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Lopes AA, Vendrell-Fernández S, Deschamps J, Georgeault S, Cokelaer T, Briandet R, Ghigo JM. Bile-induced biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron requires magnesium efflux by an RND pump. mBio 2024; 15:e0348823. [PMID: 38534200 PMCID: PMC11078008 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03488-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a prominent member of the human gut microbiota contributing to nutrient exchange, gut function, and maturation of the host's immune system. This obligate anaerobe symbiont can adopt a biofilm lifestyle, and it was recently shown that B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation is promoted by the presence of bile. This process also requires a B. thetaiotaomicron extracellular DNase, which is not, however, regulated by bile. Here, we showed that bile induces the expression of several Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps and that inhibiting their activity with a global competitive efflux inhibitor impaired bile-dependent biofilm formation. We then showed that, among the bile-induced RND-efflux pumps, only the tripartite BT3337-BT3338-BT3339 pump, re-named BipABC [for Bile Induced Pump A (BT3337), B (BT3338), and C (BT3339)], is required for biofilm formation. We demonstrated that BipABC is involved in the efflux of magnesium to the biofilm extracellular matrix, which leads to a decrease of extracellular DNA concentration. The release of magnesium in the biofilm matrix also impacts biofilm structure, potentially by modifying the electrostatic repulsion forces within the matrix, reducing interbacterial distance and allowing bacteria to interact more closely and form denser biofilms. Our study therefore, identified a new molecular determinant of B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation in response to bile salts and provides a better understanding on how an intestinal chemical cue regulates biofilm formation in a major gut symbiont.IMPORTANCEBacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a prominent member of the human gut microbiota able to degrade dietary and host polysaccharides, altogether contributing to nutrient exchange, gut function, and maturation of the host's immune system. This obligate anaerobe symbiont can adopt a biofilm community lifestyle, providing protection against environmental factors that might, in turn, protect the host from dysbiosis and dysbiosis-related diseases. It was recently shown that B. thetaiotaomicron exposure to intestinal bile promotes biofilm formation. Here, we reveal that a specific B. thetaiotaomicron membrane efflux pump is induced in response to bile, leading to the release of magnesium ions, potentially reducing electrostatic repulsion forces between components of the biofilm matrix. This leads to a reduction of interbacterial distance and strengthens the biofilm structure. Our study, therefore, provides a better understanding of how bile promotes biofilm formation in a major gut symbiont, potentially promoting microbiota resilience to stress and dysbiosis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Aurélie Lopes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
- Pediatric Emergency, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sol Vendrell-Fernández
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
| | - Julien Deschamps
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Institut Micalis, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- Plateforme IBiSA des Microscopies, Université et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Plate-forme Technologique Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Center for Technological Resources and Research, Paris, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Institut Micalis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
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2
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Tiwari ON, Bobby MN, Kondi V, Halder G, Kargarzadeh H, Ikbal AMA, Bhunia B, Thomas S, Efferth T, Chattopadhyay D, Palit P. Comprehensive review on recent trends and perspectives of natural exo-polysaccharides: Pioneering nano-biotechnological tools. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130747. [PMID: 38479657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| | - Vanitha Kondi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak 502313, Telangana, India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seinkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania 799046, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha, Kerala, 686560, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box, 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India; School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700102, India
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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3
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Noro J, Vilaça-Faria H, Reis RL, Pirraco RP. Extracellular matrix-derived materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: A journey from isolation to characterization and application. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:494-519. [PMID: 38298755 PMCID: PMC10827697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial choice is an essential step during the development tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. The selected biomaterial must present properties allowing the physiological-like recapitulation of several processes that lead to the reestablishment of homeostatic tissue or organ function. Biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) present many such properties and their use in the field has been steadily increasing. Considering this growing importance, it becomes imperative to provide a comprehensive overview of ECM biomaterials, encompassing their sourcing, processing, and integration into TERM applications. This review compiles the main strategies used to isolate and process ECM-derived biomaterials as well as different techniques used for its characterization, namely biochemical and chemical, physical, morphological, and biological. Lastly, some of their applications in the TERM field are explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Noro
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Vilaça-Faria
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P. Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Hussaini IM, Oyewole OA, Sulaiman MA, Dabban AI, Sulaiman AN, Tarek R. Microbial anti-biofilms: types and mechanism of action. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104111. [PMID: 37844786 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms have been recognized as a serious threat to public health as it protects microbes from antimicrobials, immune defence mechanisms, chemical treatments and nutritional stress. Biofilms are also a source of concern in industries and water treatment because their presence compromises the integrity of equipment. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to identify novel anti-biofilm compounds. Products of microorganisms have been identified as promising broad-spectrum anti-biofilm agents. These natural products include biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes and bioactive compounds. Anti-biofilm products of microbial origin are chemically diverse and possess a broad spectrum of activities against biofilms. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the different types of microbial anti-biofilm products and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; African Center of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Asmau Nna Sulaiman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Reham Tarek
- Department of Biotechnology, Cairo University, Egypt
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5
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Eddenden A, Dooda MK, Morrison ZA, Subramanian AS, Howell PL, Troutman JM, Nitz M. Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:69-80. [PMID: 38146215 PMCID: PMC11138243 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labeling in Escherichia coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed by using fluorescence-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) toward UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and the lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eddenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Manoj K. Dooda
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223-0001, United States
| | - Zachary A. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adithya Shankara Subramanian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - P. Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223-0001, United States
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Samaniego LVB, Higasi PMR, de Mello Capetti CC, Cortez AA, Pratavieira S, de Oliveira Arnoldi Pellegrini V, Dabul ANG, Segato F, Polikarpov I. Staphylococcus aureus microbial biofilms degradation using cellobiose dehydrogenase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus M77. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125822. [PMID: 37451383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This work reports biochemical characterization of Thermothelomyces thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (TthCDHIIa) and its application as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent. We demonstrate that TthCDHIIa is thermostable in different ionic solutions and is capable of oxidizing multiple mono and oligosaccharide substrates and to continuously produce H2O2. Kinetics measurements depict the enzyme catalytic characteristics consistent with an Ascomycota class II CDH. Our structural analyses show that TthCDHIIa substrate binding pocket is spacious enough to accommodate larger cello and xylooligosaccharides. We also reveal that TthCDHIIa supplemented with cellobiose reduces the viability of S. aureus ATCC 25923 up to 32 % in a planktonic growth model and also inhibits its biofilm growth on 62.5 %. Furthermore, TthCDHIIa eradicates preformed S. aureus biofilms via H2O2 oxidative degradation of the biofilm matrix, making these bacteria considerably more susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Miwa Rabelo Higasi
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar de Mello Capetti
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Anelyse Abreu Cortez
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrei Nicoli Gebieluca Dabul
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Lorena School of Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, 1100 João Dagnone Avenue, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Eddenden A, Dooda MK, Morrison ZA, Subramanian AS, Howell PL, Troutman JM, Nitz M. The Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553294. [PMID: 37645909 PMCID: PMC10462111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway, and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labelling in E. coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed using fluorescence assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated, was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including: peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) towards UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eddenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manoj K Dooda
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
