1
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Wang Q, Zhang X, Du Z, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. The Activity of YCA1 Metacaspase Is Regulated by Reactive Sulfane Sulfur via Persulfidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:589. [PMID: 38790694 PMCID: PMC11118234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
YCA1, the only metacaspase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, plays important roles in the regulation of chronological lifespan, apoptosis, and cytokinesis. YCA1 has protein hydrolase activity and functions by cleaving itself and target proteins. However, there are few reports about the regulation of YCA1 activity. In this study, we observed that reactive sulfane sulfur (RSS) can inhibit the activity of YCA1. In vitro experiments demonstrated that RSS reacted with the Cys276 of YCA1, the residue central to its protein hydrolase activity, to form a persulfidation modification (protein-SSH). This modification inhibited both its self-cleavage and the cleavage of its substrate protein, BIR1. To investigate further, we constructed a low-endogenous-RSS mutant of S. cerevisiae, BY4742 Δcys3, in which the RSS-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CYS3) was knocked out. The activity of YCA1 was significantly increased by the deletion of CYS3. Moreover, increased YCA1 activity led to reduced chronological lifespan (CLS) and CLS-driven apoptosis. This study unveils the first endogenous factor that regulates YCA1 activity, introduces a novel mechanism of how yeast cells regulate chronological lifespan, and broadens our understanding of the multifaceted roles played by RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Zhuang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
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2
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Ohtsuka H, Kawai S, Otsubo Y, Shimasaki T, Yamashita A, Aiba H. Metarhizium robertsii COH1 functionally complements Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ecl family proteins. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2024; 69:335-338. [PMID: 37813640 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ecl family genes respond to various starvation signals and induce appropriate intracellular responses, including the extension of chronological lifespan and induction of sexual differentiation. Herein, we propose that the colonization of hemocoel 1 (COH1) protein of Metarhizium robertsii, an insect-pathogenic fungus, is a functional homolog of S. pombe Ecl1 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Sawa Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
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3
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Low-Molecular Weight Compounds that Extend the Chronological Lifespan of Yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2400138. [PMID: 38616173 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Yeast is an excellent model organism for research for regulating aging and lifespan, and the studies have made many contributions to date, including identifying various factors and signaling pathways related to aging and lifespan. More than 20 years have passed since molecular biological perspectives are adopted in this research field, and intracellular factors and signal pathways that control aging and lifespan have evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Furthermore, these findings have been applied to control the aging and lifespan of various model organisms by adjustment of the nutritional environment, genetic manipulation, and drug treatment using low-molecular weight compounds. Among these, drug treatment is easier than the other methods, and research into drugs that regulate aging and lifespan is consequently expected to become more active. Chronological lifespan, a definition of yeast lifespan, refers to the survival period of a cell population under nondividing conditions. Herein, low-molecular weight compounds are summarized that extend the chronological lifespan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, along with their intracellular functions. The low-molecular weight compounds are also discussed that extend the lifespan of other model organisms. Compounds that have so far only been studied in yeast may soon extend lifespan in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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4
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de Magalhães JP, Abidi Z, dos Santos GA, Avelar RA, Barardo D, Chatsirisupachai K, Clark P, De-Souza EA, Johnson EJ, Lopes I, Novoa G, Senez L, Talay A, Thornton D, To P. Human Ageing Genomic Resources: updates on key databases in ageing research. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D900-D908. [PMID: 37933854 PMCID: PMC10767973 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex and multifactorial process. For two decades, the Human Ageing Genomic Resources (HAGR) have aided researchers in the study of various aspects of ageing and its manipulation. Here, we present the key features and recent enhancements of these resources, focusing on its six main databases. One database, GenAge, focuses on genes related to ageing, featuring 307 genes linked to human ageing and 2205 genes associated with longevity and ageing in model organisms. AnAge focuses on ageing, longevity, and life-history across animal species, containing data on 4645 species. DrugAge includes information about 1097 longevity drugs and compounds in model organisms such as mice, rats, flies, worms and yeast. GenDR provides a list of 214 genes associated with the life-extending benefits of dietary restriction in model organisms. CellAge contains a catalogue of 866 genes associated with cellular senescence. The LongevityMap serves as a repository for genetic variants associated with human longevity, encompassing 3144 variants pertaining to 884 genes. Additionally, HAGR provides various tools as well as gene expression signatures of ageing, dietary restriction, and replicative senescence based on meta-analyses. Our databases are integrated, regularly updated, and manually curated by experts. HAGR is freely available online (https://genomics.senescence.info/).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Zoya Abidi
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Gabriel Arantes dos Santos
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Roberto A Avelar
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Diogo Barardo
- NOVOS Labs, 100 Park Avenue, 16th Fl, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Kasit Chatsirisupachai
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter Clark
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Evandro A De-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Emily J Johnson
- Computational Biology Facility, Liverpool Shared Research Facilities, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Inês Lopes
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Guy Novoa
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ludovic Senez
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Angelo Talay
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Daniel Thornton
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Paul Ka Po To
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
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Lam UTF, Nguyen TTT, Raechell R, Yang J, Singer H, Chen ES. A Normalization Protocol Reduces Edge Effect in High-Throughput Analyses of Hydroxyurea Hypersensitivity in Fission Yeast. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2829. [PMID: 37893202 PMCID: PMC10604075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edge effect denotes better growth of microbial organisms situated at the edge of the solid agar media. Although the precise reason underlying edge effect is unresolved, it is generally attributed to greater nutrient availability with less competing neighbors at the edge. Nonetheless, edge effect constitutes an unavoidable confounding factor that results in misinterpretation of cell fitness, especially in high-throughput screening experiments widely employed for genome-wide investigation using microbial gene knockout or mutant libraries. Here, we visualize edge effect in high-throughput high-density pinning arrays and report a normalization approach based on colony growth rate to quantify drug (hydroxyurea)-hypersensitivity in fission yeast strains. This normalization procedure improved the accuracy of fitness measurement by compensating cell growth rate discrepancy at different locations on the plate and reducing false-positive and -negative frequencies. Our work thus provides a simple and coding-free solution for a struggling problem in robotics-based high-throughput screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Tsz-Fung Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; (U.T.-F.L.); (T.T.T.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; (U.T.-F.L.); (T.T.T.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Raechell Raechell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; (U.T.-F.L.); (T.T.T.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Jay Yang
- Singer Instruments, Roadwater, Watchet TA23 0RE, UK; (J.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Harry Singer
- Singer Instruments, Roadwater, Watchet TA23 0RE, UK; (J.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; (U.T.-F.L.); (T.T.T.N.); (R.R.)
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical & Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Potential Anti-Candida albicans Mechanism of Trichoderma Acid from Trichoderma spirale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065445. [PMID: 36982520 PMCID: PMC10049406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main causal pathogen of fungal infections in human beings. Although diverse anti-C. albicans drugs have been explored, the drug resistance and side effects of these drugs are intensifying. Thus, it is urgent to explore new anti-C. albicans compounds from natural products. In this study, we identified trichoderma acid (TA), a compound from Trichoderma spirale with a strong inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Transcriptomic and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses of TA-treated C. albicans in combination with scanning electronic microscopy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection were performed to investigate the potential targets of TA. The most significant differentially expressed genes and proteins after TA treatment were verified through Western blot analysis. Our results revealed that mitochondrial membrane potential, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes in the mitochondria, and cell walls were disrupted in TA-treated C. albicans, leading to the accumulation of ROS. The impaired enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase further contributed to the increase in ROS concentration. The high concentration of ROS led to DNA damage and cell skeleton destruction. The expression levels of Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoE (RND3), asparagine synthetase (ASNS), glutathione S-transferase, and heat shock protein 70 were significantly up-regulated in response to apoptosis and toxin stimulation. These findings suggest that RND3, ASNS, and supereoxide dismutase 5 are the potential targets of TA, as further demonstrated through Western blot analysis. The combination of transcriptomic, proteomic, and cellular analyses would provide clues for the anti-C. albicans mechanism of TA and the defensive response mechanism of C. albicans. TA is thus recognized as a promising new anti-C. albicans leading compound that alleviates the hazard of C. albicans infection in human beings.
