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White AD, Tran AC, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Morrison AL, Lawrence S, Dennis M, Clark S, Zadi S, Lanni F, Rayner E, Copland A, Hart P, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Kim M, Gleeson F, Salguero FJ, Singh M, Stehr M, Cutting SM, Basile JI, Rottenberg ME, Williams A, Sharpe SA, Reljic R. Spore-FP1 tuberculosis mucosal vaccine candidate is highly protective in guinea pigs but fails to improve on BCG-conferred protection in non-human primates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246826. [PMID: 37881438 PMCID: PMC10594996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major health threat globally and a more effective vaccine than the current Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is required, either to replace or boost it. The Spore-FP1 mucosal vaccine candidate is based on the fusion protein of Ag85B-Acr-HBHA/heparin-binding domain, adsorbed on the surface of inactivated Bacillus subtilis spores. The candidate conferred significant protection against Mycobacterium. tuberculosis challenge in naïve guinea pigs and markedly improved protection in the lungs and spleens of animals primed with BCG. We then immunized rhesus macaques with BCG intradermally, and subsequently boosted with one intradermal and one aerosol dose of Spore-FP1, prior to challenge with low dose aerosolized M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Following vaccination, animals did not show any adverse reactions and displayed higher antigen specific cellular and antibody immune responses compared to BCG alone but this did not translate into significant improvement in disease pathology or bacterial burden in the organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Morrison
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clark
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sirine Zadi
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Faye Lanni
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gil Reynolds Diogo
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Department of Oncology, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Sporegen Ltd , London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Basile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology and Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Williams
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Tran AC, Boariu E, García-Bengoa M, Kim MY, Vergara EJ, Mussá T, Reljic R. Serological analysis reveals differential antibody responses between TB patients and latently infected individuals from the TB endemic country of Mozambique. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1286785. [PMID: 37877025 PMCID: PMC10591198 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1286785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological antibody profiling of tuberculosis (TB) patients and household contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI) could identify risk indicators of disease progression, and potentially also serve as an easily accessible diagnostic tool to discriminate between these two stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Yet, despite significant efforts over many decades, neither application has yet fully materialised, and this is at least in part due to inconsistent and varying antibody profiles from different TB endemic regions. In this study, we conducted a retrospective exploratory analysis of serum antibodies in a cohort of active TB patients (ATB) and their interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) positive household contacts (LTBI), as well as healthy controls (HC) from Mozambique, a country with a high TB burden from the Sub-Saharan region. Using several Mtb antigens as well as crude preparations of culture filtrate proteins (CFP) from Mtb and Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), we report that the most discriminatory response for TB and LTBI was observed for serum IgA antibodies to the MPT64 antigen, followed by IgG antibodies to Ag85B and CFP, with ATB patients having significantly higher levels than LTBI or BCG-vaccinated healthy controls. Conversely, sera from LTBI individuals had higher levels of IgG antibodies to the HBHA antigen than ATB. While our sample size (n = 21 for ATB, 18 for LTBI and 17 for HC) was too small to fully evaluate the diagnostic potential of these differing serological profiles, our study however preliminarily indicated high level of sensitivity (95%) and specificity (97%) of an ELISA MPT64-IgA test for discriminating TB from LTBI and healthy controls, supporting the notion that it alone, or possibly in combination with other antigens such as Ag85B or CFP could lead to development of an easily accessible diagnostic tool for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Boariu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María García-Bengoa
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Joseph Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tufária Mussá
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Isticato R. Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:947. [PMID: 37371527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore's structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Naples, Italy
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Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063405. [PMID: 35328823 PMCID: PMC8953710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a major role for endospore forming bacteria within the gut microbiota, not only as pathogens but also as commensal and beneficial members contributing to gut homeostasis. In this review the sporulation processes, spore properties, and germination processes will be explained within the scope of the human gut. Within the gut, spore-forming bacteria are known to interact with the host’s immune system, both in vegetative cell and spore form. Together with the resistant nature of the spore, these characteristics offer potential for spores’ use as delivery vehicles for therapeutics. In the last part of the review, the therapeutic potential of spores as probiotics, vaccine vehicles, and drug delivery systems will be discussed.
