobials for inactivation of foodborne pathogens on fresh pork. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Tuyarum C, Songsang A, Lertworapreecha M. In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure. Vet World 2021; 14:1133-1142. [PMID: 34220114 PMCID: PMC8243659 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1133-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Using antimicrobials as a feed additive in swine production is prohibited because it is a major cause of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. are an attractive alternative to reduce antimicrobial resistance and promote swine growth. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolated from indigenous swine manure. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy individual indigenous pigs were collected and isolated on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. The preliminary screen identified candidates with antibacterial activity against six pathogens and >50% survival and tolerance to acid (pH 3.0) and 1% bile salt. Isolates that passed the initial screen will be tested for other probiotic properties. Results: Of the 314 isolates from 30 pig manure samples, 17 isolates satisfied all initial conditions for probiotic properties. Each isolate has unique, distinctive properties. Isolates B4, B5, B8, B17, B87, and B144 formed thick biofilms, whereas isolates B5, B8, and 27 adhered well to the intestinal wall and exhibited strong autoaggregation properties. Isolate B4 aggregated with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic E. coli. Tests in pH-adjusted cell-free medium indicated that the antibacterial activity resulted from bacterial acidification rather than bacteriocin formation. Sequence analysis (16S rRNA) revealed 16 of the isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and only one isolate was Lactobacillus salivarius. Conclusion: We isolated 17 Lactobacillus from swine manure and demonstrated that their probiotic properties might be useful as a probiotic cocktail for swine feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraprapha Tuyarum
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
| | - Aporn Songsang
- Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
| | - Monthon Lertworapreecha
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
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Vargas DA, Miller MF, Woerner DR, Echeverry A. Microbial Growth Study on Pork Loins as Influenced by the Application of Different Antimicrobials. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050968. [PMID: 33925048 PMCID: PMC8145340 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in the pork industry is critical in order to ensure food safety and, at the same time, extend shelf life. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of antimicrobials on indicator bacteria on pork loins under long, dark, refrigerated storage conditions. Fresh boneless pork loins (n = 36) were split in five sections and treated with antimicrobials: Water (WAT), Bovibrom 225 ppm (BB225), Bovibrom 500 ppm (BB500), Fit Fresh 3 ppm (FF3), or Washing Solution 750 ppm (WS750). Sections were stored for 1, 14, 28, and 42 days at 2–4 °C. Mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria (APC-M, APC-P), lactic acid bacteria (LAB-M), coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated before intervention, after intervention, and at each storage time. All bacterial enumeration data were converted into log10 for statistical analysis, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to find statistical differences (p < 0.05). Initial counts did not differ between treatments, while, after treatment interventions, treatment WS750 did not effectively reduce counts for APC-M, APC-P, and coliforms (p < 0.01). BB500, FF3, and WS750 performed better at inhibiting the growth of indicator bacteria when compared with water until 14 days of dark storage.
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22
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Aptamer-quantum dots and teicoplanin-gold nanoparticles constructed FRET sensor for sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dietary Phytase- and Lactic Acid-Treated Cereals Caused Greater Taxonomic Adaptations than Functional Adaptations in the Cecal Metagenome of Growing Pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.02240-20. [PMID: 33097516 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02240-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the gut bacteria and the host. Nevertheless, little information exists that indicates to what extent an improved level of P availability in the small intestine leads to functional adaptations in bacterial metabolic pathways in the large intestine. Therefore, we investigated the changes in the taxonomic and functional bacterial metagenome in cecal digesta of growing pigs fed diets containing phytase and/or cereals treated with 2.5% lactic acid (LA) for 19 days (n = 8/diet) using shotgun metagenome sequencing. The phytase supplementation resulted in strikingly distinct bacterial communities, affecting almost all major bacterial families, whereas functional changes were less dramatic among the feeding groups. While phytase treatment decreased predominant Prevotellaceae levels, it seemed that Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae filled the opening metabolic niches (P < 0.05). The LA-treated cereals mediated reduced levels of Bacteroidaceae and increased levels of Veillonellaceae, but those results were mainly seen when the cereals were fed as a single treatment (P < 0.05). In association with the taxonomic alterations, phytase caused changes within the major functional pathways corresponding to amino acid metabolism; translation; membrane transport; folding, sorting, and degradation; and energy metabolism, whereas the LA treatment of cereals resulted in decreased enzymatic capacities within the carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism pathways (P < 0.05). Metabolic dependencies corresponding to the starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle pathways were indicated by diet-associated changes in enzymatic capacities related to short-chain fatty acid, methane, vitamin, and bacterial antigen synthesis. Accordingly, the present results support the idea of the importance of the availability of intestinal P for bacterial metabolism. However, the functional profiles were less different than the taxonomic profiles among the dietary treatment results, indicating a certain degree of metabolic plasticity within the cecal metagenome.IMPORTANCE Dietary strategies (e.g., phytase supplementation and lactic acid [LA] treatment of cereals) used to improve the availability of phytate-phosphorus (P) from pig feed reduce the amount of P flowing into the large intestine, whereas LA treatment-induced changes in nutrient fractions alter the substrate being available to the microbiota. In ruminants, lower intestinal P availability compromises the fibrolytic activity of the microbiome. Here, we report that the functional capacities were less dramatically affected than the taxonomic composition by phytase-supplemented and LA-treated cereals. The bacterial community appeared to be partly capable of functionally compensating for the altered flow of P by replacing taxa with higher P needs by those with lower P needs. Therefore, by acting as mucosal immune stimulants, alterations in microbiota-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) due to the taxonomic shifts may play a greater role for host physiology and health than functional differences caused by differing intestinal P availabilities, which merits further research.
