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Xia W, Li S, Li L, Zhang S, Wang X, Ding W, Ding L, Zhang X, Wang Z. Role of anthraquinones in combating insulin resistance. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1275430. [PMID: 38053837 PMCID: PMC10694622 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1275430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance presents a formidable public health challenge that is intricately linked to the onset and progression of various chronic ailments, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. Effectively addressing insulin resistance is paramount in preventing and managing these metabolic disorders. Natural herbal remedies show promise in combating insulin resistance, with anthraquinone extracts garnering attention for their role in enhancing insulin sensitivity and treating diabetes. Anthraquinones are believed to ameliorate insulin resistance through diverse pathways, encompassing activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, restoration of insulin signal transduction, attenuation of inflammatory pathways, and modulation of gut microbiota. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate the potential anthraquinone compounds that exert beneficial effects on insulin resistance, elucidating the underlying mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic impact. The evidence discussed in this review points toward the potential utilization of anthraquinones as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat insulin resistance and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Xia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuqian Li
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - LinZehao Li
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Ding
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiandang Zhang
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Wu L, Wang X, Jiang J, Chen Y, Peng B, Jin W. Mechanism of rhubarb in the treatment of hyperlipidemia: A recent review. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230812. [PMID: 37808167 PMCID: PMC10552914 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder, which is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Although lipid-lowering treatments have been extensively studied, safer treatments with fewer adverse effects are needed. Rhubarb is a traditional Chinese medicine that has lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Disturbance in lipid metabolism is the basis of tissue damage caused by hyperlipidemia and plays a key role in the development of hyperlipidemia; however, the molecular mechanisms by which rhubarb regulates lipid metabolism to lower lipid levels are yet to be elucidated. We conducted this study to summarize the phytochemical constituents of Rheum officinale and provide a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism during hyperlipidemia treatment. It was found that rhubarb extracts, including emodin, rhubarb acid, and rhubarb phenol, regulate total cholesterol, triglyceride, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels through signaling pathways such as C/EBP α, 3T3-L1, PPAR α, and AMPK, thereby improving the hyperlipidemic state. This suggests that rhubarb is a natural drug with lipid-lowering potential, and an in-depth exploration of its lipid-lowering mechanism can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangjin Wang
- College of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jihang Jiang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Respiratory Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Emodin protects against homocysteine-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress via MAPK and Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175452. [PMID: 36529277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) causes severe cardiac dysfunction, which is closely associated with oxidative stress. Emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative, has been shown to exert antioxidant and anti-apoptosis activities. However, whether emodin could protect against Hcy-induced cardiac dysfunction remains unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of emodin on the Hcy-induced cardiac dysfunction and its molecular mechanisms. Rats were fed a methionine diet to establish the animal model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). H9C2 cells were incubated with Hcy to induce a cell model of Hcy-injured cardiomyocytes. ELISA, HE staining, carotid artery and left ventricular cannulation, MTT, fluorescence staining, flow cytometry and western blotting were used in this study. Emodin significantly alleviated the structural damage of the myocardium and cardiac dysfunction from HHcy rats. Emodin prevented apoptosis and the collapse of MMP in the Hcy-treated H9C2 cells in vitro. Further, emodin reversed the Hcy-induced apoptosis-related biochemical changes including decreased Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, and increased protein expression of Caspase-9/3. Moreover, emodin suppressed oxidative stress in Hcy-treated H9C2 cells. Mechanistically, emodin significantly inhibited the Hcy-activated MAPK by reducing ROS generation in H9C2 cells. Furthermore, emodin upregulated NO production by promoting the protein phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in injured cells. The present study shows that emodin protects against Hcy-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress via MAPK and Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathways.
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Effects of Anthraquinones on Immune Responses and Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123831. [PMID: 35744949 PMCID: PMC9230691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthraquinones (AQs) and derivatives are widely distributed in nature, including plants, fungi, and insects, with effects of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation, antibacterial and antiviral, anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, etc. Inflammation, including acute and chronic, is a comprehensive response to foreign pathogens under a variety of physiological and pathological processes. AQs could attenuate symptoms and tissue damages through anti-inflammatory or immuno-modulatory effects. The review aims to provide a scientific summary of AQs on immune responses under different pathological conditions, such as digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, central nervous system diseases, etc. It is hoped that the present paper will provide ideas for future studies of the immuno-regulatory effect of AQs and the therapeutic potential for drug development and clinical use of AQs and derivatives.