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6
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Pereira M, Oh JK, Kang DK, Engstrand L, Valeriano VD. Hacking Commensal Bacteria to Consolidate the Adaptive Mucosal Immune Response in the Gut–Lung Axis: Future Possibilities for SARS-CoV-2 Protection. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11010003. [PMID: 35822811 PMCID: PMC9245903 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by mucosal pathogens significantly increase mortality and morbidity. Thus, the possibility to target these pathogens at their primary entry points can consolidate protective immunity. Regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has been observed that the upper respiratory mucosa is highly affected and that dysregulation of resident microbiota in the gut–lung axis plays a crucial role in determining symptom severity. Thus, understanding the possibility of eliciting various mucosal and adaptive immune responses allows us to effectively design bacterial mucosal vaccine vectors. Such design requires rationally selecting resident bacterial candidates as potential host carriers, evaluating effective carrier proteins for stimulating an immune response, and combining these two to improve antigenic display and immunogenicity. This review investigated mucosal vaccine vectors from 2015 to present, where a few have started to utilize Salmonella and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to display SARS-CoV-2 Spike S proteins or fragments. Although current literature is still lacking for its studies beyond in vitro or in vivo efficiency, decades of research into these vectors show promising results. Here, we discuss the mucosal immune systems focusing on the gut–lung axis microbiome and offer new insight into the potential use of alpha streptococci in the upper respiratory tract as a vaccine carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pereira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
| | - Valerie Diane Valeriano
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.P.); (J.K.O.); (L.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Andryukov BG, Karpenko AA, Lyapun IN. Learning from Nature: Bacterial Spores as a Target for Current Technologies in Medicine (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:105-122. [PMID: 34795986 PMCID: PMC8596247 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The capability of some representatives of Clostridium spp. and Bacillus spp. genera to form spores in extreme external conditions long ago became a subject of medico-biological investigations. Bacterial spores represent dormant cellular forms of gram-positive bacteria possessing a high potential of stability and the capability to endure extreme conditions of their habitat. Owing to these properties, bacterial spores are recognized as the most stable systems on the planet, and spore-forming microorganisms became widely spread in various ecosystems. Spore-forming bacteria have been attracted increased interest for years due to their epidemiological danger. Bacterial spores may be in the quiescent state for dozens or hundreds of years but after they appear in the favorable conditions of a human or animal organism, they turn into vegetative forms causing an infectious process. The greatest threat among the pathogenic spore-forming bacteria is posed by the causative agents of anthrax (B. anthracis), food toxicoinfection (B. cereus), pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile), botulism (C. botulinum), gas gangrene (C. perfringens). For the effective prevention of severe infectious diseases first of all it is necessary to study the molecular structure of bacterial spores and the biochemical mechanisms of sporulation and to develop innovative methods of detection and disinfection of dormant cells. There is another side of the problem: the necessity to investigate exo- and endospores from the standpoint of obtaining similar artificially synthesized models in order to use them in the latest medical technologies for the development of thermostable vaccines, delivery of biologically active substances to the tissues and intracellular structures. In recent years, bacterial spores have become an interesting object for the exploration from the point of view of a new paradigm of unicellular microbiology in order to study microbial heterogeneity by means of the modern analytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Andryukov
- Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia; Professor, Department of Fundamental Sciences; Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Village Ayaks, Island Russkiy, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - A A Karpenko
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cell Biophysics; A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - I N Lyapun
- Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
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8
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Mat Rahim N, Lee H, Strych U, AbuBakar S. Facing the challenges of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: progress and prospects in the vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3784-3794. [PMID: 34106809 PMCID: PMC8437540 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1927412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) named A. baumannii as one of the three antibiotic-resistant bacterial species on its list of global priority pathogens in dire need of novel and effective treatment. With only polymyxin and tigecycline antibiotics left as last-resort treatments, the need for novel alternative approaches to the control of this bacterium becomes imperative. Vaccines against numerous bacteria have had impressive records in reducing the burden of the respective diseases and addressing antimicrobial resistance; as in the case of Haemophilus influenzae type b . A similar approach could be appropriate for A. baumannii. Toward this end, several potentially protective antigens against A. baumannii were identified and evaluated as vaccine antigen candidates. A licensed vaccine for the bacteria, however, is still not in sight. Here we explore and discuss challenges in vaccine development against A. baumannii and the promising approaches for improving the vaccine development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- NorAziyah Mat Rahim