| | - Zachary A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adithya Shankara Subramanian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sandhu AK, Brown MR, Subramanian S, Brözel VS. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 displays plasticity in the attachment phenotype when grown in different soybean root exudate compounds. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190396. [PMID: 37275139 PMCID: PMC10233038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer for soybean, forms nodules after developing a symbiotic association with the root. For this association, bacteria need to move toward and attach to the root. These steps are mediated by the surface and phenotypic cell properties of bacteria and secreted root exudate compounds. Immense work has been carried out on nodule formation and nitrogen fixation, but little is known about the phenotype of these microorganisms under the influence of different root exudate chemical compounds (RECCs) or how this phenotype impacts the root attachment ability. Methods To address this knowledge gap, we studied the impact of 12 different RECCs, one commonly used carbon source, and soil-extracted solubilized organic matter (SESOM) on attachment and attachment-related properties of B. diazoefficiens USDA110. We measured motility-related properties (swimming, swarming, chemotaxis, and flagellar expression), attachment-related properties (surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and attachment to cellulose and soybean roots), and surface polysaccharide properties (colony morphology, exopolysaccharide quantification, lectin binding profile, and lipopolysaccharide profiling). Results and discussion We found that USDA 110 displays a high degree of surface phenotypic plasticity when grown on the various individual RECCs. Some of the RECCs played specific roles in modulating the motility and root attachment processes. Serine increased cell surface hydrophobicity and root and cellulose attachment, with no EPS formed. Gluconate and lactate increased EPS production and biofilm formation, while decreasing hydrophobicity and root attachment, and raffinose and gentisate promoted motility and chemotaxis. The results also indicated that the biofilm formation trait on hydrophilic surfaces (polystyrene) cannot be related to the attachment ability of Bradyrhizobium to the soybean root. Among the tested phenotypic properties, bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity was the one with a significant impact on root attachment ability. We conclude that USDA 110 displays surface plasticity properties and attachment phenotype determined by individual RECCs from the soybean. Conclusions made based on its behavior in standard carbon sources, such as arabinose or mannitol, do not hold for its behavior in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaan Kaur Sandhu
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - McKenzie Rae Brown
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Volker S. Brözel
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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9
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Znaidia M, de Souza-Angelo Y, Létoffé S, Staropoli I, Grzelak L, Ghigo JM, Schwartz O, Casartelli N. Exposure to Secreted Bacterial Factors Promotes HIV-1 Replication in CD4 + T Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0431322. [PMID: 36853052 PMCID: PMC10100953 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04313-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial translocation is associated with systemic immune activation in HIV-1 disease. Circulating T cells can encounter microbial products in the bloodstream and lymph nodes, where viral replication takes place. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to HIV-associated pathogenesis are not completely deciphered. Here, we examined how bacteria may impact T cell function and viral replication. We established cocultures between a panel of live bacteria and uninfected or HIV-1-infected activated peripheral blood CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells. We show that some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, sustain lymphocyte activation and enhance HIV-1 replication. Bacteria secrete soluble factors that upregulate CD25 and ICAM-1 cell surface levels and activate NF-κB nuclear translocation. Our data also demonstrate that CD25 polarizes at the virological synapse, suggesting a previously unappreciated role of CD25 during viral replication. These findings highlight how interactions between bacterial factors and T cells may promote T cell activation and HIV-1 replication. IMPORTANCE People living with HIV suffer from chronic immune activation despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Early after infection, HIV-1 actively replicates in the gut, causing the breakage of the intestinal epithelial barrier and microbial translocation. Microbial translocation and chronic immune activation have been proven linked; however, gaps in our knowledge on how bacteria contribute to the development of HIV-related diseases remain. Whether T cells in the peripheral blood react to bacterial products and how this affects viral replication are unknown. We show that some bacteria enriched in people living with HIV activate T cells and favor HIV-1's spread. Bacteria release soluble factors that cause the overexpression of cellular molecules related to their activation state. T cells overexpressing these molecules also replicate HIV-1 more efficiently. These results help us learn more about how HIV-1, T cells, and bacteria interact with each other, as well as the mechanisms behind chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Znaidia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Y. de Souza-Angelo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - S. Létoffé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - I. Staropoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - L. Grzelak
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - J. M. Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - O. Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - N. Casartelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
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10
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Cappello C, Acin-Albiac M, Pinto D, Polo A, Filannino P, Rinaldi F, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Do nomadic lactobacilli fit as potential vaginal probiotics? The answer lies in a successful selective multi-step and scoring approach. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:27. [PMID: 36774510 PMCID: PMC9921609 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to create a multi-strain probiotic gel that would foster a lactobacilli-dominated vaginal microbiota in pregnant women and ensure appropriate eubiosis for the newborn. Nomadic lactobacilli (95 strains), mostly isolated from food sources, were preliminarily screened for functional traits before being characterized for their capability to inhibit the two vaginal pathogens Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans, which may lead to adverse pregnancy-related outcomes. Eight best-performing strains were chosen and furtherly investigated for their ability to produce biofilm. Lastly, the two selected potential probiotic candidates were analyzed in vitro for their ability to reduce the inflammation caused by C. albicans infection on the reconstituted human vaginal epithelium (HVE). RESULTS Lactiplantibacillus plantarum produced both isomers of lactic acid, while Lacticaseibacillus paracasei produced only L-isomer. The production of hydrogen peroxide was strain-dependent, with the highest concentrations found within Lact. paracasei strains. The auto-aggregation capacity and hydrophobicity traits were species-independent. S. agalactiae 88II3 was strongly inhibited both at pH 7.0 and 4.0, whereas the inhibition of C. albicans UNIBZ54 was less frequent. Overall, L. plantarum strains had the highest pathogen inhibition and functional scoring. L. plantarum C5 and POM1, which were selected as potential probiotic candidates also based on their ability to form biofilms, were able to counteract the inflammation process caused by C. albicans infection in the HVE model. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-step and cumulative scoring-based approach was proven successful in mining and highlighting the probiotic potential of two nomadic lactobacilli strains (L. plantarum C5 and POM1), being applicable to preserve and improve human vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cappello
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marta Acin-Albiac
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project, Research & Development, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Polo
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Filannino
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project, Research & Development, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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11
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Díaz PR, Romero M, Pagnussatt L, Amenta M, Valverde CF, Cámara M, Creus CM, Maroniche GA. Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 exploits Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 biofilm to overgrow in dual-species macrocolonies. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5707-5720. [PMID: 36063363 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are essential for plant-associated bacteria to colonize their host. In this work, we analysed the interaction of Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 and Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 in mixed macrocolony biofilms. We identified certain culture conditions where A. baldaniorum Sp245 exploits P. fluorescens A506 to boost its growth. Azospirillum growth increased proportionally to the initial number of pseudomonads building the biofilm, which in turn were negatively affected in their growth. Physical contact with P. fluorescens A506 was essential for A. baldaniorum Sp245 growth increase. Biofilm ultrastructure analysis revealed that Pseudomonas produces a thick structure that hosts Azospirillum cells in its interior. Additional experimentation demonstrated that Azospirillum growth boost is compromised when interacting with biofilm-deficient Pseudomonas mutants, and that a low oxygen concentration strongly induce A. baldaniorum Sp245 growth, overriding Pseudomonas stimulation. In this line, we used a microaerophilia reporter strain of A. baldaniorum Sp245 to confirm that dual-species macrocolonies contain a higher number of cells under microaerophilic conditions. Taking all the results into consideration, we propose that A. baldaniorum Sp245 can benefit from P. fluorescens A506 partnership in mixed biofilms by taking advantage of the low oxygen concentration and scaffold made up of Pseudomonas-derived matrix, to expand its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Romero
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luciana Pagnussatt
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Amenta
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio F Valverde
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Beneficiosas para Plantas, Centro de Bioquímica y Microbiología del Suelo, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cecilia M Creus
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Maroniche
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Spiegelman L, Bahn-Suh A, Montaño ET, Zhang L, Hura GL, Patras KA, Kumar A, Tezcan FA, Nizet V, Tsutakawa SE, Ghosh P. Strengthening of enterococcal biofilms by Esp. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010829. [PMID: 36103556 PMCID: PMC9512215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis are major causes of hospital-acquired infections. Numerous clinical strains of E. faecalis harbor a large pathogenicity island that encodes enterococcal surface protein (Esp), which is suggested to promote biofilm production and virulence, but this remains controversial. To resolve this issue, we characterized the Esp N-terminal region, the portion implicated in biofilm production. Small angle X-ray scattering indicated that the N-terminal region had a globular head, which consisted of two DEv-Ig domains as visualized by X-ray crystallography, followed by an extended tail. The N-terminal region was not required for biofilm production but instead significantly strengthened biofilms against mechanical or degradative disruption, greatly increasing retention of Enterococcus within biofilms. Biofilm strengthening required low pH, which resulted in Esp unfolding, aggregating, and forming amyloid-like structures. The pH threshold for biofilm strengthening depended on protein stability. A truncated fragment of the first DEv-Ig domain, plausibly generated by a host protease, was the least stable and sufficient to strengthen biofilms at pH ≤ 5.0, while the entire N-terminal region and intact Esp on the enterococcal surface was more stable and required a pH ≤ 4.3. These results suggested a virulence role of Esp in strengthening enterococcal biofilms in acidic abiotic or host environments. The bacterium Enterococcus faecalis is part of the normal microbiome but can also cause serious hospital-acquired infections. Enterococcus strains isolated from hospitals tend to have certain proteins not found in microbiome strains. Such proteins are therefore likely to be important in infection. We sought to understand the function of one such protein, Esp, through biochemical, biophysical, and microbiological techniques. We found that Esp, which is on the bacterial surface, formed amyloid-like fibrils that prevented removal of biofilms. Biofilms are bacterial communities enmeshed within a matrix, and form within the body or on inert objects like catheters. They promote infection by increasing resistance to antibiotics and interfering with clearance by the immune system. We observed that biofilms that lacked Esp could be disrupted much more easily than those that had Esp. We also found that Esp acted only at low pH (i.e., acidic conditions). Exactly how low a pH depended on whether Esp remained on the bacterial surface or was liberated from the surface by a protease, with a human intestinal protease being a likely cause of liberation. In summary, we found that Esp acts at acidic conditions and likely contributes to virulence by preventing the dispersal of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Spiegelman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Adrian Bahn-Suh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Montaño