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Yang XD, Ge XC, Jiang SY, Yang YY. Potential lipolytic regulators derived from natural products as effective approaches to treat obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1000739. [PMID: 36176469 PMCID: PMC9513423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic obesity is contributing to increases in the prevalence of obesity-related metabolic diseases and has, therefore, become an important public health problem. Adipose tissue is a vital energy storage organ that regulates whole-body energy metabolism. Triglyceride degradation in adipocytes is called lipolysis. It is closely tied to obesity and the metabolic disorders associated with it. Various natural products such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids regulate lipolysis and can promote weight loss or improve obesity-related metabolic conditions. It is important to identify the specific secondary metabolites that are most effective at reducing weight and the health risks associated with obesity and lipolysis regulation. The aims of this review were to identify, categorize, and clarify the modes of action of a wide diversity of plant secondary metabolites that have demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against obesity by regulating lipolysis. The present review explores the regulatory mechanisms of lipolysis and summarizes the effects and modes of action of various natural products on this process. We propose that the discovery and development of natural product-based lipolysis regulators could diminish the risks associated with obesity and certain metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ding Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Cheng Ge
- Xiangxing College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Si-Yi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yueyang Vocational Technical College, YueYang, China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Yu Yang,
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Zheng Q, Li S, Li X, Liu R. Advances in the study of emodin: an update on pharmacological properties and mechanistic basis. Chin Med 2021; 16:102. [PMID: 34629100 PMCID: PMC8504117 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, also known as rhubarb or Da Huang, has been widely used as a spice and as traditional herbal medicine for centuries, and is currently marketed in China as the principal herbs in various prescriptions, such as Da-Huang-Zhe-Chong pills and Da-Huang-Qing-Wei pills. Emodin, a major bioactive anthraquinone derivative extracted from rhubarb, represents multiple health benefits in the treatment of a host of diseases, such as immune-inflammatory abnormality, tumor progression, bacterial or viral infections, and metabolic syndrome. Emerging evidence has made great strides in clarifying the multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms underlying the efficacious therapeutic potential of emodin, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic properties. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated summary of recent developments on these pharmacological efficacies and molecular mechanisms of emodin, with a focus on the underlying molecular targets and signaling networks. We also reviewed recent attempts to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities of emodin by structural modification and novel material-based targeted delivery. In conclusion, emodin still has great potential to become promising therapeutic options to immune and inflammation abnormality, organ fibrosis, common malignancy, pathogenic bacteria or virus infections, and endocrine disease or disorder. Scientifically addressing concerns regarding the poor bioavailability and vague molecular targets would significantly contribute to the widespread acceptance of rhubarb not only as a dietary supplement in food flavorings and colorings but also as a health-promoting TCM in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Martorell M, Castro N, Victoriano M, Capó X, Tejada S, Vitalini S, Pezzani R, Sureda A. An Update of Anthraquinone Derivatives Emodin, Diacerein, and Catenarin in Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3313419. [PMID: 34589130 PMCID: PMC8476274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3313419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is part of metabolic diseases and is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period as result of an insulin-deficient production or an inappropriate response to insulin by our cells. This chronic disease was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths in 2016 as reported by the World Health Organization. Emodin is a natural product and active ingredient of various Chinese herbs with the chemical formula 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone. Diacerein is another naturally occurring anthraquinone (1,8-diacetoxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone) commonly used as commercial drug to treat osteoarthritis. These two anthraquinone derivatives have been shown to exert antidiabetic activities. Emodin seems to enhance the glucose tolerance and insulin sensibility via activation of PPARγ and modulation of metabolic-related genes. Diacerein seems to decrease inflammatory cytokines and increase insulin secretion enhancing insulin sensibility and therefore improving glucose control. Other naturally occurring anthraquinone derivatives, such as catenarin (1,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), have been shown to have antidiabetic activities although few studies have been performed. The synthesis of new emodin derivatives is increasing, but these new molecules have not been tested for diabetes treatment. In the current work, available literature on anthraquinone derivatives' effects in diabetes disease is reviewed. Moreover, we discuss the chemistry, food sources, bioavailability, and toxicity of the naturally occurring anthraquinone with antidiabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Natalia Castro
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Montserrat Victoriano
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Palma E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain
- Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07120, Spain
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Phytotherapy Lab (PhT-Lab), Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, Padova 35128, Italy