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7
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Lam DK, Sherlock G. Yca1 metacaspase: diverse functions determine how yeast live and let die. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:foad022. [PMID: 37002543 PMCID: PMC10094001 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yca1 metacaspase was discovered due to its role in the regulation of apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the mechanisms that drive apoptosis in yeast remain poorly understood. Additionally, Yca1 and other metacaspase proteins have recently been recognized for their involvement in other cellular processes, including cellular proteostasis and cell cycle regulation. In this minireview, we outline recent findings on Yca1 that will enable the further study of metacaspase multifunctionality and novel apoptosis pathways in yeast and other nonmetazoans. In addition, we discuss advancements in high-throughput screening technologies that can be applied to answer complex questions surrounding the apoptotic and nonapoptotic functions of metacaspase proteins across a diverse range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren K Lam
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, United States
| | - Gavin Sherlock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, United States
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8
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Ohtsuka H, Imada K, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Sporulation: A response to starvation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1303. [PMID: 35765188 PMCID: PMC9214231 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe employs two main strategies to adapt to the environment and survive when starved for nutrients. The strategies employ sporulation via sexual differentiation and extension of the chronological lifespan. When a cell is exposed to nutrient starvation in the presence of a cell of the opposite sex, the cells undergo fusion through conjugation and sporulation through meiosis. S. pombe spores are highly resistant to diverse stresses and may survive for a very long time. In this minireview, among the various sexual differentiation processes induced by starvation, we focused on and summarized the findings of the molecular mechanisms of spore formation in fission yeast. Furthermore, comparative measurements of the chronological lifespan of stationary phase cells and G0 cells and the survival period of spore cells revealed that the spore cells survived for a long period, indicating the presence of an effective mechanism for survival. Currently, many molecules involved in sporulation and their functions are being discovered; however, our understanding of these is not complete. Further understanding of spores may not only deepen our comprehension of sexual differentiation but may also provide hints for sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Bhardwaj V, Sharma N. Absence of the Rpb9 subunit of RNA polymerase II reduces the chronological life span in fission yeast. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:900-910. [PMID: 35618649 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fission yeast RNA polymerase II consists of 12 subunits, Rpb1-Rpb12. Among these subunits, Rpb9 is the only subunit whose absence does not cause lethality under optimum growth conditions in fission yeast. However, an rpb9 null fission yeast mutant exhibits a slow-growth phenotype under optimum growth conditions and a defect in survival under environmental and genotoxic stress conditions. To further gain an understanding of its physiological roles, in the present study we have elucidated the role of the Rpb9 subunit in chronological aging using fission yeast as the model organism. Our results provide evidence that the absence of Rpb9 reduces the chronological life span in fission yeast. Our data further shows that lack of Rpb9 in fission yeast causes oxidative stress sensitivity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species during the stationary phase. Our domain mapping experiments have demonstrated that the Rpb9 region encompassing its amino-terminal zinc finger domain and the central linker region is important for the role of Rpb9 in chronological aging. Finally, we also show that expression of the budding yeast or human Rpb9 ortholog can functionally complement the reduced chronological life span phenotype of the fission yeast rpb9 deletion mutant. Taken together, our study has identified a new role of the Rpb9 subunit in chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Bhardwaj
- University School of Biotechnology (USBT), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology (USBT), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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10
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Roles of the pro-apoptotic factors CaNma111 and CaYbh3 in apoptosis and virulence of Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7574. [PMID: 35534671 PMCID: PMC9085738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a commensal and opportunistic pathogen, undergoes apoptosis in response to various stimuli, including hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and antifungal agents. Apoptotic processes are highly conserved among mammals, plants, and fungi, but little is known about the apoptosis-regulating factors in C. albicans. In this study, C. albicans homologs of the putative apoptosis factors were identified by database screening followed by overexpression analysis. CaNma111, a homolog of the pro-apoptotic mammalian HtrA2/Omi, and CaYbh3, a homolog of BH3-only protein, yielded increased apoptotic phenotypes upon overexpression. We showed that CaNma111 and CaYbh3 functions as pro-apoptotic regulators by examining intracellular ROS accumulation, DNA end breaks (TUNEL assay), and cell survival in Canma111/Canma111 and Caybh3/Caybh3 deletion strains. We found that the protein level of CaBir1, an inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) protein, was down-regulated by CaNma111. Interestingly, the Canma111/Canma111 and Caybh3/Caybh3 deletion strains showed hyperfilamentation phenotypes and increased virulence in a mouse infection model. Together, our results suggest that CaNma111 and CaYbh3 play key regulatory roles in the apoptosis and virulence of C. albicans.
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11
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Emami P, Ueno M. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane induces apoptosis and autophagy in fission yeast. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255758. [PMID: 34890395 PMCID: PMC8664220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a compound derived from the digestion of indole-3-carbinol, found in the broccoli family. It induces apoptosis and autophagy in some types of human cancer. DIM extends lifespan in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The mechanisms by which DIM induces apoptosis and autophagy in humans and expands lifespan in fission yeasts are not fully understood. Here, we show that DIM induces apoptosis and autophagy in log-phase cells, which is dose-dependent in fission yeast. A high concentration of DIM disrupted the nuclear envelope (NE) structure and induced chromosome condensation at an early time point. In contrast, a low concentration of DIM induced autophagy but did not disrupt NE structure. The mutant defective in autophagy was more sensitive to a low concentration of DIM, demonstrating that the autophagic pathway contributes to the survival of cells against DIM. Moreover, our results showed that the lem2 mutant is more sensitive to DIM. NE in the lem2 mutant was disrupted even at the low concentration of DIM. Our results demonstrate that the autophagic pathway and NE integrity are important to maintain viability in the presence of a low concentration of DIM. The mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy induction by DIM might be conserved in fission yeast and humans. Further studies will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy by DIM in fission yeast and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Emami
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaru Ueno
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Fayed B, Jayakumar MN, Soliman SSM. Caspofungin-resistance in Candida auris is cell wall-dependent phenotype and potential prevention by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1243-1256. [PMID: 34612496 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emergent nosocomial multi-drug-resistant yeast that represents a global health threat. Recently, C. auris clinical isolates with caspofungin resistance were identified. Mutation in FKS1 gene was determined as a mechanism of resistance. However, the ability of C. auris to develop acquired and cross-resistance has never been investigated. Herein, this resistance ability due to caspofungin and associate mechanisms were investigated. C. auris clinical isolate was successively cultured for 10 generations in the presence of caspofungin compared to fluconazole-treatment and untreated controls. This was followed by the analysis of target gene expression and phenotypic changes. The obtained results showed that caspofungin-treated C. auris exhibited elevated MIC50(caspofungin), slower growth, elevated chitin content, overexpression of caspofungin target genes, and cross-resistance to fluconazole. Interestingly, caspofungin exposure induced cell-cell adhesion and biofilm formation. C. auris gradually lost caspofungin resistance after removal of antifungal pressure, while keeping the overexpression of fungal cell wall-related genes including ALS5. We propose that C. auris ageing in the presence of caspofungin caused the development of persistent phenotypic changes in the fungal cell wall, leading to acquired and physical cross-resistance mechanisms. Surprisingly, formulation of caspofungin in zinc oxide nanoparticles prevented the aforementioned behavioral changes regardless of the pathogen generations. LAY SUMMARY Candida auris developed resistance against caspofungin. Our data indicated that this resistance mechanism is unique because of changes in the genes related to cell wall adhesions. Formulation of caspofungin in ZnO nanoparticles was able to overcome these phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.,Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Manju Nidagodu Jayakumar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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13