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Riess LE, Hoelzer K. Implementation of Visual-Only Swine Inspection in the European Union: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1918-1928. [PMID: 32609817 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products is a major source of foodborne illness in the United States and globally. Meat inspection procedures, established more than 100 years ago to detect prevailing food safety issues of the time and largely harmonized around the world, do not effectively detect modern hazards and may inadvertently increase food safety risks by spreading contamination across carcasses. Visual-only inspection (VOI) is a significantly different, modernized meat inspection system that is data driven and minimizes physical manipulation of the carcass during inspection. It was developed based on scientific evidence and risk assessment and aims to better control current food safety hazards. In 2014, the European Union (EU) became the first supranational government in the world to require VOI for all swine herds slaughtered in member states that met certain epidemiologic and animal rearing conditions. Here, we review the implementation of this new inspection system with the goal of informing similar modernization efforts in other countries and for other commodities beyond pork. This article reports the results of a literature review and interviews conducted with nine experts in 2018 on the implementation of the EU's 2014 VOI regulation. Challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned about the implementation of the regulation are described for audiences interested in adapting inspection procedures to prevent and detect modern food safety hazards. Overall, implementation of VOI varies within and across member states, and among slaughterhouses of different sizes. This variation is due to disease risk patterns, supply chain conditions, and trade barriers. Before transitioning to a similar risk-based meat inspection system, other countries should consider the following: science-based research agendas to identify what food chain information best predicts herd health and foodborne hazards, regulatory system design that accurately reflects local hazards, and development of targeted VOI educational materials. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elizabeth Riess
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 East Street N.W., Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 East Street N.W., Washington, DC 20004, USA
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25
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Inactivation of Bacillus cereus from pork by thermal, non-thermal and single-frequency/multi-frequency thermosonication: Modelling and effects on physicochemical properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Essendoubi S, Yang X, King R, Keenliside J, Bahamon J, Diegel J, Lu P, Cassis R, Gensler G, Stashko N, Rolheiser D. Prevalence and Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Pork Carcasses and in Swine Colon Contents from Provincially Licensed Abattoirs in Alberta, Canada. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1909-1917. [PMID: 32584991 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 in colon contents and on carcasses from pigs slaughtered at provincially licensed abattoirs (PLAs) in Alberta, Canada. In 2017, carcass sponge samples and colon content samples were collected from 504 healthy market hogs at 39 PLAs and analyzed for E. coli O157:H7. Carcass samples were also analyzed for E. coli and aerobic colony count (ACC). Nine (1.8%) of 504 carcass samples were confirmed positive for E. coli O157:H7. Seven (1.4%) of 504 colon content samples were confirmed positive for E. coli O157:H7. These positives were found in 5 (12.8%) of 39 PLAs from hogs originating from eight farms. The E. coli O157:H7 isolates recovered from the positive samples (n = 1 isolate per sample) were clonal, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Six E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained over 8 months from one PLA that only processed hogs and sourced hogs from one farm had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. All 16 E. coli O157:H7 isolates harbored eae and ehxA and were of stx2a subtype, suggesting that swine can carry E. coli O157:H7 of importance to human health. All carcass sponge swabs (100%) were positive for ACC. E. coli was present in 72% of carcass swabs. Carcasses from PLAs slaughtering both beef and hogs had a numerically higher ACC mean value but not statistically different compared with the carcasses from PLAs slaughtering only swine (2,799 and 610 CFU/cm2, respectively). E. coli showed a similar trend with a mean value of 0.88 CFU/cm2 in PLAs slaughtering both species and 0.26 CFU/cm2 in PLAs slaughtering only swine (P ≤ 0.05). This study provides evidence that healthy market hogs from different producers and farms in Alberta can carry E. coli O157:H7, and some strains of the organism may be able to establish persistence on some swine farms. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Essendoubi
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Robin King
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Julia Keenliside
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Javier Bahamon
- Alberta Pork, 4828 89 Street N.W., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6E 5K1
| | - Jennifer Diegel
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Patricia Lu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Rashed Cassis
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Gary Gensler
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Natisha Stashko
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Deana Rolheiser
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, J. G. O'Donoghue Building, 7000 113 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
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Li Y, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang J, Zhao J. Life-long dynamics of the swine gut microbiome and their implications in probiotics development and food safety. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1824-1832. [PMID: 32584645 PMCID: PMC7524149 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1773748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The swine gut microbiome has received remarkable attention in recent years given that pigs serve not only as important sources for animal-derived food but also as excellent biomedical models for human health. However, despite recent advances in the understanding of the swine gut microbiome, many important biological and ecological questions are still largely unanswered. In a recent study, we characterized the life-long dynamics of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market. We showed distinct shifts in gut microbiome structure along different growth stages mainly driven by diet. Here, we summarize these discoveries and provide additional data related to the core swine gut microbiome, probiotics development in the swine industry, and foodborne pathogens in the pork supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xiu-qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Junjun Wang State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA,CONTACT Jiangchao Zhao Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701, USA
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Persistence of Yersinia enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 in a pork production chain in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103660. [PMID: 33279085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 was previously identified in a pork production chain in Brazil and the obtained isolates presented high identity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE, XbaI). For the current study, an additional 147 porcine samples (tonsils = 100, palate = 30, head meat = 17) were collected from the same pork production chain 2-years later and 14 (9.5%) tested positive for Y. enterocolitica. Isolates (n = 24, 1 to 2 per positive sample) were bio-serotype 4/O:3 and harbored virulence genes ail, inv, wbbU, virF, myfA, ystA, ymoA, hreP and sat, and the multidrug resistance related genes emrD, marC and yfhD. PFGE (XbaI) demonstrated no differences among isolates (100% similarity) and were identical to some Y. enterocolitica isolates (n = 13) obtained previously from the same pork chain. A second PFGE analysis (NotI) confirmed the high degree of similarity among isolates obtained over time, demonstrating the persistence of an apparent clonal Y. enterocolitica bio-serotype 4/O:3 in this particular pork production chain in Brazil.
