Ferulic Acid and Naturally Occurring Compounds Bearing a Feruloyl Moiety: A Review on Their Structures, Occurrence, and Potential Health Benefits

Ferulic acid-arabinoxylan conjugates: Synthesis, characterization and applications in antibacterial film formation

A novel antibacterial film based on arabinoxylan (AX) was prepared by introducing ferulic acid (FA) to AX through a laccase-catalyzed procedure. The ferulic acid-arabinoxylan conjugates (FA-AX conjugates) have been characterized. Results showed that FA was successfully grafted onto the AX chains by covalent linkages, likely through nucleophilic addition between O-Ph in the phenolic hydroxyl group of FA, or through Michael addition via O-quinone intermediates. FA-AX conjugates showed improved crystallinity, thermal stability, and rheological properties, as well as a distinct surface morphology, compared with those of native AX. Moreover, FA-AX conjugates exhibited enhanced antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shewanella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Mechanistic studies revealed that the enhanced antibacterial ability was due to the penetration of bacterial membrane by the phenolic molecule and the steric effect of FA-AX conjugates. The study demonstrates that the laccase-induced grafting method was effective in producing FA-AX conjugates; we have demonstrated its antibacterial ability and great potential in prolonging the shelf life of fresh seafood products.

Ferulic acid: extraction, estimation, bioactivity and applications for human health and food

Ferulic acid ((E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl) prop-2-enoic acid) is a derivative of caffeic acid found in most plants. This abundant phenolic compound exhibits significant antioxidant capacity and a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective activities. It is absorbed more quickly by the body and stays in the bloodstream for a longer period compared with other phenolic acids. It is widely used in the food (namely whole grains, fruits, vegetables and coffee), pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The current review highlights ferulic acid and its pharmacological activities, reported mechanisms of action, food applications (food preservative, food additive, food processing, food supplements and in food packaging in the form of edible films) and role in human health. In the future, the demand for ferulic acid in the food and pharmaceutical industries will increase. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Natural autophagy activators: A promising strategy for combating photoaging

BACKGROUND

Photodamage to the skin stands out as one of the most widespread epidermal challenges globally. Prolonged exposure to sunlight containing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) instigates stress, thereby compromising the skin's functionality and culminating in photoaging. Recent investigations have shed light on the importance of autophagy in shielding the skin from photodamage. Despite the acknowledgment of numerous phytochemicals possessing photoprotective attributes, their potential to induce autophagy remains relatively unexplored.

PURPOSE

Diminished autophagy activity in photoaged skin underscores the potential benefits of restoring autophagy through natural compounds to enhance photoprotection. Consequently, this study aims to highlight the role of natural compounds in safeguarding against photodamage and to assess their potential to induce autophagy via an in-silico approach.

METHODS

A thorough search of the literature was done using several databases, including PUBMED, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to gather relevant studies. Several keywords such as Phytochemical, Photoprotection, mTOR, Ultraviolet Radiation, Reactive oxygen species, Photoaging, and Autophagy were utilized to ensure thorough exploration. To assess the autophagy potential of phytochemicals through virtual screening, computational methodologies such as molecular docking were employed, utilizing tools like AutoDock Vina. Receptor preparation for docking was facilitated using MGLTools.

RESULTS

The initiation of structural and functional deterioration in the skin due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or sunlight-induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) involves the modulation of various pathways. Natural compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, flavones, and anthocyanins, among others, possess chromophores capable of absorbing light, thereby offering photoprotection by modulating these pathways. In our molecular docking study, these phytochemicals have shown binding affinity with mTOR, a negative regulator of autophagy, indicating their potential as autophagy modulators.

CONCLUSION

This integrated review underscores the photoprotective characteristics of natural compounds, while the in-silico analysis reveals their potential to modulate autophagy, which could significantly contribute to their anti-photoaging properties. The findings of this study hold promise for the advancement of cosmeceuticals and therapeutics containing natural compounds aimed at addressing photoaging and various skin-related diseases. By leveraging their dual benefits of photoprotection and autophagy modulation, these natural compounds offer a multifaceted approach to combatting skin aging and related conditions.

Ferulic Acid: A Comprehensive Review

Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound abundant in the cell walls of seeds, leaves, and roots of various fruits, vegetables, cereals, and grains, is renowned for its wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Despite its therapeutic potential, the clinical application of FA is hindered by challenges such as poor water solubility, limited bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions. To address these issues, nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach, enhancing FA's pharmacokinetic profile. Various nanoparticle-based systems, including polymer-based and lipid-based nanoparticles, have been developed to encapsulate FA. These systems have demonstrated significant improvements in FA's solubility, stability, and bioavailability, with studies showing enhanced antioxidant activity and controlled release profiles. Further, the surface engineering of these nanoparticles provides targeted drug/phytochemical delivery potential. The targeted delivery of drugs/phytochemicals significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. This review explores the therapeutic potential of FA, the limitations in its clinical application, and the advancements in nanoparticle-based delivery systems that are paving the way for its effective therapeutic use.

Biosynthesis of Feruloyl Glycerol from Ferulic Acid and Glycerol Through a Two-Enzyme Cascade Reaction

Feruloyl glycerol (FG) has a variety of biological activities, but the green synthesis methods of FG remain rare. In this study, FG was prepared by a cascade reaction catalyzed by 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferase 4 (HCT4). The cascade reaction carried out at solvent water and room temperature is more convenient and greener. Firstly, the product derived from the cascade reaction was characterized by TLC, HPLC, FTIR, and ESI-MS. The results showed that the product was FG. Secondly, the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme ratio, Mg2+ concentration, and CoA concentration on the cascade reaction were investigated. Consequently, the highest reaction rate was obtained at 30 °C, pH 6, an enzyme ratio of 1:3, and Mg2+ concentration of 5 mM. Finally, semi-preparative scale synthesis for FG was conducted. The production of FG reached 35.1 mM at 24 h with the FG conversion of 70.18%. In a word, a novel idea for the efficient and green synthesis of FG was proposed, which had great potential for industrial application.

The neuroprotective effects of ferulic acid in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease: A review

Parkinson's disease is predominantly caused by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein. Though the general consensus is that several factors, such as aging, environmental factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulations of neurotoxic alpha-synuclein, malfunctions of the lysosomal and proteasomal protein degradation systems, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, are involved in the neurodegeneration process of Parkinson's disease, the precise mechanism by which all of these factors are triggered remains unknown. Typically, neurotoxic compounds such as rotenone, 6-hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl 4-phenyl pyridinium (mpp+), paraquat, and maneb are used to Preclinical models of Parkinson's disease Ferulic acid is often referred to by its scientific name, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (C10H10O4), and is found naturally in cereals, fruits, vegetables, and bee products. This substance exhibits neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's disease because of its intriguing potential, which includes anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. This review goes into additional detail about Parkinson's disease and the neuroprotective properties of ferulic acid that may help prevent the condition.