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Response to sulfur in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6324000. [PMID: 34279603 PMCID: PMC8310684 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential component of various biologically important molecules, including methionine, cysteine and glutathione, and it is also involved in coping with oxidative and heavy metal stress. Studies using model organisms, including budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), have contributed not only to understanding various cellular processes but also to understanding the utilization and response mechanisms of each nutrient, including sulfur. Although fission yeast can use sulfate as a sulfur source, its sulfur metabolism pathway is slightly different from that of budding yeast because it does not have a trans-sulfuration pathway. In recent years, it has been found that sulfur starvation causes various cellular responses in S. pombe, including sporulation, cell cycle arrest at G2, chronological lifespan extension, autophagy induction and reduced translation. This MiniReview identifies two sulfate transporters in S. pombe, Sul1 (encoded by SPBC3H7.02) and Sul2 (encoded by SPAC869.05c), and summarizes the metabolic pathways of sulfur assimilation and cellular response to sulfur starvation. Understanding these responses, including metabolism and adaptation, will contribute to a better understanding of the various stress and nutrient starvation responses and chronological lifespan regulation caused by sulfur starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Agus HH, Kok G, Derinoz E, Oncel D, Yilmaz S. Involvement of Pca1 in ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death induced by alpha-thujone in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5826814. [PMID: 32347926 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-thujone, widely used in beverages (1-5 mg/kg), is known to have cytotoxic effects, but the mode of action and the role of potential apoptotic proteins in yeast cell death should be unraveled. In this study, we used Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is a promising unicellular model organism in mechanistic toxicology and cell biology, to investigate the involvement of pro-apoptotic factors in alpha-thujone-induced cell death. We showed alpha-thujone-induced ROS accumulation-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In addition, we used superoxide dismutase-deficient cells (sod1 and sod2 mutants) to understand the effect of oxidative stress. Alpha-thujone caused significant cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death, particularly in sod mutants. Moreover, two potential apoptotic factors, pca1 and pnu1 (pombe caspase-1 and pombe nuc1) were investigated to understand which factor mediates alpha-thujone-induced cell death. Pca1-deficient cells showed increased survival rates and reduced apoptosis in comparison to parental cells after chemical treatment while pnu1 mutation did not cause any significant change and the response was found identical as of parental cells. Yeast responded to alpha-thujone in caspase-dependent manner which was very similar to that for acetic acid. In conclusion, alfa-thujone-induced apoptosis and accounting mechanisms, which were mediated by ROS and driven by Pca1, were clarified in the unicellular model, S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizlan Hincal Agus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kok
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Derinoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Oncel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sedanur Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Jeong JH, Kim SH, Kim J. CaBir1 functions as an inhibitor-of-apoptosis and affects caspase-like activitiy in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 154:103600. [PMID: 34197920 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CaMca1 is the only metacaspase in Candida albicans, which shows structural homology to the mammalian caspases. CaMca1 consists of the caspase domain, the P20 and P10 regions, and the conserved catalytic histidine-cysteine dyad that is required for executing apoptosis in C. albicans. However, little is known about the proteolytic processing of CaMca1 or its activation under apoptosis-inducing conditions. To understand the regulation of this process, we characterized CaBir1 which is the single IAP (inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein) in C. albicans. IAPs are a family of proteins whose members all harbor a BIR (baculovirus IAP repeat) domain and negatively regulate apoptosis by inhibiting caspases. We found that the Cabir1/Cabir1 deletion mutant exhibited increased apoptotic phenotypes, such as ROS accumulation, nuclear segmentation, and cell survival, under apoptosis-inducing conditions. Examination of CaMca1 cleavage patterns in response to various apoptotic stresses revealed that these cleavages were stress-specific and dependent on the catalytic histidine-cysteine residues of CaMca1. The Cabir1/Cabir1 mutation was not associated with altered CaMca1 processing with or without apoptotic stimuli, but the Cabir1/Cabir1 mutant exhibited significantly increased caspase-like activities. These results suggest that CaBir1 acts as an apoptosis inhibitor by regulating caspase-like activity, but not CaMca1 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Cells 2021; 26:459-473. [PMID: 33977597 PMCID: PMC9290682 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are several examples in the nature wherein the mechanism of longevity control of unicellular organisms is evolutionarily conserved with that of higher multicellular organisms. The present microreview focuses on aging and longevity studies, particularly on chronological lifespan (CLS) concerning the unicellular eukaryotic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In S. pombe, >30 compounds, 8 types of nutrient restriction, and >80 genes that extend CLS have been reported. Several CLS control mechanisms are known to be involved in nutritional response, energy utilization, stress responses, translation, autophagy, and sexual differentiation. In unicellular organisms, the control of CLS is directly linked to the mechanism by which cells are maintained in limited‐resource environments, and their genetic information is left to posterity. We believe that this important mechanism may have been preserved as a lifespan control mechanism for higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Akintade DD, Chaudhuri B. Human VAMP3 Suppresses or Negatively Regulates Bax Induced Apoptosis in Yeast. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010095. [PMID: 33478086 PMCID: PMC7835773 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential process that is regulated genetically and could lead to a serious disease condition if not well controlled. Bax is one of the main proapoptotic proteins and actively involved in programmed cell death. It has been suggested that Bax induced apoptosis in yeast could be obstructed by enhancing vesicular membrane trafficking. Plasma membrane proteins and lipid oxidation were reduced by a vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) when expressed in yeast, suggesting its potential role in repairing membranes. Membrane integrity is crucial, as the loss of membrane integrity will result in the leakage of ions from mitochondria, and ultimately cell death due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of Arabidopsis’ VAMP has been linked to antiapoptosis activity. Since plant VAMP has been associated with antiapoptotic activities, this study investigates the possible participation of human VAMP3 in blocking human Bax mediated apoptosis. Some novel genes were identified to rescue Bax’s proapoptotic effects, in a yeast-based human hippocampal cDNA library screen. VAMP3 (a gene code for proteins involved in protein secretion) gene was chosen for further study to confirm its role in inhibiting apoptosis. VAMP3 was coexpressed with a chromosomally integrated Bax gene expression cassette driven by the GAL1 promoter. The antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl xL) were known to negate the proapoptotic properties of Bax. However, the new gene (VAMP3) results show that novel antiapoptotic proteins can be identified using a yeast-based assay. The findings presented here show that human VAMP3 protein has antiapoptotic property and could abrogate Bax induced apoptosis (cell death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare D. Akintade
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
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18
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Genes affecting the extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:623-642. [PMID: 33064911 PMCID: PMC8246873 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
So far, more than 70 genes involved in the chronological lifespan (CLS) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) have been reported. In this mini‐review, we arrange and summarize these genes based on the reported genetic interactions between them and the physical interactions between their products. We describe the signal transduction pathways that affect CLS in S. pombe: target of rapamycin complex 1, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, Sty1, and Pmk1 pathways have important functions in the regulation of CLS extension. Furthermore, the Php transcription complex, Ecl1 family proteins, cyclin Clg1, and the cyclin‐dependent kinase Pef1 are important for the regulation of CLS extension in S. pombe. Most of the known genes involved in CLS extension are related to these pathways and genes. In this review, we focus on the individual genes regulating CLS extension in S. pombe and discuss the interactions among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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The Antiaging Effect of Active Fractions and Ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-Oxo-Kaur-16-En-19-Oic Acid Isolated from Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze at the Cellular Level. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080719. [PMID: 32784463 PMCID: PMC7464069 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The extract of Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze leaves has anti-inflammatory activities and is used as a folk medicine to treat patients with hepatitis and pneumonia in China and Taiwan. The diterpenoid ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (11αOH-KA) is the major ingredient in the extract and has wide-spectrum biological activities, such as antitumor and antimelanogenic activities, as well as anti-inflammatory activity. However, the physical and biological properties of this compound as an antioxidant or antiaging agent have not been reported yet. Methods: In addition to in vitro assays, we monitored antioxidative and antiaging signals in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (yeast) and mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. Results: A. lavenia water and chloroform fractions showed antioxidant properties in vitro. The A. lavenia extracts and 11αOH-KA conferred resistance to H2O2 to S. pombe and B16F10 cells and extended the yeast lifespan in a concentration-dependent manner. These materials maintained the yeast mitochondrial activity, even in a high-glucose medium, and induced an antioxidant gene program, the transcriptional factor pap1+ and its downstream ctt1+. Accordingly, 11αOH-KA activated the antioxidative transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2, NRF2, the mammalian ortholog of pap1+, in B16F10 cells, which was accompanied by enhanced hemeoxygenase expression levels. These results suggest that 11αOH-KA and A. lavenia extracts may protect yeast and mammalian cells from oxidative stress and aging. Finally, we hope that these materials could be helpful in treating COVID-19 patients, because A. lavenia extracts and NRF2 activators have been reported to alleviate the symptoms of pneumonia in model animals.