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Peruzy MF, Houf K, Joossens M, Yu Z, Proroga YTR, Murru N. Evaluation of microbial contamination of different pork carcass areas through culture-dependent and independent methods in small-scale slaughterhouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108902. [PMID: 33091757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Routine evaluation of the slaughter process is performed by the enumeration of the aerobic colony count, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. on the carcass through destructive or non-destructive methods. With non-destructive methods, bacteria are counted from a minimum area of 100 cm2 in different sampling sites on the pork carcasses, and the results of these investigated areas are pooled to one value for the complete carcass evaluation (a total of 400 cm2). However, the composition of the bacterial community present on the different sampling areas remains unknown. The aim of the study was to characterize the microbial population present on four areas (ham, back, jowl and belly) of eight pork carcasses belonging to two different slaughterhouses through culture-dependent (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS, combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and complementary culture-independent (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) methods. The presence of Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica was additionally assessed. Using MALDI-TOF MS, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli were found to dominate the bacterial cultures isolated from the 8 carcasses. Based on the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analyses however, no specific genus clearly dominated the bacterial community composition. By using this culture-independent method, the most abundant genera in microbial populations of the ham, back, jowl and belly were found to be similar, but important differences between the two slaughterhouses were observed. Thus, present data suggests that the indigenous bacterial population of individual animals is overruled by the microbial population of the slaughterhouse in which the carcass is handled. Also, our data suggests that sampling of only one carcass area by official authorities may be appropriate for the evaluation of the hygienic status of the carcasses and therefore of the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhongjia Yu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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30
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Effects of Effective Microorganisms on Meat Quality, Microstructure of the Longissimus Lumborum Muscle, and Electrophoretic Protein Separation in Pigs Fed on Different Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101755. [PMID: 32993168 PMCID: PMC7599865 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pork is the most popular meat among consumers in Poland, but it can also be a source of pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to find effective prophylaxis in order to ensure that consumers have access to safe food with the desired nutritional qualities and, above all, food that is free of pathogens. In order to meet these expectations, producers use probiotics containing effective microorganisms (EMs) offered in the market. In this study the same probiotic, EM Bokashi, was used for the first time in combination with three nutritional variants with proteins of different origin. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine how effective microorganisms influence meat quality, the microstructure of the longissimus lumborum muscle, and electrophoretic protein separation. The study group consisted of 150 piglets divided into three feeding groups: C, E1, and E2. The feeding groups included C—a standard fodder blend with a full share of post-extracted soya meal; E1—a 50%/50% mix of pea and lupine/soya bean in phase I of fattening and a 75%/25% mix of pea and lupine/soya bean in phase II of fattening; and E2—a 50%/50% mix of pea and lupine/soya bean in phase I of fattening and in 100% pea and lupine in phase II of fattening. The experimental factor was the addition of the EM Carbon Bokashi probiotic to the diet (C + EM, E1 + EM, E2 + EM). Influence of the feeding system on the following parameters was also estimated. After slaughter, the meat quality, LL muscle microstructure, and electrophoretic protein separation were assessed. In the C + EM group, a lower water-holding capacity was demonstrated. Meat from pigs fed the effective microorganism additive was much harder in the E1+EM group compared to meat from pigs from the E1 group. A beneficial effect of effective microorganism was found in the E2 + EM group, where less thermal leakage from the meat was demonstrated. A beneficial effect of the feeding system on thermal leakage and loin eye area in the E2 + EM group was demonstrated. In the C + EM group, a lower total number of muscle fibers was demonstrated. The addition of effective microorganism caused an increase in the diameter of fast twitch fibers in the E1 + EM group. In the same group of pigs, effective microorganisms caused a lower proportion of fiber fission. This nutritional variant appears to be the most appropriate for proteins as well, because it led to the most favorable percentage of individual proteins after effective microorganisms supplementation in the longissimus lumborum muscle.
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31
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Li H, Sun X, Liao X, Gänzle M. Control of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in meat and meat products by high pressure: Challenges and future perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3476-3500. [PMID: 33337070 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure processing is among the most widely used nonthermal intervention to reduce pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in meat and meat products. However, resistance of pathogenic bacteria strains in meats at the current maximum commercial equipment of 600 MPa questions the ability of inactivation by its application in meats. Pathogens including Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonelle, and spoilage microbiota including lactic acid bacteria dominate in raw meat, ready-to-eat, and packaged meat products. Improved understanding on the mechanisms of the pressure resistance is needed for optimizing the conditions of pressure treatment to effectively decontaminate harmful bacteria. Effective control of the pressure-resistant pathogens and spoilage organisms in meats can be realized by the combination of high pressure with application of mild temperature and/or other hurdles including antimicrobial agents and/or competitive microbiota. This review summarized applications, mechanisms, and challenges of high pressure on meats from the perspective of microbiology, which are important for improving the understanding and optimizing the conditions of pressure treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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32
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Yuswan MH, A Jalil NH, Mohamad H, Keso S, Mohamad NA, Tengku Md Yusoff TS, Ismail NF, Abdul Manaf YN, Mohd Hashim A, Mohd Desa MN, Yusof YA, Mustafa S. Hydroxyproline determination for initial detection of halal-critical food ingredients (gelatin and collagen). Food Chem 2020; 337:127762. [PMID: 32777563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin and collagen are considered halal-critical ingredients as they are typically derived from either bovine or porcine animals. Current analytical methods for determining the sources of gelatin and collagen suffer from limitations in terms of robustness and false positives in peptide matching. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the utility of monitoring hydroxyproline, a signature amino acid for gelatin and collagen, for identifying potentially haram foodstuffs. To determine the hydroxyproline profiles among animal- and plant-based samples, one-way univariate analysis of variance followed by pair-wise comparison was used to establish statistical significance. Multivariate chemometric analysis through principal component analysis revealed a discrete distribution pattern among 59 samples due to hydroxyproline variability. Finally, inter- and intra-laboratory comparisons demonstrated the validity and robustness of hydroxyproline determination according to ISO 17025. Thus, this preliminary identification technique will aid the identification of potentially haram foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafis Yuswan
