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Parker CT, Villafuerte DA, Miller WG, Huynh S, Chapman MH, Hanafy Z, Jackson JH, Miller MA, Kathariou S. Genomic Analysis Points to Multiple Genetic Mechanisms for Non-Transformable Campylobacter jejuni ST-50. Microorganisms 2024; 12:327. [PMID: 38399730 PMCID: PMC10893306 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are well known for their natural competence, i.e., their capacity for the uptake of naked DNA with subsequent transformation. This study identifies non-transformable C. jejuni and C. coli strains from domestic animals and employs genomic analysis to investigate the strain genotypes and their associated genetic mechanisms. The results reveal genetic associations leading to a non-transformable state, including functional DNase genes from bacteriophages and mutations within the cts-encoded DNA-uptake system, which impact the initial steps of the DNA uptake during natural transformation. Interestingly, all 38 tested C. jejuni ST-50 strains from the United States exhibit a high prevalence of non-transformability, and the strains harbor a variety of these genetic markers. This research emphasizes the role of these genetic markers in hindering the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, providing valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Campylobacter. As ST-50 is a major clone of C. jejuni globally, we additionally determined the prevalence of the genetic markers for non-transformability among C. jejuni ST-50 from different regions of the world, revealing distinct patterns of evolution and a strong selective pressure on the loss of competence in ST-50 strains, particularly in the agricultural environment in the United States. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of genetic exchange mechanisms within Campylobacter strains, and their implications for antimicrobial resistance dissemination and evolutionary pathways within specific lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (W.G.M.)
| | - David A. Villafuerte
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.A.V.); (Z.H.); (J.H.J.III); (M.A.M.)
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (W.G.M.)
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (W.G.M.)
| | - Mary H. Chapman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (W.G.M.)
| | - Zahra Hanafy
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.A.V.); (Z.H.); (J.H.J.III); (M.A.M.)
| | - James H. Jackson
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.A.V.); (Z.H.); (J.H.J.III); (M.A.M.)
| | - Morgan A. Miller
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.A.V.); (Z.H.); (J.H.J.III); (M.A.M.)
| | - Sophia Kathariou
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Bioprocessing Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.A.V.); (Z.H.); (J.H.J.III); (M.A.M.)
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Kim M, Bae J, Oh B, Rhim H, Yang MS, Yang S, Kim B, Han JI. Surveillance of wild animals carrying infectious agents based on high-throughput screening platform in the Republic of Korea. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:158. [PMID: 37710323 PMCID: PMC10500733 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases transmitted by wild animals are major threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rescued wild animals that died of unknown causes as reservoirs of infectious agents. From 2018 to 2019, 121 dead wild animals (55 birds and 66 mammals) were included in this study. All wild animals died during treatment after anthropogenic events. After deaths of animals, necropsies were performed and trachea, lungs, large intestine (including stool), and spleen were collected to determine causes of deaths. A high-throughput screening (HTS) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) designed to detect 19 pathogens simultaneously against 48 samples in duplicate was performed using nucleic acids extracted from pooled tissues and peripheral blood samples. If positive, singleplex real-time PCR was performed for individual organs or blood samples. RESULTS The HTS qPCR showed positive results for Campylobacter jejuni (10/121, 8.3%), Campylobacter coli (1/121, 0.8%), Mycoplasma spp. (78/121, 64.5%), and Plasmodium spp. (7/121, 5.7%). Singleplex real-time PCR confirmed that C. jejuni was detected in the large intestine but not in the blood. C. coli was only detected in the large intestine. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in all organs, having the highest proportion in the large intestine and lowest in the blood. Plasmodium spp. was also detected in all organs, with proportions being were similar among organs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that wild animals can become carriers of infectious agents without showing any clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsu Kim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Bae
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Somyeong Yang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Brooks MR, Medley S, Ponder M, Alexander KA. Campylobacter in aquatic and terrestrial mammals is driven by life traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionCampylobacter spp. infections are responsible for significant diarrheal disease burden across the globe, with prevalence thought to be increasing. Although wild avian species have been studied as reservoirs of Campylobacter spp., our understanding of the role of wild mammalian species in disease transmission and persistence is limited. Host factors influencing infection dynamics in wild mammals have been neglected, particularly life traits, and the role of these factors in zoonotic spillover risk is largely unknown.MethodsHere, we conducted a systematic literature review, identifying mammalian species that had been tested for Campylobacter spp. infections (molecular and culture based). We used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between the detection of Campylobacter spp. in feces and host life traits (urban association, trophic level, and sociality).ResultsOur analysis suggest that C. jejuni transmission is associated with urban living and trophic level. The probability of carriage was highest in urban-associated species (p = 0.02793) and the most informative model included trophic level. In contrast, C. coli carriage appears to be strongly influenced by sociality (p = 0.0113) with trophic level still being important. Detection of Campylobacter organisms at the genus level, however, was only associated with trophic level (p = 0.0156), highlighting the importance of this trait in exposure dynamics across host and Campylobacter pathogen systems.DiscussionWhile many challenges remain in the detection and characterization of Camploybacter spp., these results suggest that host life traits may have important influence on pathogen exposure and transmission dynamics, providing a useful starting point for more directed surveillance approaches.
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Benshak JA, Strachan N, Lopes B, Ramjee M, Macrae M, Forbes K. Identifying the Sources of Human Campylobacteriosis in Nigeria. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Ahmed NA, Gulhan T. Campylobacter in Wild Birds: Is It an Animal and Public Health Concern? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812591. [PMID: 35222311 PMCID: PMC8867025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis continues to be one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial zoonotic infections worldwide. Despite its public health importance, the status of this disease in wild birds and the possibility of transmission from wild birds to domestic animals and humans have not been clearly elucidated yet. This article reviews the available literature with the aim of making a comprehensive manuscript on this disease status in wild birds and the possibility of interspecies transmission. Campylobacter has been isolated from various species of wild birds worldwide, with C. jejuni being the most commonly isolated species. The prevalence of Campylobacter in wild birds may vary depending on several factors like geographical location, season, the bird’s health status, bird species, sample type, the method used, and ecological factors. Molecular studies over the past two to three decades have characterized Campylobacter strains isolated from wild birds and have come up with results that fall into two categories. The first are those that report overlapping strains among human, domestic animal, and wild bird isolates. The results of the studies under this category emphasize that wild birds carry strains of Campylobacter, which are indistinguishable from domestic animals and humans and are therefore an important public and animal health concern. In contrast, the studies under the second category highlight significant differences in Campylobacter population structure among these hosts. Despite the controversiality and the inadequacy of current research to draw a full conclusion, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter should not be undermined as drug-resistant strains, especially resistance to tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, are increasingly documented. In addition, source attribution studies have linked human cases of Campylobacter infections to wild birds. Therefore, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection should not be neglected. However, in order to determine disease status in wild birds and the precise role of wild birds in domestic animals and human health, detail-oriented epidemiological investigations characterizing the genetic relatedness of isolates from the respective species and environment through one health approach are warranted.
