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Freeman JM, Keatley MN, Wong SHX, Brown AM, Webster EL. A Qualitative Enquiry of On-Farm Rules About Quad Bikes (ATVs): How Rules Are Determined and Implemented at a Farm Level in Rural Australia. J Agromedicine 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38898777 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2368181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quad bikes are a leading cause of death and incident-related injury on farms, yet little is understood about rules used by farmers to ensure their safe operation. This study explored rules about quad bikes set by those who live or work on farms. Through the case of quad bikes, this study sought to understand how rules are determined and implemented at the farm level. SETTING A mix of farm types and locations in rural Australia including Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales. PARTICIPANTS Eight farmers were interviewed and recruited from information sheets at farmers' markets, through a local health organisation, and a media release. DESIGN Thematic analysis was used to transform data from eight semi-structured interviews with farmers in rural Australia. RESULTS Data were distilled into two themes - "Rule content" described the explicit rules farmers had set on their properties, while the theme "Underlying rule principles" explored the values and norms which underpinned the creation and implementation of these rules. CONCLUSIONS Through the case of quad bike rules, this study illustrated how rules are determined and implemented at the farm level. Perceptions of risk were tied to farmers being experts in their own environment and therefore able to mitigate risk. In contrast to injury data, reckless use of quad bikes was perceived to cause incidents, and this was the basis of rules for adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Michael Freeman
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Rural Health, The University of Sydney, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Nicole Keatley
- School of Rural Health, The University of Sydney, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Hui Xin Wong
- School of Rural Health, The University of Sydney, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony M Brown
- School of Rural Health, The University of Sydney, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Louise Webster
- School of Rural Health, The University of Sydney, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
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Hession E, Sheehan M, Brent L, Cronin J. Quad bike related trauma in Ireland. Injury 2024; 55:111113. [PMID: 37839916 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A quad bike or an all-terrain vehicle is a four-wheeled powered vehicle generally designed for off-road use. They are widely used for farm-related work and more recently for recreational purposes. The potential for serious injury and death with quad bike use is a growing public health concern. There is an inherent instability in their design and they are typically used on rugged terrain characterised by dangerous driving surfaces. This study examines quad bike related trauma in Ireland using a national trauma registry to identify patient demographics, injury mechanism and type, treatments received and outcomes. METHODS All quad bike related trauma cases recorded on the Major Trauma Audit (MTA), National Office of Clinical Audit in Ireland for the period 2014-2019 were gathered and analysed. RESULTS There were 69 cases identified and 63 (91 %) of these were male. The median (IQR) age was 27 (19 - 49.1). There were 25 % (n = 17) aged 0-18 years, 64 % (n = 44) aged 19-65 and 12 % (n = 8) aged greater than 65 years. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 10 (IQR 9-22). The most severely injured body region was the head (n = 21, 30 %). No helmet use was recorded in 50 % (n = 34) of cases. October recorded the highest number of cases (n = 9, 13 %), and Sunday was the most common day (n = 17, 25 %). The median length of hospital stay was five days (IQR 3-9). One patient died after arrival to hospital. CONCLUSION Quad bike related trauma predominantly affects a young male cohort with serious injury characteristics. A sizeable proportion of patients are under 18 years of age. This data can better inform national policies and public awareness campaigns targeting this trauma subset. The head was the most common severely injured body region, highlighting the potential need for legislative intervention regarding mandatory helmet use. A large cohort of patients required transfer for definitive care which has implications for trauma care pathways and advocates for the development of an integrated trauma system in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enda Hession
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park 4, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Micheal Sheehan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Brent
- Major Trauma Audit, National Office of Clinical Audit, Ireland
| | - John Cronin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park 4, Dublin, Ireland
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Mohammadrezaei M, Meredith D, McNamara J, Kinsella J, Flannery S. Do social influences, awareness, or experience matter? Toward a better understanding of Farm-related Injury Risk Perception among agricultural science college students in Ireland. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1076332. [PMID: 36923033 PMCID: PMC10009155 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1076332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Formal farm safety education/training should be tailored, in terms of the approach, content and delivery, to students undertaking agriculture education and training to enhance Farm-related Injury Risk Perception (FIRP). To this end, this paper assesses factor(s) explaining or predicting levels of FIRP amongst students studying for a degree in agriculture science. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of Bachelor of Agriculture Science (BAgrSc) students (N = 417) (aged 18-20) in Ireland. Descriptive [frequency and cross-tabulations) and inferential (Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR)] analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of social influences, experience (of farming, of a near-miss or injury), and awareness (of others who were injured or killed on the farm) on FIRP. Results The study found that social influences negatively affected FIRP (P < 0.05). A relatively small number of students reported experiencing an injury (n = 56, 13.4%) that resulted in them being unable to participate in educational or social activities. A quarter of the respondents did, however, record experiencing a near-miss/close call (n = 106, 25.4%). A notable proportion (n = 144, 34.5%) of students had personal connections to someone who died as a consequence of a farm-related incident and 56.4% (n = 235) knew someone who was moderately or severely injured. OLR findings established that experiencing a severe injury, having a near-miss or close call, and awareness of a farm-related death or injury positively affects FIRP (P < 0.05). Conclusions Perception of farm risks amongst students in Ireland is low. Students who recorded higher levels of risk perception were, however, more likely to report experiencing a near-miss, close call or severe injury, or knowing someone who experienced a farm-related injury or fatality. Farmers, family or friends were found to negatively impact the FIRP and this reflects previous research findings. Our findings highlight the need for education and training programs to enhance opportunities for student peer-to-peer learning through sharing of experiences and/or knowledge of farm injuries and/or fatalities. Such activities will enhance awareness and understanding amongst the general population of students leading to increased FIRP and contribute to a reduction in risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadrezaei
- Teagasc - Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Rural Economy Development Programme, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Meredith
- Teagasc - Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Rural Economy Development Programme, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John McNamara
- Teagasc - Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Farm Health and Safety Knowledge Transfer Unit, Kildalton Agricultural College, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - James Kinsella