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Hanani A Jalil
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haslina Mohamad
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamsidah Keso
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayatul Asma Mohamad
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Shahrul Tengku Md Yusoff
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Falahiah Ismail
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yanty Noorzianna Abdul Manaf
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Amalia Mohd Hashim
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Yus Aniza Yusof
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Consortium of Malaysia IPT Halal Institutes, Ministry of Higher Education, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62604 Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Magossi G, Lambertini E, Noll L, Bai J, Jones C, Nagaraja TG, Phebus R, Woodworth J, Trinetta V. Potential risk-factors affecting Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli occurrence and distribution in Midwestern United States swine feed mills. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1744-1750. [PMID: 32648660 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the patterns and potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli in selected United States swine feed mills. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 405 samples were collected during fall 2018, spring and summer 2019 from selected sites including floors, equipment, shoes and feed in six feed mills in the US Midwest region. Each sample was analysed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli with culture methods and confirmed by PCR. A survey regarding production volumes, hygiene practices and microbial testing capabilities was conducted in each facility All mills had at least one sampling site positive for either Salmonella or E. coli. Of the 405 samples, 4·7, and 14·1% were positive for Salmonella sp., and E. coli respectively. Sites with higher percentages of positive samples were the receiving, manufacturing, and control area floors. The survey responses indicated that the age of the mill might be a risk factor for bacterial contamination: the older the facility, the higher the number of positive samples. Other risk factors evaluated, such as the production capacity, did not appear to relate to bacterial prevalence. CONCLUSION The data documents the presence of E. coli and Salmonella in selected US swine feed mills, and an association between E. coli occurrence and number of ingredient suppliers to feed mill. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This information could be used to understand risk factors affecting the occurrence of Salmonella sp. and E. coli in feed mills and help implement monitoring and mitigation strategies for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Magossi
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - E Lambertini
- Center for Health and Environmental Modeling, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - C Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, North Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - R Phebus
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, North Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, North Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - V Trinetta
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, North Manhattan, KS, USA
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D'Arrigo M, Mateo-Vivaracho L, Guillamón E, Fernández-León MF, Bravo D, Peirotén Á, Medina M, García-Lafuente A. Characterization of persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains from ten dry-cured ham processing facilities. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103581. [PMID: 32950165 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cases of listeriosis are associated with the consumption of contaminated food. Some strains of Listeria monocytogenes can persist over months or years in meat processing plants increasing the risk of product contamination. The presence of L. monocytogenes was examined in 10 dry-cured ham processing facilities. A total of 1801 samples were collected from environment and equipment, during processing (1095) and after cleaning and disinfection (706). These samples were taken from non-food contact (736) and food contact (1065) surfaces. In addition, 204 samples from ham surfaces were also analysed. Prevalence varied from 6% to 34% among facilities, and was higher during processing than after cleaning and disinfection (24.8% vs 11.0%) and from non-food than from food contact surfaces (22.6% vs 17.4%). L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a was predominant (53.9%), followed by 1/2c (26.0%) and 1/2b (15.3%) and less frequently 4b (4.8%). A total of 142 different pulsotypes were registered. Potential persistent L.monocytogenes strains were isolated in 9 out the 10 facilities, with no more than 6 pulsotypes in a given plant. Two pulsotypes were common in different installations, detected before and after cleaning and disinfection, highlighting the importance of monitoring the presence of this pathogen in dry-cured ham processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde D'Arrigo
- Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, INIA, José Tudela s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Eva Guillamón
- Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, INIA, José Tudela s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Bravo
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Peirotén
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Medina
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García-Lafuente
- Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, INIA, José Tudela s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain.
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de Quadros CL, Manto L, Mistura E, Webber B, Ritterbusch GA, Borges KA, Furian TQ, Rodrigues LB, Dos Santos LR. Antimicrobial and Disinfectant Susceptibility of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Swine Slaughterhouses. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1035-1042. [PMID: 32008078 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and its resistance to antimicrobials and disinfectants has increased considerably over the years. Thus, monitoring its resistance to products commonly used in swine production is indispensable for the development of strategies to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance. In this context, our aim was to detect Salmonella at different points in swine slaughterhouses, identify the main serotypes, and evaluate their resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobials used in swine production. Salmonella at the processing plants was detected by conventional microbiology. Salmonella strains were tested for susceptibility to peracetic acid (0.5% and 1%), quaternary ammonium (0.5%), and seven antimicrobials. Twenty-eight percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella, with the most identified serotypes being Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium, and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. All tested strains were susceptible to both concentrations of peracetic acid, but only 28% were susceptible to quaternary ammonium. Sixteen percent of the strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Only enrofloxacin was efficient in inhibiting the growth of all strains. The highest number of non-susceptible strains was to amoxicillin, followed by chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and doxycycline. Thirty-six percent of the strains were classified as multidrug-resistant. Salmonella were detected in all slaughtering processes, and important serotypes were recovered, including Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Derby, monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Infantis. We observed high rates of resistance to quaternary ammonium and to important antimicrobial agents. Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Infantis were the most resistant serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L de Quadros