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health Complex, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - HaiYen Lee
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nasal Immunization with the C-Terminal Domain of Bcla3 Induced Specific IgG Production and Attenuated Disease Symptoms in Mice Infected with Clostridioides difficile Spores. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186696. [PMID: 32933117 PMCID: PMC7555657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that causes a severe intestinal infection. Spores of this pathogen enter in the human body through the oral route, interact with intestinal epithelial cells and persist in the gut. Once germinated, the vegetative cells colonize the intestine and produce toxins that enhance an immune response that perpetuate the disease. Therefore, spores are major players of the infection and ideal targets for new therapies. In this context, spore surface proteins of C. difficile, are potential antigens for the development of vaccines targeting C. difficile spores. Here, we report that the C-terminal domain of the spore surface protein BclA3, BclA3CTD, was identified as an antigenic epitope, over-produced in Escherichia coli and tested as an immunogen in mice. To increase antigen stability and efficiency, BclA3CTD was also exposed on the surface of B. subtilis spores, a mucosal vaccine delivery system. In the experimental conditions used in this study, free BclA3CTD induced antibody production in mice and attenuated some C. difficile infection symptoms after a challenge with the pathogen, while the spore-displayed antigen resulted less effective. Although dose regimen and immunization routes need to be optimized, our results suggest BclA3CTD as a potentially effective antigen to develop a new vaccination strategy targeting C. difficile spores.
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Santos FDS, Mazzoli A, Maia AR, Saggese A, Isticato R, Leite F, Iossa S, Ricca E, Baccigalupi L. A probiotic treatment increases the immune response induced by the nasal delivery of spore-adsorbed TTFC. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:42. [PMID: 32075660 PMCID: PMC7029466 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus genus are widely used probiotics known to exert their beneficial effects also through the stimulation of the host immune response. The oral delivery of B. toyonensis spores has been shown to improve the immune response to a parenterally administered viral antigen in mice, suggesting that probiotics may increase the efficiency of systemic vaccines. We used the C fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTFC) as a model antigen to evaluate whether a treatment with B. toyonensis spores affected the immune response to a mucosal antigen. Results Purified TTFC was given to mice by the nasal route either as a free protein or adsorbed to B. subtilis spores, a mucosal vaccine delivery system proved effective with several antigens, including TTFC. Spore adsorption was extremely efficient and TTFC was shown to be exposed on the spore surface. Spore-adsorbed TTFC was more efficient than the free antigen in inducing an immune response and the probiotic treatment improved the response, increasing the production of TTFC-specific secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA) and causing a faster production of serum IgG. The analysis of the induced cytokines indicated that also the cellular immune response was increased by the probiotic treatment. A 16S RNA-based analysis of the gut microbial composition did not show dramatic differences due to the probiotic treatment. However, the abundance of members of the Ruminiclostridium 6 genus was found to correlate with the increased immune response of animals immunized with the spore-adsorbed antigen and treated with the probiotic. Conclusion Our results indicate that B. toyonensis spores significantly contribute to the humoral and cellular responses elicited by a mucosal immunization with spore-adsorbed TTFC, pointing to the probiotic treatment as an alternative to the use of adjuvants for mucosal vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Denis S Santos
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ana Raquel Maia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anella Saggese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Leite
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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12
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Utilization of Bacillus subtilis cells displaying a glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase for whole-cell biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 132:109444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kuczkowska K, Copland A, Øverland L, Mathiesen G, Tran AC, Paul MJ, Eijsink VGH, Reljic R. Inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum Carrying a Surface-Displayed Ag85B-ESAT-6 Fusion Antigen as a Booster Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1588. [PMID: 31354727 PMCID: PMC6632704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective strategy for controlling tuberculosis (TB). The existing vaccine, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although partially protective, has a number of limitations. Therefore, there is a need for developing new TB vaccines and several strategies are currently exploited