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20
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Ciurea CN, Kosovski IB, Mare AD, Toma F, Pintea-Simon IA, Man A. Candida and Candidiasis-Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060857. [PMID: 32517179 PMCID: PMC7355540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important questions in microbiology nowadays, is how apparently harmless, commensal yeasts like Candida spp. can cause a rising number of infections. The occurrence of the disease requires firstly the attachment to the host cells, followed by the invasion of the tissue. The adaptability translates into a rapid ability to respond to stress factors, to take up nutrients or to multiply under different conditions. By forming complex intracellular networks such as biofilms, Candida spp. become not only more refractive to antifungal therapies but also more prone to cause disease. The inter-microbial interactions can enhance the virulence of a strain. In vivo, the fungal cells face a multitude of challenges and, as a result, they develop complex strategies serving one ultimate goal: survival. This review presents the virulence factors of the most important Candida spp., contributing to a better understanding of the onset of candidiasis and raising awareness of the highly complex interspecies interactions that can change the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina-Bianca Kosovski
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Department of Physiopathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Felicia Toma
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ionela Anca Pintea-Simon
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
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21
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Prastya ME, Astuti RI, Batubara I, Takagi H, Wahyudi AT. Natural extract and its fractions isolated from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra STILL-33 have antioxidant and antiaging activities in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5807080. [PMID: 32175559 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the potential for pharmacological inhibition of the aging process and the onset of age-related disease are increasingly garnering attention. Here, we analyzed the antiaging properties of natural compounds derived from several marine bacteria in vitro and in vivo using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra STILL-33 extract exhibited high antioxidant and antiglycation activities in vitro. We then characterized two antioxidant active fractions isolated from this extract. In addition, we showed that the P. flavipulchra STILL-33 extract or either of its two active fractions (Fractions 1 and 2) could extend the longevity of fission yeast. Moreover, the particular extract and two active fractions were found to induce mitochondrial activity and to delay the G1 phase of the fission yeast cell cycle, perhaps by improving the aging process. The P. flavipulchra STILL-33 extract and Fraction 1 also increased the expression of the catalase-encoding ctt1+ gene and thereby decreased the reactive oxygen species level. Structural analysis showed that Fraction 1 was dominated by l-arginine and ipriflavone, and we showed indeed that the two corresponding commercial products increase the fission yeast lifespan. As for Fraction 2 was identified as the putative structure of butamben. Together, these results should facilitate the discovery of additional antiaging compounds from P. flavipulchra and ultimately the development of novel antiaging compounds for pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Eka Prastya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Agatis Street, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rika Indri Astuti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Agatis Street, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Irmanida Batubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Agatis Street, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.,Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Taman Kencana Street, IPB Taman Kencana Campus, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Aris Tri Wahyudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Agatis Street, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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22
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Böttcher B, Hoffmann B, Garbe E, Weise T, Cseresnyés Z, Brandt P, Dietrich S, Driesch D, Figge MT, Vylkova S. The Transcription Factor Stp2 Is Important for Candida albicans Biofilm Establishment and Sustainability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:794. [PMID: 32425915 PMCID: PMC7203782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans forms polymorphic biofilms where hyphal morphogenesis and metabolic adaptation are tightly coordinated by a complex intertwined network of transcription factors. The sensing and metabolism of amino acids play important roles during various phases of biofilm development – from adhesion to maturation. Stp2 is a transcription factor that activates the expression of amino acid permease genes and is required for environmental alkalinization and hyphal growth in vitro and during macrophage phagocytosis. While it is well established that Stp2 is activated in response to external amino acids, its role in biofilm formation remains unknown. In addition to widely used techniques, we applied newly developed approaches for automated image analysis to quantify Stp2-regulated filamentation and biofilm growth. Our results show that in the stp2Δ deletion mutant adherence to abiotic surfaces and initial germ tube formation were strongly impaired, but formed mature biofilms with cell density and morphological structures comparable to the control strains. Stp2-dependent nutrient adaptation appeared to play an important role in biofilm development: stp2Δ biofilms formed under continuous nutrient flow displayed an overall reduction in biofilm formation, whereas under steady conditions the mutant strain formed biofilms with lower metabolic activity, resulting in increased cell survival and biofilm longevity. A deletion of STP2 led to increased rapamycin susceptibility and transcriptional activation of GCN4, the transcriptional regulator of the general amino acid control pathway, demonstrating a connection of Stp2 to other nutrient-responsive pathways. In summary, the transcription factor Stp2 is important for C. albicans biofilm formation, where it contributes to adherence and induction of morphogenesis, and mediates nutrient adaption and cell longevity in mature biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Böttcher
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Hoffmann
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Garbe
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Zoltán Cseresnyés
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Brandt
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietrich
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Slavena Vylkova
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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23
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Holič R, Pokorná L, Griač P. Metabolism of phospholipids in the yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 2019; 37:73-92. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Holič
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Dúbravská cesta 9 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Pokorná
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Dúbravská cesta 9 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Dúbravská cesta 9 Bratislava Slovakia
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24
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Ağuş HH, Yilmaz S, Şengöz CO. Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis induced by camphor in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:382-390. [PMID: 31892813 PMCID: PMC6911262 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1908-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Camphor is widely used in pharmacy, the food industry, and cosmetics. In this study, we evaluate inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of camphor in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which presents a unicellular model in mechanistic toxicology and cell biology. Low-dose camphor exposure (0.4 mg/mL) activated autophagy, which was shown by GFP-Atg8 dots and transcriptional upregulation of Atg6 (Beclin-1 ortholog). Autophagy was also confirmed by using autophagy-deficient cells, which showed reduction in GFP-Atg8 dot formation. However, high-dose camphor exposure (0.8 mg/mL) caused dramatic cell death ratios, demonstrated by spot and colony-forming assays, even in autophagy-deficient cells. To unravel the underlying mechanism, this time, apoptosis-deficient cells were exposed to low- and high-dose camphor. Apoptosis was also confirmed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Among yeast apoptosis mediators, Aif1 was found to mediate camphor-induced cell death. In conclusion, differential regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, and switches between them, were found to be dose-dependent. The potential effects of camphor on autophagy and apoptotic cell death and underlying mechanisms were clarified in basic unicellular eukaryotic model, S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hızlan Hıncal Ağuş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Sedanur Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Cansın Ogeday Şengöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul Turkey
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25
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Chemical screening identifies an extract from marine Pseudomonas sp.-PTR-08 as an anti-aging agent that promotes fission yeast longevity by modulating the Pap1-ctt1 + pathway and the cell cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:33-43. [PMID: 31612412 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a degenerative process characterized by progressive deterioration of cellular components, ultimately resulting in mortality, in which massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated as crucial factors. At the same time, natural products are rich sources from which to isolate and characterize potential anti-aging compounds. The current study was designed to extract compounds from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp. and investigate their in vitro antioxidant and anti-glycation activities, as well as their in vivo effects on aging in the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vitro assays showed that a Pseudomonas sp. PTR-08 extract exhibited the best antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. Further, direct administration of the extract significantly increased yeast longevity, accompanied by induction of the yeast oxidative stress response. Molecular analyses indicated that selected extract dramatically up-regulated the expression of pap1+, which encodes the transcriptional factor Pap1 and ctt1+, which encodes catalase, following H2O2 treatment. In line with these results, catalase activity significantly increased, leading to a decrease in intracellular ROS. In addition, this extract may delay the G1 phase of the yeast cell cycle, leading to an extended lifespan. Moreover, our findings indicated that the extract contains pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-, which substantially promotes anti-aging activity in yeast. However, further research must be conducted to better understand the role of this compound in our system.
