Core-Shell Collagen Peptide Chelated Calcium/Calcium Alginate Nanoparticles from Fish Scales for Calcium Supplementation

Purification, characterization and application of collagenolytic protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK

A new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK with collagenolytic activity was isolated and purified. Fish skin which otherwise would be treated as waste is used as substrate for the production of protease. Using various techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, protease was purified and characterized subsequently. Protease of approximately 61 kDa molecular weight was purified by 135.7-fold with 18.42% enzyme recovery. The protease showed effective properties like pH and temperature stability over a broad range with optimum pH 7.5 and temperature 60 °C. Km and Vmax were found to be 1.92 mg ml-1 and 1.02 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1, respectively. The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. Subsequently, the protease was successfully utilized for collagen hydrolysis to generate collagen peptides; thus, the produced protease would be a potential candidate for multifaceted applications in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant characteristics and collagenolytic properties.

A review on metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in food processing and packaging

Consuming hygienic and secure food has become challenging for everyone. The preservation of excess food without negatively affecting its nutritional values, shelf life, freshness, or effectiveness would undoubtedly strengthen the food industry. Nanotechnology is a new and intriguing technology that is currently being implemented in the food industry. Metal-based nanomaterials have considerable potential for use in packaging and food processing. These materials have many advanced physical and chemical characteristics. Since these materials are increasingly being used in food applications, there are certain negative health consequences related to their toxicity when swallowed through food. In this article, we have addressed the introduction and applications of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), food processing and food packaging, applications of MNPs-based materials in food processing and food packaging, health hazards, and future perspectives.

Effect of fat addition on the characteristics and interfacial behavior of chicken white soup emulsion from chicken skeleton

The effects of varying fat additions (0 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 %, and 2.5 %) on characteristics and interfacial properties of chicken white soup emulsion from stewing chicken skeleton were investigated. The results revealed that the chicken white soup emulsion obtained with the 2.0 % fat addition had smaller D3,2 (1.889 μm), D4,3 (2.944 μm), and higher absolute zeta potential value (23.32 mV). Viscosity values were higher for the 2.0 % fat addition compared to the other treatment groups. Techniques like scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal, and atomic force microscopy demonstrated that oil droplets and particles in the soup were smaller and more evenly dispersed with the 2.0 % fat addition. Moreover, the 2.0 % fat group exhibited higher interfacial protein concentration of 207.56 mg/m2. Lastly, low field NMR images confirmed that the stability of the soup was enhanced with a 2.0 % fat addition. This research offers a foundational understanding for producing highly stable chicken white soup.

Vitamin D3 mediated peptides-calcium chelate self-assembly: Fabrication, stability and improvement on cellular calcium transport

A self-assembled peptides-calcium-Vitamin D3 ternary delivery system (CSPH-Ca-VD3) was prepared to investigate the promotion of cellular calcium transport. The constructed CSPH-Ca-VD3 nanocomplex exhibited a spherical structure with a size of 135.2 ± 10.2 nm. Based on the thermodynamic calculation of fluorescent spectra, hydrophobic interaction was shown as the major driving force for this nanocomplex structure. CSPH-Ca-VD3 nanocomplex possessed excellent stability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, contributing to the prevention of acid degradation of VD3 and the enhancement of calcium solubility. Furthermore, the calcium transport efficiency in the form of CSPH-Ca-VD3 (4 mg/mL) across a Caco-2 cells monolayer was significantly increased 2.3-fold compared to that of free Ca2+, mainly attributed to the upregulation in the presence of CSPH-Ca-VD3 of TRPV6, calbindin D9k and PMCA1b expression in Caco-2 cells. The present study provided a basis for developing a novel delivery system of peptides-calcium chelate with the dual effects of VD3 protection and calcium uptake promotion.

Current and Expected Trends for the Marine Chitin/Chitosan and Collagen Value Chains

Chitin/chitosan and collagen are two of the most important bioactive compounds, with applications in the pharmaceutical, veterinary, nutraceutical, cosmetic, biomaterials, and other industries. When extracted from non-edible parts of fish and shellfish, by-catches, and invasive species, their use contributes to a more sustainable and circular economy. The present article reviews the scientific knowledge and publication trends along the marine chitin/chitosan and collagen value chains and assesses how researchers, industry players, and end-users can bridge the gap between scientific understanding and industrial applications. Overall, research on chitin/chitosan remains focused on the compound itself rather than its market applications. Still, chitin/chitosan use is expected to increase in food and biomedical applications, while that of collagen is expected to increase in biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutritional applications. Sustainable practices, such as the reuse of waste materials, contribute to strengthen both value chains; the identified weaknesses include the lack of studies considering market trends, social sustainability, and profitability, as well as insufficient examination of intellectual property rights. Government regulations, market demand, consumer preferences, technological advancements, environmental challenges, and legal frameworks play significant roles in shaping both value chains. Addressing these factors is crucial for seizing opportunities, fostering sustainability, complying with regulations, and maintaining competitiveness in these constantly evolving value chains.