including the use of viral and bacterial delivery vectors. We have previously shown that Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) producing Ag85B and ESAT-6 antigens fused to a dendritic cell-targeting peptide (referred to as Lp_DC) induced specific immune responses in mice. Here, we analyzed the ability of two Lp-based vaccines, Lp_DC and Lp_HBD (in which the DC-binding peptide was replaced by an HBD-domain directing the antigen to non-phagocytic cells) to activate antigen-presenting cells, induce specific immunity and protect mice from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We tested two strategies: (i) Lp as BCG boosting vaccine (a heterologous regimen comprising parenteral BCG immunization followed by intranasal Lp boost), and (ii) Lp as primary vaccine (a homologous regimen including subcutaneous priming followed by intranasal boost). The results showed that both Lp constructs applied as a BCG boost induced specific cellular immunity, manifested in T cell proliferation, antigen-specific IFN-γ responses and multifunctional T cells phenotypes. More importantly, intranasal boost with Lp_DC or Lp_HBD enhanced protection offered by BCG, as shown by reduced M. tuberculosis counts in lungs. These findings suggest that Lp constructs could be developed as a potential mucosal vaccine platform against mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Øverland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Andy C Tran
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Okay S, Çetin R, Karabulut F, Doğan C, Sürücüoğlu S, Kızıldoğan AK. Immune responses elicited by the recombinant Erp, HspR, LppX, MmaA4, and OmpA proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:219-234. [PMID: 30484328 DOI: 10.1556/030.65.2018.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic potency of the recombinant Erp, HspR, LppX, MmaA4, and OmpA proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), formulated with Montanide ISA 720 VG adjuvant, was evaluated in BALB/c mice for the first time in this study. The five vaccine formulations, adjuvant, and BCG vaccine were subcutaneously injected into mice, and the sera were collected at days 0, 15, 30, 41, and 66. The humoral and cellular immune responses against vaccine formulations were determined by measuring serum IgG and serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels, respectively. All formulations significantly increased IgG levels post-vaccination. The highest increase in IFN-γ level was provided by MmaA4 formulation. The Erp, HspR, and LppX formulations were as effective as BCG in enhancement of IFN-γ level. The most efficient vaccine boosting the IL-12 level was HspR formulation, especially at day 66. Erp formulation also increased the IL-12 level more than BCG at days 15 and 30. The IL-12 level boosted by MmaA4 formulation was found to be similar to that by BCG. OmpA formulation was inefficient in enhancement of cellular immune responses. This study showed that MmaA4, HspR, and Erp proteins from MTB are successful in eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Okay
- 1 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Çetin
- 1 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Karabulut
- 1 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Turkey
| | - Cennet Doğan
- 1 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Sürücüoğlu
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Kurt Kızıldoğan
- 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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15
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Arora D, Sharma C, Jaglan S, Lichtfouse E. Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines save millions of lives each year from various life-threatening infectious diseases, and there are more than 20 vaccines currently licensed for human use worldwide. Moreover, in recent decades immunotherapy has become the mainstream therapy, which highlights the tremendous potential of immune response mediators, including vaccines for prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. However, despite the tremendous advances in microbiology and immunology, there are several vaccine preventable diseases which still lack effective vaccines. Classically, weakened forms (attenuated) of pathogenic microbes were used as vaccines. Although the attenuated microbes induce effective immune response, a significant risk of reversion to pathogenic forms remains. While in the twenty-first century, with the advent of genetic engineering, microbes can be tailored with desired properties. In this review, I have focused on the use of genetically modified bacteria for the delivery of vaccine antigens. More specifically, the live-attenuated bacteria, derived from pathogenic bacteria, possess many features that make them highly suitable vectors for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Bacteria can theoretically express any heterologous gene or can deliver mammalian expression vectors harboring vaccine antigens (DNA vaccines). These properties of live-attenuated microbes are being harnessed to make vaccines against several infectious and noninfectious diseases. In this regard, I have described the desired features of live-attenuated bacterial vectors and the mechanisms of immune responses manifested by live-attenuated bacterial vectors. Interestingly anaerobic bacteria are naturally attracted to tumors, which make them suitable vehicles to deliver tumor-associated antigens thus I have discussed important studies investigating the role of bacterial vectors in immunotherapy. Finally, I have provided important discussion on novel approaches for improvement and tailoring of live-attenuated bacterial vectors for the generation of desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arora
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Sundeep Jaglan
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