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Manto
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Enzo Mistura
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Webber
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Giseli A Ritterbusch
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen A Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Thales Q Furian
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária, Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Dos Santos
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Tîrziu E, Bărbălan G, Morar A, Herman V, Cristina RT, Imre K. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella spp. in Raw and Ready-To-Eat Foods and Campylobacter spp. in Retail Raw Chicken Meat in Transylvania, Romania. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:479-484. [PMID: 31990586 PMCID: PMC7415872 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The survey was undertaken to investigate the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp. in raw and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, and Campylobacter spp. in the retail raw chicken meat collected in two counties of Transylvania, Romania. A total of 13.1% (51/388) of the examined food samples were found to be Salmonella positive, with a distribution of 14.7% (48/326) in the raw food (i.e., pork, chicken carcass, and shell egg) and 4.8% (3/62) in the RTE samples (i.e., sausages, but not ham and salami), respectively. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.034). The isolates were serotyped as Salmonella Infantis (n = 19), Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 11) Salmonella Rissen (n = 8), Salmonella Derby (n = 3), Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 3), Salmonella Bredeney (n = 2), Salmonella Brandenburg (n = 1), Salmonella Gloucester (n = 1), Salmonella Goldcoast (n = 1), Salmonella Kottbus (n = 1), and Salmonella Ruzizi (n = 1). Campylobacter strains were present in 29.4% (10/34) of the investigated chicken samples, and the identified species were Campylobacter coli (70%) and C. jejuni (30%). From the 14 tested antimicrobials, the Salmonella isolates were resistant against azithromycin (88.2%), tetracycline (54.9%), sulfamethoxazole (54.9%), ciprofloxacin (45.1%), nalidixic acid (43.1%), ampicillin (35.3%), chloramphenicol (33.3%), tigecycline (25.5%), cefotaxime (13.7%), colistin (13.7%), trimethoprim (7.8%), and gentamicin (2%), resulting in the expression of 21 multidrug-resistant (MDR) profiles. Of 10 Campylobacter isolates, 80% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, 40% to tetracycline, and 10% to streptomycin and erythromycin, respectively. Our findings indicate that Romanian isolates of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., contaminating animal-origin foods, can exhibit MDR patterns, representing a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Tîrziu
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
| | - Gabriel Bărbălan
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Morar
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
| | - Romeo T Cristina
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania", Timişoara, Romania
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Gonzalez-Fandos E, Maya N, Martínez-Laorden A, Perez-Arnedo I. Efficacy of Lactic Acid and Modified Atmosphere Packaging against Campylobacter jejuni on Chicken during Refrigerated Storage. Foods 2020; 9:E109. [PMID: 31968597 PMCID: PMC7022977 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of lactic acid washing and modified atmospheres packaging on the counts of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken legs stored at 4 °C. In experiment 1, inoculated chicken legs were washed with either 1% or 2% lactic acid solution for 5 min or distilled water (control). The treatment with 2% lactic acid reduced C. jejuni counts 1.42 log units after treatment (day 0). In experiment 2, inoculated samples were packaged under different conditions: air, 100%N2, vacuum, 20%CO2/80%N2, or 40%CO2/60%N2. C. jejuni counts were higher in samples packaged under vacuum or atmospheres containing CO2 than in air. In experiment 3, inoculated chicken legs were washed with a 2% lactic acid solution for 5 min or distilled water (control). Samples were packaged under different conditions: air, vacuum, 20%CO2/80%N2, or 40%CO2/60%N2. C. jejuni counts were lower in samples treated with lactic acid than in samples non-treated. However, C. jejuni counts were higher in chicken legs treated with lactic acid and packaged in modified atmospheres than in those treated and packaged in air. Immersion of chicken legs in a solution containing 2% lactic acid can reduce C. jejuni counts on fresh chicken packaged in modified atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Fandos
- Food Technology Department, CIVA Research Center, University of La Rioja, 26006 La Rioja, Spain; (N.M.); (A.M.-L.); (I.P.-A.)
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38
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Jung Y, Porto-Fett ACS, Shoyer BA, Shane LE, Henry E, Osoria M, Luchansky JB. Survey of Intact and Nonintact Raw Pork Collected at Retail Stores in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States for the Seven Regulated Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1844-1850. [PMID: 31599649 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 514 raw pork samples (395 ground or nonintact and 119 intact samples) were purchased at retail stores in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey between July and December 2017. All raw pork samples were screened for serogroup O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, or O157:H7 cells of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-7) using standard microbiological and molecular methods. In short, 21 (5.3%) of the 395 ground or nonintact pork samples and 3 (3.4%) of the 119 intact pork samples tested positive via the BAX system real-time PCR assay for the stx and eae virulence genes and for the somatic O antigens for at least one of the STEC-7 serogroups. However, none of these 24 presumptive-positive pork samples subsequently yielded a viable isolate of STEC displaying a STEC-7 serogroup-specific surface antigen in combination with the stx and eae genes. These data suggest that cells of STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, or O157:H7 are not common in retail raw pork samples in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Anna C S Porto-Fett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Bradley A Shoyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Laura E Shane
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Elizabeth Henry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - Manuela Osoria
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
| | - John B Luchansky
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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Dos Santos Bersot L, Quintana Cavicchioli V, Viana C, Konrad Burin RC, Camargo AC, de Almeida Nogueira Pinto JP, Nero LA, Destro MT. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040204. [PMID: 31652972 PMCID: PMC6963642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Cibeli Viana