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Ohtsuka H, Kato T, Sato T, Shimasaki T, Kojima T, Aiba H. Leucine depletion extends the lifespans of leucine-auxotrophic fission yeast by inducing Ecl1 family genes via the transcription factor Fil1. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:1499-1509. [PMID: 31456006 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that lifespans of various model organisms can be extended by limiting the quantities of nutrients that are necessary for proliferation. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Ecl1 family genes have been associated with lifespan control and are necessary for cell responses to nutrient depletion, but their functions and mechanisms of action remain uncharacterized. Herein, we show that leucine depletion extends the chronological lifespan (CLS) of leucine-auxotrophic cells. Furthermore, depletion of leucine extended CLS and caused cell miniaturization and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and all of these processes depended on Ecl1 family genes. Although depletion of leucine raises the expression of ecl1+ by about 100-fold in leucine-auxotrophic cells, these conditions did not affect ecl1+ expression in leucine-auxotrophic fil1 mutants that were isolated in deletion set screens using 79 mutants disrupting a transcription factor. Fil1 is a GATA-type zinc finger transcription factor that reportedly binds directly to the upstream regions of ecl1+ and ecl2+. Accordingly, we suggest that Ecl1 family genes are induced in response to environmental stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress, or by nutritional depletion of nitrogen or sulfur sources or the amino acid leucine. We also propose that these genes play important roles in the maintenance of cell survival until conditions that favor proliferation are restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takanori Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teppei Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Chen C, Rodriguez Pino M, Haller PR, Verde F. Conserved NDR/LATS kinase controls RAS GTPase activity to regulate cell growth and chronological lifespan. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2598-2616. [PMID: 31390298 PMCID: PMC6740195 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to the nutritional environment is critical for all cells. RAS GTPase is a highly conserved GTP-binding protein with crucial functions for cell growth and differentiation in response to environmental conditions. Here, we describe a novel mechanism connecting RAS GTPase to nutrient availability in fission yeast. We report that the conserved NDR/LATS kinase Orb6 responds to nutritional cues and regulates Ras1 GTPase activity. Orb6 increases the protein levels of an Ras1 GTPase activator, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Efc25, by phosphorylating Sts5, a protein bound to efc25 mRNA. By manipulating the extent of Orb6-mediated Sts5 assembly into RNP granules, we can modulate Efc25 protein levels, Ras1 GTPase activity, and, as a result, cell growth and cell survival. Thus, we conclude that the Orb6-Sts5-Ras1 regulatory axis plays a crucial role in promoting cell adaptation, balancing the opposing demands of promoting cell growth and extending chronological lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Marbelys Rodriguez Pino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Patrick Roman Haller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Fulvia Verde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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Potocki L, Kuna E, Filip K, Kasprzyk B, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. Activation of transposable elements and genetic instability during long-term culture of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Biogerontology 2019; 20:457-474. [PMID: 30989423 PMCID: PMC6593122 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been repeatedly reported that transposable elements (TE) become active and/or mobile in the genomes of replicatively and stress-induced senescent mammalian cells. However, the biological role of senescence-associated transposon activation and its occurrence and relevance in other eukaryotic cells remain to be elucidated. In the present study, Candida albicans, a prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans, was used to analyze changes in gene copy number of selected TE, namely Cirt2, Moa and Cmut1 during long-term culture (up to 90 days). The effects of stress stimuli (fluconazole, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite) and ploidy state (haploid, diploid, tetraploid cells) were also considered. An increase in copy number of Cirt2 and Moa was the most accented in tetraploid cells after 90 days of culture that was accompanied by changes in karyotype patterns and slightly more limited growth rate compared to haploid and diploid cells. Stress stimuli did not potentiate TE activity. Elevation in chromosomal DNA breaks was also observed during long-term culture of cells of different ploidy, however this was not correlated with increased TE activity. Our results suggest that increased TE activity may promote genomic diversity and plasticity, and cellular heterogeneity during long-term culture of C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Potocki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kuna
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Beata Kasprzyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Agus HH, Sengoz CO, Yilmaz S. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death induced by camphor in sod1-deficient Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:216-226. [PMID: 30931102 PMCID: PMC6404167 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Camphor is one of the monoterpenes widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the food industry. In this study, we aimed to assess the oxidative, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of camphor on the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which is a promising unicellular model organism in mechanistic toxicology and cell biology. Since Sod1 is the main radical scavenger in the cell, we used sod1 mutants to understand whether camphor-induced ROS accumulation caused higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Camphor exposure (0-2000 mg L-1) caused significant cytotoxicity in yeast, particularly in sod1Δ cells. DCFDA (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) fluorescence and NBT (p-nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride) reduction increased (at least 2.5-3-fold in sod1Δ cells) in correlation with camphor concentrations (800-1200 mg L-1), showing higher ROS levels and oxidative stress. Moreover, cells, stained with acridine orange/ethidium bromide, showed an apoptotic morphology with nuclear fragmentation and condensation. DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used to validate the apoptotic nuclear morphology. Dramatically increased mitochondrial impairment, which was higher in sod1Δ cells than in wild type cells, was shown by rhodamine 123 staining. In conclusion, camphor-induced excessive ROS production, which could not be prevented significantly in sod1 mutants, caused a dramatic increase in mortality rates due to intrinsic apoptosis revealed by mitochondrial impairment and apoptotic nuclear morphology. The potential effects of camphor on apoptotic cell death and the underlying mechanisms were clarified in the unicellular eukaryotic model, S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizlan Hincal Agus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
| | - Cansin Ogeday Sengoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
| | - Sedanur Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey .
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Shang J, Wu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Huang Y. Overexpression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA 3′-end processing enzyme Trz2 leads to an increased cellular iron level and apoptotic cell death. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 122:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Park SC, Kim JY, Kim EJ, Cheong GW, Lee Y, Choi W, Lee JR, Jang MK. Hydrophilic Linear Peptide with Histidine and Lysine Residues as a Key Factor Affecting Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123781. [PMID: 30486512 PMCID: PMC6321124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the numbers of immunocompromised patients and the emergence of drug-resistance fungal pathogens have led to the need for new, safe, efficacious antifungal agents. In this study, we designed a histidine-lysine-lysine (HKK) motif and synthesized six HKK peptides with repetitions of the motif. These peptides showed length-dependent antifungal activity against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant fungal pathogens via membranolytic or non-membranolytic action. None of the peptides were cytotoxic to rat erythrocytes or NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Short-length peptides were directly translocated in fungal cytosol and reacted with mitochondria, resulting in apoptosis. Membrane-permeabilizing activity occurred in the presence of long peptides, and peptides were able to transfer to the cytosol and induce reactive oxygen species. Our results suggest that peptides composed only of cationic amino acids may be good candidates as antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ji Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Gang-Won Cheong
- Division of Applied Life Sciences and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Korea.
| | - Yongjae Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Wonkyun Choi
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon, Choongnam 33657, Korea.
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon, Choongnam 33657, Korea.
| | - Mi-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- The Research Institute for Sanitation and Environment of Coastal Areas, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
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Leiter É, Csernoch L, Pócsi I. Programmed cell death in human pathogenic fungi - a possible therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:1039-1048. [PMID: 30360667 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1541087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are increasing because of antibiotic overuse, the rise of immunosuppressive therapies, and climate change. The limited variety of antimycotics and the rapid adaptation of pathogenic fungi to antifungal agents serve to exacerbate this issue. Unfortunately, about 1.6 million people are killed by fungal infections annually. Areas covered: The discovery of the small antimicrobial proteins produced by microorganisms, animals, humans, and plants will hopefully overcome challenges in the treatment of fungal infections. These small proteins are highly stable and any resistance to them rarely evolves; therefore, they are potentially good candidates for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by pathogenic fungi. Some of these proteins target the programmed cell death machinery of pathogenic fungi; this is potentially a novel approach in antimycotic therapies. In this review, we highlight the elements of apoptosis in human pathogenic fungi and related model organisms and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of the apoptosis-inducing, small, antifungal proteins. Expert opinion: Small antimicrobial proteins may establish a new class of antimycotics in the future. The rarity of resistance and their synergistic effects with other frequently used antifungal agents may help pave the way for their use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Leiter
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- b Department of Physiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
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Abstract
Persister cells are a small subpopulation within fungal biofilms that are highly resistant to high concentrations of antifungals and therefore most likely contribute to the resistance and recalcitrance of biofilm infections. Moreover, this subpopulation is defined as a nongrowing, phenotypic variant of wild-type cells that can survive high doses of antifungals. There are high degrees of heterogeneity and plasticity associated with biofilm formation, resulting in a strong variation in the amount of persister cells. The fraction of these cells in fungal biofilms also appear to be dependent on the type of substrate. The cells can be observed immediately after their adhesion to that substrate, which makes up the initial step of biofilm formation. Thus far, persister cells have primarily been studied in Candida spp. These fungi are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial systemic infections in the United States, with C. albicans being the most prevalent species. Remarkably, persisters exhibit characteristics of a dormant state similar to what is observed in cells deprived of glucose. This dormant state, together with attachment to a substrate, appears to provide the cells with characteristics that help them overcome the challenges with fungicidal drugs such as amphotericin B (AmB). AmB is known to induce apoptosis, and persister cells are able to cope with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating stress response pathways and the accumulation of high amounts of glycogen and trehalose-two known stress-protecting molecules. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathways that are involved in persister cell formation in fungal species and highlight that the eradication of persister cells could lead to a strong reduction of treatment failure in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Wuyts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle Holtappels
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
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Zimmermann A, Hofer S, Pendl T, Kainz K, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Yeast as a tool to identify anti-aging compounds. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4919731. [PMID: 29905792 PMCID: PMC6001894 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for interventions against aging and age-related diseases, biological screening platforms are indispensable tools to identify anti-aging compounds among large substance libraries. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has emerged as a powerful chemical and genetic screening platform, as it combines a rapid workflow with experimental amenability and the availability of a wide range of genetic mutant libraries. Given the amount of conserved genes and aging mechanisms between yeast and human, testing candidate anti-aging substances in yeast gene-deletion or overexpression collections, or de novo derived mutants, has proven highly successful in finding potential molecular targets. Yeast-based studies, for example, have led to the discovery of the polyphenol resveratrol and the natural polyamine spermidine as potential anti-aging agents. Here, we present strategies for pharmacological anti-aging screens in yeast, discuss common pitfalls and summarize studies that have used yeast for drug discovery and target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Agus HH, Sarp C, Cemiloglu M. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment mediated apoptotic cell death induced by terpinolene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:848-858. [PMID: 30310662 PMCID: PMC6116180 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpinolene is one of the most abundant monoterpenes used as a food supplement or odorant in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we aimed to assess apoptotic, oxidative and cytotoxic effects of terpinolene. We used the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) as a promising uni-cellular model organism in molecular toxicology and cell death research, due to its resemblance to mammalian cells at the molecular level. After terpinolene exposure (200-800 mg L-1), the IC50 and LC50 were calculated as 349.17 mg L-1 and 593.87 mg L-1. Cells, stained with acridine orange/ethidium bromide and DAPI, showed apoptotic nuclear morphology, chromatin condensation and fragmentation. 2,7-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence gradually increased (1.5-2-fold increase) in correlation with increasing concentrations of terpinolene (200-800 mg L-1). Mitochondrial impairment at higher concentrations of terpinolene (400-800 mg L-1) was shown by Rhodamine 123 staining. Real-time PCR experiments showed significant increases (1.5-3-fold) in SOD1 and GPx1 levels (p < 0.05) as well as 2-2.5-fold increases (p < 0.05) in pro-apoptotic factors, Pca1 and Sprad9. The potential effects of terpinolene on programmed cell death and the underlying mechanisms were clarified in unicellular model fungi, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizlan H Agus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey . ; Tel: +90 212 444 50 01
| | - Cemaynur Sarp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey . ; Tel: +90 212 444 50 01
| | - Meryem Cemiloglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey . ; Tel: +90 212 444 50 01
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Hibi T, Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Inui S, Shibuya M, Tatsukawa H, Kanie K, Yamamoto Y, Aiba H. Tschimganine and its derivatives extend the chronological life span of yeast via activation of the Sty1 pathway. Genes Cells 2018; 23:620-637. [PMID: 29900664 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most antiaging factors or life span extenders are associated with calorie restriction (CR). Very few of these factors function independently of, or additively with, CR. In this study, we focused on tschimganine, a compound that was reported to extend chronological life span (CLS). Although tschimganine led to the extension of CLS, it also inhibited yeast cell growth. We acquired a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant with a tolerance for tschimganine due to the gene crm1. The resulting Crm1 protein appears to export the stress-activated protein kinase Sty1 from the nucleus to the cytosol even under stressful conditions. Furthermore, we synthesized two derivative compounds of tschimganine, α-hibitakanine and β-hibitakanine; these derivatives did not inhibit cell growth, as seen with tschimganine. α-hibitakanine extended the CLS, not only in S. pombe but also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating the possibility that life span regulation by tschimganine derivative may be conserved across various yeast species. We found that the longevity induced by tschimganine was dependent on the Sty1 pathway. Based on our results, we propose that tschimganine and its derivatives extend CLS by activating the Sty1 pathway in fission yeast, and CR extends CLS via two distinct pathways, one Sty1-dependent and the other Sty1-independent. These findings provide the potential for creating an additive life span extension effect when combined with CR, as well as a better understanding of the mechanism of CLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Hibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shougo Inui