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Greg L. Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - F. Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cheng Y, Zhang S, Zhang C, Mi X, Zhang W, Wang L, Liu W, Jiang Y. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is challenged by the presence of Pseudomonas, but successfully co-existed in dual-species microbial communities. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:104034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Egorova DA, Solovyev AI, Polyakov NB, Danilova KV, Scherbakova AA, Kravtsov IN, Dmitrieva MA, Rykova VS, Tutykhina IL, Romanova YM, Gintsburg AL. Biofilm matrix proteome of clinical strain of P. aeruginosa isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of patient in intensive care unit. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105714. [PMID: 35973647 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix plays a pivotal role in biofilm biology and proposed as a potential target for therapeutics development. As matrix is responsible for some extracellular functions and influence bacterial cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells, it must have unique protein composition. P. aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens with emerging antibiotic resistance, but only a few studies were devoted to matrix proteomes and there are no studies describing matrix proteome for any clinical isolates except reference strains PAO1 and ATCC27853. Here we report the first biofilm matrix proteome of P. aeruginosa isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of patient in intensive care unit. We have identified the largest number of proteins in the matrix among all published studies devoted to P. aeruginosa biofilms. Comparison of matrix proteome with proteome from embedded cells let us to identify several enriched bioprocess groups. Bioprocess groups with the largest number of overrepresented in matrix proteins were oxidation-reduction processes, proteolysis, and transmembrane transport. The top three represented in matrix bioprocesses concerning the size of the GO annotated database were cell redox homeostasis, nucleoside metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. Finally, we discuss the obtained data in a prism of antibiofilm therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Egorova
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1).
| | - Andrey I Solovyev
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Ksenya V Danilova
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Anastasya A Scherbakova
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Ivan N Kravtsov
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Maria A Dmitrieva
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Valentina S Rykova
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Irina L Tutykhina
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1)
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1); I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia(2)
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology n. a. N.F. Gamaleya, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 123098, Russia(1); I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia(2)
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15
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Ability of Two Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria To Inhibit Listeria monocytogenes by Spot Inoculation and in an Environmental Microbiome Context. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0101822. [PMID: 35852346 PMCID: PMC9431016 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01018-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to inhibit L. monocytogenes using spot inoculation and environmental microbiome attached-biomass assays. LAB strains (PS01155 and PS01156) were tested for antilisterial activity toward 22 phylogenetically distinct L. monocytogenes strains isolated from three fruit packing environments (F1, F2, and F3). LAB strains were tested by spot inoculation onto L. monocytogenes lawns (108 and 107 CFU/mL) and incubated at 15, 20, 25, or 30°C for 3 days. The same LAB strains were also cocultured at 15°C for 3, 5, and 15 days in polypropylene conical tubes with L. monocytogenes and environmental microbiome suspensions collected from F1, F2, and F3. In the spot inoculation assay, PS01156 was significantly more inhibitory toward less concentrated L. monocytogenes lawns than more concentrated lawns at all the tested temperatures, while PS01155 was significantly more inhibitory toward less concentrated lawns only at 15 and 25°C. Furthermore, inhibition of L. monocytogenes by PS01156 was significantly greater at 15°C than higher temperatures, whereas the temperature did not have an effect on the inhibitory activity of PS01155. In the assay using attached environmental microbiome biomass, L. monocytogenes concentration was significantly reduced by PS01156, but not PS01155, when cocultured with microbiomes from F1 and F3 and incubated for 3 days at 15°C. Attached biomass microbiota composition was significantly affected by incubation time but not by LAB strain. This study demonstrates that LAB strains that may exhibit inhibitory properties toward L. monocytogenes in a spot inoculation assay may not maintain antilisterial activity within a complex microbiome. IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes has previously been associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to consumption of fresh produce. In addition to conventional cleaning and sanitizing, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been studied for biocontrol of L. monocytogenes in food processing environments that are challenging to clean and sanitize. We evaluated whether two specific LAB strains, PS01155 and PS01156, can inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes strains in a spot inoculation and in an attached-biomass assay, in which they were cocultured with environmental microbiomes collected from tree fruit packing facilities. LAB strains PS01155 and PS01156 inhibited L. monocytogenes in a spot inoculation assay, but the antilisterial activity was lower or not detected when they were grown with environmental microbiota. These results highlight the importance of conducting biocontrol challenge tests in the context of the complex environmental microbiomes present in food processing facilities to assess their potential for application in the food industry.
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16
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Small-Molecule-Induced Activation of Cellular Respiration Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Triggers Metabolic Remodeling in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2022; 13:e0084522. [PMID: 35852317 PMCID: PMC9426486 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00845-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major pathogen of community-acquired and nosocomial-associated infections, forms biofilms consisting of extracellular matrix-embedded cell aggregates. S. aureus biofilm formation on implanted medical devices can cause local and systemic infections due to the dispersion of cells from the biofilms. Usually, conventional antibiotic treatments are not effective against biofilm-related infections, and there is no effective treatment other than removing the contaminated devices. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic agents to combat biofilm-related infections is urgently needed. We conducted high-throughput screening of S. aureus biofilm inhibitors and obtained a small compound, JBD1. JBD1 strongly inhibits biofilm formation of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. In addition, JBD1 activated the respiratory activity of S. aureus cells and increased the sensitivity to aminoglycosides. Furthermore, it was shown that the metabolic profile of S. aureus was significantly altered in the presence of JBD1 and that metabolic remodeling was induced. Surprisingly, these JBD1-induced phenotypes were blocked by adding an excess amount of the electron carrier menaquinone to suppress respiratory activation. These results indicate that JBD1 induces biofilm inhibition and metabolic remodeling through respiratory activation. This study demonstrates that compounds that enhance the respiratory activity of S. aureus may be potential leads in the development of therapeutic agents for chronic S. aureus-biofilm-related infections.
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17
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The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the Early Outcome of Implants Placed on Patients with Periodontitis. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Immediate implant is a subtype of implant that is placed following tooth extraction within the socket without further delay. These implants are known to preserve the alveolar bone and minimize the total number of surgical interventions in a patient. 4 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) augments nonsurgical periodontal therapy using antibacterial mechanisms. PTD can be more effective in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP). The aim of this study is to assess the effects of PDT on the early outcomes of implants placed on patients with periodontitis with and without SRP at 9 months of follow-up. Materials and methods: A total of 23 implants were placed in 14 patients, with 11 in the test group and 12 in the control group. SRP was carried out prior to immediate implant placement in control sites, and PDT adjunctive to SRP (SRP + PDT) was performed in test sites before immediate implant placement. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and radiovisiographs were procured at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. Primary stability was examined at the time of implant placement, and the healing index was recorded a week later. Results: At the end of the 9 months of the study period, (SRP + PDT) group had a mean marginal bone loss of 0.95 mm, and the control group had 1.08 mm. Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment level, and probing depth showed definitive improvement after 9 months, compared with the baseline, but when the test and control groups were compared, the difference was statistically significant for plaque index and probing depth. The implants in both groups were followed up for a period of 9 months. There was an improvement in marginal bone loss but was not statistically significant. The survival of immediate implants in the PDT group was not different from those in the scaling and root planing group. Conclusion: The effect of PTD can be beneficially used as an adjunct to SRP. However, the effects were not significant. Photodynamic therapy can be effectively used as an adjunct to SRP owing to the better outcomes using PDT.