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Mourkas E, Yahara K, Bayliss SC, Calland JK, Johansson H, Mageiros L, Muñoz-Ramirez ZY, Futcher G, Méric G, Hitchings MD, Sandoval-Motta S, Torres J, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, Ellström P, Waldenström J, Pascoe B, Sheppard SK. Host ecology regulates interspecies recombination in bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. eLife 2022; 11:73552. [PMID: 35191377 PMCID: PMC8912921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can allow traits that have evolved in one bacterial species to transfer to another. This has potential to rapidly promote new adaptive trajectories such as zoonotic transfer or antimicrobial resistance. However, for this to occur requires gaps to align in barriers to recombination within a given time frame. Chief among these barriers is the physical separation of species with distinct ecologies in separate niches. Within the genus Campylobacter, there are species with divergent ecologies, from rarely isolated single-host specialists to multihost generalist species that are among the most common global causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis. Here, by characterizing these contrasting ecologies, we can quantify HGT among sympatric and allopatric species in natural populations. Analyzing recipient and donor population ancestry among genomes from 30 Campylobacter species, we show that cohabitation in the same host can lead to a six-fold increase in HGT between species. This accounts for up to 30% of all SNPs within a given species and identifies highly recombinogenic genes with functions including host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance. As described in some animal and plant species, ecological factors are a major evolutionary force for speciation in bacteria and changes to the host landscape can promote partial convergence of distinct species through HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Koji Yahara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica K Calland
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Håkan Johansson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Zilia Y Muñoz-Ramirez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Grant Futcher
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Santiago Sandoval-Motta
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico CityMexico
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Patrik Ellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom,Department of Zoology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Mencía-Gutiérrez A, Martín-Maldonado B, Pastor-Tiburón N, Moraleda V, González F, García-Peña FJ, Pérez-Cobo I, Revuelta L, Marín M. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter from wild birds of prey in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101712. [PMID: 34688167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds have been identified as a relevant reservoir of Campylobacter spp., therefore, a potential source of infection in humans and domestic animals. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. on birds of prey in Spain. In addition, antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were evaluated. A total of 689 specimens of 28 raptor species were analyzed, with a resulting individual prevalence of 7.5%. C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated species (88.5%), followed by C. coli and C. lari (3.8% each). The occurrence of Campylobacter was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in nocturnal birds of prey (15.3%), in spring season (12.2%) and in carnivorous species (9.4%). Isolates displayed a remarkable resistance to nalidixic acid (69.9%), ciprofloxacin (69.9%), and tetracycline (55.6%), and a low resistance to streptomycin (6.7%). Our findings highlight the importance of birds of prey as reservoirs of Campylobacter strains and their significant role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mencía-Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain.
| | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Natalia Pastor-Tiburón
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Fernando González
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain
| | | | - Iratxe Pérez-Cobo
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación), Algete, Spain
| | - Luis Revuelta
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain
| | - María Marín
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Calland JK, Pascoe B, Bayliss SC, Mourkas E, Berthenet E, Thorpe HA, Hitchings MD, Feil EJ, Corander J, Blaser MJ, Falush D, Sheppard SK. Quantifying bacterial evolution in the wild: A birthday problem for Campylobacter lineages. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009829. [PMID: 34582435 PMCID: PMC8500405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring molecular evolution in bacteria typically requires estimation of the rate at which nucleotide changes accumulate in strains sampled at different times that share a common ancestor. This approach has been useful for dating ecological and evolutionary events that coincide with the emergence of important lineages, such as outbreak strains and obligate human pathogens. However, in multi-host (niche) transmission scenarios, where the pathogen is essentially an opportunistic environmental organism, sampling is often sporadic and rarely reflects the overall population, particularly when concentrated on clinical isolates. This means that approaches that assume recent common ancestry are not applicable. Here we present a new approach to estimate the molecular clock rate in Campylobacter that draws on the popular probability conundrum known as the 'birthday problem'. Using large genomic datasets and comparative genomic approaches, we use isolate pairs that share recent common ancestry to estimate the rate of nucleotide change for the population. Identifying synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide changes, both within and outside of recombined regions of the genome, we quantify clock-like diversification to estimate synonymous rates of nucleotide change for the common pathogenic bacteria Campylobacter coli (2.4 x 10-6 s/s/y) and Campylobacter jejuni (3.4 x 10-6 s/s/y). Finally, using estimated total rates of nucleotide change, we infer the number of effective lineages within the sample time frame-analogous to a shared birthday-and assess the rate of turnover of lineages in our sample set over short evolutionary timescales. This provides a generalizable approach to calibrating rates in populations of environmental bacteria and shows that multiple lineages are maintained, implying that large-scale clonal sweeps may take hundreds of years or more in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Calland
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sion C. Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Elvire Berthenet
- French National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Harry A. Thorpe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew D. Hitchings
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Falush
- Centre for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DF); (SKS)
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DF); (SKS)
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Kürekci C, Sakin F, Epping L, Knüver MT, Semmler T, Stingl K. Characterization of Campylobacter spp. Strains Isolated From Wild Birds in Turkey. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712106. [PMID: 34489902 PMCID: PMC8416542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey is an important stopover site for many migrating birds between Europe, Asia and Africa. Campylobacter spp. are frequently found in wildlife, in particular waterfowl, and distinct strains are disseminated within this reservoir. In this study, 183 wild birds of hunting areas in Turkey were collected and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from cloacal swabs were isolated at a prevalence of 5.2% from song thrushes (6/116) and 93% from Eurasian coots (41/44). After PCR species differentiation and flaA restriction profiles determination, C. jejuni and C. coli strains were further investigated by whole genome sequencing. PCR target amplification of the ceuE gene, commonly used for C. coli species-identification was inefficient and even hampered in one isolate. A close look on the ceuE sequence revealed that various mismatches in the ceuE oligo annealing sites caused less efficient diagnostic detection. All C. coli isolates belonged to the environmental clade II and clade III, for which thirty-six novel MLST types were identified. Further single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis showed a high genomic divergence between the C. coli isolates. High variability was also implicated for putative plasmid-located genes detected in 51% of the C. coli isolates. Distinct gene variants in clades II and III C. coli were identified by a k-mer analysis. After substracting k-mers in common with C. coli clade I database, 11 and 35 distinct genes were identified in clades II and III isolates, mainly involved in surface structures and modifications as well as signal transduction, suggesting niche adaptation of C. coli strains in wild birds. All strains were susceptible against (fluoro-)quinolones, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin and only one isolate was resistant against streptomycin, suggesting that the sensitive phenotype was due to absence of selective pressure and niche separation in wild birds in Turkey. We conclude that Campylobacter spp. isolates from wildlife and environmental sources are still scarce in the databases and that there is a need for more studies on thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from different places all over the world in order to complement our understanding on dissemination and adaptation to distinct niches of this global food-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Kürekci
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Lennard Epping
- Robert Koch Institute, Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Knüver
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Robert Koch Institute, Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