A colorimetric probe for rapid and simultaneous detection of alkylresorcinols and ferulic acid based on in-situ coupling reaction in aqueous media

Rapid and simultaneous detection of Alkylresorcinols (ARs) and ferulic acid (FA) could evaluate qualities of commercial wheat products comprehensively and improving product quality. In this work, we have developed a colorimetric strategy for rapid and simultaneous detection of ARs and FA by using in-situ coupling reaction between analytes and diazotized small molecule probe in aqueous media. This strategy featured a rapid response, obvious color change, simple preprocessing, high sensitivity and selectivity. The limit of detection (LOD) can be as low as 0.244 μM and 0.5 μM for ARs and FA, respectively. The sensing mechanism was investigated by spectroscopy technique. Excellent practical application of this method was further confirmed to simultaneously monitor ARs and FA in real samples. The accuracy of the method could be reached to 95.0 % and 99.6 % for ARs and FA respectively. To our knowledge, this work firstly reported a sensor for ARs and FA simultaneous determination.

Co-Delivery of an Innovative Organoselenium Compound and Paclitaxel by pH-Responsive PCL Nanoparticles to Synergistically Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer

In this study, we designed the association of the organoselenium compound 5'-Seleno-(phenyl)-3'-(ferulic-amido)-thymidine (AFAT-Se), a promising innovative nucleoside analogue, with the antitumor drug paclitaxel, in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based nanoparticles (NPs). The nanoprecipitation method was used, adding the lysine-based surfactant, 77KS, as a pH-responsive adjuvant. The physicochemical properties presented by the proposed NPs were consistent with expectations. The co-nanoencapsulation of the bioactive compounds maintained the antioxidant activity of the association and evidenced greater antiproliferative activity in the resistant/MDR tumor cell line NCI/ADR-RES, both in the monolayer/two-dimensional (2D) and in the spheroid/three-dimensional (3D) assays. Hemocompatibility studies indicated the safety of the nanoformulation, corroborating the ability to spare non-tumor 3T3 cells and human mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMCs) from cytotoxic effects, indicating its selectivity for the cancerous cells. Furthermore, the synergistic antiproliferative effect was found for both the association of free compounds and the co-encapsulated formulation. These findings highlight the antitumor potential of combining these bioactives, and the proposed nanoformulation as a potentially safe and effective strategy to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer therapy.

Repurposing immune boosting and anti-viral efficacy of Parkia bioactive entities as multi-target directed therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2: exploration of lead drugs by drug likeness, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused adverse health (severe respiratory, enteric and systemic infections) and environmental impacts that have threatened public health and the economy worldwide. Drug repurposing and small molecule multi-target directed herbal medicine therapeutic approaches are the most appropriate exploration strategies for SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery. This study identified potential multi-target-directed Parkia bioactive entities against SARS-CoV-2 receptors (S-protein, ACE2, TMPRSS2, RBD/ACE2, RdRp, MPro, and PLPro) using ADMET, drug-likeness, molecular docking (AutoDock, FireDock and HDOCK), molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA tools. One thousand Parkia bioactive entities were screened out by virtual screening and forty-five bioactive phytomolecules were selected based on favorable binding affinity and acceptable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. The binding affinity values of Parkia phyto-ligands (AutoDock: -6.00--10.40 kcal/mol; FireDock: -31.00--62.02 kcal/mol; and HDOCK: -150.0--294.93 kcal/mol) were observed to be higher than the reference antiviral drugs (AutoDock: -5.90--9.10 kcal/mol; FireDock: -35.64--59.35 kcal/mol; and HDOCK: -132.82--211.87 kcal/mol), suggesting a potent modulatory action of Parkia bioactive entities against the SARS-CoV-2. Didymin, rutin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin-3-0-gallate, hyperin, ursolic acid, lupeol, stigmasta-5,24(28)-diene-3-ol, ellagic acid, apigenin, stigmasterol, and campesterol strongly bound with the multiple targets of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors, inhibiting viral entry, attachment, binding, replication, transcription, maturation, packaging and spread. Furthermore, ACE2, TMPRSS2, and MPro receptors possess significant molecular dynamic properties, including stability, compactness, flexibility and total binding energy. Residues GLU-589, and LEU-95 of ACE2, GLN-350, HIS-186, and ASP-257 of TMPRSS2, and GLU-14, MET-49, and GLN-189 of MPro receptors contributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds and binding interactions, playing vital roles in inhibiting the activity of the receptors. Promising results were achieved by developing multi-targeted antiviral Parkia bioactive entities as lead and prospective candidates under a small molecule strategy against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The antiviral activity of Parkia bioactive entities needs to be further validated by pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Research Progress Regarding the Effect and Mechanism of Dietary Polyphenols in Liver Fibrosis

The development of liver fibrosis is a result of chronic liver injuries may progress to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, liver fibrosis has become a major global problem, and the incidence rate and mortality are increasing year by year. However, there are currently no approved treatments. Research on anti-liver-fibrosis drugs is a top priority. Dietary polyphenols, such as plant secondary metabolites, have remarkable abilities to reduce lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and inflammation, and are attracting more and more attention as potential drugs for the treatment of liver diseases. Gradually, dietary polyphenols are becoming the focus for providing an improvement in the treatment of liver fibrosis. The impact of dietary polyphenols on the composition of intestinal microbiota and the subsequent production of intestinal microbial metabolites has been observed to indirectly modulate signaling pathways in the liver, thereby exerting regulatory effects on liver disease. In conclusion, there is evidence that dietary polyphenols can be therapeutically useful in preventing and treating liver fibrosis, and we highlight new perspectives and key questions for future drug development.

A Review on Bioactive Compounds, Ethnomedicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd

Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. is a traditional leafy vegetable used by tribal communities for ethnomedicinal and ethnoculinary preparations. This article reviews the current knowledge of its multiple uses, including pharmacological activities and nutritional composition. The literature survey shows that it has been traditionally useful in the treatment of several diseases, such as anaemia, diabetes, measles, and ulcers and the preparation of various traditional foods. Analysis of the literature on its phytochemicals shows its richness in bioactive compounds. Further, research also shows that this plant has antidiabetic, antiobesity, antitumor, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities besides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nutrient analysis of the plant reveals the presence of Ca, Zn, Fe, vitamins C and E, dietary fibre and protein in considerable quantities. The results of the pharmacological studies on the antidiabetic, antiulcer and anti-anaemic activities provide support in favour of its ethnomedicinal uses. The presence of bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities show the usefulness of this plant as a functional food.

Cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework materials: Classifications, synthesis strategies and applications in variegated delivery systems

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination compounds that possess an adjustable structure and controllable function. Despite their wide applications in various industries, the use of MOFs in the fields of food and biomedicine is limited mainly due to their potential biological toxicity. Researchers have thus focused on developing biocompatible MOFs to address this issue. Among them, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have emerged as a promising alternative. CD-MOFs are novel MOFs synthesized using naturally carbohydrate cyclodextrin and alkali metal cations, and possess renewable, non-toxic, and edible characteristics. Due to their high specific surface area, controllable porosity, great biocompatibility, CD-MOFs have been widely used in various delivery systems, such as encapsulation of nutraceuticals, flavors, and antibacterial agents. Although the field of CD-MOF materials is still in its early stages, they provide a promising direction for the development of MOF materials in the delivery field. This review describes classification and structural characteristics, followed by an introduction to formation mechanism and commonly used synthetic methods for CD-MOFs. Additionally, we discuss the status of the application of various delivery systems based on CD-MOFs. Finally, we address the challenges and prospects of CD-MOF materials, with the aim of providing new insights and ideas for their future development.

Spruce Balm-Based Semisolid Vehicles for Wound Healing: Effect of Excipients on Rheological Properties and Ex Vivo Skin Permeation

The treatment of chronic wounds, an important issue with the growing elderly population, is increasingly hindered by antibiotic resistance. Alternative wound care approaches involve the use of traditional plant-derived remedies, such as purified spruce balm (PSB), with antimicrobial effects and the promotion of cell proliferation. However, spruce balm is difficult to formulate due to its stickiness and high viscosity; dermal products with satisfying technological properties and the scientific literature on this topic are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present work was to develop and rheologically characterize a range of PSB-based dermal formulations with different hydrophilic/lipophilic compositions. Mono- and biphasic semisolid formulations based on different compounds (petrolatum, paraffin oil, wool wax, castor oil, and water) were developed and characterized by their organoleptic and rheological measurements. A chromatographic method of analysis was established, and skin permeation data were collected for pivotal compounds. The results showed that the dynamic viscosity ranged from 10 to 70 Pas at 10/s for the different shear-thinning systems. The best formulation properties were observed for water-free wool wax/castor oil systems with 20% w/w PSB followed by different water-in-oil cream systems. Skin permeation through porcine skin was observed for different PSB compounds (e.g., pinoresinol, dehydroabietic acid, and 15-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid) using Franz-type diffusion cells. The permeation potential of wool wax/castor oil- and lard-based formulations was shown for all the analyzed substance classes. The varying content of pivotal compounds in different PSB batches collected at different timepoints from different spruce individuals might have contributed to observed differences in vehicle performance.

Marine Natural Products as Innovative Cosmetic Ingredients

Over the course of the last 20 years, numerous studies have identified the benefits of an array of marine natural ingredients for cosmetic purposes, as they present unique characteristics not found in terrestrial organisms. Consequently, several marine-based ingredients and bioactive compounds are under development, used or considered for skin care and cosmetics. Despite the multitude of cosmetics based on marine sources, only a small proportion of their full potential has been exploited. Many cosmetic industries have turned their attention to the sea to obtain innovative marine-derived compounds for cosmetics, but further research is needed to determine and elucidate the benefits. This review gathers information on the main biological targets for cosmetic ingredients, different classes of marine natural products of interest for cosmetic applications, and the organisms from which such products can be sourced. Although organisms from different phyla present different and varied bioactivities, the algae phylum seems to be the most promising for cosmetic applications, presenting compounds of many classes. In fact, some of these compounds present higher bioactivities than their commercialized counterparts, demonstrating the potential presented by marine-derived compounds for cosmetic applications (i.e., Mycosporine-like amino acids and terpenoids’ antioxidant activity). This review also summarizes the major challenges and opportunities faced by marine-derived cosmetic ingredients to successfully reach the market. As a future perspective, we consider that fruitful cooperation among academics and cosmetic industries could lead to a more sustainable market through responsible sourcing of ingredients, implementing ecological manufacturing processes, and experimenting with inventive recycling and reuse programs.

Dysregulation of butyrylcholinesterase, BCHE gene SNP rs1803274, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in occupational workers

BACKGROUND

People in different occupations are exposed to a variety of xenobiotics which affect the health and physiological processes of the body. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), has been reported to play neuronal and non-neuronal roles, though its exact function is yet to be established. This study aimed to find the status and role of BChE in seven different occupational groups; gasoline fillers, auto-mechanics, carpenters, textile shop workers, furniture shop workers, electricians, and office workers.

METHODS

A total of 400 samples were screened. BChE activity was determined by Worek et al. method based on Ellman's principle. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant of BCHE gene SNP was carried out by standard molecular methods. Among seven groups, office workers were taken as a control to compare the results with all other occupational groups.

RESULTS

The results revealed a significant decrease in BChE activity in gasoline fillers (79.52%) followed by carpenters (73.49%), auto mechanics (39.76%), textile shop workers (18.07%), electricians (10.84%), and furniture shop workers (7.23%). TNF-α, IL-6, and IL1-β were elevated in all groups. IL-6 and IL1-β in gasoline fillers, and electricians were not statistically significantly increased. Binomial regression to determine the odd ratio was found to be significant (p < 0.05) in all groups. However, correlation (Pearson) did not reveal significance between different biochemical parameters. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant SNP of the BCHE gene showed a significant association with occupational groups when compared with control which indicates a possible association with xenobiotics exposure and the physiological role of K-variant in understudied occupational groups.

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that BChE and its gene SNP rs 1803274 and proinflammatory cytokines significantly dysregulates under the exposure to cumulative multiple xenobiotics in different occupational groups which may lead to pathophysiological conditions.