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa Destro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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40
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Zhang Y, O'Connor AM, Wang C, Dickson JS, Hurd HS, Wang B. Interventions Targeting Deep Tissue Lymph Nodes May Not Effectively Reduce the Risk of Salmonellosis from Ground Pork Consumption: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2237-2258. [PMID: 31039285 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of deep tissue lymph nodes (DTLNs) or nonvisceral lymph nodes contaminated with Salmonella in wholesale fresh ground pork (WFGP) production may pose risks to public health. To assess the relative contribution of DTLNs to human salmonellosis occurrence associated with ground pork consumption and to investigate potential critical control points in the slaughter-to-table continuum for the control of human salmonellosis in the United States, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was established. The model predicted an average of 45 cases of salmonellosis (95% CI = [19, 71]) per 100,000 Americans annually due to WFGP consumption. Sensitivity analysis of all stochastic input variables showed that cooking temperature was the most influential parameter for reducing salmonellosis cases associated with WFGP meals, followed by storage temperature and Salmonella concentration on contaminated carcass surface before fabrication. The input variables were grouped to represent three main factors along the slaughter-to-table chain influencing Salmonella doses ingested via WFGP meals: DTLN-related factors, factors at processing other than DTLNs, and consumer-related factors. The evaluation of the impact of each group of factors by second-order Monte Carlo simulation showed that DTLN-related factors had the lowest impact on the risk estimate among the three groups of factors. These findings indicate that interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination in DTLNs or to remove DTLNs from WFGP products may be less critical for reducing human infections attributable to ground pork than improving consumers' cooking habits or interventions of carcass decontamination at processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James S Dickson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - H Scott Hurd
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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41
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Vikram A, Miller E, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Wheeler TL, Schmidt JW. Food Service Pork Chops from Three U.S. Regions Harbor Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance Regardless of Antibiotic Use Claims. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1667-1676. [PMID: 31532250 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pork products from animals "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) are assumed to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than conventional (CONV) pork products with no claims regarding use of antimicrobial agents during production. A total of 372 pork chop samples from CONV (n = 190) and RWA (n = 182) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TETr Salmonella, 3GCr Salmonella, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, Enterococcus spp., TETr Enterococcus, erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Production system did not significantly impact the detection of cultured bacteria (P > 0.05). Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). Quantitative PCR was used to assess the abundances of the following 10 AMR genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For all 10 AMR genes, abundances did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between production systems. These results suggest that use of antimicrobial agents during swine production minimally impacts the AMR of bacteria in pork chops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Eric Miller
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
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Beier RC, Byrd JA, Caldwell D, Andrews K, Crippen TL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Inhibition and Interactions of Campylobacter jejuni from Broiler Chicken Houses with Organic Acids. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E223. [PMID: 31366094 PMCID: PMC6722939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium that causes major diarrheal disease worldwide and is also one of the top five foodborne pathogens encountered in the United States. Poultry is a major source of C. jejuni, and a high-risk factor for contracting campylobacteriosis. Organic acids are used in the United States during food animal processing for removal of bacterial contamination from animal carcasses. Six organic acids were evaluated in inhibition studies of 96 C. jejuni strains obtained from shoe covers used in broiler chicken houses at different poultry farms in several states by determining the susceptibilities of the C. jejuni strains, along with the pH values at the molar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICMs). The undissociated and dissociated organic acid concentrations were calculated at the MICMs with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The results for the 96 C. jejuni strains were treated similarly for each different organic acid. Campylobacter jejuni inhibition did correlate with the dissociated organic acids, but did not correlate with pH or with the undissociated organic acids. When the concentrations of dissociated organic acids decreased, the C. jejuni strains were not disinfected. A carcass wash using organic acids should have the concentration of dissociated acid species carefully controlled. It is suggested to maintain a dissociated acid concentration for propionic, l-lactic, formic, citric, butyric, and acetic acids at 24, 40, 36, 21, 23, and 25 mM, respectively, and at these dissociated organic acid levels an acid wash would be expected to remove or inhibit 97% or more of the C. jejuni bacteria studied here. However, studies must be undertaken to confirm that the suggested concentrations of dissociated organic acids are adequate to remove C. jejuni bacteria in the field vs. the laboratory. Due to propionate, l-lactate, formate, butyrate, and acetate being utilized by C. jejuni, these organic acids may not be appropriate for use as a carcass wash to remove C. jejuni surface contamination. Of all tested organic acids, dissociated citric acid was the most efficient at inhibiting C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Beier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA.
| | - J Allen Byrd
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
| | - Denise Caldwell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845-4988, USA
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43
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Conficoni D, Santagiuliana M, Marchesan M, Franceschini F, Catellani P, Ferioli M, Giaccone V. Distribution of Listeria spp. on Carcasses of Regularly Slaughtered Swine for Italian Dry Cured Ham. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1104-1109. [PMID: 31199693 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Swine carcasses are often contaminated with Listeria spp. Heads are more contaminated than shoulders and thighs. Lairage time higher than 10 h is a risk factor for Listeria spp. contamination. Closed-cycle farms presented greater carcass contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conficoni
- 1 Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-6716 [D.C.])
| | | | - Massimo Marchesan
- 3 Consultant of Animal Welfare and Food Inspection, 35100 Padova PD, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Catellani
- 1 Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-6716 [D.C.])
| | - Marcello Ferioli
- 5 Epta Nord-Food Analysis and Consulting Srl, via Padova 58, 35026 Conselve PD, Italy
| | - Valerio Giaccone
- 1 Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, Viale Dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-6716 [D.C.])