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Proteome of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Changes Significantly with Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126415. [PMID: 35742863 PMCID: PMC9223533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious biofilm-producing pathogen that is frequently isolated from implantable medical device infections. As biofilm ages, it becomes more tolerant to antimicrobial treatment leading to treatment failure and necessitating the costly removal of infected devices. In this study, we performed in-solution digestion followed by TMT-based high-throughput mass spectrometry and investigated what changes occur in the proteome of S. aureus biofilm grown for 3-days and 12-days in comparison with 24 h planktonic. It showed that proteins associated with biosynthetic processes, ABC transporter pathway, virulence proteins, and shikimate kinase pathway were significantly upregulated in a 3-day biofilm, while proteins associated with sugar transporter, degradation, and stress response were downregulated. Interestingly, in a 3-day biofilm, we observed numerous proteins involved in the central metabolism pathways which could lead to biofilm growth under diverse environments by providing an alternative metabolic route to utilize energy. In 12-day biofilms, proteins associated with peptidoglycan biosynthesis, sugar transporters, and stress responses were upregulated, whereas proteins associated with ABC transporters, DNA replication, and adhesion proteins were downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that more proteins are involved in metabolic processes in 3dwb compared with 12dwb. Furthermore, we observed significant variations in the formation of biofilms resulting from changes in the level of metabolic activity in the different growth modes of biofilms that could be a significant factor in S. aureus biofilm maturation and persistence. Collectively, potential marker proteins were identified and further characterized to understand their exact role in S. aureus biofilm development, which may shed light on possible new therapeutic regimes in the treatment of biofilm-related implant-associated infections.
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Fan Q, He Q, Zhang T, Song W, Sheng Q, Yuan Y, Yue T. Antibiofilm potential of lactobionic acid against Salmonella Typhimurium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Mello TP, Oliveira SSC, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Decoding the antifungal resistance mechanisms in biofilms of emerging, ubiquitous and multidrug-resistant species belonging to the Scedosporium/Lomentospora genera. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6596289. [PMID: 35641191 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic filamentous fungi belonging to the Scedosporium and Lomentospora genera are highly tolerant to all classes of available antifungal drugs. Moreover, the mature biofilm formed by these fungi presents higher antifungal resistance when compared to planktonic cells. Nevertheless, the resistance mechanisms developed by the biofilm lifestyle are not completely elucidated. In the current study, we have investigated the mainly known resistance mechanisms to azoles (voriconazole and fluconazole) and polyenes (amphotericin B - AMB) in S. apiospermum, S. minutisporum, S. aurantiacum, and L. prolificans (formerly S. prolificans) biofilms. Both classes of antifungals can physically bind to the extracellular matrix of mature biofilms, preventing the drugs from reaching their targets on biofilm-forming cells, which precludes their activity and toxicity. In addition, the activity of efflux pumps, measured by Rhodamine 6 G, was increased along the maturation of the biofilm. The efflux pump's inhibition by L-Phe-L-Arg-β-naphthylamide culminated in a 2- to 16-fold increase in azole susceptibility in conidial cells, but not in mature biofilms. Finally, we demonstrated by using specific inhibitors that in conidia, but not in biofilms, AMB induced the production of reactive oxygen species through the activity of the oxidative phosphorylation system (complex I to IV and alternative oxidases). However, the cellular redox imbalance caused by AMB was well coped with the high activity of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Altogether, our results revealed that Scedosporium/Lomentospora biofilm resistance occurs through various mechanisms that operate concomitantly, which could explain the huge challenge in the clinical treatment of scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P Mello
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone S C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
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Liu Y, Gloag ES, Hill PJ, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ. Interbacterial Antagonism Mediated by a Released Polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0007622. [PMID: 35446119 PMCID: PMC9112932 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00076-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common pathogens causing chronic infections in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and in wounds, suggesting that these two organisms coexist in vivo. However, P. aeruginosa utilizes various mechanisms to antagonize S. aureus when these organisms are grown together in vitro. Here, we suggest a novel role for Psl in antagonizing S. aureus growth. Psl is an exopolysaccharide that exists in both cell-associated and cell-free forms and is important for biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. When grown in planktonic coculture with a P. aeruginosa psl mutant, S. aureus had increased survival compared to when it was grown with wild-type P. aeruginosa. We found that cell-free Psl was critical for the killing, as purified cell-free Psl was sufficient to kill S. aureus. Transmission electron microscopy of S. aureus treated with Psl revealed disrupted cell envelopes, suggesting that Psl causes S. aureus cell lysis. This was independent of known mechanisms used by P. aeruginosa to antagonize S. aureus. Cell-free Psl could also promote S. aureus killing during growth in in vivo-like conditions. We also found that Psl production in P. aeruginosa CF clinical isolates positively correlated with the ability to kill S. aureus. This could be a result of P. aeruginosa coevolution with S. aureus in CF lungs. In conclusion, this study defines a novel role for P. aeruginosa Psl in killing S. aureus, potentially impacting the coexistence of these two opportunistic pathogens in vivo. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two important opportunistic human pathogens commonly coisolated from clinical samples. However, P. aeruginosa can utilize various mechanisms to antagonize S. aureus in vitro. Here, we investigated the interactions between these two organisms and report a novel role for P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharide Psl in killing S. aureus. We found that cell-free Psl could kill S. aureus in vitro, possibly by inducing cell lysis. This was also observed in conditions reflective of in vivo scenarios. In accord with this, Psl production in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates positively correlated with their ability to kill S. aureus. Together, our data suggest a role for Psl in affecting the coexistence of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Preston J. Hill
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew R. Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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22
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms via crystal violet binding and biochemical composition assays of isolates from hospitals, raw meat, and biofilm-associated gene mutants. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Tlais AZA, Polo A, Filannino P, Cantatore V, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Biofilm formation as an extra gear for Apilactobacillus kunkeei to counter the threat of agrochemicals in honeybee crop. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2160-2175. [PMID: 35417624 PMCID: PMC9328740 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of a eubiosis status in honeybees’ gut microbiota is directly linked to the occurrence of diseases, and likely to the honeybees decline. Since fructophilic lactobacilli were suggested as symbionts for honeybees, we mechanistically investigated their behaviour under the exposure to agrochemicals (Roundup, Mediator and Reldan containing glyphosate, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos‐methyl as active ingredients respectively) and plant secondary metabolites (nicotine and p‐coumaric acid) ingested by honeybees as part of their diet. The effects of exposure to agrochemicals and plant secondary metabolites were assessed both on planktonic cells and sessile communities of three biofilm‐forming strains of Apilactobacillus kunkeei. We identified the high sensitivity of A. kunkeei planktonic cells to Roundup and Reldan, while cells embedded in mature biofilms had increased resistance to the same agrochemicals. However, agrochemicals still exerted a substantial inhibitory/control effect if the exposure was during the preliminary steps of biofilm formation. The level of susceptibility resulted to be strain‐specific. Exopolysaccharides resulted in the main component of extracellular polymeric matrix (ECM) in biofilm, but the exposure to Roundup caused a change in ECM production and composition. Nicotine and p‐coumaric acid had a growth‐promoting effect in sessile communities, although no effect was found on planktonic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Polo
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Filannino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantatore
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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24
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Chiba A, Seki M, Suzuki Y, Kinjo Y, Mizunoe Y, Sugimoto S. Staphylococcus aureus utilizes environmental RNA as a building material in specific polysaccharide-dependent biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:17. [PMID: 35379830 PMCID: PMC8980062 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-bound microbial communities that are typically embedded in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances and can cause chronic infections. Extracellular DNA is known to play a crucial role in biofilm development in diverse bacteria; however, the existence and function of RNA are poorly understood. Here, we show that RNA contributes to the structural integrity of biofilms formed by the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. RNase A dispersed both fresh and mature biofilms, indicating the importance of RNA at various stages. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that the primary source of RNA in the biofilm matrix was the Brain Heart Infusion medium (>99.32%). RNA purified from the medium promoted biofilm formation. Microscopic and molecular interaction analyses demonstrated that polysaccharides were critical for capturing and stabilizing external RNA in biofilms, which contributes to biofilm organization. These findings provide a basis for exploring the role of externally derived substances in bacterial biofilm organization.
