1
|
Hofseth LJ, Hebert JR, Murphy EA, Trauner E, Vikas A, Harris Q, Chumanevich AA. Allura Red AC is a xenobiotic. Is it also a carcinogen? Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:711-720. [PMID: 39129647 PMCID: PMC11464682 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Merriam-Webster and Oxford define a xenobiotic as any substance foreign to living systems. Allura Red AC (a.k.a., E129; FD&C Red No. 40), a synthetic food dye extensively used in manufacturing ultra-processed foods and therefore highly prevalent in our food supply, falls under this category. The surge in synthetic food dye consumption during the 70s and 80s was followed by an epidemic of metabolic diseases and the emergence of early-onset colorectal cancer in the 1990s. This temporal association raises significant concerns, particularly given the widespread inclusion of synthetic food dyes in ultra-processed products, notably those marketed toward children. Given its interactions with key contributors to colorectal carcinogenesis such as inflammatory mediators, the microbiome, and DNA damage, there is growing interest in understanding Allura Red AC's potential impact on colon health as a putative carcinogen. This review discusses the history of Allura Red AC, current research on its effects on the colon and rectum, potential mechanisms underlying its impact on colon health, and provides future considerations. Indeed, although no governing agencies classify Allura Red AC as a carcinogen, its interaction with key guardians of carcinogenesis makes it suspect and worthy of further molecular investigation. The goal of this review is to inspire research into the impact of synthetic food dyes on colon health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - James R Hebert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Elizabeth Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Erica Trauner
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Athul Vikas
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Quinn Harris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Alexander A Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Souza Mesquita LM, Contieri LS, E Silva FA, Bagini RH, Bragagnolo FS, Strieder MM, Sosa FHB, Schaeffer N, Freire MG, Ventura SPM, Coutinho JAP, Rostagno MA. Path2Green: introducing 12 green extraction principles and a novel metric for assessing sustainability in biomass valorization. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:10087-10106. [PMID: 39144448 PMCID: PMC11318242 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc02512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
We propose an innovative approach to address the pressing need for efficient and transparent evaluation techniques to assess extraction processes' sustainability. In response to society's growing demand for natural products and the consequent surge in biomass exploration, a critical imperative arises to ensure that these processes are genuinely environmentally friendly. Extracting natural compounds has traditionally been regarded as a benign activity rooted in ancient practices. However, contemporary extraction methods can also significantly harm the environment if not carefully managed. Recognizing this, we developed a novel metric, Path2Green, tailored specifically and rooted in 12 new principles of a green extraction process. Path2Green seeks to provide a comprehensive framework beyond conventional metrics, offering a nuanced understanding of the environmental impact of extraction activities from biomass collection/production until the end of the process. By integrating factors such as resource depletion, energy consumption, waste generation, and biodiversity preservation, Path2Green aims to offer a holistic assessment of sustainability of an extraction approach. The significance of Path2Green lies in its ability to distill complex environmental data into a simple, accessible metric. This facilitates informed decision-making for stakeholders across industries, enabling them to prioritize greener extraction practices. Moreover, by setting clear benchmarks and standards, Path2Green incentivizes innovation and drives continuous improvement in sustainability efforts, being a new user-friendly methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M de Souza Mesquita
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Leticia S Contieri
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisca A E Silva
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rafael Henrique Bagini
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe S Bragagnolo
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Monique M Strieder
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Filipe H B Sosa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Nicolas Schaeffer
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Mara G Freire
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - João A P Coutinho
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Maurício A Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300 13484-350 Limeira Sao Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Bai J, Miao P, Wei Y, Chen X, Lan H, Qing Y, Zhao M, Li Y, Tang R, Yang X. The key to intestinal health: a review and perspective on food additives. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1420358. [PMID: 39360286 PMCID: PMC11444971 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1420358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the effects of food additives on intestinal health. Food additives, such as preservatives, antioxidants and colorants, are widely used to improve food quality and extend shelf life. However, their effects on intestinal microecology May pose health risks. Starting from the basic functions of food additives and the importance of intestinal microecology, we analyze in detail how additives affect the diversity of intestinal flora, oxidative stress and immune responses. Additionally, we examine the association between food additives and intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and how the timing, dosage, and individual differences affect the body's response to additives. We also assess the safety and regulatory policies of food additives and explore the potential of natural additives. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the refinement of risk assessment methods and the creation of safer, innovative additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- The School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyi Bai