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, Padova, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain
- Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07120, Spain
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Feng Y, Chai X, Chen Y, Ning Y, Zhao Y. Network Pharmacology Approach for Predicting Targets of Zishen Yutai Pills on Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8215454. [PMID: 34394393 PMCID: PMC8357500 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8215454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
METHODS A comprehensive strategy based on several Chinese herb databases and chemical compound databases was established to screen active compounds of ZSYTP and predict target genes. For network pharmacological analysis, network construction and gene enrichment analysis were conducted and further verified by molecular docking. RESULTS A total of 476 target genes of ZSYTP were obtained from 205 active compounds. 13 herbs of ZSYTP overlapped on 8 active compounds based on the compound-target-disease network (C-T network). 20 biological processes and 9 pathways were strongly connected to the targets of ZSYTP in treating POI, including negative regulation of gene expression, mRNA metabolic process, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, and gluconeogenesis. Finally, molecular docking was visualized. CONCLUSION Intriguingly, the signal pathways and biological processes uncovered in this study implicate inflamm-aging and glucose metabolism as potential pathological mechanisms of POI. The therapeutic effect of ZSYTP could be mediated by regulating glucose metabolism and HIF-1 signal pathway. Collectively, this study sheds light on the therapeutic potential of ZSYTP on POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Feng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xinyi Chai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Singapore Thong Chai Medical Institution, 169874, Singapore
| | - Yingyin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yan Ning
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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Yi L, Liu J, Deng M, Zuo H, Li M. Emodin inhibits viability, proliferation and promotes apoptosis of hypoxic human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via targeting miR-244-5p/DEGS1 axis. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:252. [PMID: 34332565 PMCID: PMC8325255 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effects of emodin on the viability, proliferation and apoptosis of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) under hypoxia and to explore the underling molecular mechanisms. METHODS PASMCs were cultured in a hypoxic environment (1% oxygen) and then treated with emodin. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, EdU staining assay, western blot and Mito-tracker red CMXRos and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection assay. The microRNA (miRNA)/mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Based on transcriptomics and proteomics were used to identify potential signaling pathways. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized to examine the interaction between miR-244-5p and DEGS1. RESULTS Emodin at 40 and 160 µM concentration-dependently suppressed cell viability, proliferation and migration, but enhanced cell apoptosis of PASMCs under hypoxia. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that emodin could attenuate the activity of PI3K/Akt signaling in PASMCs under hypoxia. In addition, delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1) was found to be a direct target of miR-244-5p. Emodin could significantly up-regulated miR-244-5p expression and down-regulated DEGS1 expression in PASMCs under hypoxia. Furthermore, emodin-mediated effects on cell viability, migration, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling activity of PASMCs under hypoxia were significantly attenuated by miR-244-5p knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that emodin suppressed cell viability, proliferation and migration, promoted cell apoptosis of PASMCs under hypoxia via modulating miR-244-5p-mediated DEGS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. MiR-244-5p/DEGS1 axis was initially investigated in this current study, which is expected to further the understanding of the etiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - JunFang Liu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NO.12, Langshan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057 Guangdong China
| | - Huihua Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NO.12, Langshan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057 Guangdong China
| | - Mingyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, NO. 250 Changgangdong Road, Guangzhou, 510260 Guangdong China
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Dai S, Ye B, Chen L, Hong G, Zhao G, Lu Z. Emodin alleviates LPS-induced myocardial injury through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5203-5213. [PMID: 34131970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury and cardiovascular dysfunction are serious consequences of sepsis and contribute to high mortality. Currently, the pathogenesis of myocardial injury in sepsis is still unclear, and therapeutic approaches are limited. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of emodin on septic myocardial injury and the underlying mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced C57BL/6 mice and cardiomyocytes were used as models of sepsis in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The results showed that emodin alleviated cardiac dysfunction, myocardial injury and improved survival rate in LPS-induced septic mice. Emodin attenuated the levels of inflammatory cytokines and cardiac inflammation induced by LPS. Emodin reduced NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) expression in the heart tissue of LPS-induced septic mice. In vitro, emodin alleviated LPS-induced cell injury and inflammation in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, an NLRP3 inhibitor was used to further confirm the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-induced myocardial injury. Taken together, our findings suggest that emodin improves LPS-induced myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction by alleviating the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which provides a feasible strategy for preventing and treating myocardial injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Dai