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Indykiewicz P, Andrzejewska M, Minias P, Śpica D, Kowalski J. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Urban and Rural Black-Headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:147-156. [PMID: 34478007 PMCID: PMC8463336 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), an omnivorous species that is among the most likely wild bird candidates for transmission of zoonotic agents, as a potential reservoir of Campylobacter spp. Colonies with different anthropogenic pressures were studied to examine differences in exposure to sources of Campylobacter between rural and urban birds. We recorded Campylobacter spp. in 4.87% of adult black-headed gulls and 2.22% of their chicks after analysing 1036 cloacal swabs collected over two breeding seasons in three colonies in northern Poland. Campylobacter jejuni was found most frequently (85.72%), and Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter coli were much scarcer. Prevalence of Campylobacter did not differ significantly between black-headed gulls breeding in urban (4.27%) and rural (3.80%) habitats. Almost all isolates from chicks and adults were susceptible to azithromycin (97.62%) and erythromycin (95.24%), but fewer to tetracycline (50.00%) and ciprofloxacin (47.62%). Campylobacter prevalence was unrelated to the date of sampling. Our study indicates that black-headed gulls are carriers of resistant to antibiotics Campylobacter and they can contaminate natural waterbodies with their faeces, which poses a threat to human and farm animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Indykiewicz
- Department of Biology and Animal Environment Landscaping, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Andrzejewska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpica
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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11
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Young P, Tarce P, Adhikary S, Connolly J, Crawshaw T, Ghorashi SA. Evaluation of high-resolution melt curve analysis for rapid differentiation of Campylobacter hepaticus from other species in birds. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251328. [PMID: 33984000 PMCID: PMC8118346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spotty liver disease (SLD) is a bacterial disease of chicken, causing mortalities and reduction in egg production, hence, contributing to economic loss in the poultry industry. The causative agent of SLD has only recently been identified as a novel Campylobacter species, Campylobacter hepaticus. Specific primers were designed from the hsp60 gene of Campylobacter hepaticus and PCR followed by high-resolution melt curve analysis was optimised to detect and differentiate three species of Campylobacter (Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter hepaticus). The three Campylobacter species produced a distinct curve profile and was differentiated using HRM curve analysis. The potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis was shown in the genotyping of 37 Campylobacter isolates from clinical specimens from poultry farms. PCR-HRM curve analysis of DNA extracts from bile samples or cultures from bile samples, were identified as Campylobacter hepaticus and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The DNA sequence analysis of selected samples from each of the three HRM distinctive curves patterns showed that each DNA sequence was associated with a unique melt profile. The potential of the PCR-HRM curve analysis in genotyping of Campylobacter species was also evaluated using faecal specimens from 100 wild birds. The results presented in this study indicate that PCR followed by HRM curve analysis provides a rapid and robust technique for genotyping of Campylobacter species using either bacterial cultures or clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrina Young
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pol Tarce
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sadhana Adhikary
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Connolly
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Crawshaw
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Seyed A. Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Parker CT, Cooper KK, Schiaffino F, Miller WG, Huynh S, Gray HK, Olortegui MP, Bardales PG, Trigoso DR, Penataro-Yori P, Kosek MN. Genomic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Adapted to the Guinea Pig ( Cavia porcellus) Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:607747. [PMID: 33816330 PMCID: PMC8012767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.607747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide with excessive incidence in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). During a survey for C. jejuni from putative animal hosts in a town in the Peruvian Amazon, we were able to isolate and whole genome sequence two C. jejuni strains from domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). The C. jejuni isolated from guinea pigs had a novel multilocus sequence type that shared some alleles with other C. jejuni collected from guinea pigs. Average nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis with a collection of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni and C. jejuni subsp. doylei suggest that the guinea pig isolates are distinct. Genomic comparisons demonstrated gene gain and loss that could be associated with guinea pig host specialization related to guinea pig diet, anatomy, and physiology including the deletion of genes involved with selenium metabolism, including genes encoding the selenocysteine insertion machinery and selenocysteine-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kerry K Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Hannah K Gray
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Penataro-Yori
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
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13
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Marotta F, Di Marcantonio L, Janowicz A, Pedonese F, Di Donato G, Ardelean A, Nuvoloni R, Di Giannatale E, Garofolo G. Genotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Traits in Campylobacter jejuni and coli From Pigs and Wild Boars in Italy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:592512. [PMID: 33178635 PMCID: PMC7593542 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the genomic constitution and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of 238 Campylobacter from pigs and wild boars in Italy between 2012 and 2019. Campylobacter strains were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome MLST (wgMLST), screened for antimicrobial resistance genes, and tested for phenotypic susceptibility to six different antibiotics. C. coli was detected in 98.31% and 91.66% of pigs and wild boars, while C. jejuni was isolated in the remaining cases. MLST assigned 73 STs and 13 STs in pigs and wild boars, respectively, including 44 novel STs. The predominant ST in pigs was ST-854 (12.36%), followed by ST-9264 (6.18%). ST-1055 and ST-1417 were predominant in wild boars (30% and 13.33%, respectively). The minimum spanning tree using 1,121 global MLST profiles showed specific Italian clusters and a clear separation between pig and wild boar profiles. The wgMLST confirmed the MLST clustering and revealed a high genetic diversity within C. coli population in Italy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of six antibiotics revealed higher resistance in pigs to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and tetracycline, compared to wild boar. In contrast, most strains were susceptible to gentamicin. Worrying levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed mostly in pig isolates. Molecular screening of AMR mechanisms revealed the predominance of gyrA T86I substitution among fluoroquinolone- and quinolone-resistant isolates, and the 23S rRNA A2075G mutation among macrolide-resistant isolates. Other resistance determinants were observed: (i) tet(O) gene was present among tetracycline-resistant isolates; (ii) rpsL and aph(3’)-III genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, were identified only in streptomycin or gentamicin-resistant pig isolates; (iii) cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR genes responsible of pump efflux mechanisms, were observed in almost all the strains; (iv) OXA-61, encoding β-lactamase, was found in the half of the strains. Genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiling was fairly correlated for quinolones/fluoroquinolones. Campylobacter infection is common also in wild boar populations in Italy, suggesting that wild boars could be a reservoir of resistant and multi-resistant Campylobacter species, which may be of public health concern. The present study adds to our knowledge on the epidemiological and ecological traits of this pathogen in domesticated and wild swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marotta
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Lisa Di Marcantonio
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Guido Di Donato
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Adrian Ardelean
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, National Reference for TSEs and Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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14
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Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in Gulls Feeding on Zagreb Rubbish Tip, Croatia; Their Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Perspective with Human and Broiler Isolates. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090695. [PMID: 32847120 PMCID: PMC7559842 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most common gastrointestinal bacterial disease in the European Union (EU). Wild birds are one of the natural reservoirs of these pathogens. In this study we tested cloacal swabs of 643 gulls captured on rubbish tip in Zagreb, Croatia for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and found 168 Campylobacter positive samples. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to genotype 62 random C. jejuni isolates from gulls, 24 isolates from broiler caeca, 27 isolates from broiler neck skins and 23 human isolates. Altogether, we identified 44 different STs, from which 19 were newly described. Most of the new STs (14) originate from gulls. Although humans and broilers share the majority of STs and isolates from gulls are separated from these, there was one ST present in all three hosts: 45. Additionally antimicrobial susceptibility to six antimicrobials was performed on 123 C. jejuni strains isolated from broiler caeca (n = 22), neck skins of broilers (n = 20), gulls cloacal swabs (n = 50) and human faeces (n = 31) by the broth microdilution method. Results show lower resistance of gull isolates to NAL and CIP, while resistance to TET was as high as in human and broiler isolates.