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengyu Miao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Haibo Lan
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Qing
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meizhu Zhao
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Chengdu Anorectal Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Wang X, Wu J, Yu J, Zeng H, Yang H, Peng H, Zhou G, Peng J. Preparation of dicationic ionic liquid modified silica stationary phase for mixed-mode liquid chromatography and its application for food additive detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1321:343018. [PMID: 39155102 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food safety has become an essential aspect of public concern and there are lots of detection means. Liquid chromatography plays a dominating role in food safety inspection because of its high separation efficiency and reproducibility. However, with the increasing complexity of real samples and monitoring requirements, conventional single-mode chromatography would require frequent column replacement and cannot separate different kinds of analytes on a single column simultaneously, which is costly and time-consuming. There is a great need for fabricating mixed-mode stationary phases and validating the feasibility of employing mixed-mode stationary phases for food safety inspection. RESULTS This work fabricated multifunctional stationary phases for liquid chromatography to determine diverse food additives under the mixed mode of RPLC/HILIC/IEC. Two dicationic ionic liquid silanes were synthesized and bonded onto the silica gel surface. The functionalized silica was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Both columns provide satisfactory separation performance towards 6 hydrophilic nucleosides, 4 hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5 anions. Great repeatability of retention (RSD <0.1 %) and column efficiency (100330 plate/m) were obtained. Thermomechanical analysis and linear solvation energy relationship investigated the retention mechanism. Finally, the better in two prepared columns was employed to separate and determine the contents of NO2- and NO3- in vegetables(highest 4906 mg kg-1 NO3- in spinach), preservatives in bottled beverages (180.8 mg kg-1 sodium benzoate in soft drink), and melamine in milk with satisfactory performance and recovery rates ranging from 96.4 % to 105.6 %. SIGNIFICANCE This work developed a novel scheme for preparing mixed-mode stationary phases by dicationic ionic liquid which provides great separation selectivity. Most importantly, this work proved the superiority of employing mixed-mode stationary phases for food safety inspection, which might avoid high-cost and frequent changes of columns and chromatography systems in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xingrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Hanqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chauhan SS, Garg P, Parthasarathi R. Computational framework for identifying and evaluating mutagenic and xenoestrogenic potential of food additives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134233. [PMID: 38603913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Food additives are chemicals incorporated in food to enhance its flavor, color and prevent spoilage. Some of these are associated with substantial health hazards, including developmental disorders, increase cancer risk, and hormone disruption. Hence, this study aimed to comprehend the in-silico toxicology framework for evaluating mutagenic and xenoestrogenic potential of food additives and their association with breast cancer. A total of 2885 food additives were screened for toxicity based on Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC), mutagenicity endpoint prediction, and mutagenic structural alerts/toxicophores identification. Ten food additives were identified as having mutagenic potential based on toxicity screening. Furthermore, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis identified ESR1, as a key hub gene in breast cancer. KEGG pathway analysis verified that ESR1 plays a significant role in breast cancer pathogenesis. Additionally, competitive interaction studies of the predicted potential mutagenic food additives with the estrogen receptor-α were evaluated at agonist and antagonist binding sites. Indole, Dichloromethane, Trichloroethylene, Quinoline, 6-methyl quinoline, Ethyl nitrite, and 4-methyl quinoline could act as agonists, and Paraldehyde, Azodicarbonamide, and 2-acetylfuranmay as antagonists. The systematic risk assessment framework reported in this study enables the exploration of mutagenic and xenoestrogenic potential associated with food additives for hazard identification and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prekshi Garg