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16
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Paul C, Filippidou S, Jamil I, Kooli W, House GL, Estoppey A, Hayoz M, Junier T, Palmieri F, Wunderlin T, Lehmann A, Bindschedler S, Vennemann T, Chain PSG, Junier P. Bacterial spores, from ecology to biotechnology. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 106:79-111. [PMID: 30798805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of a highly specialized cell structure called a spore is a remarkable example of a survival strategy displayed by bacteria in response to challenging environmental conditions. The detailed analysis and description of the process of sporulation in selected model organisms have generated a solid background to understand the cellular processes leading to the formation of this specialized cell. However, much less is known regarding the ecology of spore-formers. This research gap needs to be filled as the feature of resistance has important implications not only on the survival of spore-formers and their ecology, but also on the use of spores for environmental prospection and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paul
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sevasti Filippidou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Isha Jamil
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wafa Kooli
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Geoffrey L House
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Aislinn Estoppey
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mathilda Hayoz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Palmieri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Wunderlin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anael Lehmann
- Laboratory of stable isotope geochemistry, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Vennemann
- Laboratory of stable isotope geochemistry, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick S G Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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17
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Farjadian F, Moghoofei M, Mirkiani S, Ghasemi A, Rabiee N, Hadifar S, Beyzavi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Bacterial components as naturally inspired nano-carriers for drug/gene delivery and immunization: Set the bugs to work? Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:968-985. [PMID: 29499341 PMCID: PMC5971145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery is a rapidly growing area of research motivated by the nanotechnology revolution, the ideal of personalized medicine, and the desire to reduce the side effects of toxic anti-cancer drugs. Amongst a bewildering array of different nanostructures and nanocarriers, those examples that are fundamentally bio-inspired and derived from natural sources are particularly preferred. Delivery of vaccines is also an active area of research in this field. Bacterial cells and their components that have been used for drug delivery, include the crystalline cell-surface layer known as "S-layer", bacterial ghosts, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial products or derivatives (e.g. spores, polymers, and magnetic nanoparticles). Considering the origin of these components from potentially pathogenic microorganisms, it is not surprising that they have been applied for vaccines and immunization. The present review critically summarizes their applications focusing on their advantages for delivery of drugs, genes, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soroush Mirkiani
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Koch institute of MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Copland A, Diogo GR, Hart P, Harris S, Tran AC, Paul MJ, Singh M, Cutting SM, Reljic R. Mucosal Delivery of Fusion Proteins with Bacillus subtilis Spores Enhances Protection against Tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:346. [PMID: 29593708 PMCID: PMC5857916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most deadly infectious disease in existence, and the only available vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is almost a century old and poorly protective. The immunological complexity of TB, coupled with rising resistance to antimicrobial therapies, necessitates a pipeline of diverse novel vaccines. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis spores can be coated with a fusion protein 1 (“FP1”) consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens Ag85B, ACR, and HBHA. The resultant vaccine, Spore-FP1, was tested in a murine low-dose Mtb aerosol challenge model. Mice were primed with subcutaneous BCG, followed by mucosal booster immunizations with Spore-FP1. We show that Spore-FP1 enhanced pulmonary control of Mtb, as evidenced by reduced bacterial burdens in the lungs. This was associated with elevated antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers in the serum and lung mucosal surface, respectively. Spore-FP1 immunization generated superior antigen-specific memory T-cell proliferation in both CD4+ and CD8+ compartments, alongside bolstered Th1-, Th17-, and Treg-type cytokine production, compared to BCG immunization alone. CD69+CD103+ tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm) were found within the lung parenchyma after mucosal immunization with Spore-FP1, confirming the advantages of mucosal delivery. Our data show that Spore-FP1 is a promising new TB vaccine that can successfully augment protection and immunogenicity in BCG-primed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil R Diogo
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hart
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Harris
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy C Tran
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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20