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15
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Bryant E, Shen Z, Mannion A, Patterson M, Buczek J, Fox JG. Campylobacter taeniopygiae sp. nov., Campylobacter aviculae sp. nov., and Campylobacter estrildidarum sp. nov., Novel Species Isolated from Laboratory-Maintained Zebra Finches. Avian Dis 2020; 64:457-466. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bryant
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - Mary Patterson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - Jennifer Buczek
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
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16
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Marotta F, Janowicz A, Di Marcantonio L, Ercole C, Di Donato G, Garofolo G, Di Giannatale E. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. jejuni Isolates from Italian Wild Bird Populations. Pathogens 2020; 9:E304. [PMID: 32326051 PMCID: PMC7238051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is considered a major reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. It also been reported that not only poultry, but also wild birds, are capable of carrying C. jejuni, thus demonstrating to be a risk of spreading the bacteria in the environment. To gain insight into the population structure and investigate the antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes, we analyzed a collection of 135 C. jejuni from 15 species of wild birds in Italy. MLST revealed the presence of 41 sequence types (STs) and 13 clonal complexes (CCs). ST-179 complex and the generalist ST-45 complex were the most prevalent. Core genome MLST revealed that C. jejuni from ST-45 complex clustered according to the bird species, unlike the ST-179 complex which featured 3 different species in the same cluster. Overall we found a moderate prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (12.5%), ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (10%). The novel ST isolated from one pigeon showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The ST-179 complex (33.3%) was identified with significantly higher nalidixic acid resistance relative to other tested STs. Nine AMR genes (tet(O), cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR, aad, blaOXA-61, blaOXA-184 and erm(B)) and 23S rRNA and gyrA-associated point mutations were also described, indicating a concordance level between genotypic and phenotypic resistance of 23.3%, 23.4% and of 37.5% for streptomycin, tetracycline and quinolones/fluoroquinolones, respectively. We recommend that particular attention should be given to wild birds as key sentinel animals for the ecosystem contamination surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Lisa Di Marcantonio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Claudia Ercole
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Guido Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
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17
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Mutschall SK, Hetman BM, Bondo KJ, Gannon VPJ, Jardine CM, Taboada EN. Campylobacter jejuni Strain Dynamics in a Raccoon ( Procyon lotor) Population in Southern Ontario, Canada: High Prevalence and Rapid Subtype Turnover. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:27. [PMID: 32118057 PMCID: PMC7026257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging wildlife are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of disease-causing Campylobacter species such as C. jejuni and C. coli. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), which live at the interface of rural, urban, and more natural environments, are ideal subjects for exploring the potential role that wildlife play in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter from live-captured raccoons on five swine farms and five conservation areas in southwest Ontario. From 2011 to 2013, we collected fecal swabs (n = 1,096) from raccoons, and (n = 50) manure pit samples from the swine farm environment. We subtyped the resulting Campylobacter isolates (n = 581) using Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting (CGF) and 114 distinct subtypes were observed, including 96 and 18 subtypes among raccoon and manure pit isolates, respectively. Campylobacter prevalence in raccoons was 46.3%, with 98.7% of isolates recovered identified as C. jejuni. Novel raccoon-specific CGF subtypes (n = 40/96) accounted for 24.6% (n = 143/581) of Campylobacter isolates collected in this study. Our results also show that C. jejuni is readily acquired and lost in this wild raccoon population and that a high Campylobacter prevalence is observed despite transient carriage typically lasting 30 days or fewer. Moreover, although raccoons appeared to be colonized by species-adapted subtypes, they also harbored agriculture-associated genotypes that accounted for the majority of isolates observed (66.4%) and that are strongly associated with human infections. This suggests that raccoons may act as vectors in the transmission of clinically-relevant C. jejuni subtypes at the interface of rural, urban, and more natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Mutschall
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Hetman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin J Bondo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo N Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Smith OM, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:652-679. [PMID: 32003106 PMCID: PMC7317827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta‐analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta‐analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under‐studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under‐studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environment in bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
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19
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Phung C, Vezina B, Anwar A, Wilson T, Scott PC, Moore RJ, Van TTH. Campylobacter hepaticus, the Cause of Spotty Liver Disease in Chickens: Transmission and Routes of Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:505. [PMID: 32010715 PMCID: PMC6974796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) was investigated by assaying 1,840 samples collected from layer chickens and the environment in poultry farms across Australia for the presence of Campylobacter hepaticus, the agent responsible SLD in chickens. A C. hepaticus specific PCR and bacterial culture were used. Results showed that birds could be infected with C. hepaticus up to 8 weeks before clinical SLD was manifested. In addition, birds could be infected long before laying starts, as young as 12 weeks old, but the peak period for SLD outbreaks was when the birds were 26-27 weeks old. Campylobacter hepaticus DNA was detected in motile organisms such as wild birds and rats and so these organisms may be vectors for C. hepaticus dissemination. Moreover, water, soil, mites, flies, and dust samples from SLD infected farms were also found to be PCR-positive for C. hepaticus DNA. However, it still remains to be determined whether these environmental sources carry any viable C. hepaticus. The indications from this study are that environmental sources are a likely transmission source of C. hepaticus. Therefore, biosecurity practices need to be strictly followed to prevent the spread of SLD amongst and between flocks. Also, a rapid, molecular detection method such as PCR should be used as to monitor for C. hepaticus presence in flocks before clinical disease is apparent, and therefore inform the use of biosecurity and therapeutic measures to help prevent SLD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canh Phung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Vezina
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Arif Anwar
- Scolexia Pty Ltd., Moonee Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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20
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Söderlund R, Skarin H, Börjesson S, Sannö A, Jernberg T, Aspán A, Ågren EO, Hansson I. Prevalence and genomic characteristics of zoonotic gastro-intestinal pathogens and ESBL/pAmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae among Swedish corvid birds. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1701399. [PMID: 32002147 PMCID: PMC6968639 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1701399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Wild birds pose a potential threat to animal and human health by spreading infectious diseases. In the present study, we studied the occurrence of bacterial zoonotic pathogens as well as enterobacteria with transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes among Swedish corvids. Materials and methods: Intestines from 66 jackdaws, crows, rooks and magpies from the vicinity of livestock farms at 14 locations in 7 counties were analysed by direct culture or PCR screening followed by culture. Isolates were investigated by whole-genome sequencing. Results and discussion: Campylobacter jejuni were detected in 82% and Yersinia in 3% of the birds. ESBL-producing E. coli were found in one sample (2%) and carried bla CTX-M-55. No Enterobacteriaceae with transferable carbapenem resistance were identified. No Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were found, but PCR analysis for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli virulence genes revealed 35% positive samples for intimin, 9% for verotoxin 1 and 17% for verotoxin 2. C. jejuni isolates from corvids were compared to previously published isolates from Swedish sources by multi-locus sequence typing based on genome sequences. All corvid C. jejuni isolates formed a cluster, intermingled with human and chicken isolates. Our results indicate that C. jejuni is ubiquitous among Swedish corvid birds, with sporadic transmission to poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Skarin