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu C, Xiao X, Wang X, Ma Z, Han Y. Lignin-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes for photocatalytic H 2O 2 production and degradation of brilliant black BN. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131533. [PMID: 38608988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As a renewable aromatic compound with enormous production potential, lignin has various potential high-value utilization pathways, but the success achieved in the field of photocatalysis is limited. Herein, this work prepares a new type of photocatalyst by modifying Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanotubes (CNT) with self-assembled lignin nanospheres for the photocatalytic production of H2O2 and the degradation of azo dyes. Under light conditions, lignin enhances the production of H2O2 through oxygen reduction and collaborates with carbon nitride tubes to generate O2- and 1O2. Furthermore, carbon nitride tubes form electron-rich regions with lignin, promoting the transfer of electrons from adsorbed aromatic pollutants to this region, thereby facilitating their degradation. The experimental results indicate that the addition of 5 % lignin significantly enhances the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of azo dyes, with a degradation rate 1.87 times higher than that of the original carbon nitride tubes. Furthermore, CNL also have excellent degradation ability to pollutants in actual wastewater. This study provides new insights and prospects for the high-value utilization of lignin, enabling it to be used as a photocatalytic co-catalyst to participate in the photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- The Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Paper and Pulp Engineering, The Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Botanical Resources of China, Light Industry College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xinyu Xiao
- The Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Paper and Pulp Engineering, The Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Botanical Resources of China, Light Industry College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- The Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Paper and Pulp Engineering, The Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Botanical Resources of China, Light Industry College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zihao Ma
- The Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Paper and Pulp Engineering, The Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Botanical Resources of China, Light Industry College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Ying Han
- The Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Paper and Pulp Engineering, The Key Laboratory of High Value Utilization of Botanical Resources of China, Light Industry College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karaman M. Biochemical and molecular assessment of oxidative stress in fruit fly exposed to azo dye Brilliant Black PN. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:150. [PMID: 38236489 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azo dyes are widely used in the food industry to prevent color loss during processing and storage of products. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a diazo dye Brilliant Black PN (E151) on oxidative stress-related parameters in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at biochemical and molecular levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Third instar larvae were transferred to a medium containing the dye at different doses (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL). Gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes were determined in the heads of adult flies obtained from these larvae. In addition, the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde levels were measured using spectrophotometric analysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was also detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that treatment with 5 mg/mL of the dye caused a decrease in both gene expression and enzyme activity of CAT and GPx. Moreover, the same dose of dye treatment decreased AChE activity, GSH level, and mtDNA copy number. CONCLUSIONS As a result, Brilliant Black PN dye can trigger toxicity by altering the level and activity of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the side effect mechanism and toxicity of this dye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melike Karaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lazar AN, Perret F, Perez-Lloret M, Michaud M, Coleman AW. Promises of anionic calix[n]arenes in life science: State of the art in 2023. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115994. [PMID: 38070431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Because they hold together molecules by means of non-covalent interactions - relatively weak and thus, potentially reversible - the anionic calixarenes have become an interesting tool for efficiently binding a large range of ligands - from gases to large organic molecules. Being highly water soluble and conveniently biocompatible, they showed growing interest for many interdisciplinary fields, particularly in biology and medicine. Thanks to their intrinsic conical shape, they provide suitable platforms, from vesicles to bilayers. This is a valuable characteristic, as so they mimic the biologically functional architectures. The anionic calixarenes propose efficient alternatives for overcoming the limitations linked to drug delivery and bioavailability, as well as drug resistance along with limiting the undesirable side effects. Moreover, the dynamic non-covalent binding with the drugs enables predictable and on demand drug release, controlled by the stimuli present in the targeted environment. This particular feature instigated the use of these versatile, stimuli-responsive compounds for sensing biomarkers of diverse pathologies. The present review describes the recent achievements of the anionic calixarenes in the field of life science, from drug carriers to biomedical engineering, with a particular outlook on their applications for the diagnosis and treatment of different pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina-N Lazar
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5259, LaMCoS, F-69621, France.
| | - Florent Perret
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246, Univ. Lyon - CNRS - Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - CPE Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, Cedex, France.