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25
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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses a widespread extracellular DNase to promote bile-dependent biofilm formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111228119. [PMID: 35145026 PMCID: PMC8851478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111228119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of surface-attached bacteria exhibiting biofilm-specific properties. Although anaerobic biofilms impact health, industry, and environment, they are mostly studied in aerobic bacterial species. Here, we studied biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an anaerobic gut symbiont degrading diet sugars and contributing to gut maturation. Although B. thetaiotaomicron adhesion contributes to intestinal colonization, little is known about the determinants of its biofilm capacities. We identified that bile is a physiologically relevant gut signal inducing biofilm formation in B. thetaiotaomicron and other gut Bacteroidales. Moreover, we showed that, in contrast to the known scaffolding role of extracellular DNA, bile-dependent biofilm requires a DNase degrading matrix DNA, thus revealing a previously unrecognized factor contributing to the adhesion capacity of major gut symbionts. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gut symbiont that inhabits the mucus layer and adheres to and metabolizes food particles, contributing to gut physiology and maturation. Although adhesion and biofilm formation could be key features for B. thetaiotaomicron stress resistance and gut colonization, little is known about the determinants of B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation. We previously showed that the B. thetaiotaomicron reference strain VPI-5482 is a poor in vitro biofilm former. Here, we demonstrated that bile, a gut-relevant environmental cue, triggers the formation of biofilm in many B. thetaiotaomicron isolates and common gut Bacteroidales species. We determined that bile-dependent biofilm formation involves the production of the DNase BT3563 or its homologs, degrading extracellular DNA (eDNA) in several B. thetaiotaomicron strains. Our study therefore shows that, although biofilm matrix eDNA provides a biofilm-promoting scaffold in many studied Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, BT3563-mediated eDNA degradation is required to form B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm in the presence of bile.
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26
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Kim JH, Jang HJ, Lee NK, Paik HD. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effect of Cell-Free Supernatant of Lactobacillus brevis KCCM 202399 Isolated from Korean Fermented Food against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 5458. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:56-63. [PMID: 34675145 PMCID: PMC9628830 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2109.09045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the antibiofilm effect of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus brevis strains against Streptococcus mutans strains. To study the antibiofilm mechanism against S. mutans strains, antibacterial effects, cell surface properties (auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity), exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and morphological changes were examined. The antibiofilm effect of L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS as morphological changes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), compared with the control treatment. Among the L. brevis strains, L. brevis KCCM 202399 showed the highest antibiofilm effect on S. mutans KCTC 5458. The antibacterial effect of L. brevis KCCM 202399 against S. mutans KCTC 5458 was investigated using the deferred method (16.00 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration of L. brevis KCCM 202399 against S. mutans KCTC 5458 was 25.00%. Compared with the control treatment, L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS inhibited the bacterial adhesion of S. mutans KCTC 5458 by decreasing auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and EPS production (45.91%, 40.51%, and 67.44%, respectively). L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS inhibited and eradicated the S. mutans KCTC 5458 biofilm. Therefore, these results suggest that L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS may be used to develop oral health in the probiotic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ha Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2049-6011 E-mail:
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27
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Tong CY, Derek CJC. A Methodological Review on the Characterization of Microalgal Biofilm and Its Extracellular Polymeric Substances. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3490-3514. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Y. Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang Malaysia
| | - C. J. C Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang Malaysia
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28
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Buck LD, Paladino MM, Nagashima K, Brezel ER, Holtzman JS, Urso SJ, Ryno LM. Temperature-Dependent Influence of FliA Overexpression on PHL628 E. coli Biofilm Growth and Composition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:775270. [PMID: 34976858 PMCID: PMC8718923 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.775270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm growth and survival pose a problem in both medical and industrial fields. Bacteria in biofilms are more tolerant to antibiotic treatment due to the inability of antibiotics to permeate to the bottom layers of cells in a biofilm and the creation of altered microenvironments of bacteria deep within the biofilm. Despite the abundance of information we have about E. coli biofilm growth and maturation, we are still learning how manipulating different signaling pathways influences the formation and fitness of biofilm. Understanding the impact of signaling pathways on biofilm formation may narrow the search for novel small molecule inhibitors or activators that affect biofilm production and stability. Here, we study the influence of the minor sigma transcription factor FliA (RpoF, sigma-28), which controls late-stage flagellar assembly and chemotaxis, on biofilm production and composition at various temperatures in the E. coli strain PHL628, which abundantly produces the extracellular structural protein curli. We examined FliA's influence on external cellular structures like curli and flagella and the biomolecular composition of the biofilm's extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) using biochemical assays, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). At 37°C, FliA overexpression results in the dramatic growth of biofilm in polystyrene plates and more modest yet significant biofilm growth on silica slides. We observed no significant differences in curli concentration and carbohydrate concentration in the EPS with FliA overexpression. Still, we did see significant changes in the abundance of EPS protein using CLSM at higher growth temperatures. We also noticed increased flagellin concentration, a major structural protein in flagella, occurred with FliA overexpression, specifically in planktonic cultures. These experiments have aided in narrowing our focus to FliA's role in changing the protein composition of the EPS, which we will examine in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Buck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Maddison M Paladino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Kyogo Nagashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Emma R Brezel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Joshua S Holtzman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Sarel J Urso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
| | - Lisa M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States
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29
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Sharma S, Meena M, Marwal A, Swapnil P. Biofilm matrix proteins. APPLICATION OF BIOFILMS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90513-8.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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30
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Aqueous extracts of spices inhibit biofilm in Listeria monocytogenes by downregulating release of eDNA. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10036-10086. [PMID: 34878762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghassemi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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32
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Manoharan A, Ognenovska S, Paino D, Whiteley G, Glasbey T, Kriel FH, Farrell J, Moore KH, Manos J, Das T. N-Acetylcysteine Protects Bladder Epithelial Cells from Bacterial Invasion and Displays Antibiofilm Activity against Urinary Tract Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:900. [PMID: 34438950 PMCID: PMC8388742 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect more than 150 million individuals annually. A strong correlation exists between bladder epithelia invasion by uropathogenic bacteria and patients with recurrent UTIs. Intracellular bacteria often recolonise epithelial cells post-antibiotic treatment. We investigated whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could prevent uropathogenic E. coli and E. faecalis bladder cell invasion, in addition to its effect on uropathogens when used alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin. Methods: An invasion assay was performed in which bacteria were added to bladder epithelial cells (BECs) in presence of NAC and invasion was allowed to occur. Cells were washed with gentamicin, lysed, and plated for enumeration of the intracellular bacterial load. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by exposing BECs to various concentrations of NAC and quantifying the metabolic activity using resazurin at different exposure times. The effect of NAC on the preformed biofilms was also investigated by treating 48 h biofilms for 24 h and enumerating colony counts. Bacteria were stained with propidium iodide (PI) to measure membrane damage. Results: NAC completely inhibited BEC invasion by multiple E. coli and E. faecalis clinical strains in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). This was also evident when bacterial invasion was visualised using GFP-tagged E. coli. NAC displayed no cytotoxicity against BECs despite its intrinsic acidity (pH ~2.6), with >90% cellular viability 48 h post-exposure. NAC also prevented biofilm formation by E. coli and E. faecalis and significantly reduced bacterial loads in 48 h biofilms when combined with ciprofloxacin. NAC visibly damaged E. coli and E. faecalis bacterial membranes, with a threefold increase in propidium iodide-stained cells following treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: NAC is a non-toxic, antibiofilm agent in vitro and can prevent cell invasion and IBC formation by uropathogens, thus providing a potentially novel and efficacious treatment for UTIs. When combined with an antibiotic, it may disrupt bacterial biofilms and eliminate residual bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthika Manoharan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.M.); (D.P.); (J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Samantha Ognenovska
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.O.); (K.H.M.)
| | - Denis Paino
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.M.); (D.P.); (J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Greg Whiteley
- Whiteley Corporation, 19–23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2319, Australia; (G.W.); (T.G.); (F.H.K.)
| | - Trevor Glasbey
- Whiteley Corporation, 19–23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2319, Australia; (G.W.); (T.G.); (F.H.K.)
| | - Frederik H. Kriel
- Whiteley Corporation, 19–23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2319, Australia; (G.W.); (T.G.); (F.H.K.)
| | - Jessica Farrell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.M.); (D.P.); (J.F.); (J.M.)