Improvement of Structural, Rheological, and physicochemical properties of type I collagen by calcium lactate combined with ultrasound

Type I collagen has a relatively stable quality while quite resistant to digestion because of the complex triple helix structure. This study was conducted to explore the acoustic conditions of ultrasound (UD)-assisted calcium lactate processing of collagen and control the processing process through its sono-physico-chemical effects. The findings demonstrated that UD might lower the average particle size of collagen and increase its zeta potential. In contrast, the rise in calcium lactate concentration could dramatically limit the impact of UD processing. This may be because of its low acoustic cavitation effect, as demonstrated by the phthalic acid method (the fluorescence value decreased from 81245.67 to 18243.67). Poor changes in tertiary and secondary structures confirmed the detrimental effect of calcium lactate concentration on UD-assisted processing. Although UD-assisted calcium lactate processing can significantly alter the structure of collagen, the integrity of the collagen is basically preserved. Furthermore, the addition of UD and a trace amount of calcium lactate (0.1%) increased the roughness of the fiber structure. At this relatively low calcium lactate concentration, ultrasound improved the gastric digestibility of collagen by nearly 20%.

Conformational Changes in Proteins Caused by High-Pressure Homogenization Promote Nanoparticle Formation in Natural Bone Aqueous Suspension

As a natural calcium resource, animal bone needs to be miniaturized to the nanoscale to improve palatability and absorption capacity. To explore the mechanism of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) in preparing natural bone aqueous nanosuspensions, the relationships between the changes in protein conformation, solubility and quality characteristics of rabbit bone aqueous suspensions (RBAS) prepared by different HPH cycles were studied. The results showed that the improvements in particle size, stability and calcium solubility of RBASs could be mainly attributed to the improvement of protein solubility induced by the changes in protein conformation. HPH treatment led to the denaturation and degradation of protein in rabbit bone, generating soluble peptides and improving the stability of the suspensions by enhancing the surface charge of the particles. When collagen as the main protein was partially degraded, the hydroxyapatite in the bone was crushed into tiny particles. The increase in the particle-specific surface area led to the release of calcium ions, which chelated with the peptides to produce peptide calcium. However, excessive HPH treatment caused the production of protein macromolecular aggregates and affected the quality of RBASs. This study is helpful to promote the application of HPH technology in animal bone nanoprocessing.

Positive effect of compound amino acid chelated calcium from the shell and skirt of scallop in an ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis has become an important public health issue with the increase of aging population, and afflicts millions of people worldwide, particularly elderly or postmenopausal women. In the present study, we prepared compound amino acid chelated calcium (CAA-Ca) from processing by-products of Chlamys farreri, and evaluated its effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis with an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model.

RESULTS

A 60-day treatment of OVX rats with CAA-Ca significantly enhanced the bone mineral density (BMD) and the bone calcium content. Meanwhile, some bone morphometric parameters, trabecular bone number (Tb.N), trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular bone thickness (Tb.Th) and cortical bone wall thickness (Ct.Th), were also increased by 8.20%, 118.18%, 32.99% and 19.10%, respectively. In addition, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum were significantly reduced after CAA-Ca treatment, while the blood calcium levels were increased. Mechanistically, CAA-Ca down-regulated the levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and up-regulated osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in osteoclasts, inhibiting bone resorption and bone loss. Meanwhile, CAA-Ca treatment raised β-catenin levels and lowered Dickkopf1 (DKK1) levels in the Wnt signaling pathway of osteoblasts, which can promote calcium absorption and bone formation.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that CAA-Ca promoted bone formation, inhibited bone resorption and improved bone microstructure. Therefore, this study contributes to the potential application of CAA-Ca as a functional food resource in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

A comprehensive review of calcium and ferrous ions chelating peptides: Preparation, structure and transport pathways

Calcium and iron play crucial roles in human health, deficiencies of which have globally generated public health risks. The poor solubility, low bioavailability and gastrointestinal irritation of existing commercial mineral supplements limit their further application. As an emerging type of mineral supplement, mineral chelating peptides have drawn plenty of attention due to their advantages in stability, absorptivity and safety. A majority of calcium and ferrous ions chelating peptides have been isolated from food processing by-products. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with affinity chromatography, gel filtration and other efficient separation techniques is the predominant method to obtain peptides with high calcium and ferrous affinity. Peptides with small molecular weight are more likely to chelate metals, and carboxyl, amino groups and nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur atoms in the side chain, which can provide lone-pair electrons to combine with metallic ions. Unidentate, bidentate, tridentate, bridging and α mode are regarded as common chelating modes. Moreover, the stability of peptide-mineral complexes in the gastrointestinal tract and possible transport pathways were summarized. This review is to present an overview of the latest research progress, existing problems and research prospects in the field of peptide-mineral complexes and to provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for their exploitation in food industry.