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bozhi Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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Kong M, Xie K, Lv M, Li J, Yao J, Yan K, Wu X, Xu Y, Ye D. Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110975. [PMID: 33212375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) and its various complications continue to place a huge burden on global medical resources, despite the availability of numerous drugs that successfully lower blood glucose levels. The major challenging issue in diabetes management is the prevention of various complications that remain the leading cause of diabetes-related mortality. Moreover, the limited long-term durability of monotherapy and undesirable side effects of currently used anti-diabetic drugs underlie the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Phytochemicals represent a rich source of plant-derived molecules that are of pivotal importance to the identification of compounds with therapeutic potential. In this review, we aim to discuss recent advances in the identification of a large array of phytochemicals with immense potential in the management of diabetes and its complications. Given that metabolic inflammation has been established as a key pathophysiological event that drives the progression of diabetes, we focus on the protective effects of representative phytochemicals in metabolic inflammation. This paper also discusses the potential of phytochemicals in the development of new drugs that target the inflammation in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Kong
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufei Li
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen Y, Li R, Hu N, Yu C, Song H, Li Y, Dai Y, Guo Z, Li M, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Qi Y. Baihe Wuyao decoction ameliorates CCl 4-induced chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in mice through blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113227. [PMID: 32783983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baihe Wuyao decoction (BWD), a prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicines, composed of Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker.(Lilii Bulbus) and Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (Linderae Radix), has been used to treat epigastric pain and superficial gastritis for hundreds of years in China. Recently, some compounds obtained from Lilii Bulbus and Linderae Radix had active effects of hepatic protection or liver fibrosis alleviation. Thus, we aim to evaluate the effects of BWD on treatment of chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were treated with BWD (low, medium and high dose), diammonium glycyrrhizinate or vehicle by oral gavage once daily, simultaneously intraperitoneal injected with a single dose of CCl4 (1 μl/g body weight) twice a week for consecutive 6 weeks. Next, all mice were sacrificed after fasted 12 h, and serums and liver tissues were harvested for analysis. The hepatic injury was detected by serum biomarker assay, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The hepatic histology and collagen were illustrated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining respectively. The antioxidant capacity of liver tissues was evaluated by the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenization. The mRNA gene or protein expressions related to fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation molecules were performed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) or Western-blot. RESULTS BWD exhibited a good hepatic protection with ameliorating liver histological changes, decreasing serum AST and ALT contents, and reducing hepatic fibrosis with stimulation ECMs (such as Collagen1 and Collagen3) degradation. BWD inhibited hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, promoted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and MMP12 while suppressing tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) expression, and blocked traditional fibrosis TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signal pathway. Moreover, BWD exhibited anti-inflammation effect proved by the reduction of liver Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF-α, IL-11 mRNA levels and promoted anti-oxidation effects determined by inhibition of liver MDA and iNOS levels while promoting liver SOD and Mn-SOD. CONCLUSION BWD ameliorates CCl4-induced CLI and liver fibrosis which is correlated to its blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation effects. BWD, as a small traditional prescription, is a promising treatment for CLI and liver fibrosis through multiple pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Ruofei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Chunping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yida Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yujiao Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Zhao Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Zhiyi Guo
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yajuan Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China; Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China.
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviated High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatocytic Apoptosis via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2315230. [PMID: 32733933 PMCID: PMC7376403 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2315230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective High-fat-diet- (HFD-) induced hepatic cell apoptosis is common in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aim to investigate the effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on hepatocyte apoptosis. Methods C57BL/6J mice with HFD were used to induce a liver-injured model with cell apoptosis. In addition, GRb1 was used to treat HFD-induced apoptosis in a liver with or without inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). Results Compared with C57BL/6J mice with common chow, there are downregulated PPAR-γ but upregulated cell apoptosis in the liver of mice with HFD. Furthermore, GRb1 elevated the hepatic PPAR-γ level and suppressed hepatocytic apoptosis. However, GW9662 abolished the effects of GRb1 on apoptosis in the liver. Conclusions GRb1 alleviated HFD-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes of mice via PPAR-γ.