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Axel Sannö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Therese Jernberg
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Aspán
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik O. Ågren
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Mourkas E, Florez‐Cuadrado D, Pascoe B, Calland JK, Bayliss SC, Mageiros L, Méric G, Hitchings MD, Quesada A, Porrero C, Ugarte‐Ruiz M, Gutiérrez‐Fernández J, Domínguez L, Sheppard SK. Gene pool transmission of multidrug resistance among Campylobacter from livestock, sewage and human disease. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4597-4613. [PMID: 31385413 PMCID: PMC6916351 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine has coincided with a rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food-borne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Faecal contamination from the main reservoir hosts (livestock, especially poultry) is the principal route of human infection but little is known about the spread of AMR among source and sink populations. In particular, questions remain about how Campylobacter resistomes interact between species and hosts, and the potential role of sewage as a conduit for the spread of AMR. Here, we investigate the genomic variation associated with AMR in 168 C. jejuni and 92 C. coli strains isolated from humans, livestock and urban effluents in Spain. AMR was tested in vitro and isolate genomes were sequenced and screened for putative AMR genes and alleles. Genes associated with resistance to multiple drug classes were observed in both species and were commonly present in multidrug-resistant genomic islands (GIs), often located on plasmids or mobile elements. In many cases, these loci had alleles that were shared among C. jejuni and C. coli consistent with horizontal transfer. Our results suggest that specific antibiotic resistance genes have spread among Campylobacter isolated from humans, animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
| | | | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
- MRC CLIMB ConsortiumUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Jessica K. Calland
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
| | - Sion C. Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
- MRC CLIMB ConsortiumUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
- Cambridge Baker Systems Genomics InitiativeBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial RdMelbourne3004VictoriaAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoria3004Australia
| | | | - Alberto Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ExtremaduraCáceresSpain
| | - Concepción Porrero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense MadridMadridSpain
| | - María Ugarte‐Ruiz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CentreUniversidad Complutense MadridMadridSpain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversidad Complutense MadridMadridSpain
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBA27AYBathUK
- MRC CLIMB ConsortiumUniversity of BathBathUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Cody AJ, Maiden MC, Strachan NJ, McCarthy ND. A systematic review of source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using multilocus sequence typing. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800696. [PMID: 31662159 PMCID: PMC6820127 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.43.1800696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCampylobacter is a leading global cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, motivating research to identify sources of human infection. Population genetic studies have been increasingly applied to this end, mainly using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data.ObjectivesThis review aimed to summarise approaches and findings of these studies and identify best practice lessons for this form of genomic epidemiology.MethodsWe systematically reviewed publications using MLST data to attribute human disease isolates to source. Publications were from January 2001, when this type of approach began. Searched databases included Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. Information on samples and isolate datasets used, as well as MLST schemes and attribution algorithms employed, was obtained. Main findings were extracted, as well as any results' validation with subsequent correction for identified biases. Meta-analysis is not reported given high levels of heterogeneity.ResultsOf 2,109 studies retrieved worldwide, 25 were included, and poultry, specifically chickens, were identified as principal source of human infection. Ruminants (cattle or sheep) were consistently implicated in a substantial proportion of cases. Data sampling and analytical approaches varied, with five different attribution algorithms used. Validation such as self-attribution of isolates from known sources was reported in five publications. No publication reported adjustment for biases identified by validation.ConclusionsCommon gaps in validation and adjustment highlight opportunities to generate improved estimates in future genomic attribution studies. The consistency of chicken as the main source of human infection, across high income countries, and despite methodological variations, highlights the public health importance of this source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Cj Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Norval Jc Strachan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Carraro L, Marotta F, Janowicz A, Patavino C, Piccirillo A. Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of 16 Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Obtained from Wild Birds. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00359-19. [PMID: 31248999 PMCID: PMC6597683 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00359-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of 16 Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from wild birds are presented in this study. These genomes provide insights into the genetic features of C. jejuni isolates from wild birds, which are considered common hosts of this microorganism but have scarcely been investigated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Marotta
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Claudio Patavino
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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24
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On S, Brett B, Horan S, Erskine H, Lin S, Cornelius AJ. Isolation and genotyping of Campylobacter species from kiwi (Apteryx spp.) in captivity: implications for transmission to and from humans. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:134-137. [PMID: 30731043 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1580167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp. in captive kiwi (Apteryx spp.) and compare their genotypic profiles with those of human and animal origin, in order to assess their potential for zoonotic or zooanthroponotic transmission. METHODS Conventional selective enrichment and filter-based isolation methods were applied to isolate Campylobacter spp. from fresh faecal samples from 12 North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) and one great spotted kiwi (A. haastii), housed in one of five different areas in a kiwi sanctuary in Christchurch, New Zealand. Isolates were identified using multiplex PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High-resolution rapid genotyping using multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification-based binary typing (MBiT) was applied and profiles compared with similar results from 2,165 Campylobacter spp. isolates contained in a database derived from human clinical, veterinary and environmental samples. RESULTS One isolate of C. jejuni, and one belonging to the C. lari phylogenetic group were recovered from faeces from two kiwi. High-resolution rapid genotyping by MBiT demonstrated these to be indistinguishable from isolates obtained previously from human cases of diarrhoea, and others from chicken, cattle, sheep and water. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for potential zoonotic or zooanthroponotic transmission of Campylobacter spp. in kiwi with implications for management of birds kept in captivity. We believe this is the first formal report of C. jejuni and a C. lari-like organism in kiwi. ABBREVIATIONS MBiT: Multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification-based binary typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slw On
- a Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences , Lincoln University , Lincoln , New Zealand.,b Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - B Brett
- c Willowbank Wildlife Reserve , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - S Horan