Fish protein hydrolysates as a health-promoting ingredient-recent update

Dietary habits and lifestyle-related diseases indicate that food has a direct impact on individual health. Hence, a diet containing essential nutrients is important for healthy living. Fish and fish products are important in diets worldwide because of their nutritional value, especially their easily digestible proteins with essential amino acids. Similarly, fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained from fish muscle and by-products has been reported to exhibit various biological activities and to have functional properties, which make FPH a suitable nutraceutical candidate. This review focuses on the health-promoting ability of FPH in terms of skin health, bone and cartilage health, blood lipid profile, and body-weight management studied in rats and human model systems. The absorption and bioavailability of FPH in humans is discussed, and challenges and obstacles of FPH as a functional food ingredient are outlined.

Effect of Collagen Peptide-Chelated Zinc Nanoparticles From Pufferfish Skin on Zinc Bioavailability in Rats

Small-molecular-weight collagen peptides (CPs) with high zinc-chelating ability were extracted from pufferfish skin. Chelation of CPs with zinc was performed to prepare novel CP-chelated zinc (CP-Zn) nanoparticles. CP-Zn nanoparticles were spherical, regular, and well dispersed with an average size of ∼100 nm. The zeta potential assay was used to explore the stability of CP-Zn nanoparticles. CP-Zn nanoparticles were much more stable in the pH range of 3-8. The structural properties of CP-Zn nanoparticles were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that CPs were chelated with Zn ions through the amino nitrogen and oxygen atoms from the carboxyl groups. Furthermore, the animal experiment results showed that CP-Zn nanoparticles were more effective in improving zinc bioavailability of Zn-deficient rats than zinc gluconate and zinc sulfate. The study demonstrated that CP-Zn nanoparticles were ideal for zinc supplementation.

Marine-Derived Collagen as Biomaterials for Human Health

Collagen is a kind of biocompatible protein material, which is widely used in medical tissue engineering, drug delivery, cosmetics, food and other fields. Because of its wide source, low extraction cost and good physical and chemical properties, it has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. However, the application of collagen derived from terrestrial organisms is limited due to the existence of diseases, religious beliefs and other problems. Therefore, exploring a wider range of sources of collagen has become one of the main topics for researchers. Marine-derived collagen (MDC) stands out because it comes from a variety of sources and avoids issues such as religion. On the one hand, this paper summarized the sources, extraction methods and characteristics of MDC, and on the other hand, it summarized the application of MDC in the above fields. And on the basis of the review, we found that MDC can not only be extracted from marine organisms, but also from the wastes of some marine organisms, such as fish scales. This makes further use of seafood resources and increases the application prospect of MDC.

Isolation of a novel calcium-binding peptide from phosvitin hydrolysates and the study of its calcium chelation mechanism

A new peptide with strong calcium binding capacity was isolated from phosvitin hydrolysates. Taking calcium chelating rate as an indicator, phosvitin hydrolysates were separated gradually by anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. A peptide with a molecular weight of 1106.44402 Da was identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS), and its amino acid sequence was DEEENDQVK, the calcium binding capacity reached 151.10 ± 3.57 mg/g. Its chelating mechanism was investigated. Results showed that, the β-sheet structure of peptide increased after adding calcium ion, and the main binding sites were carboxyl oxygen atom and amino nitrogen atom. In vitro simulated digestion experiments showed that, the solubility and dialysis rate of calcium in peptide-calcium chelate were higher than those in CaCO₃ and D-calcium gluconate. This finding would promote the development of calcium supplements from food resources.