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Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1356893. [PMID: 32148647 PMCID: PMC7042557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1356893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that majorly affects the endocrine gland, and it is symbolized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance owing to deficient insulin secretory responses and beta cell dysfunction. This ailment affects as many as 451 million people worldwide, and it is also one of the leading causes of death. In spite of the immense advances made in the development of orthodox antidiabetic drugs, these drugs are often considered not successful for the management and treatment of T2DM due to the myriad side effects associated with them. Thus, the exploration of medicinal herbs and natural products as therapeutic sources for the treatment of T2DM is promoted because they have little or no side effects. Bioactive molecules isolated from natural sources have been proven to lower blood glucose levels via regulating one or more of the following mechanisms: improvement of beta cell function, insulin resistance, glucose (re)absorption, and glucagon-like peptide-1 homeostasis. In recent times, the mechanisms of action of different bioactive molecules with antidiabetic properties and phytochemistry are gaining a lot of attention in the area of drug discovery. This review article presents an update of the findings from clinical research into medicinal plant therapy for T2DM.
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Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA, Tajuddeen N, Aliyu AB, Isah MB. Antidiabetic potential of anthraquinones: A review. Phytother Res 2019; 34:486-504. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
| | | | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of ChemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
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Dong Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Dai J, Tang L, Liu G. Emodin reactivated autophagy and alleviated inflammatory lung injury in mice with lethal endotoxemia. Exp Anim 2019; 68:559-568. [PMID: 31292306 PMCID: PMC6842802 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An uncontrolled inflammation induced critical health problems with serious morbidity and
death, which namely acute lung injury (ALI). Recently researchs have found the
anti-inflammatory effects of emodin. Here, we investigated the potential effects of emodin
on a mouse model with a lethal dose of the potential mechanisms and lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)-induced inflammatory lung injury in mice. The pulmonary histological abnormalities,
the Evans blue’s leakage, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the grades of TNF-α, IL-6,
nitric oxide (NO), lactic acid (LA) in lung tissues were determined 18 h post exposure of
LPS. Based on the expression of LC3-II with BECN1 was determined using Western blotting.
Besides, the LPS-exposed mice for survival rate was monitored. The results indicated that
intervention with emodin was important for mitigating LPS-induced pulmonary histological
change and LPS-induced leakage of Evans blue, which were associated with suppressed
elevation of MPO activity and inhibited up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, NO with LA in lung
tissues. Moreover, intervention with emodin enhanced the survival rate of LPS-exposed
mice. Finally, therapy with emodin increased the LC3 and BECN1 in lungs of LPS-exposed
mice. Treatment with 3-MA (the autophagy inhibitor) reversed the beneficial effects of
emodin. In conclusion, emodin might provide pharmacological benefits in LPS-induced
inflammatory lung injury, and the mechanisms might be related to the restoration of
autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Neurology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 55 Middle Road, University City, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Respiratory, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 55 Middle Road, University City, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Hospital of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan District, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Neurology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 55 Middle Road, University City, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Emergency, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 55 Middle Road, University City, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, China
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Peromingo B, Sulyok M, Lemmens M, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M. Diffusion of mycotoxins and secondary metabolites in dry-cured meat products. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bai J, Wu J, Tang R, Sun C, Ji J, Yin Z, Ma G, Yang W. Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, suppresses liver cancer in vitro and in vivo by regulating VEGFR 2 and miR-34a. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:229-245. [PMID: 30976957 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and potential effects of Emodin on liver cancer were systematically evaluated in this study. Both the intragastric administration (i.g.) and hypodermic injection (i.h.) of Emodin exhibited a strong absorption (absorption rate < 1 h) and elimination capacity (t1/2 ≈ 2 h). The tissue distribution of Emodin after i.h. was rapid and wide. The stability of Emodin in three species of liver microsomes wasrat >human> beagle dog. These PK data provided the basis for the subsequent animal experiments. In liver cancer patient tissues, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced signaling pathways, including phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), AKT, and ERK1/2,were simultaneously elevated, but miR-34a expression was reduced and negatively correlated with SMAD2 and SMAD4. Emodin inhibited the expression of SMAD2/4 in HepG2 cells by inducing the miR-34a level. Subsequently, BALB/c nude mice received a daily subcutaneous injection of HepG2 cells with or without Emodin treatment (1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), and Emodin inhibited tumorigenesis and reduced the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo experiments showed that cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were promoted by VEGF or miR-34a signal treatment but were inhibited when combined with Emodin treatment. All these results demonstrated that Emodin inhibited tumorigenesis in liver cancer by simultaneously inhibiting the VEGFR2-AKT-ERK1/2signaling pathway and promoting a miR-34a-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Ji