- Whiteley Corporation, 19–23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago, NSW 2319, Australia; (G.W.); (T.G.); (F.H.K.)
| | - Kate H. Moore
- Department of Urogynaecology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.O.); (K.H.M.)
| | - Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.M.); (D.P.); (J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.M.); (D.P.); (J.F.); (J.M.)
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33
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Astrada A, Nakagami G, Minematsu T, Goto T, Kitamura A, Mugita Y, Sanada H. Concurrent validity of biofilm detection by wound blotting on hard-to-heal wounds. J Wound Care 2021; 30:S4-S13. [PMID: 33856931 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.sup4.s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wound biofilms delay healing of hard-to-heal wounds. Convenient biofilm identification tools for clinical settings are currently not available, hindering biofilm-based wound management. Wound blotting with biofilm staining is a potential tool for biofilm detection, owing to its convenience. Although predictive validity of wound blotting has been established, it is necessary to confirm its concurrent validity. Furthermore, current staining systems employing ruthenium red have some disadvantages for clinical use. This study aimed to evaluate the usability of alcian blue as a substitute for ruthenium red. METHOD Both in vitro and in vivo clinical samples were used to investigate validity and usability. RESULTS The in vitro study showed that proteins and extracellular DNA in biofilms did not affect staining ability of ruthenium red and alcian blue in the detection of biofilms. In the in vivo study, using a wound biofilm model with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the staining sensitivity of ruthenium red was 88.9% and 100% for alcian blue, with correlation coefficients of signal intensities with native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of r=0.67 (p=0.035) and r=0.67 (p=0.036) for ruthenium red and alcian blue, respectively. Results from clinical samples were r=0.75 (p=0.001) for ruthenium red and r=0.77 (p<0.001) for alcian blue. The sensitivities of wound blotting staining by ruthenium red and alcian blue were very high and had a good correlation with native PAGE analysis. CONCLUSION Because the alcian blue procedure is more convenient than the ruthenium red procedure, wound blotting with alcian blue staining would be a promising tool to guide clinicians in delivering biofilm-based wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Astrada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gojiro Nakagami
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Minematsu
- Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Skincare Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Goto
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Aya Kitamura
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mugita
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Manoharan A, Das T, Whiteley GS, Glasbey T, Kriel FH, Manos J. The effect of N-acetylcysteine in a combined antibiofilm treatment against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1787-1798. [PMID: 32363384 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO declared Staphylococcus aureus as a 'pathogen of high importance' in 2017. One-fifth of all bloodstream-related infections in Australia and 12 000 cases of bacteraemia in the UK (2017-18) were caused by the MRSA variant. To address the need for novel therapies, we investigated several permutations of an innovative combination therapy containing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antibiotic and an enzyme of choice in eradicating MRSA and MSSA biofilms. METHODS Biofilm viability (resazurin assay) and colony count methods were used to investigate the effect of NAC, antibiotics and enzymes on S. aureus biofilm disruption and killing. The effects of NAC and enzymes on the polysaccharide content of biofilm matrices were analysed using the phenol/sulphuric acid method and the effect of NAC on DNA cleavage was determined using the Qubit fluorometer technique. Changes in biofilm architecture when subjected to NAC and enzymes were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS NAC alone displayed bacteriostatic effects when tested on planktonic bacterial growth. Combination treatments containing 30 mM NAC resulted in ≥90% disruption of biofilms across all MRSA and MSSA strains with a 2-3 log10 decrease in cfu/mL in treated biofilms. CLSM showed that NAC treatment drastically disrupted S. aureus biofilm architecture. There was also reduced polysaccharide production in MRSA biofilms in the presence of NAC. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inclusion of NAC in a combination treatment is a promising strategy for S. aureus biofilm eradication. The intrinsic acidity of NAC was identified as key to maximum biofilm disruption and degradation of matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthika Manoharan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Trevor Glasbey
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
| | - Frederik H Kriel
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago NSW 2319, Australia
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Mombeshora M, Chi GF, Mukanganyama S. Antibiofilm Activity of Extract and a Compound Isolated from Triumfetta welwitschii against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Res Int 2021; 2021:9946183. [PMID: 34221506 PMCID: PMC8219467 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9946183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triumfetta welwitschii has been used as a traditional medicine in Africa. It is documented as a rich source of phytochemicals with antibacterial activities. To further explore the antibacterial potential of these phytochemical components, the phytochemical profile of the dichloromethane: methanol leaf extract from T. welwitschii was investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Compounds were isolated from the extract using column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Compound B1 was isolated from the fraction eluted by 90 hexane:10 ethyl acetate using column chromatography. The antibacterial activity of B1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated in vitro using the broth microdilution method and the iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) colorimetric assay. The antibiofilm activities of the extract and B1 against P. aeruginosa were determined by quantifying the biofilms using crystal violet. The effect of the extract and B1 on capsular polysaccharide and extracellular DNA content of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa was determined using phenol-sulphuric acid and propidium iodide, respectively. A total of 28 peaks were detected and identified using UPLC-MS/MS. The three most abundant phytochemicals identified were catechin, umbelliferone, and a luteolin derivative. B1 showed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 25 μg/ml. Only 38% and 6% of the biofilms were formed in the presence of the extract and B1, respectively. The extract and B1 reduced the capsular polysaccharide content in biofilms formed in P. aeruginosa by 40% and 65%, respectively. The extract and B1 significantly reduced the extracellular DNA content of biofilms by 29% and 72%, respectively. The results of this study provide evidence of the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of B1 and leaf extracts from T. welwitschii. Future work should identify the chemical structure of B1 using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Mombeshora
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Godloves Fru Chi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stanley Mukanganyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Svarcova V, Zdenkova K, Sulakova M, Demnerova K, Pazlarova J. Contribution to determination of extracellular DNA origin in the biofilm matrix. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:652-661. [PMID: 33997991 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the analysis of extracellular DNA (eDNA) from a biofilm matrix formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. The presence of eDNA in the biofilm of all the studied strains was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using fluorescent dyes with high affinity to nucleic acid. The protocol for eDNA isolation from the biofilm matrix was established, and subsequent characterization of the eDNA was performed. The purified eDNA obtained from the biofilm matrix of all three microorganisms was compared to the genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from relevant planktonic grown cells. The process of eDNA isolation consisted of biofilm cultivation, its collection, sonication, membrane filtration, dialysis, lyophilisation, and extraction of DNA separated from the biofilm matrix with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. An amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used for comparing eDNA and gDNA. AFLP profiles showed a significant similarity between eDNA and gDNA at the strain level. The highest similarity, with a profile concordance rate of 94.7% per strain, was observed for S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica exhibited lower profiles similarity (78% and 60%, respectively). The obtained results support the hypothesis that the eDNA of studied bacterial species has its origin in the gDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Svarcova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Zdenkova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sulakova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Pazlarova
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Anti-biofilm effect of the cell-free supernatant of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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38
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Antibiofilm activity of Fmoc-phenylalanine against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:407-416. [PMID: 33637856 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm associated infections are the major contributor of mortality, morbidity and financial burden in patients with a bacterial infection. About 65% of all bacterial infections are associated with the information of bacterial biofilms. Bacterial biofilms not only reduce the efficacy of antibacterial treatment but also increases the threat of developing antibacterial resistance. Recently, our group has discovered the antibacterial activity of Fmoc-phenylalanine (Fmoc-F) and other Fmoc-amino acids (Fmoc-AA). Fmoc-F and other Fmoc-AA showed antibacterial activity due to their surfactant properties. Surfactants are known to eradicate biofilm and enhance antimicrobial activity in biofilm. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the anti-biofilm activity of Fmoc-F against clinically relevant bacteria. We found that Fmoc-F not only inhibits the biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but also eradicates the already formed biofilms over the surface. Further, Fmoc-F coated glass surface resists S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and attachment, when biofilm is grown over the surface. The mechanistic investigation suggests that Fmoc-F reduces the extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as proteins, carbohydrates and eDNA in the biofilm and affect its stability via direct interactions with ECM components and/ or indirectly through reducing bacterial cell population. Finally, we showed that Fmoc-F treatment in combination with vancomycin and ampicillin synergistically inhibit biofilm formation. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential application of Fmoc-F and other Fmoc-AA molecules individually as well as in combination as anti-biofilm coating material for treating biofilm associated infections.