Importance of micronutrients in bone health of monogastric animals and techniques to improve the bioavailability of micronutrient supplements - A review

Vitamins and minerals categorized as micronutrients are the essential components of animal feed for maintaining health and improving immunity. Micronutrients are important bioactive molecules and cofactors of enzymes as well. Besides being cofactors for enzymes, some vitamins such as the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin A and D have been shown to exhibit hormone-like functions. Although they are required in small amount, they play an influential role in the proper functioning of a number of enzymes which are involved in many metabolic, biochemical and physiological processes that contribute to growth, production and health. Micronutrients can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, preventing bone loss and fractures, decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Thus, micronutrients must be provided to livestock in optimal concentrations and according to requirements that change during the rapid growth and development of the animal and the production cycle. The supply of nutrients to the animal body not only depends on the amount of the nutrient in a food, but also on its bioavailability. The bioavailability of these micronutrients is affected by several factors. Therefore, several technologies such as nanoparticle, encapsulation, and chelation have been developed to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients associated with bone health. The intention of this review is to provide an updated overview of the importance of micronutrients on bone health and methods applied to improve their bioavailability.

Research progress on applications of calcium derived from marine organisms

Calcium is an important mineral that plays an integral role in human health, especially bone health. Marine biological calcium is an abundant resource that is generally accepted and has a complex active structure. This review evaluates research progress on marine biological calcium with regards to its sources, use of calcium supplements, calcium bioavailability, and novel applications of marine calcium. The potential for future development and the use of products incorporating marine biological calcium in biomedical research and the pharmaceutical, health care, and food industries are also reviewed. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive documentation on resource utilization and product development from marine organisms.

Recent advances in seafood bioactive peptides and their potential for managing osteoporosis

Marine biodiversity provides a range of diverse biological resources, including seafoods that are rich in protein and a well-balanced amino acid composition. Previous studies have shown that peptides can improve bone formation and/or inhibit bone resorption, suggesting the potential for seafood bioactive peptides (SBPs) in development of food and pharmaceuticals for management of osteoporosis. In this review, we provided an up-to-date overview of the anti-osteoporosis activity of SBPs and describe their underlying molecular mechanisms. We focus on SBPs' development, broadening the scope and depth of research, as well as strengthening in vivo and clinical research. In vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal osteoporosis models have demonstrated the potential for seafood-derived SBPs, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, seaweed and microalgae, in preventing osteoporosis. These peptides may act by activating the signaling pathways, such as BMP/Smads, MAPK, OPG/RANKL/RANK, and NF-κB, which are associated with modulation bone health.

Identification and characterization of the peptides with calcium-binding capacity from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin gelatin enzymatic hydrolysates

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the peptides with calcium-binding capacity from the different tilapia skin gelatin enzymatic hydrolysates. The complex protease was selected and its hydrolysates were further separated using gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-25) and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Two purified peptides with strong calcium-binding capacity were identified as Tyr-Gly-Thr-Gly-Leu (YGTGL, 509.25 Da) and Leu-Val-Phe-Leu (LVFL, 490.32 Da). The calcium-binding capacities of YGTGL and LVFL reached 76.03 and 79.50 µg/mg, respectively. The structures of the complex of purified peptides and calcium (YGTGL-Ca and LVFL-Ca) were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results of UV-VIS, SEM, and XRD indicated that YGTGL-Ca and LVFL-Ca were formed as new compounds. The results of FTIR and LC-MS/MS indicated the nitrogen atom of the amino group and the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group in terminates of the peptides provided primary binding sites. Moreover, the hydrophobic amino acids in purified peptides could provide more chelating spaces. This study was of great significance for the development of calcium supplement foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Compared with inorganic calcium and organic calcium, the bioactive gelatin peptide chelated calcium has the characteristics of high utilization rate, high solubility, and high absorption rate. The raw materials are extracted from the tilapia processed waste, which reduce the cost, make full use of resources, and improve the bioavailability. The tilapia skin gelatin peptide calcium chelate can be directly absorbed by the human body, and the absorption efficiency is high, further improving the resource utilization rate and having high economic benefits, which is a comprehensive supplement that can also be used as a functional food.

Extraction and Characterization of Self-Assembled Collagen Isolated from Grass Carp and Crucian Carp

Collagens were extracted from grass carp skin (GCC), grass carp scales (GSC), and crucian carp skin (CCC) using an acid-enzyme combination method, and their characteristics and self-assembly properties were analyzed. Electrophoretic patterns characterized all three as type I collagens. An ultraviolet analysis identified the optimal wavelengths for collagen detection, while a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the triple-helical structure of the collagens. The GCC, GSC, and CCC had denaturation temperatures of 39.75, 34.49, and 39.05 °C, respectively. All three were shown to self-assemble into fibrils at 30 °C in the presence of NaCl, but the fibril formation rate of CCC (40%) was slightly higher than those of GCC (28%) and GSC (27%). The GSC were shown to form a more strongly intertwined fibril network with a characteristic D-periodicity. The fish collagens extracted in this study have potential applications in the development of functionalized materials.