| | - Marta Perez-Lloret
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Mickael Michaud
- CIRI, Univ. Lyon1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramos-Souza C, Nass P, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ, Braga ARC, De Rosso VV. Changing Despicable Me: Potential replacement of azo dye yellow tartrazine for pequi carotenoids employing ionic liquids as high-performance extractors. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113593. [PMID: 37986530 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Color is a crucial sensory attribute that guides consumer expectations. A high-performance pequi carotenoid extraction process was developed using ionic liquid-based ethanolic solutions and a factorial design strategy to search for a potential substitute for the artificial azo dye yellow tartrazine. All-trans-antheraxanthin was identified with HPLC-PAD-MSn for the first time in pequi samples. [BMIM][BF4] was the most efficient ionic liquid, and the maximization process condition was the solid-liquid ratio R(S/L) of 1:3, the co-solvent ratio R(IL/E) of 1:1 ([BMIM][BF4]: ethanol), and three cycles of extraction with 300 s each and yielded 107.90 μg carotenoids/g of dry matter. The ionic liquid-ethanolic solution recyclability was accomplished by freezing and precipitating with an average recovery of 79 %. In CIELAB parameters, pequi carotenoid extracted with [BMIM][BF4] was brighter and yellower than the artificial azo dye yellow tartrazine. A color change of 11.08 and a hue* difference of 1.26° were obtained. Furthermore, carotenoids extracted with [BMIM][BF4] showed antioxidant activity of 35.84 μmol of α-tocopherol. These findings suggest the potential of employing the pequi carotenoids to replace the artificial azo dye yellow tartrazine in foods for improved functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ramos-Souza
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista SP 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Pricila Nass
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Leila Queiroz Zepka
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Veridiana Vera De Rosso
- Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista SP 11015-020, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vega EN, Ciudad-Mulero M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Barros L, Morales P. Natural Sources of Food Colorants as Potential Substitutes for Artificial Additives. Foods 2023; 12:4102. [PMID: 38002160 PMCID: PMC10670170 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand of healthier food products and products made with natural ingredients has increased overwhelmingly, led by the awareness of human beings of the influence of food on their health, as well as by the evidence of side effects generated by different ingredients such as some additives. This is the case for several artificial colorants, especially azo colorants, which have been related to the development of allergic reactions, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. All the above has focused the attention of researchers on obtaining colorants from natural sources that do not present a risk for consumption and, on the contrary, show biological activity. The most representative compounds that present colorant capacity found in nature are anthocyanins, anthraquinones, betalains, carotenoids and chlorophylls. Therefore, the present review summarizes research published in the last 15 years (2008-2023) in different databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect) encompassing various natural sources of these colorant compounds, referring to their obtention, identification, some of the efforts made for improvements in their stability and their incorporation in different food matrices. In this way, this review evidences the promising path of development of natural colorants for the replacement of their artificial counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - María Ciudad-Mulero
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
| | - Virginia Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.V.); (M.C.-M.); (V.F.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Monteiro CDM, Ferreira SMR, Almeida CCB, Duarte LM, Crispim SP. Dietary exposure to food azo-colours in a sample of pre-school children from Southern Brazil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:613-624. [PMID: 37099730 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2203778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The dietary exposure of six food azo-colours was assessed in a sample of pre-schoolers from Guaratuba-Paraná, Brazil. Consumption data of 323 children aged 2 to 5 years was collected through 3-day food records. Dietary exposure, is expressed by milligrams of food colour by kilogram of body weight per day, as compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Three exposure scenarios were developed to account for uncertainties around consumption estimates. Intakes of Amaranth (INS 123) described in means, 50th and 95th percentiles exceeded ADI levels in the two most conservative scenarios, with the highest percentiles exceeding about four times the ADI. High intakes of Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110) were also observed, of up to 85% of the ADI in the worst-case scenario. Findings suggest high exposure levels to azo-dyes in the survey population, with children likely exceeding the ADI for Amaranth (INS 123) and concerns for Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110). Major food contributors were beverages (juice powders and soft drinks), dairy and sweets. Further studies on dietary exposure assessment are needed at the national level. The authors highlight the need of controlling the use of such additives through national policies that are aligned with the consumption patterns observed in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larissa Marinho Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sandra Patricia Crispim
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|