- c Willowbank Wildlife Reserve , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - H Erskine
- b Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - S Lin
- b Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - A J Cornelius
- b Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) , Christchurch , New Zealand
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25
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Sibanda N, McKenna A, Richmond A, Ricke SC, Callaway T, Stratakos AC, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N. A Review of the Effect of Management Practices on Campylobacter Prevalence in Poultry Farms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2002. [PMID: 30197638 PMCID: PMC6117471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is frequently associated with campylobacteriosis in humans, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most usual Campylobacter associated with disease in humans. Far-reaching research on Campylobacter was undertaken over the past two decades. This has resulted in interventions being put in place on farms and in processing plants. Despite these interventions, coupled with increased media coverage to educate the consumer on Campylobacter prevalence and campylobacteriosis, human health incidents are still high. Recent research is now shifting toward further understanding of the microorganisms to challenge interventions in place and to look at further and more relevant interventions for the reduction in human incidents. Farm practices play a key role in the control of colonization within poultry houses and among flocks. Prevalence at the farm level can be up to 100% and time of colonization may vary widely between flocks. Considerable research has been performed to understand how farm management and animal health practices can affect colonization on farms. This review will focus on farm practices to date as a baseline for future interventions as the microorganism becomes better understood. Further research is required to understand the chicken microbiome and factors influencing vertical transmission. The persistence of Campylobacter in animal and environmental reservoirs within and around farms requires further investigation to tailor farm practices toward preventing such reservoirs. IMPLICATIONS This review gives an overview of farm practices and their effect on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry. Various elements of farm practices have been captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nompilo Sibanda
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Moy Park, Ltd., Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron McKenna
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Moy Park, Ltd., Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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26
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Iglesias-Torrens Y, Miró E, Guirado P, Llovet T, Muñoz C, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Madrid C, Balsalobre C, Navarro F. Population Structure, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence-Associated Genes in Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Three Ecological Niches: Gastroenteritis Patients, Broilers, and Wild Birds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1676. [PMID: 30116225 PMCID: PMC6083060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the causal agent of the food-borne infection with the highest incidence in Europe. Both poultry and wild birds are a major reservoir. To gain insight into the population structure, virulence potential, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a collection of 150 isolates from three different ecological niches (broilers, wild birds, and human patients) was studied. Despite the high genetic diversity found, the population structure defined two distinct clusters, one formed mostly by broiler and human isolates and another one by most wild bird isolates. The ST-21 complex exhibits highest prevalence (in humans and broilers), followed by ST-1275 complex (only in wild birds). The ST-48, -45, and -354 complexes were found in all three niches, but represent only 22 out of 150 studied strains. A higher occurrence of AMR and multidrug resistance was detected among broiler and human isolates. Moreover, significant differences were found in the distribution of certain putative virulence genes. Remarkably, many wild bird strains were negative for either cdtA, cdtB, or cdtC from the canonical strain 81-176, whereas all broiler and human strains were positive. These data suggest that the different variants of the cdt genes might be relevant for the efficient colonization of certain hosts by C. jejuni. Our study contributes to the understanding of the role of the diverse Campylobacter reservoirs in the transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaidelys Iglesias-Torrens
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Miró
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Guirado
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Llovet
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Madrid
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Bulbow H, Wu J, Turner D, McEntire M, Tizard I. Campylobacter colonization is not associated with proventricular dilatation disease in psittacines. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2018; 8:37-40. [PMID: 30050854 PMCID: PMC6042502 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s137213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses. A competing theory suggests that intestinal colonization by Campylobacter species may also be a potential cause of PDD or that their presence may be required for disease development. This theory proposes that PDD results from the activities of antiganglioside antibodies on enteric neurons in a manner similar to the pathogenesis of Guillain–Barré syndrome in humans. We therefore cultured feces from domestic chickens as well as from multiple parrot species to determine whether Campylobacter spp. could be detected in the latter. We failed to detect Campylobacter in a flock of cockatiels known to be highly susceptible to experimental parrot bornavirus-induced PDD. Even in naturally infected psittacines suffering from clinical PDD, no Campylobacter species were detected. Conversely, Campylobacter was readily cultured from domestic poultry samples and confirmed by using matrix-associated laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy/real-time polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that not only are Campylobacter infections of psittacines uncommon, but also that infection by Campylobacter species is not related to the etiology of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden Bulbow
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Jing Wu
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Debra Turner
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Michael McEntire
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
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28
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Thépault A, Rose V, Quesne S, Poezevara T, Béven V, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Lucas P, Méric G, Mageiros L, Sheppard SK, Chemaly M, Rivoal K. Ruminant and chicken: important sources of campylobacteriosis in France despite a variation of source attribution in 2009 and 2015. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9305. [PMID: 29915208 PMCID: PMC6006168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen source attribution studies are a useful tool for identifying reservoirs of human infection. Based on Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) data, such studies have identified chicken as a major source of C. jejuni human infection. The use of whole genome sequence-based typing methods offers potential to improve the precision of attribution beyond that which is possible from 7 MLST loci. Using published data and 156 novel C. jejuni genomes sequenced in this study, we performed probabilistic host source attribution of clinical C. jejuni isolates from France using three types of genotype data: comparative genomic fingerprints; MLST genes; 15 host segregating genes previously identified by whole genome sequencing. Consistent with previous studies, chicken was an important source of campylobacteriosis in France (31-63% of clinical isolates assigned). There was also evidence that ruminants are a source (22-55% of clinical isolates assigned), suggesting that further investigation of potential transmission routes from ruminants to human would be useful. Additionally, we found evidence of environmental and pet sources. However, the relative importance as sources varied according to the year of isolation and the genotyping technique used. Annual variations in attribution emphasize the dynamic nature of zoonotic transmission and the need to perform source attribution regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Thépault
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Rose
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Ségolène Quesne
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Véronique Béven
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- Swansea University, Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Singleton Campus, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Katell Rivoal
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France.