The impact of processing on the release and antioxidant capacity of ferulic acid from wheat: A systematic review

The antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility of ferulic acid (FA)¹ in wheat are highly limited by the lack of free ferulic acid (FFA).² However, many studies claim that wheat processing can efficiently increase FFA content and ultimately influence the overall antioxidant capacity. Hence, this systematic review investigated changes in FFA content, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility of wheat after different processing treatments. A literature search of two databases (PubMed and Web of Science) was undertaken covering the last 20 years, yielding 1148 articles. Studies which employed bioprocessing, thermal processing and milling of wheat were considered. After exclusion criteria were applied, 36 articles were included. These covered single processing methods (n = 25, bioprocessing: n = 9, thermal processing: n = 9, milling n = 7) and combined processing methods (n = 11, bioprocessing & thermal processing = 7, bioprocessing, thermal processing & milling = 2, thermal processing & milling = 2). The total ferulic acid (TFA)³ content, degree of covalent bond hydrolysis and the percentage of FFA degraded or transformed to other compounds dominated the final changes in FFA content, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility. This systematic review is the first to comprehensively summarize the best efficient processing method for releasing FA and increasing antioxidant capacity and or bioaccessibility in wheat. The combination of particle size reduction, pre-hydrolysis thermal processing (except at high temperature and extended duration) and enzymatic hydrolysis (ferulic acid esterase (FAE)⁴ or fermentation) has the highest potential of releasing FA. However, the literature on the bioaccessibility of FA in wheat is limited and more work is required to demonstrate the link between the release of FA by processing and the consequent health benefits.

Low concentrations of Ambrosia maritima L. phenolic extract protect endothelial cells from oxidative cell death induced by H2O2 and sera from Crohn's disease patients

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

A rising resort to herbal therapies in Crohn's disease (CD) alternative treatments has been recently observed due to their remarkable natural efficiency. In this context, the weed plant Ambrosia maritima L., traditionally known as Hachich el Aouinet in Algeria and as Damsissa in Egypt and Sudan, is widely used in North African folk medicine to treat infections, inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal and urinary tract disturbances, rheumatic pain, respiratory problems, diabetes, hypertension and cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To assess an Ambrosia maritima L. phenolic extract for its phenolic profile composition, its potential antioxidant activity in vitro, and its cytoprotective effect on cultured primary human endothelial cells (ECs) stressed with H₂O₂ and sera from CD patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phenolic compound extraction was performed with a low-temperature method. Extract chemical profile was attained by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS. The extract in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using several methods including cupric ion reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging assay, O-Phenanthroline free radical reducing activity, ABTS cation radical decolourisation assay, Galvinoxyl free radicals scavenging assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were evaluated in human endothelial cells by H₂DCFDA, while cell viability was assessed by MTT.

RESULTS

The phenolic compounds extraction showed a yield of 17.66% with three di-caffeoylquinic acid isomers detected for the first time in Ambrosia maritima L. Using different analytical methods, a significant in vitro antioxidant activity was reported for the Ambrosia maritima L. extract, with an IC₅₀ value of 14.33 ± 3.86 μg/mL for the Galvinoxyl antioxidant activity method. Challenged with ECs the Ambrosia maritima L. extract showed a biphasic dose-dependent effect on H₂O₂-treated cells, cytoprotective and antioxidant at low doses, and cytotoxic and prooxidant at high doses, respectively. Viability and ROS levels data also demonstrated a prooxidant and cytotoxic effect of CD sera on cultured ECs. Interestingly, 10 μg/mL of Ambrosia maritima L. extract was able to counteract both CD sera-induced oxidative stress and ECs death.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicated Ambrosia maritima L. as a source of bioactive phenolics potentially employable as a natural alternative for CD treatment.

Effects of supplemental ferulic acid (FA) on survival, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae

A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental ferulic acid (FA) on survival, growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of the  large yellow croaker larvae (initial weight: 2.58 ± 0.30 mg). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic micro-diets were formulated with graded levels of FA (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) and fed to the experimental larvae seven times daily. Results showed that larvae fed the diet with 40 mg/kg FA had significantly higher survival rate, while the specific growth rate was higher in larvae fed diets with 40 and 80 mg/kg FA than the control group (P < 0.05). Activities of trypsin in pancreatic segments (PS) and intestinal segments, lipase in PS and alkaline phosphatase in brush border membrane were significantly increased by supplementation of FA compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Supplementation of FA significantly increased activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase, and reduced the malondialdehyde content compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, activities of lysozyme, total nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide content were significantly improved by supplemental FA in diets. Furthermore, supplementation of 40 mg/kg FA reduced the triglyceride content in larval visceral mass probably through down-regulating expression of lipogenesis-related genes (scd1, fas and dgat2) and up-regulating expression of lipid catabolism-related genes (aco, cpt-1 and hl). In conclusion, appropriate supplementation of 40 mg/kg FA could improve the survival and growth performance of large yellow croaker larvae through increasing digestive function, antioxidant capacity and promoting lipid metabolism.

Engineered small extracellular vesicles as a versatile platform to efficiently load ferulic acid via an “esterase-responsive active loading” strategy

As nano-drug carriers, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have shown unique advantages, but their drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are far from being satisfied, especially for the loading of hydrophilic small-molecule drugs. Inspired by the strategies of active loading of liposomal nanomedicines, pre-drug design and immobilization enzyme, here we developed a new platform, named “Esterase-responsive Active Loading” (EAL), for the efficient and stable drug encapsulation of sEVs. Widely used ferulic acid ester derivatives were chosen as prodrugs based on the EAL of engineered sEVs to establish a continuous transmembrane ion gradient for achieving efficient loading of active molecule ferulic acid into sEVs. The EAL showed that the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were around 6-fold and 5-fold higher than passive loading, respectively. Moreover, characterization by nano-flow cytometry and Malvern particle size analyzer showed that differential ultracentrifugation combined with multiple types of membrane filtration methods can achieve large-scale and high-quality production of sEVs. Finally, extracellular and intracellular assessments further confirmed the superior performance of the EAL-prepared sEVs-loaded ferulic acid preparation in terms of slow release and low toxicity. Taken together, these findings will provide an instructive insight into the development of sEV-based delivery systems.

Chitosan–Hydroxycinnamic Acids Conjugates: Emerging Biomaterials with Rising Applications in Biomedicine

Over the past thirty years, research has shown the huge potential of chitosan in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and regeneration, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial treatments, among others. One of the major advantages of this interesting polysaccharide is its modifiability, which facilitates its use in tailor-made applications. In this way, the molecular structure of chitosan has been conjugated with multiple molecules to modify its mechanical, biological, or chemical properties. Here, we review the conjugation of chitosan with some bioactive molecules: hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs); since these derivatives have been probed to enhance some of the biological effects of chitosan and to fine-tune its characteristics for its application in the biomedical field. First, the main characteristics of chitosan and HCAs are presented; then, the currently employed conjugation strategies between chitosan and HCAs are described; and, finally, the studied biomedical applications of these derivatives are discussed to present their limitations and advantages, which could lead to proximal therapeutic uses.