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Seike S, Kobayashi H, Ueda M, Takahashi E, Okamoto K, Yamanaka H. Outer Membrane Vesicles Released From Aeromonas Strains Are Involved in the Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613650. [PMID: 33488556 PMCID: PMC7817658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria ubiquitously distributed in diverse water sources. Several Aeromonas spp. are known as human and fish pathogens. Recently, attention has been focused on the relationship between bacterial biofilm formation and pathogenicity or drug resistance. However, there have been few reports on biofilm formation by Aeromonas. This study is the first to examine the in vitro formation and components of the biofilm of several Aeromonas clinical and environmental strains. A biofilm formation assay using 1% crystal violet on a polystyrene plate revealed that most Aeromonas strains used in this study formed biofilms but one strain did not. Analysis of the basic components contained in the biofilms formed by Aeromonas strains confirmed that they contained polysaccharides containing GlcNAc, extracellular nucleic acids, and proteins, as previously reported for the biofilms of other bacterial species. Among these components, we focused on several proteins fractionated by SDS-PAGE and determined their amino acid sequences. The results showed that some proteins existing in the Aeromonas biofilms have amino acid sequences homologous to functional proteins present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This result suggests that outer membrane components may affect the biofilm formation of Aeromonas strains. It is known that Gram-negative bacteria often release extracellular membrane vesicles from the outer membrane, so we think that the outer membrane-derived proteins found in the Aeromonas biofilms may be derived from such membrane vesicles. To examine this idea, we next investigated the ability of Aeromonas strains to form outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Electron microscopic analysis revealed that most Aeromonas strains released OMVs outside the cells. Finally, we purified OMVs from several Aeromonas strains and examined their effect on the biofilm formation. We found that the addition of OMVs dose-dependently promoted biofilm formation, except for one strain that did not form biofilms. These results suggest that the OMVs released from the bacterial cells are closely related to the biofilm formation of Aeromonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Ueda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eizo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hiroyasu Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Hassanein WA, Reda FM, Moabed S, El Shafiey SN. Insecticidal impacts of Bacillus flexus S13 biofilm'extracellular matrix' on cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Akinbobola AB, Amaeze NJ, Mackay WG, Ramage G, Williams C. 'Secondary biofilms' could cause failure of peracetic acid high-level disinfection of endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2021; 107:67-75. [PMID: 33098959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reduced susceptibility of biofilms to disinfectants presents a challenge to the successful reprocessing of medical equipment. This study examined the effect of residual biomass remaining after previous disinfection with peracetic acid (PAA) on the tolerance of subsequent mature Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to PAA. The effect of enzymatic degradation of specific components of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of P. aeruginosa biofilm on the effectiveness of PAA disinfection was also evaluated. METHODS The susceptibility of biofilm grown on the biomass of PAA-killed biofilm to PAA was compared with the PAA susceptibility of biofilm grown in wells of a 24-well plate by evaluating their viability using the plate count assay. The effect of PAA on biofilm biomass was measured using crystal violet quantification of total biofilm biomass, while its effect on the polysaccharide and protein components of biofilm EPS was quantified using the phenol-sulphuric acid assay or Bradford assay, respectively. A confocal microscope was used to visualize the distribution of living and dead cells in biofilms grown on residual biofilm biomass. FINDINGS The presence of residual biomass from previously disinfected biofilms significantly enhanced the tolerance of subsequent biofilms. A 96-h-old 'secondary biofilm' formed on disinfected biomass survived PAA concentrations of 4000 ppm, which exceeds the concentrations used in practice for high-level disinfection. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that, under certain circumstances, recolonization of residual EPS can cause failure of disinfection of medical equipment such as endoscopes, and emphasizes the importance of cleaning endoscopes prior to disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Akinbobola
- Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - N J Amaeze
- Institute of Healthcare, Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - W G Mackay
- Institute of Healthcare, Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - G Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK.
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Kim YJ, Yu HH, Park YJ, Lee, NK, Paik HD. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cell-Free Supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1854-1861. [PMID: 32958735 PMCID: PMC9728167 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common microorganisms and causes foodborne diseases. In particular, biofilm-forming S. aureus is more resistant to antimicrobial agents and sanitizing treatments than planktonic cells. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-biofilm effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from cucumber jangajji compared to grapefruit seed extract (GSE). CFS and GSE inhibited and degraded S. aureus biofilms. The adhesion ability, auto-aggregation, and exopolysaccharide production of CFS-treated S. aureus, compared to those of the control, were significantly decreased. Moreover, biofilm-related gene expression was altered upon CFS treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that CFS exerted anti-biofilm effects against S. aureus. Therefore, these results suggest that S. cerevisiae CFS has anti-biofilm potential against S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee,
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2049-6011 Fax: +82-2-455-3082 E-mail:
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43
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Alhede M, Alhede M, Qvortrup K, Kragh KN, Jensen PØ, Stewart PS, Bjarnsholt T. The origin of extracellular DNA in bacterial biofilm infections in vivo. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5810662. [PMID: 32196074 PMCID: PMC7150582 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays an important role in both the aggregation of bacteria and in the interaction of the resulting biofilms with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) during an inflammatory response. Here, transmission electron and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to examine the interaction between biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and PMNs in a murine implant model and in lung tissue from chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients. PNA FISH, DNA staining, labeling of PMN DNA with a thymidine analogue and immunohistochemistry were applied to localize bacteria, eDNA, PMN-derived eDNA, PMN-derived histone H3 (H3), neutrophil elastase (NE) and citrullinated H3 (citH3). Host-derived eDNA was observed surrounding bacterial biofilms but not within the biofilms. H3 localized to the lining of biofilms while NE was found throughout biofilms. CitH3, a marker for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was detected only sporadically indicating that most host-derived eDNA in vivo was not a result of NETosis. Together these observations show that, in these in vivo biofilm infections with P. aeruginosa, the majority of eDNA is found external to the biofilm and derives from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alhede
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Morten Alhede
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- CFIM/Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdmasvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørskov Kragh
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, H:S Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 22, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø., Denmark
| | - Philip Shook Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, P.O. Box 173980, Bozeman, MT 59717-3980, USA
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, H:S Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 22, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø., Denmark
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44
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Park C, Shin B, Kim W, Cheong H, Park S, Park W. Comparative genomics of wild-type and laboratory-evolved biofilm-overproducing Deinococcus metallilatus strains. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 33147125 PMCID: PMC8116681 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus metallilatus MA1002 was exposed to ultraviolet radiation to generate mutants with enhanced biofilm production. Two strains (nos 5 and 6) were then selected based on their high biofilm formation, as well as their possession of higher concentrations of extracellular matrix components (eDNA, protein and saccharides) than the wild-type (WT). Genomic sequencing revealed the presence of large genome deletions in a secondary chromosome in the mutants. Expression analyses of the WT and mutant strains indicated the upregulation of genes associated with exopolysaccharide synthesis and stress response. The mutant strains showed high mortality in glucose-supplemented (TYG) medium; however, cell death and biofilm formation were not increased in mutant cells grown under acetate- or glyoxylate-added media, suggesting that metabolic toxicity during glucose metabolism induced a high rate of cell death but improved biofilm formation in mutant strains. In damaged cells, eDNAs contributed to the enhanced biofilm formation of D. metallilatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulwoo Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Cheong
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoon Park
- EMBIOME, Seoho-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Woojun Park,
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Yang S, Tran C, Whiteley GS, Glasbey T, Kriel FH, McKenzie DR, Manos J, Das T. Covalent Immobilization of N-Acetylcysteine on a Polyvinyl Chloride Substrate Prevents Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13023-13033. [PMID: 33079548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance at surgical implant sites result in high morbidity and mortality. Identifying novel molecules that inhibit biofilm formation to coat surgical biomaterials is essential. One such compound is N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant precursor for glutathione, necessary in mammalian cells and known to disrupt/prevent biofilms. In this study, NAC was covalently immobilized onto functionalized polyvinyl chloride surfaces using plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment that achieves covalent binding without the need for linker groups. NAC immobilization was characterized using water contact angles, Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Bacterial viability and biofilm formation on NAC surfaces were assessed using resazurin assays, phase contrast microscopy, and colony counting experiments. Effect of NAC on bacterial polysaccharide production and DNA cleaving was investigated using the phenol-sulfuric acid method and the Qubit fluorometer. Surface thermodynamics between the NAC coating and bacterial cells were measured using the Lewis acid-base method. Surface characterization techniques demonstrated superficial changes after PIII treatment and subsequent covalent NAC immobilization. NAC-coated surfaces significantly reduced biofilm viability and the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. NAC also decreased polysaccharide production and degraded DNA. This led to unfavorable conditions for biofilm formation on NAC-coated surfaces, as demonstrated by surface thermodynamic analysis. NAC-coated surfaces showed no cytotoxicity to human fibroblast cells. This study has successfully utilized NAC as an antibiofilm coating, which may pave the way for improved prophylactic coatings on medical implant devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Clara Tran
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory S Whiteley
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago New South Wales 2322, Australia
| | - Trevor Glasbey
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago New South Wales 2322, Australia
| | - Frederik H Kriel
- Whiteley Corporation, 19-23 Laverick Avenue, Tomago New South Wales 2322, Australia
| | - David R McKenzie
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
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Efficacy of flavourzyme against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on food-contact surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108897. [PMID: 33091755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Food contamination is a major public health concern, with Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the prominent causal agents. They often produce resistant shields in food through biofilm formation and are difficult to remove from food-contact surfaces using conventional cleaning agents. In the current study, we investigated the efficacy of flavourzyme, an industrial peptidase, in biofilm removal from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and rubber surfaces and compared the corresponding efficacies with those of the commonly used DNase I. We noticed a significant reduction of young (24-h-old) and mature (72-h-old) biofilms on both surfaces after treatment with flavourzyme. The overall reduction potentiality of flavourzyme was higher than that of DNase I. The flavourzyme-mediated removal of biofilms appears to be caused by the gradual disruption of amide (NH) and polysaccharide (C-O-C) stretching bands of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) released by the microbes. EPS elimination and the cell-friendly behavior of flavourzyme were further confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Based on these findings, we suggest that flavourzyme can reduce microbial EPS formation, thus possibly controlling microbial food contamination. This finding reveals a new opportunity for the development of a novel method for controlling foodborne illness as well as food spoilage.