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Beier RC, Harvey RB, Hernandez CA, Andrews K, Droleskey RE, Hume ME, Davidson MK, Bodeis-Jones S, Young S, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Disinfectant and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Campylobacter coli Isolated in 1998 to 1999 and 2015 from Swine and Commercial Pork Chops. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1501-1512. [PMID: 31116418 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility profiles were determined for 111 Campylobacter coli strains obtained in 1998 to 1999 and 2015 from market age pigs and pork chops against 22 disinfectants and 9 antimicrobials. Resistance to tetracycline (TET) was observed in 44.4% of 1998 to 1999 strains, and the antibiotic resistance profile was TET. But strains obtained in 2015 from swine and retail pork chops had 75% TET resistance and the antibiotic resistance profile was TET, followed by azithromycin-erythromycin-TET-telithromycin-clindamycin. Antimicrobial resistance increased in 2015 strains. All strains were resistant to triclosan, and 84.1% and 95.8% of strains in 1998 to 1999 and 2015, respectively, were chlorhexidine resistant. All strains were susceptible to benzalkonium chloride. There was a shift toward higher susceptibility to chlorhexidine, triclosan, P-128, OdoBan, CPB, and CPC in 2015 swine and pork chop strains compared with 1998 to 1999 strains. The disinfectants Tek-Trol and providone-iodine, tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane (THN) and formaldehyde demonstrated the highest susceptibilities. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (C10AC) appeared to be about equally effective as benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (C14BAC) for inhibiting C. coli, and both were more effective than C8AC and C12BAC, but C16BAC was not efficient at inhibiting C. coli. The BACs, C12BAC and C14BAC, were the most effective ingredients in DC&R. Also, C12BAC and C14BAC, or these two in synergy with C10AC were responsible for inhibition of C. coli at high P-128 MICs. No cross-resistance was observed between antibiotics and disinfectants. The continued use of THN and formaldehyde in DC&R should be evaluated since these components are not effective, and their inclusion adds unwanted chemicals in the environment. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Campylobacter species cause diarrheal disease throughout the world. Disinfectants are often used on the farm, in veterinary medicine, by the food processing industry, in restaurants, and in consumer's homes. Limited information is available in the literature showing how disinfectants or disinfectant components may affect the many different foodborne pathogens, and, specifically, Campylobacter coli studied here. The knowledge generated in this study concerning the interactions of a broad array of disinfectants against C. coli may well affect the types of disinfectants and disinfectant formulations allowable for use by medical personnel, producers, food processors, restaurants, and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Beier
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Roger B Harvey
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Charles A Hernandez
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Robert E Droleskey
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Michael E Hume
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Maureen K Davidson
- USFDA, Office of Research, CVM, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Sonya Bodeis-Jones
- USFDA, Office of Research, CVM, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Shenia Young
- USFDA, Office of Research, CVM, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- USDA-ARS, SPARC, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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Peruzy MF, Murru N, Yu Z, Kerkhof PJ, Neola B, Joossens M, Proroga YTR, Houf K. Assessment of microbial communities on freshly killed wild boar meat by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 301:51-60. [PMID: 31100642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are the most widely distributed large mammals and recent increase in consumption of wild boar meat urges the need of microbiological quality criteria. The aim of the study was to characterize the initial bacterial contamination on freshly-killed wild boar meat using a culture-dependent approach with ISO-methods combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Moreover, the presence of foodborne pathogens was examined using Real-Time-PCR and confirmed by classical isolation. Analysing 22 unrelated wild boar meat samples showed a higher bacterial contamination level compared to pork, with Salmonella present in almost one third of the samples. A great variability of the microbial contamination between the samples was recorded, as well as complementary results between culturing and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing as frequently isolated genera were not always detected, and vice versa. Furthermore, the foodborne pathogen Salmonella was never detected with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, demonstrating the necessity for a cautious approach in the implementation of new analysis techniques in food safety. The present work determines that attention should be paid to the trade of non-inspected meat directly to retail or consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P-J Kerkhof
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Neola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - M Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Y T R Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - K Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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White JK, Nielsen JL, Madsen AM. Microbial species and biodiversity in settling dust within and between pig farms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:558-567. [PMID: 30771719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The airborne fungal and bacterial species present in pig farm dust have not been well characterised even though these bioaerosols are known to cause inflammation and other airway maladies. In this study, the microbial species and composition in airborne dust within and between pig farms were investigated. Passively sedimenting dust from six pig farms were collected using electrostatic dust collectors. The bacterial and fungal species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). Dust samples taken within the same stable section revealed high resemblance and stability. Constrained statistical analysis of the microbial community compositions indicated that the types of stable did not appear to have a great effect on the bacterial and fungal β-diversity. In contrast to this, the farm from which samples were taken appeared to have the greatest effect on the bacterial β-diversity, but this trend was not observed for the fungal β-diversity. The most common bacteria and fungi according to NGS data were anaerobes typically associated with the pig intestinal tract and yeasts respectively. Bacterial sedimentation varied at a rate between 103 and 109 CFU/m2/day, with the most common species after aerobic incubation being Aerococcus viridans and Staphylococcus equorum, while Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus simulans were the most common species after anaerobic incubation. A total of 28 different species of bacteria and fungi were classifiable as pathogens. In conclusion, the biodiversity in pig farm dust shows a high diversity of bacterial species. However, samples from the same stable section resembled each other, but also different sections within the same farm also resembled each other, thus indicating a high degree of community stability in the dust source. In regards to fungal identification, the biodiversity was observed to be similar between samples from different stable sections and farms, indicating a higher degree of similarities in the mycobiomes found across pig farms studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kerr White
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Chlortetracycline Enhances Tonsil Colonization and Fecal Shedding of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 without Major Alterations to the Porcine Tonsillar and Intestinal Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02354-18. [PMID: 30530706 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02354-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are estimated to cause 1.2 million cases of human foodborne illness each year in the United States, and pigs can often be asymptomatically colonized with Salmonella spp. (>50% of farms). Recent reports state that 18.3% of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are associated with an increased hospitalization rate and other complications. Chlortetracycline is commonly used in swine production to prevent/treat various diseases; therefore, chlortetracycline treatment of pigs unknowingly colonized with MDR Salmonella may have collateral effects on Salmonella spp. (and other gut bacteria). In this study, we determined the effect of in-feed chlortetracycline (400 g/ton) on shedding and colonization of pigs challenged with the MDR S Typhimurium strain DT104 (n = 11/group). We also assessed the impact on the fecal microbiota over the 12-day experimental period and on the ileum, cecum, and tonsil microbiota at 7 days postinoculation (dpi). In MDR S Typhimurium-inoculated pigs, chlortetracycline administration significantly increased fecal shedding at 2 dpi (+1.4 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001) and enhanced tonsil colonization (+3.1 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001). There were few major alterations detected in the gut or tonsillar microbiota of pigs treated with MDR S Typhimurium and/or chlortetracycline. The tonsillar transcriptome was largely unaffected despite increased colonization by MDR S Typhimurium following inoculation of the chlortetracycline-treated pigs. These results highlight the idea that chlortetracycline administration can enhance shedding and colonization of MDR S Typhimurium in pigs, which could increase the risk of environmental dissemination of MDR Salmonella strains.IMPORTANCE Salmonella spp. are an important cause of foodborne illness in North America, and pork products are associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Isolates of Salmonella may be resistant to multiple antibiotics, and infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. are more difficult to treat, leading to increased hospitalization rates. Swine operations commonly use antimicrobials, such as chlortetracycline, to prevent/treat infections, which may have collateral effects on pig microbial populations. Recently, we demonstrated that chlortetracycline induces the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and invasion in MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro In our current study, we show increased tonsillar colonization and fecal shedding of the MDR S Typhimurium strain DT104 from pigs administered chlortetracycline. Therefore, pigs unknowingly colonized with multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and receiving chlortetracycline for an unrelated infection may be at a greater risk for disseminating MDR Salmonella spp. to other pigs and to humans through environmental or pork product contamination.