The Inhibitory Potential of Ferulic Acid Derivatives against the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Evaluation

The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an appealing target for the development of antiviral compounds, due to its critical role in the viral life cycle and its high conservation among different coronaviruses and the continuously emerging mutants of SARS-CoV-2. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phytochemical with several health benefits that is abundant in plant biomass and has been used as a basis for the enzymatic or chemical synthesis of derivatives with improved properties, including antiviral activity against a range of viruses. This study tested 54 reported FA derivatives for their inhibitory potential against Mpro by in silico simulations. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock Vina, resulting in comparable or better binding affinities for 14 compounds compared to the known inhibitors N3 and GC376. ADMET analysis showed limited bioavailability but significantly improved the solubility for the enzymatically synthesized hits while better bioavailability and druglikeness properties but higher toxicity were observed for the chemically synthesized ones. MD simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes of the most promising compounds with Mpro, highlighting FA rutinoside and compound e27 as the best candidates from each derivative category.

Interactive effect of post-harvest processing method, roasting degree, and brewing method on coffee metabolite profiles

Our study aims to characterize metabolite profiles, varying by major determinants in brewed coffee as follows: three post-harvest processing, three roasting degrees, and two brewing methods for C. arabicacv. Geisha. The major discriminant factor was the roasting degree, explaining 58.84% of the total variance of metabolite profiles. Despite a lesser degree of influence, specific metabolite profiles were retained in temperature-based brewing (Light, 11.11%; Medium, 12.01%; Dark, 22.15%) and post-harvest processing (Light, 35.29%; Medium, 29.64%; Dark, 22.03%), respectively. The effect of pressure application on the coffee metabolome was significant only for the light roasted beans (9.88%). Of note, the post-harvest processing method was featured by norharman (anaerobic), pimelic acid (natural), and xanthine (washed). In addition, our study proposed novel compounds, DiHOMEs, associated with potential health benefits, which will step-up the coffee values and suggest future direction of the development of coffee processing.

Plant Terpenoids as the Promising Source of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Anti-AD Therapy

Simple Summary

Plant-derived terpenes have been a research interest in the recent years, as they are believed to possess the ability to function as a cholinesterase inhibitor. As the deficit of cholinergic activity is one of the factors that causes cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients, it serves as a great therapeutic target. It has been found that various terpenoids, such as diterpenoids, triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, do have the ability to inhibit cholinesterase activity, and their chemical structures do play a role in this. As terpenoids possess anti-cholinesterase properties, it is encouraged to have future research on drug discovery and development in treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract

Plant-derived terpenes are the prolific source of modern drugs such as taxol, chloroquine and artemisinin, which are widely used to treat cancer and malaria infections. There are research interests in recent years on terpene-derived metabolites (diterpenes, triterpenes and sesquiterpenes), which are believed to serve as excellent cholinesterase inhibitors. As cholinesterase inhibitors are the current treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, terpene-derived metabolites will have the potential to be involved in the future drug development for Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, a bibliographic search was conducted by using the keywords “terpene”, “cholinesterase” and “Alzheimer’s disease”, along with cross-referencing from 2011 to 2020, to provide an overview of natural terpenes with potential anticholinesterase properties. This review focuses on the extraction, chemical structures and anti-cholinesterase mechanisms of terpenes, which support and encourage future research on drug discovery and development in treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran inhibited M1-macrophage activation and enhanced M2-macrophage polarization

The effects of feruloylated arabinoxylan (AX) on typically activated inflammatory macrophages (M1) and alternatively anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) and its possible mechanisms were investigated. The results revealed that feruloylated AX was composed of 37.63% arabinose and 52.23% xylose, with a weight-average molecular weight of 1.1374 × 10⁴ Da, and bound ferulic acid content of 10.84 mg/g. Besides, feruloylated AX (50-1000 μg/mL) markedly downregulated the mRNA expressions of NO, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-23a, and reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38, ERK, and JNK in M1. In contrast, the mRNA expressions of Arg-1, Mrc-1, and CCL22 were significantly upregulated by feruloylated AX (50-1000 μg/mL), and the phosphorylation level of AKT was significantly increased in M2. Overall, our results indicated that feruloylated AX could have an inhibitory or a promoting effect on already activated macrophages, and MAPK or PI3K signaling pathways might be involved in this regulation.

Valorization Potentials of Rapeseed Meal in a Biorefinery Perspective: Focus on Nutritional and Bioactive Components

Rapeseed meal (RSM), a by-product of oilseed extraction connected to the agri-food and biofuel sectors, is currently used as animal feed and for other low-value purposes. With a biorefinery approach, RSM could be valorized as a source of bio-based molecules for high-value applications. This study provides a chemical characterization of RSM in the perspective of its valorization. A qualitative study of main functional groups by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was integrated with a chemical characterization of macronutrients, minerals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), phenolic acids and lipid components by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), HPLC-diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The study, conducted on different lots of RSM collected over a one-year period from an oil pressing factory serving a biofuel biorefinery, highlighted a constant quality over time of RSM, characterized by high protein (31-34%), fiber (33-40%) and mineral (5.5-6.8%) contents. Polyphenol extracts showed a significant antioxidant activity and a prevalence of sinapic acid, accounting for more than 85% of total phenolic acids (395-437 mg kg-1 RSM). Results highlight the potentialities of RSM for further valorization strategies that may lead to the creation of new cross-sector interconnections and bio-based value chains with improvement of the economics and sustainability of the bioeconomy sectors involved.

Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Critical Review of Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity Data

Several studies have been conducted and published on medicinal plants used to manage Diabetes Mellitus worldwide. It is of great interest to review available studies from a country or a region to resort to similarities/discrepancies and data quality. Here, we examined data related to ethnopharmacology and bioactivity of antidiabetic plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were extracted from Google Scholar, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, the Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and other documents focusing on ethnopharmacology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry antidiabetic plants used in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2005 to September 2021. The Kew Botanic Royal Garden and Plants of the World Online web databases were consulted to verify the taxonomic information. CAMARADES checklist was used to assess the quality of animal studies and Jadad scores for clinical trials. In total, 213 plant species belonging to 72 botanical families were reported. Only one plant, Droogmansia munamensis, is typically native to the DRC flora; 117 species are growing in the DRC and neighboring countries; 31 species are either introduced from other regions, and 64 are not specified. Alongside the treatment of Diabetes, about 78.13% of plants have multiple therapeutic uses, depending on the study sites. Experimental studies explored the antidiabetic activity of 133 plants, mainly in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Several chemical classes of antidiabetic compounds isolated from 67 plant species have been documented. Rare phase II clinical trials have been conducted. Critical issues included poor quality methodological protocols, author name incorrectly written (16.16%) or absent (14.25%) or confused with a synonym (4.69%), family name revised (17.26%) or missing (1.10%), voucher number not available 336(92.05%), ecological information not reported (49.59%). Most plant species have been identified and authenticated (89.32%). Hundreds of plants are used to treat Diabetes by traditional healers in DRC. However, most plants are not exclusively native to the local flora and have multiple therapeutic uses. The analysis showed the scarcity or absence of high-quality, in-depth pharmacological studies. There is a need to conduct further studies of locally specific species to fill the gap before their introduction into the national pharmacopeia.