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Rosenberg M, Visnapuu M, Vija H, Kisand V, Kasemets K, Kahru A, Ivask A. Selective antibiofilm properties and biocompatibility of nano-ZnO and nano-ZnO/Ag coated surfaces. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13478. [PMID: 32778787 PMCID: PMC7417576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spread of pathogenic microbes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in health-care settings and public spaces is a serious public health challenge. Materials that prevent solid surface colonization or impede touch-transfer of viable microbes could provide means to decrease pathogen transfer from high-touch surfaces in critical applications. ZnO and Ag nanoparticles have shown great potential in antimicrobial applications. Less is known about nano-enabled surfaces. Here we demonstrate that surfaces coated with nano-ZnO or nano-ZnO/Ag composites are not cytotoxic to human keratinocytes and possess species-selective medium-dependent antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Colonization of nano-ZnO and nano-ZnO/Ag surfaces by E. coli and S. aureus was decreased in static oligotrophic conditions (no planktonic growth). Moderate to no effect was observed for bacterial biofilms in growth medium (supporting exponential growth). Inversely, nano-ZnO surfaces enhanced biofilm formation by C. albicans in oligotrophic conditions. However, enhanced C. albicans biofilm formation on nano-ZnO surfaces was effectively counteracted by the addition of Ag. Possible selective enhancement of biofilm formation by the yeast C. albicans on Zn-enabled surfaces should be taken into account in antimicrobial surface development. Our results also indicated the importance of the use of application-appropriate test conditions and exposure medium in antimicrobial surface testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - M Visnapuu
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Vija
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - V Kisand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Kasemets
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Ivask
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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García JFM, Rojas L, Zenteno E, Cruz CV, Abascal EN. Characterization of Actinobacillus seminis biofilm formation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1371-1383. [PMID: 32671613 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus seminis is an autochthonous gram-negative bacterium that affects reproductive organs, causing epididymitis, low fertility, and occasional abortions in ovine and goats. The virulence factors and the pathogenicity mechanisms of A. seminis have not been clearly elucidated yet. In this work, biofilm production by A. seminis in in vitro assays is described and characterized. After 48-h incubation at 37 °C in trypticase soy broth, A. seminis formed biofilms containing an extracellular matrix comprised mainly of fibrillar material. Microaerophilia or the presence of calcium diminished biofilm formation in approximately 50% and 70%, respectively, but low iron concentrations increased it 40%. Through enzymatic digestion, it was found that proteins were the main component of these biofilms. Structural observations through scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of a high amount of fibrillar material in which bacteria were immersed. Antibodies against different bacterial surface proteins, such as anti-biofilm matrix and anti-adhesin, diminished biofilm formation in 70% and 25%, respectively; whereas furanone C-30 and LED-209, compounds described as quorum-sensing inhibitors, completely inhibited biofilm formation. In conclusion, environmental conditions can influence strongly biofilm formation in A. seminis, and this could be an advantageous strategy that allows bacteria to persist inside a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernando Montes García
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico.,Licenciatura en Nutrición, Unidad Académica Profesional Acolman, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Acolman, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Rojas
- Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Candelario Vazquez Cruz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, BUAP, Apdo. Postal 1622, 72560, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Erasmo Negrete Abascal
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico.
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Lakshmi SA, Bhaskar JP, Krishnan V, Sethupathy S, Pandipriya S, Aruni W, Pandian SK. Inhibition of biofilm and biofilm-associated virulence factor production in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by docosanol. J Biotechnol 2020; 317:59-69. [PMID: 32353392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern in infection control. Hence, a multi-pronged approach is necessary to curb the severity of infections. The present study entails the identification of docosanol (fatty alcohol) from Streptomyces as a novel antibiofilm agent which can target the virulence factors of MRSA. Results showed that docosanol as a potent antibiofilm agent and found to inhibit several virulence factors of MRSA. The antibiofilm efficacy of docosanol analyzed through light and scanning electron microscopy showed a significant reduction in adherent cells. Moreover, analysis of three-dimensional structure of biofilm matrix by confocal laser scanning microscope demonstrated effective antibiofilm potential of docosanol. In addition, docosanol reduced the survival rate of MRSA in healthy human blood and enhanced the neutrophil-mediated killing by interfering with hemolysin production. RT-qPCR analysis revealed the down regulation of several virulence genes, possibly by affecting the expression of the accessory gene regulator (agr) system and transcriptional regulator sarA. These findings suggest that docosanol could effectively reduce the biofilm phenotype and virulence production, and thus becomes a promising candidate to treat MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Alagu Lakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvapandi Pandipriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Musculoskeletal Disease Research Center, US Department of Veteran Affairs, VA, California, USA
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Biofilm Formed by Candida haemulonii Species Complex: Structural Analysis and Extracellular Matrix Composition. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020046. [PMID: 32260180 PMCID: PMC7345111 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida haemulonii species complex (C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii, and C. haemulonii var. vulnera) has emerged as opportunistic, multidrug-resistant yeasts able to cause fungemia. Previously, we showed that C. haemulonii complex formed biofilm on polystyrene. Biofilm is a well-known virulence attribute of Candida spp. directly associated with drug resistance. In the present study, the architecture and the main extracellular matrix (ECM) components forming the biofilm over polystyrene were investigated in clinical isolates of the C. haemulonii complex. We also evaluated the ability of these fungi to form biofilm on catheters used in medical arena. The results revealed that all fungi formed biofilms on polystyrene after 48 h at 37 °C. Microscopic analyses demonstrated a dense network of yeasts forming the biofilm structure, with water channels and ECM. Regarding ECM, proteins and carbohydrates were the main components, followed by nucleic acids and sterols. Mature biofilms were also detected on late bladder (siliconized latex), nasoenteric (polyurethane), and nasogastric (polyvinyl chloride) catheters, with the biomasses being significantly greater than on polystyrene. Collectively, our results demonstrated the ability of the C. haemulonii species complex to form biofilm on different types of inert surfaces, which is an incontestable virulence attribute associated with devices-related candidemia in hospitalized individuals.
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