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Yin
- Department of ultrasound, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, NO.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wu L, Han W, Chen Y, Zhang T, Liu J, Zhong S, Liu H, Han C, Zhang Z, Liu S, Tang L. Gender Differences in the Hepatotoxicity and Toxicokinetics of Emodin: The Potential Mechanisms Mediated by UGT2B7 and MRP2. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3931-3945. [PMID: 30011215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is a main anthraquinone compound which exists in Chinese traditional medicines including Polygonum multiflorum and Rhubarb. It is documented to have obvious liver and kidney toxicity. This study aims to (a) estimate gender differences of the hepatotoxicity and toxicokinetics in rats after oral administration of emodin (60 and 150 mg/kg/d) for a consecutive 28 days and (b) clarify relative mechanisms caused by glucuronidation and disposition. Hepatotoxicity was significantly higher in female rats than that in male rats, as evidenced by histopathological and biochemical tests. Similarly, the toxicokinetic profiles of emodin have time and gender differences, which could cause time and gender differences in hepatotoxicity. The metabolic and transcriptomics data of 55 human liver and 36 human kidney samples demonstrated that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) was the predominant enzyme for emodin glucuronidation. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified that rs11726899 located within ∼50 kb of the transcript of UGT2B could significantly affect emodin metabolism. Knockdown of UGT2B7 in HepG2 cells significantly decreased emodin glucuronidation and increased cytotoxicity of emodin. The gene expression and protein levels of UGT2B7 were decreased, but those of the multidrug-resistant-protein 2 (MRP2) were increased in HepG2 cells after being treated with 50 μM emodin for 48 h. Long-term use of emodin could decrease the intrinsic clearance (CLint, decreased by 18.5%-35.4%) values of zidovidue (UGT2B7 substrate) glucuronide in both male and female liver microsomes from rats administrated with emodin for 28 days, thus causing the accumulation of emodin. However, higher self-induced MRP2 expression and lower hepatotoxicity were observed in emodin-treated male rats compared to that in female rats. Therefore, gender differences in the hepatotoxicity and toxicokinetics of emodin are potentially mediated by the coupling of UGT2B7 and MRP2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China.,Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Weichao Han
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Yulian Chen
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Junjin Liu
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Han Liu
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Congcong Han
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China.,Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Lan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China.,Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
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Liao WT, Chiang JH, Li CJ, Lee MT, Su CC, Yen HR. Investigation on the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Nationwide Prescription Database in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E179. [PMID: 30037150 PMCID: PMC6069244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition, affecting 5⁻10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. It has serious reproductive implications and causes mood disorders and metabolic disorders, such as type-2 diabetes. Because PCOS reflects multiple abnormalities, there is no single drug that can treat all its symptoms. Existing pharmaceutical agents, such as oral contraceptives (OCs), are suggested as a first-line therapy for menstrual irregularities; however, OCs are not appropriate for women pursuing pregnancy. Additionally, insulin-sensitizing agents, which appear to decrease insulin levels and hyperandrogenemia in women with PCOS, have been associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects. It is a common practice in Chinese society to receive traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of gynecological problems and infertility. Current research demonstrates that several herbs and herbal formulas show beneficial effects in PCOS treatment. In this study, we conducted the first large-scale survey through the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program database to analyze TCM utilization patterns among women with PCOS in Taiwan during 1997⁻2010. The survey results revealed that 89.22% women with newly diagnosed PCOS had received TCM therapy. Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San and Xiang-Fu (Rhizoma Cyperi) were the most commonly used formula and single herb, respectively, in the database. In addition, we found that the top five commonly prescribed single herbs and herbal formulas have shown promise in treating symptoms associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404 Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Huai Chiang
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsung Lee
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chiung Su