Analysis of Bioactive Components in the Fruit, Roots, and Leaves of Alpinia oxyphylla by UPLC-MS/MS

Alpinia oxyphylla (A. oxyphylla) fruit has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In our study, the bioactive components of its roots, fruit, and leaves were investigated, and their potential medical value was predicted. The root, fruit, and leaf samples were analyzed using a UPLC-MS/MS system. The mass spectrometry outcomes were annotated by MULTIAQUANT. The “compound-disease targets” were used to construct a pharmacology network. A total of 293, 277, and 251 components were identified in the roots, fruit, and leaves, respectively. The fruit of A. oxyphylla had a higher abundance of flavonols. The roots of A. oxyphylla were enriched in flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves of A. oxyphylla exhibited high contents of flavonols, phenolic acids, and tannins. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis showed that flavonoids are the most important effectors in the fruit of A. oxyphylla and phenolic acids are the most important effectors in the roots and leaves. Moreover, the results suggested that the tissues of A. oxyphylla might play a role in the regulation of disease-related genes. The whole plant of A. oxyphylla is rich in natural drug components, and each tissue has high medicinal value. Therefore, comprehensive utilization of A. oxyphylla can greatly improve its economic value.

The Demethoxy Derivatives of Curcumin Exhibit Greater Differentiation Suppression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Than Curcumin: A Mechanistic Study of Adipogenesis and Molecular Docking

Curcumin is a known anti-adipogenic agent for alleviating obesity and related disorders. Comprehensive comparisons of the anti-adipogenic activity of curcumin with other curcuminoids is minimal. This study compared adipogenesis inhibition with curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), and their underlying mechanisms. We differentiated 3T3-L1 cells in the presence of curcuminoids, to determine lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) production. The expression of adipogenic transcription factors and lipogenic proteins was analyzed by Western blot. A significant reduction in Oil red O (ORO) staining was observed in the cells treated with curcuminoids at 20 μM. Inhibition was increased in the order of curcumin < DMC < BDMC. A similar trend was observed in the detection of intracellular TG. Curcuminoids suppressed differentiation by downregulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), leading to the downregulation of the lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) phosphorylation was also activated by BDMC. Curcuminoids reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines and leptin in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with BDMC showing the greatest potency. BDMC at 20 μM significantly decreased leptin by 72% compared with differentiated controls. Molecular docking computation indicated that curcuminoids, despite having structural similarity, had different interaction positions to PPARγ, C/EBPα, and ACC. The docking profiles suggested a possible interaction of curcuminoids with C/EBPα and ACC, to directly inhibit their expression.

Antifungal Activity against Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi of the Hydro-Methanolic Extract of Silybum marianum Capitula Conjugated with Stevioside

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, viz. milk thistle, has been the focus of research efforts in the past few years, albeit almost exclusively restricted to the medicinal properties of its fruits (achenes). Given that other milk thistle plant organs and tissues have been scarcely investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds, in this study, we present a phytochemical analysis of the extracts of S. marianum capitula during the flowering phenological stage (stage 67). Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy results evidenced the presence of high contents of coniferyl alcohol (47.4%), and secondarily of ferulic acid ester, opening a new valorization strategy of this plant based on the former high-added-value component. Moreover, the application of the hydro-methanolic extracts as an antifungal agent has been also explored. Specifically, their activity against three fungal species responsible for the so-called Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine (Neofusicoccum parvum, Dothiorella viticola and Diplodia seriata) has been assayed both in vitro and in vivo. From the mycelial growth inhibition assays, the best results (EC₉₀ values of 303, 366, and 355 μg·mL⁻¹ for N. parvum, D. viticola, and D. seriata, respectively) were not obtained for the hydroalcoholic extract alone, but after its conjugation with stevioside, which resulted in a strong synergistic behavior. Greenhouse experiments confirmed the efficacy of the conjugated complexes, pointing to the potential of the combination of milk thistle extracts with stevioside as a promising plant protection product in organic Viticulture.

Plant Secondary Metabolites with an Overview of Populus

Populus trees meet continuous difficulties from the environment through their life cycle. To warrant their durability and generation, Populus trees exhibit various types of defenses, including the production of secondary metabolites. Syntheses derived from the shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathway are a varied and plentiful class of secondary metabolites manufactured in Populus. Amongst other main classes of secondary metabolites in Populus are fatty acid and terpenoid-derivatives. Many of the secondary metabolites made by Populus trees have been functionally described. Any others have been associated with particular ecological or biological processes, such as resistance against pests and microbial pathogens or acclimatization to abiotic stresses. Still, the functions of many Populus secondary metabolites are incompletely understood. Furthermore, many secondary metabolites have therapeutic effects, leading to more studies of secondary metabolites and their biosynthesis. This paper reviews the biosynthetic pathways and therapeutic impacts of secondary metabolites in Populus using a genomics approach. Compared with bacteria, fewer known pathways produce secondary metabolites in Populus despite P. trichocarpa having had its genome sequenced.

Unveiling the bioactivity of Allium triquetrum L. lipophilic fractions: chemical characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The lipophilic composition of Allium triquetrum L. bulbs, flowers and leaves was studied for the first time by GC-MS. Sixty compounds were firstly identified in A. triquetrum L. Fatty acids represented the major lipophilic family among the studied extracts, with (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic and (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acids being the major constituents of this family. A long chain aliphatic ketone, namely hentriacontan-16-one, was mainly found in flowers and leaves. Flowers and leaves were also found to be rich in long chain aliphatic alkanes and alcohols, respectively. Sterols, monoglycerides, aromatic compounds and long chain aliphatic aldehydes were found in lower amounts. The antibacterial activity of A. triquetrum bulb, flower and leaf extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth was in vitro assessed. Bulb and flower extracts showed significant MRSA growth inhibition. Overall, these valuable findings can contribute to the valorization of A. triquetrum L. as a source of value-added phytochemicals, specifically as antibacterial agents and for nutraceutical applications.