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Van Ba H, Seo HW, Seong PN, Kang SM, Cho SH, Kim YS, Park BY, Moon SS, Kang SJ, Choi YM, Kim JH. The fates of microbial populations on pig carcasses during slaughtering process, on retail cuts after slaughter, and intervention efficiency of lactic acid spraying. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 294:10-17. [PMID: 30711888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to detect and identify microbial populations on pig carcasses at different slaughtering stages and on retail pork cuts at 24 h after slaughter as well as to evaluate the intervention efficiency of sprays containing different concentrations (2% and 4%) of lactic acid. The sprays were applied to the carcass surfaces at the end of the slaughter line. Microbial samples were collected from carcass surfaces after bleeding and after eviscerating, and from retail cuts at 24 h after chilling/spraying. The detected microorganisms were identified through using a Microflex identification instrument and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The diversity of the bacterial genera; Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterococci, Escherichia, Acinetobacter and Corynebacterium spp. showed counts ranging from 2.70 to 4.91 log10 cfu/100 cm2 on the carcasses during slaughter. Most of these genera were also detected on the carcasses after 24 h of chilling. Three species (Staphylococcus hyicus, Acinetobacter albensis, and Corynebacterium xerosis) were also found on the retail cuts of non-sprayed carcasses but not on those of the sprayed groups. Significantly greater reductions in all bacterial species were observed on the carcasses and retail cuts that were sprayed with lactic acid, particularly at the 4% level. Thus, spraying with 4% lactic acid may be an effective intervention for controlling bacterial contamination on pig carcasses to improve the microbiological safety of pork meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Van Ba
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Seo
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Nam Seong
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Moon Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Huyn Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Young Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sil Moon
- Sunjin Meat Research Center, Ansung 17532, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ju Kang
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Stein H, Stessl B, Brunthaler R, Loncaric I, Weissenböck H, Ruczizka U, Ladinig A, Schwarz L. Listeriosis in fattening pigs caused by poor quality silage - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:362. [PMID: 30463612 PMCID: PMC6249783 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Listeria (L.) monocytogenes as the causative agent of listeriosis in humans and different animal species, has its reservoir in the environment. It can be found in the gut and faeces of healthy pigs, but under certain circumstances it may cause clinical disease. Fatteners are usually not known to get affected by Listeria-associated septicaemia and enteritis. This case report shows, that L. monocytogenes should be part of the list of differential diagnoses, when fattening pigs suffer from haemorrhagic diarrhoea and septicaemia. Case presentation Here, we report of an episode of fatal listeriosis in fattening pigs in a piglet producing farm in Lower Austria, which was combined with a fattening unit with space for 450 fatteners. The mortality rate resulted in 7.8% among fattening pigs after suffering from clinical symptoms such as anorexia, bloody diarrhoea and increased body temperature. Two fattening pigs with clinical symptoms and maize silage samples were used for further diagnostics. L. monocytogenes were isolated from serosa samples of the pigs and in the corresponding fed maize silage. One animal was positively tested for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which may have also been involved in the development of colitis. Immunohistochemically, L. monocytogenes could be detected in high amounts in lymphatic tissue of the gut. Molecular biological characterisation of the L. monocytogenes isolates from pigs and maize silage resulted in an identical DNA-fingerprint assigned to sequence type (ST) 21. Additionally, a high content of deoxynivalenol (3000 parts per billion) was found in maize silage. Therefore, the maize silage produced under inappropriate ensilaging conditions in a silo, was most likely the source of infection. Antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin led to a fast cure of the remaining affected fatteners. Conclusion To conclude, we were able to show, that L. monocytogenes can cause clinical disease in finishing pigs, which may have been a result of immunosuppression due to high deoxynivalenol exposure. When feeding silage it is important that all ensilaging procedures occur under appropriate anaerobic conditions to guarantee suppression of listerial growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1687-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Stein
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Current address: Vetpraxis Hegerberg, Kasten, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Ruczizka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Serio A, Chaves-López C, Sacchetti G, Rossi C, Paparella A. Chitosan Coating Inhibits the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Extends the Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packed Pork Loins at 4 °C. Foods 2018; 7:E155. [PMID: 30257415 PMCID: PMC6210955 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan coating is a promising method for food preservation. This study aims to fill the data gap regarding the application of chitosan (1% and 2%) on vacuum-packed fresh pork stored at 4 °C for 28 days, with particular attention on the effect on Listeria monocytogenes, inoculated as a cocktail of three strains. Chitosan at both concentrations was able to significantly reduce L. monocytogenes counts by more than 1.5 Log CFU/g with respect to control; moreover, it inhibited the growth of mesophilic bacteria and was particularly effective on lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The beneficial effects on shelf life were demonstrated by both panel test and pH evolution. In fact, panellists did not detect any sensory difference between samples treated with 1% chitosan and control up to 14 days of storage, while after 28 days, a pungent flesh odour was perceived in control samples only. Interestingly, at aw values of fresh meat (0.984), the chitosan coating exhibited a liquid behaviour, with a dynamic viscosity of 229.4 ± 4.2 mPa/s. Chitosan coating applied on vacuum-packed pork loins contained L. monocytogenes growth and improved the microbiological characteristics of the product, with a beneficial effect on product shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Serio
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo TE 64100, Italy.
| | - Clemencia Chaves-López
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo TE 64100, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Sacchetti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo TE 64100, Italy.
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo TE 64100, Italy.
| | - Antonello Paparella
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo TE 64100, Italy.
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