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Flannery
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Tone I, Irwin A. Watch Out for the Bull! Farmer Risk Perception and Decision-Making in Livestock Handling Scenarios. J Agromedicine 2021; 27:259-271. [PMID: 33899694 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2021.1920528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Livestock cause many fatal and non-fatal agricultural accidents. It is crucial to understand how farmers perceive and manage different risks associated with livestock handling to devise better solutions for accident reduction. The current study investigated farmers' perception and management of four types of livestock handling risks related to self, animal, environment, and equipment. Additionally, farmers' and agricultural stakeholders' perspectives were compared.Two samples comprising 56 farmers and 55 stakeholders from the UK and Ireland completed the online study. Participants were presented with eight short livestock handling vignettes, two per risk type, and were asked to decide whether they would proceed with the task, to report their reasoning, and to detail their risk management strategies. Likert-scale responses across scenarios were compared. Thematic analysis was used to identify qualitative data patterns.Stress and fatigue were perceived as low risk by both samples based on quantitative and qualitative results. The thematic analysis revealed that risk was evaluated in terms of broader aspects, including animal welfare and duty. Participants reported the use of cognitive non-technical skills when mitigating risks associated with handling livestock alone.By changing safety messages to capture farmer priorities, agricultural organisations could encourage risk avoidance, especially in situations involving stress or fatigue. Furthermore, the cognitive non-technical skills identified could be trained within existing courses for farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Tone
- Applied Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Psychology, William Guild Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Amy Irwin
- Applied Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Psychology, William Guild Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
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Menon P, El-Sadig M, AB Khan M, Östlundh L, El-Deyarbi M, Al-Rifai RH, Grivna M. Risk factors associated with quad bike crashes: a protocol for systematic review of observational studies. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044456. [PMID: 33820787 PMCID: PMC8030468 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quad bikes are four-wheeled vehicles, driven off-road on uneven terrains by farmers for work or young adults for leisure. Quad bike accidental crashes result mostly due to the unique ecosystem of uneven terrain, where these unstable vehicles are commonly driven, in addition to numerous distinctive sociodemographic characteristics related to drivers. This is a protocol for a systematic review of observational studies from all geographical regions and demographic groups in the world to summarise the common risk factors relating to quad bike crashes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A comprehensive search for the literature on quad bike crashes and related injuries will be conducted in six electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE and PsycINFO. Proquest Dissertation and Thesis, OpenGrey and BASE will be searched for grey literature. Five researchers will be involved in the screening, and the review of full text articles, using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements between reviewers will be resolved by discourse. Three researchers will help resolving conflicts that may arise during the screening process and will resolve eventual conflicts identified in the process with the help of the systematic review software 'Covidence' for automatic deduplication and blinded screening. Information on crashes leading to injuries and death, target population characteristics and risk factors involved will be extracted from eligible articles in addition to the assessment of the quality of the researched articles. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Since this is a systematic review of published literature, a formal ethical approval is not needed. Results of the review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and reports to the concerned authorities. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020170245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Menon
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Mohamed El-Sadig
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Moien AB Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, UAE University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Linda Östlundh
- National Medical Library, United Arab Emirates University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marwan El-Deyarbi
- Department of Pharmacology, United Arab Emirates University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Rami H Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, UAE
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Trask C, Koehncke N, Trask D. High Risk? Indoor Cannabis Producers' Perceptions of Occupational Health and Safety. J Agromedicine 2020; 26:361-373. [PMID: 32735181 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2020.1795031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent legal changes mean Canadian cannabis production has moved from an illegally grown crop to a potentially common one. However, little is known about the needs of long-time producers accustomed to operating outside a legal framework. In order to develop effective safety communication strategies, there is a need to better understand cannabis producers' perceptions of OHS regulations, OHS controls, and sources of OHS information.Methods: The specific objectives of this study are to (1) Describe production tasks and identify potential hazards related to these tasks and (2) describe workers' current sources of OHS information.This study gathered two types of information: facility and production information gathered from key informants during three facility walkthroughs, and health and safety perceptions gathered during face to face interviews with nine cannabis production workers. Interviews were thematically analyzed using interpretive description.Results: Cannabis production and related occupational health and safety issues occur within a larger context, and descriptions of contextual factors were interwoven with workers' responses which, on the whole, expressed positive views of occupational health and safety. Perceived barriers to OHS included cost, lack of specialized skills, and lack of worker consultation, while named sources of OHS information included courses, requests to OHS agencies, and the internet.Conclusion: It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of Canadian cannabis producers can inform the development of effective occupational health and safety interventions to promote the health and productivity in this workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Trask
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Division of Ergonomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Koehncke
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David Trask
- PMP Specialty Gardening Association, Vancouver, Canada
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Ramsey C, Lamb P, Ribeiro DC. Clinicians perceptions of footwear when assessing and managing patients with running-related injuries. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 42:9-15. [PMID: 31865239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Codi Ramsey
- Otago Polytechnic - Institute of Sport, Exercise Science and Health, Dunedin, New Zealand; University of Otago - Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Lamb
- University of Otago - School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Cury Ribeiro
- University of Otago - Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Irwin A, Poots J. Investigation of UK Farmer Go/No-Go Decisions in Response to Tractor-Based Risk Scenarios. J Agromedicine 2018; 23:154-165. [DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2017.1423000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Irwin
- Industrial Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Jill Poots
- Industrial Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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