Marine Collagen as A Promising Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications

This review focuses on the expanding role of marine collagen (MC)-based scaffolds for biomedical applications. A scaffold-a three-dimensional (3D) structure fabricated from biomaterials-is a key supporting element for cell attachment, growth, and maintenance in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. The mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds influence cell morphology, behavior, and function. MC, collagen derived from marine organisms, offers advantages over mammalian collagen due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy extractability, water solubility, safety, low immunogenicity, and low production costs. In recent years, the use of MC as an increasingly valuable scaffold biomaterial has drawn considerable attention from biomedical researchers. The characteristics, isolation, physical, and biochemical properties of MC are discussed as an understanding of MC in optimizing the subsequent modification and the chemistries behind important tissue engineering applications. The latest technologies behind scaffold processing are assessed and the biomedical applications of MC and MC-based scaffolds, including tissue engineering and regeneration, wound dressing, drug delivery, and therapeutic approach for diseases, especially those associated with metabolic disturbances such as obesity and diabetes, are discussed. Despite all the challenges, MC holds great promise as a biomaterial for developing medical products and therapeutics.

Potential of Nanomaterial Applications in Dietary Supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes

Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as by various national regulations issued most frequently by the Ministry of Health and/or the Ministry of Agriculture of particular countries around the world. They constitute a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants or other compounds with a nutritional or physiological effect contained in the food/feed, alone or in combination, intended for direct consumption in small measured amounts. As nanotechnology provides "a new dimension" accompanied with new or modified properties conferred to many current materials, it is widely used for the production of a new generation of drug formulations, and it is also used in the food industry and even in various types of nutritional supplements. These nanoformulations of supplements are being prepared especially with the purpose to improve bioavailability, protect active ingredients against degradation, or reduce side effects. This contribution comprehensively summarizes the current state of the research focused on nanoformulated human and veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods for special medical purposes, their particular applications in various food products and drinks as well as the most important related guidelines, regulations and directives.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of Grass Carp fish skin hydrolysates able to promote the proliferation of Streptococcus thermophilus

BACKGROUND

The promotion effect on proliferation of Streptococcus thermophilus by enzymatic hydrolysates of aquatic products was firstly studied. The effect of influencing factors of the hydrolysis on the growth of S. thermophilus was investigated.

RESULT

Grass Carp fish skin was hydrolysed to peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis using protease ProteAX, and for the S. thermophilus growth, the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were temperature of 60 °C, initial pH of 9.0, enzyme concentration of 10 g kg^-1 , hydrolysis time of 80 min, and ratio of material to liquid of 1:2. The Grass Carp fish skin hydrolysate (GCFSH) prepared under the optimum conditions was fractionated to five fragments (GCFSH 1, GCFSH 2, GCFSH 3, GCFSH 4, GCFSH 5) according to molecular weight sizes, in which the fragments GCFSH 4 and GCFSH 5, with molecular weights of less than 1000 Da, significantly promoted the growth of S. thermophilus.

CONCLUSION

The hydrolysis process of Grass Carp fish skin can be simplified, and the peptides with molecular weights below 1000 Da in the hydrolysates are the best nitrogen source for proliferation of S. thermophilus. This work can provide a fundamental theoretical basis for the production of multi-component functional foods, especially in milk drinks or yogurt. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of nanoparticles in species of aquaculture interest

Recently, it was observed that there is an increasing application of nanoparticles (NPs) in aquaculture. Manufacturers are trying to use nano-based tools to remove the barriers about waterborne food, growth, reproduction, and culturing of species, their health, and water treatment in order to increase aquaculture production rates, being the safe-by-design approach still unapplied. We reviewed the applications of NPs in aquaculture evidencing that the way NPs are applied can be very different: some are direclty added to feed, other to water media or in aquaculture facilities. Traditional toxicity data cannot be easily used to infer on aquaculture mainly considering short-term exposure scenarios, underestimating the potential exposure of aquacultured species. The main outputs are (i) biological models are not recurrent, and in the case, testing protocols are frequently different; (ii) most data derived from toxicity studies are not specifically designed on aquaculture needs, thus contact time, exposure concentrations, and other ancillary conditions do not meet the required standard for aquaculture; (iii) short-term exposure periods are investigated mainly on species of indirect aquaculture interest, while shrimp and fish as final consumers in aquaculture plants are underinvestigated (scarce or unknown data on trophic chain transfer of NPs): little information is available about the amount of NPs accumulated within marketed organisms; (iv) how NPs present in the packaging of aquacultured products can affect their quality remained substantially unexplored. NPs in aquaculture are a challenging topic that must be developed in the near future to assure human health and environmental safety. Graphical abstract ᅟ.