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404 Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Xu L, Li Y, Dai Y, Peng J. Natural products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology and mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:451-465. [PMID: 29395440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have implied that diabetes mellitus (DM) will become an epidemic accompany with metabolic and endocrine disorders worldwide. Most of DM patients are affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect. Generally, the strategies to treat T2DM are diet control, moderate exercise, hypoglycemic and lipid-lowing agents. Despite the therapeutic benefits for the treatment of T2DM, most of the drugs can produce some undesirable side effects. Considering the pathogenesis of T2DM, natural products (NPs) have become the important resources of bioactive agents for anti-T2DM drug discovery. Recently, more and more natural components have been elucidated to possess anti-T2DM properties, and many efforts have been carried out to elucidate the possible mechanisms. The aim of this paper was to overview the activities and underlying mechanisms of NPs against T2DM. Developments of anti-T2DM agents will be greatly promoted with the increasing comprehensions of NPs for their multiple regulating effects on various targets and signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. SF-5629. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:328-337. [PMID: 28074397 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After the chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. SF-5629, the isolation and structural elucidation of eight secondary metabolites, including (3R,4S)-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethylisocoumarin (1), (3S,4S)-sclerotinin A (2), penicitrinone A (3), citrinin H1 (4), emodin (5), ω-hydroxyemodin (6), 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (7), and 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (8) were carried out. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of these metabolites showed that 4 inhibited nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia, with IC50 values of 8.1 ± 1.9 and 8.0 ± 2.8 μM, respectively. The inhibitory function of 4 was confirmed based on decreases in inducible nitric oxide synthesis and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. In addition, 4 was found to suppress the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B-α, interrupt the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, and decrease the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
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Gothai S, Ganesan P, Park SY, Fakurazi S, Choi DK, Arulselvan P. Natural Phyto-Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Inflammation as a Target. Nutrients 2016; 8:E461. [PMID: 27527213 PMCID: PMC4997374 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic, endocrine disorder which is characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance. Extensive research has confirmed that inflammation is closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Patients with diabetes display typical features of an inflammatory process characterized by the presence of cytokines, immune cell infiltration, impaired function and tissue destruction. Numerous anti-diabetic drugs are often prescribed to diabetic patients, to reduce the risk of diabetes through modulation of inflammation. However, those anti-diabetic drugs are often not successful as a result of side effects; therefore, researchers are searching for efficient natural therapeutic targets with less or no side effects. Natural products' derived bioactive molecules have been proven to improve insulin resistance and associated complications through suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways. In this review article, we described the extraction, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds and its molecular mechanisms in the prevention of diabetes associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapragasam Gothai
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
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Dong X, Fu J, Yin X, Cao S, Li X, Lin L, Ni J. Emodin: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1207-18. [PMID: 27188216 PMCID: PMC7168079 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that occurs in many widely used Chinese medicinal herbs, such as Rheum palmatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum. Emodin has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years and is still present in various herbal preparations. Emerging evidence indicates that emodin possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, emodin could also lead to hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity and reproductive toxicity, particularly in high doses and with long-term use. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that emodin has poor oral bioavailability in rats because of its extensive glucuronidation. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Jing Fu
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Sali Cao
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Xuechun Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
| | - Huyiligeqi
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao028000PR China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing100102PR China
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25
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Emodin attenuates TNF-α-induced apoptosis and autophagy in mouse C2C12 myoblasts though the phosphorylation of Akt. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Alshatwi AA, Subash-Babu P. Aloe-Emodin Protects RIN-5F (Pancreatic β-cell) Cell from Glucotoxicity via Regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine and Downregulation of Bax and Caspase 3. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:49-56. [PMID: 26759701 PMCID: PMC4703352 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the protective effect of aloe-emodin (AE) from high glucose induced toxicity in RIN-5F (pancreatic β-cell) cell and restoration of its function was analyzed. RIN-5F cells have been cultured in high glucose (25 mM glucose) condition, with and without AE treatment. RIN-5F cells cultured in high glucose decreased cell viability and increased ROS levels after 48 hr compared with standard medium (5.5 mM glucose). Glucotoxicity was confirmed by significantly increased ROS production, increased pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-1β,) & decreased anti-inflammatory (IL-6&IL-10) cytokine levels, increased DNA fragmentation. In addition, we found increased Bax, caspase 3, Fadd, and Fas and significantly reduced Bcl-2 expression after 48 hr. RIN-5F treated with both high glucose and AE (20 μM) decreased ROS generation and prevent RIN-5F cell from glucotoxicity. In addition, AE treated cells cultured in high glucose were transferred to standard medium, normal responsiveness to glucose was restored within 8hr and normal basal insulin release within 24 hr was achieved when compared to high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alshatwi
- Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - P Subash-Babu
- Adipogenesis and Immunobiology Research Lab, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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27
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Aichner D, Ganzera M. Analysis of anthraquinones in rhubarb (Rheum palmatum and Rheum officinale) by supercritical fluid chromatography. Talanta 2015; 144:1239-44. [PMID: 26452953 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The first report on the separation of five anthraquinones (chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, aloeemodin, and rhein) from rhubarb by supercritical fluid chromatography indicates that this technique is an interesting analytical alternative not just for non-polar substances. Within less than five minutes the compounds could be baseline resolved, using a mobile phase comprising supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol with 0.05% diethylamine. The optimum stationary phase showed to be an Acquity UPC(2) HSS C18 SB 1.8 µm column, operated at a flow rate of 2 ml/min and a temperature of 30 °C. Method validation confirmed that the developed procedure is selective, linear (R(2)≥0.999), accurate (recovery rates: 95.4% to 103.1%), and precise (intra-day≤6.9%, inter-day≤4.7%); the limit of detection was below 0.5 ng on-column. The analysis of plant extracts was feasible with acceptable repeatability (σrel≤3.8%), and it determined 0.3 to 0.7% of free aglyca in the native samples. After hydrolysis according to the European Pharmacopoeia, a rise in the total content up to 2.1% was observed, with rhein being the most dominant derivative in nearly all specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Aichner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Member of CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Member of CMBI, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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28
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Xiao M, Zhu T, Zhang W, Wang T, Shen YC, Wan QF, Wen FQ. Emodin ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury, involving the inactivation of NF-κB in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19355-68. [PMID: 25347274 PMCID: PMC4264115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are well-known illnesses. Uncontrolled and self-amplified pulmonary inflammation lies at the center of the pathology of this disease. Emodin, the bio-active coxund of herb Radix rhizoma Rhei, shows potent anti-inflammatory properties through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emodin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice, and its potential bio-mechanism. In our study, BALB/c mice were stimulated with LPS to induce ALI. After 72 h of LPS stimulation, pulmonary pathological changes, lung injury scores, pulmonary edema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, total cells, neutrophils, macrophages, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and MCP-1 and E-selectin expression were notably attenuated by emodin in mice. Meanwhile, our data also revealed that emodin significantly inhibited the LPS-enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity in lung. Our data indicates that emodin potently inhibits LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema and MCP-1 and E-selectin expression, and that these effects were very likely mediated by inactivation of NF-κB in mice. These results suggest a therapeutic potential of emodin as an anti-inflammatory agent for ALI/ARDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong-Chun Shen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiong-Fang Wan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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29
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Wu Z, Chen Q, Ke D, Li G, Deng W. Emodin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway in the rat model. Molecules 2014; 19:14782-93. [PMID: 25232702 PMCID: PMC6271268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been recognized as a major health problem. Emodin (Emo) has been reported to exhibit protective effects against diabetic nephropathy. However, little has been known about the effect of Emo on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). A type 2 DM model was induced in rats by low dose streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high energy intake. We found that Emo-treated groups displayed significantly higher body weight (BW) and lower heart weight (HW)/BW. Furthermore, Emo could significantly decrease blood glucose, total cholesterol (TG) levels, and triglyceride (TC) levels in diabetic rats. Moreover, the Emo-treated group showed a marked increase in heart rate (HR) and showed lower left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LWPWT), and interventricular septal diastolic wall thickness (IVSD). Emo induced a significant increase in phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β in myocardium. These results suggest that Emo may have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of DCM by Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/blood
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/prevention & control
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Emodin/pharmacology
- Emodin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction
- Triglycerides/blood
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/blood
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Dazhi Ke
- Department of Geriatrics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Guiqiong Li
- Department of Geriatrics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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