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Wu Z, Tang Z, Shang M, Zhao L, Zhou L, Kong X, Lin Z, Sun H, Chen T, Xu J, Li X, Huang Y, Yu X. Comparative analysis of immune effects in mice model: Clonorchis sinensis cysteine protease generated from recombinant Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis spores. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1811-1822. [PMID: 28502017 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis remains a nonnegligible public health problem in endemic areas. Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis (CsCP) plays indispensable roles in the parasitic physiology and pathology, and has been exploited as a promising drug and vaccine candidate. In recent years, development of spore-based vaccines against multiple pathogens has attracted many investigators' interest. In previous studies, the recombinant Escherichia coli (BL21) and Bacillus subtilis spores expressing CsCP have been successfully constructed, respectively. In this study, the immune effects of CsCP protein purified from recombinant BL21 (rCsCP) and B. subtilis spores presenting CsCP (B.s-CsCP) in Balb/c mice model were conducted with comparative analysis. Levels of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were significantly increased in sera from both rCsCP and B.s-CsCP intraperitoneally immunized mice. Additionally, recombinant spores expressing abundant fusion CsCP (0.03125 pg/spore) could strongly enhance the immunogenicity of CsCP with significantly higher levels of IgG and isotypes. Compared with rCsCP alone, intraperitoneal administration of mice with spores expressing CsCP achieved a better effect of fighting against C. sinensis infection by slowing down the process of fibrosis. Our results demonstrated that a combination of Th1/Th2 immune responses could be elicited by rCsCP, while spores displaying CsCP prominently induced Th1-biased specific immune responses, and the complex cytokine network maybe mediates protective immune responses against C. sinensis. This work further confirmed that the usage of B. subtilis spores displaying CsCP is an effective way to against C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanshuai Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiangzhan Kong
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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21
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Sola-Oladokun B, Culligan EP, Sleator RD. Engineered Probiotics: Applications and Biological Containment. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:353-370. [PMID: 28125354 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered probiotics represent the next generation of whole cell-mediated biotherapeutics. Advances in synthetic biology, genome engineering, and DNA sequencing and synthesis have enabled scientists to design and develop probiotics with increased stress tolerance and the ability to target specific pathogens and their associated toxins, as well as to mediate targeted delivery of vaccines, drugs, and immunomodulators directly to host cells. Herein, we review the most significant advances in the development of this field. We discuss the critical issue of biological containment and consider the role of synthetic biology in the design and construction of the probiotics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasola Sola-Oladokun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Eamonn P Culligan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; , , .,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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23
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Das K, Thomas T, Garnica O, Dhandayuthapani S. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-CFP10 secretory antigens. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S18-S27. [PMID: 27727129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a great cause of morbidity and mortality in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, the current BCG vaccine being administered is not fully protective against tuberculosis; therefore, there is a great need for alternate vaccines. With an aim to develop such vaccines, we have analyzed the utility of Bacillus subtilis spores for the expression of two major immunodominant antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ag85B and CFP10. We created three recombinant B. subtilis strains to express a truncated fusion of Ag85B191-325 and CFP101-70 antigens (T85BCFP), either on the spore coat (MTAG1 strain) or in the cytosol of B. subtilis (MTAG 2 and MTAG 3 strains). Examination of spores isolated from these strains revealed successful expression of T85BCFP antigens on the spore coat of MTAG1 as well as in the cytosol of vegetatively grown cells of MTAG2 and MTAG3, indicating that spores can indeed express M. tuberculosis antigens. In vitro antigen presentation assays with spore-infected mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) showed that all three recombinant spores could deliver these antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs). Mice immunized with recombinant spores displayed significantly higher levels of Ag85B specific IFN-γ producing cells in the spleen than in mice immunized with wild-type (non-recombinant) spores. In addition, these mice showed relatively higher levels of Ag85B specific IgG antibodies in the serum in comparison to mice immunized with non-recombinant spores, thus providing additional evidence that recombinant spores can deliver these antigens in vivo. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores are ideal vehicles for antigen delivery and have great potential in the development of primary and booster vaccines against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/administration & dosage
- Acyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus subtilis/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spores, Bacterial
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/genetics
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Tima Thomas
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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24
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Li W, Li M, Deng G, Zhao L, Liu X, Wang Y. Prime-boost vaccination with Bacillus Calmette Guerin and a recombinant adenovirus co-expressing CFP10, ESAT6, Ag85A and Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces robust antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3073-80. [PMID: 25962477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a prevalent health issue worldwide. At present, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the singular anti-TB vaccine available for the prevention of disease in humans; however, this vaccine only provides limited protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Therefore, the development of alternative vaccines and strategies for increasing the efficacy of vaccination against TB are urgently required. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of a recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad5-CEAB) co-expressing 10-kDa culture filtrate protein, 6-kDa early-secreted antigenic target, antigen 85 (Ag85)A and Ag85B of Mtb to boost immune responses following primary vaccination with BCG in mice. The mice were first subcutaneously primed with BCG and boosted with two doses of Ad5-CEAB via an intranasal route. The immunological effects of Ad5-CEAB boosted mice primed with BCG were then evaluated using a series of immunological indexes. The results demonstrated that the prime-boost strategy induced a potent antigen-specific immune response, which was primarily characterized by an enhanced T cell response and increased production of cytokines, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2, in mice. In addition, this vaccination strategy was demonstrated to have an elevated humoral response with increased concentrations of antigen-specific bronchoalveolar lavage secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A and serum IgG in mice compared with those primed with BCG alone. These data suggested that the regimen of subcutaneous BCG prime and mucosal Ad5-CEAB boost was a novel strategy for inducing a broad range of antigen-specific immune responses to Mtb antigens in vivo, which may provide a promising strategy for further development of adenoviral-based vaccine against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
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25
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Wu IL, Narayan K, Castaing JP, Tian F, Subramaniam S, Ramamurthi KS. A versatile nano display platform from bacterial spore coat proteins. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6777. [PMID: 25854653 PMCID: PMC4396682 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormant bacterial spores are encased in a thick protein shell, the ‘coat', which contains ∼70 different proteins. The coat protects the spore from environmental insults, and is among the most durable static structures in biology. Owing to extensive cross-linking among coat proteins, this structure has been recalcitrant to detailed biochemical analysis, so molecular details of how it assembles are largely unknown. Here, we reconstitute the basement layer of the coat atop spherical membranes supported by silica beads to create artificial spore-like particles. We report that these synthetic spore husk-encased lipid bilayers (SSHELs) assemble and polymerize into a static structure, mimicking in vivo basement layer assembly during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, we demonstrate that SSHELs may be easily covalently modified with small molecules and proteins. We propose that SSHELs may be versatile display platforms for drugs and vaccines in clinical settings, or for enzymes that neutralize pollutants for environmental remediation. The densely crosslinked protein coats of bacterial spores are among the most durable static structures in biology. Wu et al. reconstitute the basement layer of a bacterial spore coat on membrane-coated beads, and generate covalently-modified spore-like particles with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Castaing
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kumaran S Ramamurthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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Overview of computational vaccinology: vaccine development through information technology. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:381-91. [PMID: 25534541 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic organisms, causes of various infectious diseases, possess a rich repository of antigenic proteins that engender an immune response in a host. These types of diseases are usually treated with the use of pharmaceuticals; unfortunately, many of these also have a potential to induce fatal side effects, especially allergic responses in the diseased host. In addition, many pathogens evolve (by selective survival) single or multi-drug resistance (MDR). Therefore, a means to prevent the host from becoming susceptible to the pathogen from the onset, rather than trying to devise pharmacologic protocols to treat an ongoing infection, are increasingly seen as desirable to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases altogether. To this end, cost-effective development and use of "safe" vaccines is key. This paper provides an overview on the new and expanding area of computational vaccinology and a brief background on pathogen antigenicity, identification of pathogen-specific antigens, and screening of candidate antigens using various tools and databases developed in the recent past.
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