Comparative Studies of Selected Criteria Enabling Optimization of the Extraction of Polar Biologically Active Compounds from Alfalfa with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The aim of this research was to provide crucial and useful data about the selection of the optimization criteria of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of alfalfa at a quarter-technical plant. The correlation between more general output, including total phenolics and flavonoids content, and a more specified composition of polar constituents was extensively studied. In all alfalfa extracts, polar bioactive constituents were analyzed by both spectrometric (general output) and chromatographic (detailed output) analyses. Eight specific phenolic acids and nine flavonoids were determined. The most dominant were salicylic acid (221.41 µg g⁻¹), ferulic acid (119.73 µg g⁻¹), quercetin (2.23 µg g⁻¹), and apigenin (2.60 µg g⁻¹). For all seventeen analyzed compounds, response surface methodology and analysis of variance were used to provide the optimal conditions of supercritical fluid extraction for each individual constituent. The obtained data have shown that eight of those compounds have a similar range of optimal process parameters, being significantly analogous for optimization based on total flavonoid content.

Supramolecular self-assembly and perfected in vitro/vivo property of 5-fluorouracil and ferulic acid on the strength of double optimized strategy: the first 5-fluorouracial-phenolic acid nutraceutical cocrystal with synergistic antitumor efficacy

For highlighting the predominance of phenolic acid nutraceutical ferulic acid (FR) in regulating the in vivo/vitro performances of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (Flu) and strengthening their cooperativity in antitumor effect, thus achieving a major breakthrough in the development of drug-nutraceutical cocrystal with synergistic antitumor action, a cocrystallization strategy of dual optimization is created, in which both the in vivo and vitro natures of Flu are improved by exploiting the FR's excellent physicochemical property. Moreover, Flu's anticancer effects were promoted by exerting the assistant antitumor peculiarity of FR. Such dual optimization of FR for Flu in physicochemical properties and anticancer activities is beneficial for realizing synergistic augmentation effect by taking the benefit of the cooperativeness of Flu and FR in the anticancer ability. Based on this idea, a novel cocrystal of Flu and FR, namely, Flu-FR-H2O, is successfully assembled as the first 5-fluorouracil-nutraceutical cocrystal with synergistic antitumor effect and its explicit structure is resolved. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction demonstrates that Flu and FR have a ratio of 1 : 1 with one equivalent of solvent water in the cocrystal, where one-dimensional hydrogen-bonding helices and FR-Flu hydrogen-bonding pairs, together construct a three-dimensional supramolecular network. By combining experimental evaluation with theoretical analysis, in vitro/vivo pharmaceutical properties are scientifically investigated. Results show that the permeability and aqueous solubility of Flu are respectively elevated by 5.08 and 1.64 folds, which has brought about ameliorated pharmacokinetics, thus providing prolonged retention time and increased oral bioavailability. More interestingly, the cocrystal shows synergistic inhibition ability of Flu and FR against tested tumor cell strains, hence laying the groundwork for reducing the dosage and even the toxic side effects of Flu. As a result of this, the present research not only provides a new strategy for Flu to optimize its physicochemical properties and antitumor activities simultaneously but also offers some opinions for the development of synergistic antitumor pharmaceutical cocrystals.

Upgrading the Topical Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs Using Ionic Liquids as a Versatile Tool

Numerous studies are continuously being carried out in pursuit of formulations with higher performance. Problems such as poor drug solubility, which hinders drug incorporation into delivery systems and bioavailability, or limitations concerning the stability and performance of the formulations may cause difficulties, since solving all these drawbacks at once is a huge challenge. Ionic liquids (ILs), due to their tunable nature, may hypothetically be synthesized for a particular application. Therefore, predicting the impact of a particular combination of ions within an IL in drug delivery could be a useful strategy. Eight ILs, two choline amino acid ILs, two imidazole halogenated ILs, and four imidazole amino acid ILs, were prepared. Their applicability at non-toxic concentrations, for improving solubility and the incorporation of the poorly soluble, ferulic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids, as well as rutin, into topical emulsions, was assessed. Next, the impact of the ILs on the performance of the formulations was investigated. Our study showed that choosing the appropriate IL leads to a clear upgrade of a topical emulsion, by optimizing multiple features of its performance, such as improving the delivery of poorly soluble drugs, altering the viscosity, which may lead to better sensorial features, and increasing the stability over time.

Enzymes produced by solid state fermentation of agro-industrial by-products release ferulic acid in bioprocessed whole-wheat breads

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) presents low cost and the possibility of adding value to waste by generating products rich in enzymes. The production of enzymes by SSF and its application in bakery have been previously reported separately in the literature. However, very few studies combine both approaches to evaluate the feasibility of applying enzymes produced by SSF to bread processing. The objective of this study was to use cocoa bean shell (CBS), wheat bran (WB) and brewer's spent grain (BSG) for enzyme production by SSF, and to evaluate their addition in breads. Three breads were produced: control bread (CB), bioprocessed bread added with fermented wheat bran (WBB) and bioprocessed bread added with fermented BSG (BSGB). Feruloyl esterase highest activities were 1,730 mU/g for WB fermented for 24 h and 1,128 mU/g for BSG fermented for 72 h. Xylanase highest activities were 547.9 U/g for BSG fermented for 48 h and 868.1 U/g for WB fermented for 72 h. CBS showed the lowest enzymatic activities. Bioprocessing breads with fermented WB and BSG led to an increase in soluble ferulic acid of 159% and 198%, respectively. The combination of SSF enzyme production and bread enzymatic bioprocessing strategies proved to be an effective green option for the valorization of agro-industrial by-products and the production of breads with enhanced ferulic acid content.

Ferulic acid loaded microspheres reinforced in 3D hybrid scaffold for antimicrobial wound dressing

Here we report the preparation of biomimetic fibrin/chitosan/keratin hybrid scaffolds with a synergistic combination of ferulic acid loaded silica microspheres for antimicrobial wound dressing applications. The infrared and X-ray powder diffraction studies confirm the homogenous nature of the prepared hybrid scaffolds without any major interactions between the constituents. The developed hybrid scaffolds show good thermal, porosity, compression and water uptake properties. Scanning electron microscopic analysis shows that the as-synthesized ferulic acid loaded silica microspheres exhibit an average size of 35 ± 10 μm and also exposes the smooth surface with interconnected porosity in the prepared hybrid scaffolds. The incorporated ferulic acid loaded silica microspheres hybrid scaffolds show effective antimicrobial activity against the common wound pathogens. In vitro NIH3T3 fibroblast cell culture and drug release studies reveal that the prepared hybrid scaffolds have enhanced cell proliferation and adhesion with a prolonged drug release for about 72 h. In vitro wound healing and actin cytoskeleton analysis reveal that the incorporated ferulic acid loaded silica microspheres in fibrin/chitosan/keratin hybrid scaffolds facilitates cell growth and migration to damaged area through cell-cell interactions. These results suggest that the prepared hybrid scaffolds with ferulic acid loaded silica microspheres have great potential for soft tissue engineering applications particularly for the treatment of chronic and infected wounds.