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Bioengineering, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Ohtsuka H, Aiba H. Factors extending the chronological lifespan of yeast: Ecl1 family genes. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:4085637. [PMID: 28934413 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecl1 family genes are conserved among yeast, in which their overexpression extends chronological lifespan. Ecl1 family genes were first identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe; at the time, they were considered noncoding RNA owing to their short coding sequence of fewer than 300 base pairs. Schizosaccharomyces pombe carries three Ecl1 family genes, ecl1+, ecl2+ and ecl3+, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae has one, ECL1. Their overexpression extends chronological lifespan, increases oxidative stress resistance and induces sexual development in fission yeast. A recent study indicated that Ecl1 family genes play a significant role in responding to environmental zinc or sulfur depletion. In this review, we focus on Ecl1 family genes in fission yeast and describe the relationship between nutritional depletion and cellular output, as the latter depends on Ecl1 family genes. Furthermore, we present the roles and functions of Ecl1 family genes characterized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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38
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Di Gregorio SE, Duennwald ML. Yeast as a model to study protein misfolding in aged cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4996350. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Di Gregorio
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Regulated Cell Death as a Therapeutic Target for Novel Antifungal Peptides and Biologics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5473817. [PMID: 29854086 PMCID: PMC5944218 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5473817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise of microbial pathogens refractory to conventional antibiotics represents one of the most urgent and global public health concerns for the 21st century. Emergence of Candida auris isolates and the persistence of invasive mold infections that resist existing treatment and cause severe illness has underscored the threat of drug-resistant fungal infections. To meet these growing challenges, mechanistically novel agents and strategies are needed that surpass the conventional fungistatic or fungicidal drug actions. Host defense peptides have long been misunderstood as indiscriminant membrane detergents. However, evidence gathered over the past decade clearly points to their sophisticated and selective mechanisms of action, including exploiting regulated cell death pathways of their target pathogens. Such peptides perturb transmembrane potential and mitochondrial energetics, inducing phosphatidylserine accessibility and metacaspase activation in fungi. These mechanisms are often multimodal, affording target pathogens fewer resistance options as compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Here, recent advances in the field are examined regarding regulated cell death subroutines as potential therapeutic targets for innovative anti-infective peptides against pathogenic fungi. Furthering knowledge of protective host defense peptide interactions with target pathogens is key to advancing and applying novel prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures to fungal resistance and pathogenesis.
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Aguilera A, Austriaco N, Ayscough K, Balzan R, Bar-Nun S, Barrientos A, Belenky P, Blondel M, Braun RJ, Breitenbach M, Burhans WC, Büttner S, Cavalieri D, Chang M, Cooper KF, Côrte-Real M, Costa V, Cullin C, Dawes I, Dengjel J, Dickman MB, Eisenberg T, Fahrenkrog B, Fasel N, Fröhlich KU, Gargouri A, Giannattasio S, Goffrini P, Gourlay CW, Grant CM, Greenwood MT, Guaragnella N, Heger T, Heinisch J, Herker E, Herrmann JM, Hofer S, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Jungwirth H, Kainz K, Kontoyiannis DP, Ludovico P, Manon S, Martegani E, Mazzoni C, Megeney LA, Meisinger C, Nielsen J, Nyström T, Osiewacz HD, Outeiro TF, Park HO, Pendl T, Petranovic D, Picot S, Polčic P, Powers T, Ramsdale M, Rinnerthaler M, Rockenfeller P, Ruckenstuhl C, Schaffrath R, Segovia M, Severin FF, Sharon A, Sigrist SJ, Sommer-Ruck C, Sousa MJ, Thevelein JM, Thevissen K, Titorenko V, Toledano MB, Tuite M, Vögtle FN, Westermann B, Winderickx J, Wissing S, Wölfl S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao RY, Zhou B, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:4-31. [PMID: 29354647 PMCID: PMC5772036 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología, Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medi-cine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, USA
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ian Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Laboratory Biology of the Nucleus, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Center de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnolgy and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynn A. Megeney
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institute of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fedor F. Severin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of physico-chemical biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sommer-Ruck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel B. Toledano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), SBIGEM, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mick Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecu-lar Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaojie J. Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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Liu J, He MH, Peng J, Duan YM, Lu YS, Wu Z, Gong T, Li HT, Zhou JQ. Tethering telomerase to telomeres increases genome instability and promotes chronological aging in yeast. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2827-2847. [PMID: 27855118 PMCID: PMC5191873 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronological aging of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is attributed to multi-faceted traits especially those involving genome instability, and has been considered to be an aging model for post-mitotic cells in higher organisms. Telomeres are the physical ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and are essential for genome integrity and stability. It remains elusive whether dysregulated telomerase activity affects chronological aging. We employed the CDC13-EST2 fusion gene, which tethers telomerase to telomeres, to examine the effect of constitutively active telomerase on chronological lifespan (CLS). The expression of Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein resulted in overlong telomeres (2 to 4 folds longer than normal telomeres), and long telomeres were stably maintained during long-term chronological aging. Accordingly, genome instability, manifested by accumulation of extra-chromosomal rDNA circle species, age-dependent CAN1 marker-gene mutation frequency and gross chromosomal rearrangement frequency, was significantly elevated. Importantly, inactivation of Sch9, a downstream kinase of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), suppressed both the genome instability and accelerated chronological aging mediated by CDC13-EST2 expression. Interestingly, loss of the CDC13-EST2 fusion gene in the cells with overlong telomeres restored the regular CLS. Altogether, these data suggest that constitutively active telomerase is detrimental to the maintenance of genome stability, and promotes chronological aging in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Min Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Si Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ting Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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Zhao RY. Yeast for virus research. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2017; 4:311-330. [PMID: 29082230 PMCID: PMC5657823 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.10.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) are two popular model organisms for virus research. They are natural hosts for viruses as they carry their own indigenous viruses. Both yeasts have been used for studies of plant, animal and human viruses. Many positive sense (+) RNA viruses and some DNA viruses replicate with various levels in yeasts, thus allowing study of those viral activities during viral life cycle. Yeasts are single cell eukaryotic organisms. Hence, many of the fundamental cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation or programed cell death are highly conserved from yeasts to higher eukaryotes. Therefore, they are particularly suited to study the impact of those viral activities on related cellular activities during virus-host interactions. Yeasts present many unique advantages in virus research over high eukaryotes. Yeast cells are easy to maintain in the laboratory with relative short doubling time. They are non-biohazardous, genetically amendable with small genomes that permit genome-wide analysis of virologic and cellular functions. In this review, similarities and differences of these two yeasts are described. Studies of virologic activities such as viral translation, viral replication and genome-wide study of virus-cell interactions in yeasts are highlighted. Impacts of viral proteins on basic cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation and programed cell death are discussed. Potential applications of using yeasts as hosts to carry out functional analysis of small viral genome and to develop high throughput drug screening platform for the discovery of antiviral drugs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Global Health, and Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Senoo T, Kawano S, Ikeda S. DNA base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair synergistically contribute to survival of stationary-phase cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Biol Int 2016; 41:276-286. [PMID: 28032397 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Defects of genome maintenance may causally contribute to aging. In general, base excision repair (BER) is involved in the repair of subtle base lesions and AP sites, and bulky helix-distorting lesions are restored by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Here, we measured the chronological lifespan (CLS) of BER- and NER-deficient mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and observed the aging process of cells. The CLS of the nth1 (gene for DNA glycosylase/AP lyase) mutant and the rad16 (a homolog of human XPF) mutant were slightly shorter than that of the wild-type (WT) strain. However, survival of the nth1Δ rad16Δ double mutant was significantly reduced after entry into the stationary phase. Deletion of rad16 in an AP endonuclease mutant apn2Δ also accelerated chronological aging. These results indicate that BER and NER synergistically contribute to genome maintenance in non-dividing cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in cells during the stationary phase, and nth1Δ rad16Δ cells produced more ROS than WT cells. High mutation frequencies and nuclear DNA fragmentation were observed in nth1Δ rad16Δ stationary-phase cells concurrent with apoptotic-like cell death. Calorie restriction significantly reduced the level of ROS in the stationary phase and extended the CLS of nth1Δ rad16Δ cells. Therefore, ROS production critically affects the survival of the DNA repair mutant during chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Senoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shogo Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Jeong JH, Lee SE, Kim J. Mutational analysis of metacaspase CaMca1 and decapping activator Edc3 in the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 97:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choose Your Own Adventure: The Role of Histone Modifications in Yeast Cell Fate. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1946-1957. [PMID: 27769718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When yeast cells are challenged by a fluctuating environment, signaling networks activate differentiation programs that promote their individual or collective survival. These programs include the initiation of meiotic sporulation, the formation of filamentous growth structures, and the activation of programmed cell death pathways. The establishment and maintenance of these distinct cell fates are driven by massive gene expression programs that promote the necessary changes in morphology and physiology. While these genomic reprogramming events depend on a specialized network of transcription factors, a diverse set of chromatin regulators, including histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodelers, and histone variants, also play essential roles. Here, we review the broad functions of histone modifications in initiating cell fate transitions, with particular focus on their contribution to the control of expression of key genes required for the differentiation programs and chromatin reorganization that accompanies these cell fates.
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Galleria mellonella lysozyme induces apoptotic changes in Candida albicans cells. Microbiol Res 2016; 193:121-131. [PMID: 27825480 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella has been increasingly used as a model host to determine Candida albicans virulence and efficacy of antifungal treatment. The G. mellonella lysozyme, similarly to its human counterpart, is a member of the c-type family of lysozymes that exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, in contrast to the relatively well explained bactericidal action, the mechanism of fungistatic and/or fungicidal activity of lysozymes is still not clear. In the present study we provide the direct evidences that the G. mellonella lysozyme binds to the protoplasts as well as to the intact C. albicans cells and decreases the survival rate of both these forms in a time-dependent manner. No enzymatic activity of the lysozyme towards typical chitinase and β-glucanase substrates was detected, indicating that hydrolysis of main fungal cell wall components is not responsible for anti-Candida activity of the lysozyme. On the other hand, pre-treatment of cells with tetraethylammonium, a potassium channel blocker, prevented them from the lysozyme action, suggesting that lysozyme acts by induction of programmed cell death. In fact, the C. albicans cells treated with the lysozyme exhibited typical apoptotic features, i.e. loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine exposure in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, as well as chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.
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Laprade DJ, Brown MS, McCarthy ML, Ritch JJ, Austriaco N. Filamentation protects Candida albicans from amphotericin B-induced programmed cell death via a mechanism involving the yeast metacaspase, MCA1. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:285-292. [PMID: 27683660 PMCID: PMC5036395 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.07.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast Candida albicans is one of the most
significant fungal pathogens worldwide. It proliferates in two distinct cell
types: blastopores and filaments. Only cells that are able to transform from one
cell type into the other are virulent in mouse disease models. Programmed cell
death is a controlled form of cell suicide that occurs when C.
albicans cells are exposed to fungicidal drugs like amphotericin B
and caspofungin, and to other stressful conditions. We now provide evidence that
suggests that programmed cell death is cell-type specific in yeast: Filamentous
C. albicans cells are more resistant to amphotericin B- and
caspofungin-induced programmed cell death than their blastospore counterparts.
Finally, our genetic data suggests that this phenomenon is mediated by a
protective mechanism involving the yeast metacaspase, MCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Laprade
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Melissa S Brown
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Morgan L McCarthy
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - James J Ritch
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Nicanor Austriaco
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
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Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) was initially described in metazoans as a genetically controlled process leading to intracellular breakdown and engulfment by a neighboring cell . This process was distinguished from other forms of cell death like necrosis by maintenance of plasma membrane integrity prior to engulfment and the well-defined genetic system controlling this process. Apoptosis was originally described as a mechanism to reshape tissues during development. Given this context, the assumption was made that this process would not be found in simpler eukaryotes such as budding yeast. Although basic components of the apoptotic pathway were identified in yeast, initial observations suggested that it was devoid of prosurvival and prodeath regulatory proteins identified in mammalian cells. However, as apoptosis became extensively linked to the elimination of damaged cells, key PCD regulatory proteins were identified in yeast that play similar roles in mammals. This review highlights recent discoveries that have permitted information regarding PCD regulation in yeast to now inform experiments in animals.
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Ogata T, Senoo T, Kawano S, Ikeda S. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase deficiency accelerates chronological aging in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:100-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Takanori Senoo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shinji Kawano
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shogo Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
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50
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Clegg RJ, Dyson RJ, Kreft JU. Repair rather than segregation of damage is the optimal unicellular aging strategy. BMC Biol 2014; 12:52. [PMID: 25184818 PMCID: PMC4243282 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How aging, being unfavourable for the individual, can evolve is one of the fundamental problems of biology. Evidence for aging in unicellular organisms is far from conclusive. Some studies found aging even in symmetrically dividing unicellular species; others did not find aging in the same, or in different, unicellular species, or only under stress. Mathematical models suggested that segregation of non-genetic damage, as an aging strategy, would increase fitness. However, these models failed to consider repair as an alternative strategy or did not properly account for the benefits of repair. We used a new and improved individual-based model to examine rigorously the effect of a range of aging strategies on fitness in various environments. RESULTS Repair of damage emerges as the best strategy despite its fitness costs, since it immediately increases growth rate. There is an optimal investment in repair that outperforms damage segregation in well-mixed, lasting and benign environments over a wide range of parameter values. Damage segregation becomes beneficial, and only in combination with repair, when three factors are combined: (i) the rate of damage accumulation is high, (ii) damage is toxic and (iii) efficiency of repair is low. In contrast to previous models, our model predicts that unicellular organisms should have active mechanisms to repair damage rather than age by segregating damage. Indeed, as predicted, all organisms have evolved active mechanisms of repair whilst aging in unicellular organisms is absent or minimal under benign conditions, apart from microorganisms with a different ecology, inhabiting short-lived environments strongly favouring early reproduction rather than longevity. CONCLUSIONS Aging confers no fitness advantage for unicellular organisms in lasting environments under benign conditions, since repair of non-genetic damage is better than damage segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Clegg
- />Centre for Systems Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- />Centre for Systems Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan-Ulrich Kreft
- />Centre for Systems Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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