Enriching street-vended zobo (Hibiscus sabdariffa) drink with turmeric (Curcuma longa) to increase its health-supporting properties

Street-vended foods are cheap, readily available and have been currently identified as possible means for micronutrient fortification in an effort to prevent malnutrition in developing countries. The effect of enriching street-vended zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa) with turmeric (Curcuma longa) was studied to assess the potential to increase health-supporting properties for its consumers. Two processing methods were tested: boiled turmeric root in zobo and addition of fresh turmeric paste to zobo in different concentrations. Vitamin C in turmeric-fortified zobo ranged from 496-725 μg per 100 mL, delphinidin-3-sambubioside from 52-69 mg per 100 mL, and cyanidin-3-sambubioside from 21-27 mg per 100 mL. Micronutrients ranged from 10.9-14 mg L^-1 and 2.19-2.67 mg L^-1 for iron and zinc, respectively. Folic acid, vitamin C, anthocyanins and iron showed the highest amounts in the 2% boiled turmeric zobo samples. Ferulic acid (0.16-2.03 mg per 100 mL), and chlorogenic acid (20-24 mg per 100 mL) did not show the same statistically significant improvement for 2% boiled turmeric-fortified zobo. The zobo samples with turmeric paste consistently had lower values of vitamins, polyphenols and minerals in comparison with the boiled turmeric-fortified zobo samples. Turmeric-fortified zobo can play a role in a healthy diet by its health-supporting properties. Consumption of a typical one serving of 500 mL (representative packaged bottle size of zobo drink by the street vendors in Nigeria) of turmeric-fortified zobo would contribute 63-88% DV and 18-23% DV of iron and zinc. Overall, fortification with boiled turmeric improves the antioxidant and nutritional quality of zobo, specifically regarding vitamin C, delphinidin-3-sambubioside and iron.

Antibacterial Activity of Arbutus pavarii Pamp against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and UHPLC-MS/MS Profile of the Bioactive Fraction

Arbutus pavarii Pamp is a medicinal plant commonly used by local tribes in East Libya for the treatment of many diseases, such as gastritis, renal infections, cancer and kidney diseases. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the leaf and stem bark extracts of the plant against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as the metabolite profiles of the bioactive fractions, was investigated. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), while the microbial reduction by the bioactive fraction was evaluated using time-kill test. The bioactive fraction was further subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis to putatively identify the chemical constituents contained therein. All the extracts and fractions showed different levels of antibacterial activity on the tested MRSA strains. The highest total antibacterial activity, i.e., 4007.6 mL/g, was exhibited by the crude leaf methanolic extract. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf showed moderate to significant antibacterial activity against MRSA at low MIC (0.08-1.25 mg/mL). Metabolite profiling of this fraction using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS resulted in the putative identification of 28 compounds, which included phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavonols. The results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Arbutus pavarii leaf possessed potential antibacterial activity against MRSA and hence can be further explored for pharmaceutical applications as a natural antibacterial agent.

Phenolic profile and potential beneficial effects of underutilized Brazilian native fruits on scavenging of ROS and RNS and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties

Brazilian native fruits (BNF) have aroused interest of researchers and consumers for their great human health benefits. In this study, five BNF (Byrsonima lancifolia, Campomanesia phaea, Jacaratia spinosa, Solanum alternatopinnatum and Acnistus arborescens) were tested for their polyphenolic compounds by LC-ESI-MS/MS, reactive species deactivation (ROO˙, O2˙-, HOCl and NO˙), anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, and in vitro antimicrobial activity - with determination of putative mechanism(s) of action. Eighty-one polyphenols were identified, which exhibited a significant capacity to deactivate both ROS and RNS. C. phaea extract had the highest capacity to scavenge ROO˙ (68.94 μmol TE per g), O2˙- (IC50: 575.36 μg mL-1) and NO˙ (IC50: 16.96 μg mL-1), which may be attributed to the presence of ellagitanins. B. lancifolia decreased neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity of mice by 50% as compared to carrageenan and reduced Candida albicans biofilm viability by 3 log10 possibly due to complexation with cell membrane ergosterol. In summary, the BNF presented herein are good sources of bioactive compounds with positive effects on deactivation of biological reactive species, as well as with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, which can be altogether highly beneficial to human health.

Copigmentation with Chlorogenic and Ferulic Acid Affected Color and Anthocyanin Stability in Model Beverages Colored with Sambucus peruviana, Sambucus nigra, and Daucus carota during Storage

The food industry is looking for alternatives to synthetic colorants. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are suitable replacements due to their color characteristics and potential health benefits. The application of sauco (Sambucus peruviana, SP) as a potential source of ACN-based colorants was evaluated and compared to elderberry (Sambucus nigra, SN) and an extract from purple carrots (PC). Color and pigment stability were evaluated using a model beverage system during eight weeks of storage. Copigmentation with chlorogenic acid (CGA) and ferulic acid (FA) were also evaluated. SP ACNs provided darker and more intense colors than those obtained with SN but less intense than those obtained with PC. Addition of CGA and FA resulted in significantly darker colors with higher chroma in beverages colored with SP and SN but not in beverages colored with PC. Copigmentation with FA reduced monomeric pigment half-lives for all ACN sources but increased the chroma half-lives of beverages colored with SP and SN, from 23 to 49 weeks, and from 23 to 55 weeks, respectively. Analyses using liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry showed that interaction between non-acylated ACNs and FA resulted in the formation of pyranoanthocyanins. Overall, ACNs from non-acylated sources such as SP, in combination with FA, showed potential for commercial food applications.

Natural and Synthetic Derivatives of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Modulating the Pathological Transformation of Amyloidogenic Proteins

This review presents the main properties of hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives and their potential application as agents for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. It is partially focused on the successful use of these compounds as inhibitors of amyloidogenic transformation of proteins. Firstly, the prerequisites for the emergence of interest in HCA derivatives, including natural compounds, are described. A separate section is devoted to synthesis and properties of HCA derivatives. Then, the results of molecular modeling of HCA derivatives with prion protein as well as with α-synuclein fibrils are summarized, followed by detailed analysis of the experiments on the effect of natural and synthetic HCA derivatives, as well as structurally similar phenylacetic and benzoic acid derivatives, on the pathological transformation of prion protein and α-synuclein. The ability of HCA derivatives to prevent amyloid transformation of some amyloidogenic proteins, and their presence not only in food products but also as natural metabolites in human blood and tissues, makes them promising for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of amyloid nature.