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29
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Okamura M, Kaneko M, Ojima S, Sano H, Shindo J, Shirafuji H, Yamamoto S, Tanabe T, Yoshikawa Y, Hu DL. Differential Distribution of Salmonella Serovars and Campylobacter spp. Isolates in Free-Living Crows and Broiler Chickens in Aomori, Japan. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:77-82. [PMID: 29491247 PMCID: PMC5877346 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter cause foodborne enteritis mainly via the consumption of raw/undercooked contaminated poultry meat and products. Broiler flocks are primarily colonized with these bacteria; however, the underlying etiology remains unclear. The present study was conducted in order to obtain further information on the prevalence and genotypic distribution of Salmonella and Campylobacter in free-living crows and broiler flocks in a region for 2 years, thereby facilitating estimations of the potential risk of transmission of C. jejuni from crows to broiler flocks. Salmonella serovars Bredeney and Derby were isolated from 8 and 3 out of 123 captured crows, respectively, both of which are not common in broiler chickens. Campylobacter were isolated from all 89 crows tested and C. jejuni was prevalent (85 crows). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed broad diversity in the crow isolates of C. jejuni. However, 3 crow isolates and 2 broiler isolates showing similar banding patterns were assigned to different sequence types in multi-locus sequence typing. These results indicate that crows do not share Salmonella serovars with broilers, and harbor various genotypes of C. jejuni that differ from those of broiler flocks. Thus, our results indicate that crows are not a potential vector of these bacteria to broiler flocks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Okamura
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Miyuki Kaneko
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Shinjiro Ojima
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Hiroki Sano
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Junji Shindo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Science, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Subtropical Disease Control Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Kyusyu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationChuzan, KagoshimaJapan
| | - Satomi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Taishi Tanabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of ScienceChoshi, ChibaJapan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
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30
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Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3413-3423. [PMID: 29168450 PMCID: PMC9148765 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000–166 000) illnesses, 488 (186–890) hospitalizations and 12 (2–28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000–71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000–32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.
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Moré E, Ayats T, Ryan PG, Naicker PR, Keddy KH, Gaglio D, Witteveen M, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Seabirds (Laridae) as a source of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistance in South Africa. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4164-4176. [PMID: 28752962 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic thermophilic Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne human gastroenteritis worldwide. There is little information about reservoirs of these zoonotic agents in Africa. Thus, chicks of kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus, n = 129) and greater crested terns (Thalasseus bergii, n = 100) were studied at five colonies on the Western Cape coast (South Africa) during summer 2013/2014. Campylobacter spp. occurrence was 14.0% (CI95% : 9.9-19.3), with C. jejuni the most frequently isolated species, whilst that of Salmonella was 27.5% (CI95% : 21.9-33.9) overall, with a higher prevalence in gulls (43.0%, CI95% : 34.8-52.4) than terns (7.0%, CI95% : 3.1-14.4). Among the 16 different S. enterica serovars found, Anatum, Enteritidis and Hadar were the most frequent. The same or highly similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotype was found in some Salmonella isolates from seabirds and humans presenting with salmonellosis in Cape Town hospitals. Both Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance to several agents, including critically important antimicrobials (quinolones, tetracyclines and β-lactams) and multidrug resistance in Salmonella serovars from kelp gulls. Our results highlight the importance of seabirds as reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella resistant strains and their role in the maintenance and transmission of these bacteria in the environment, with implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Moré
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter G Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Preneshni R Naicker
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Centre for Enteric Diseases (CED), Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Davide Gaglio
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Minke Witteveen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Ravel A, Hurst M, Petrica N, David J, Mutschall SK, Pintar K, Taboada EN, Pollari F. Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis at the point of exposure by combining comparative exposure assessment and subtype comparison based on comparative genomic fingerprinting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183790. [PMID: 28837643 PMCID: PMC5570367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis is a common zoonosis with a significant burden in many countries. Its prevention is difficult because humans can be exposed to Campylobacter through various exposures: foodborne, waterborne or by contact with animals. This study aimed at attributing campylobacteriosis to sources at the point of exposure. It combined comparative exposure assessment and microbial subtype comparison with subtypes defined by comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF). It used isolates from clinical cases and from eight potential exposure sources (chicken, cattle and pig manure, retail chicken, beef, pork and turkey meat, and surface water) collected within a single sentinel site of an integrated surveillance system for enteric pathogens in Canada. Overall, 1518 non-human isolates and 250 isolates from domestically-acquired human cases were subtyped and their subtype profiles analyzed for source attribution using two attribution models modified to include exposure. Exposure values were obtained from a concurrent comparative exposure assessment study undertaken in the same area. Based on CGF profiles, attribution was possible for 198 (79%) human cases. Both models provide comparable figures: chicken meat was the most important source (65-69% of attributable cases) whereas exposure to cattle (manure) ranked second (14-19% of attributable cases), the other sources being minor (including beef meat). In comparison with other attributions conducted at the point of production, the study highlights the fact that Campylobacter transmission from cattle to humans is rarely meat borne, calling for a closer look at local transmission from cattle to prevent campylobacteriosis, in addition to increasing safety along the chicken supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ravel
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Matt Hurst
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoleta Petrica
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie David
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven K. Mutschall
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katarina Pintar
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kovac J, Stessl B, Čadež N, Gruntar I, Cimerman M, Stingl K, Lušicky M, Ocepek M, Wagner M, Smole Možina S. Population structure and attribution of human clinical Campylobacter jejuni isolates from central Europe to livestock and environmental sources. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:51-58. [PMID: 28755449 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is among the most prevalent causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Domesticated animals and, especially, chicken meat are considered to be the main sources of infections. However, the contribution of surface waters and wildlife in C. jejuni transmission to humans is not well understood. We have evaluated the source attribution potential of a six-gene multiplex PCR (mPCR) method coupled with STRUCTURE analysis on a set of 410 C. jejuni strains isolated from environment, livestock, food and humans in central Europe. Multiplex PCR fingerprints were analysed using Subclade prediction algorithm to classify them into six distinct mPCR clades. A subset of C. jejuni isolates (70%) was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrating 74% congruence between mPCR and MLST. The correspondence analysis of mPCR clades and sources of isolation indicated three distinct groups in the studied C. jejuni population-the first one associated with isolates from poultry, the second one with isolates from cattle, and the third one with isolates from the environment. The STRUCTURE analysis attributed 7.2% and 21.7% of human isolates to environmental sources based on MLST and mPCR fingerprints, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovac
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - B Stessl
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Čadež
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Gruntar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Cimerman
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Department of Microbiological Analysis of Food, Water and Environmental Samples Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - K Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Lušicky
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Department of Microbiological Analysis of Food, Water and Environmental Samples Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - M Ocepek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Wagner
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Thépault A, Méric G, Rivoal K, Pascoe B, Mageiros L, Touzain F, Rose V, Béven V, Chemaly M, Sheppard SK. Genome-Wide Identification of Host-Segregating Epidemiological Markers for Source Attribution in Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e03085-16. [PMID: 28115376 PMCID: PMC5359498 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03085-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is among the most common worldwide causes of bacterial gastroenteritis. This organism is part of the commensal microbiota of numerous host species, including livestock, and these animals constitute potential sources of human infection. Molecular typing approaches, especially multilocus sequence typing (MLST), have been used to attribute the source of human campylobacteriosis by quantifying the relative abundance of alleles at seven MLST loci among isolates from animal reservoirs and human infection, implicating chicken as a major infection source. The increasing availability of bacterial genomes provides data on allelic variation at loci across the genome, providing the potential to improve the discriminatory power of data for source attribution. Here we present a source attribution approach based on the identification of novel epidemiological markers among a reference pan-genome list of 1,810 genes identified by gene-by-gene comparison of 884 genomes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from animal reservoirs, the environment, and clinical cases. Fifteen loci involved in metabolic activities, protein modification, signal transduction, and stress response or coding for hypothetical proteins were selected as host-segregating markers and used to attribute the source of 42 French and 281 United Kingdom clinical C. jejuni isolates. Consistent with previous studies of British campylobacteriosis, analyses performed using STRUCTURE software attributed 56.8% of British clinical cases to chicken, emphasizing the importance of this host reservoir as an infection source in the United Kingdom. However, among French clinical isolates, approximately equal proportions of isolates were attributed to chicken and ruminant reservoirs, suggesting possible differences in the relative importance of animal host reservoirs and indicating a benefit for further national-scale attribution modeling to account for differences in production, behavior, and food consumption.IMPORTANCE Accurately quantifying the relative contribution of different host reservoirs to human Campylobacter infection is an ongoing challenge. This study, based on the development of a novel source attribution approach, provides the first results of source attribution in Campylobacter jejuni in France. A systematic analysis using gene-by-gene comparison of 884 genomes of C. jejuni isolates, with a pan-genome list of genes, identified 15 novel epidemiological markers for source attribution. The different proportions of French and United Kingdom clinical isolates attributed to each host reservoir illustrate a potential role for local/national variations in C. jejuni transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Thépault
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Katell Rivoal
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Singleton Campus, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Valérie Rose
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Véronique Béven
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Llarena AK, Zhang J, Vehkala M, Välimäki N, Hakkinen M, Hänninen ML, Roasto M, Mäesaar M, Taboada E, Barker D, Garofolo G, Cammà C, Di Giannatale E, Corander J, Rossi M. Monomorphic genotypes within a generalist lineage of Campylobacter jejuni show signs of global dispersion. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000088. [PMID: 28348829 PMCID: PMC5359405 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The decreased costs of genome sequencing have increased the capability to apply whole-genome sequencing to epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni. However, knowledge of the genetic diversity of this bacteria is vital for inferring relatedness between epidemiologically linked isolates and a necessary prerequisite for correct application of this methodology. To address this issue in C. jejuni we investigated the spatial and temporal signals in the genomes of a major clonal complex and generalist lineage, ST-45 CC, by analysing the population structure and genealogy as well as applying genome-wide association analysis of 340 isolates from across Europe collected over a wide time range. The occurrence and strength of the geographical signal varied between sublineages and followed the clonal frame when present, while no evidence of a temporal signal was found. Certain sublineages of ST-45 formed discrete and genetically isolated clades containing isolates with extremely similar genomes regardless of time and location of sampling. Based on a separate data set, these monomorphic genotypes represent successful C. jejuni clones, possibly spread around the globe by rapid animal (migrating birds), food or human movement. In addition, we observed an incongruence between the genealogy of the strains and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), challenging the existing clonal complex definition and the use of whole-genome gene-by-gene hierarchical nomenclature schemes for C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerstone North, New Zealand
| | - Minna Vehkala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niko Välimäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mati Roasto
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, VFL, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eduardo Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, c/o Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Dillon Barker
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, c/o Animal Diseases Research Institute, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Teramo, Italy
| | - Jukka Corander
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kim J, Oh E, Banting GS, Braithwaite S, Chui L, Ashbolt NJ, Neumann NF, Jeon B. An Improved Culture Method for Selective Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from Wastewater. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1345. [PMID: 27617011 PMCID: PMC4999441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading foodborne pathogens worldwide. C. jejuni is isolated from a wide range of foods, domestic animals, wildlife, and environmental sources. The currently available culture-based isolation methods are not highly effective for wastewater samples due to the low number of C. jejuni in the midst of competing bacteria. To detect and isolate C. jejuni from wastewater samples, in this study, we evaluated a few different enrichment conditions using five different antibiotics (i.e., cefoperazone, vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B, and rifampicin), to which C. jejuni is intrinsically resistant. The selectivity of each enrichment condition was measured with Ct value using quantitative real-time PCR, and multiplex PCR to determine Campylobacter species. In addition, the efficacy of Campylobacter isolation on different culture media after selective enrichment was examined by growing on Bolton and Preston agar plates. The addition of polymyxin B, rifampicin, or both to the Bolton selective supplements enhanced the selective isolation of C. jejuni. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing also revealed that Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are major competing bacteria in the enrichment conditions. Although it is known to be difficult to isolate Campylobacter from samples with heavy contamination, this study well exhibited that the manipulation of antibiotic selective pressure improves the isolation efficiency of fastidious Campylobacter from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Kim
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Euna Oh
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Graham S Banting
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Shannon Braithwaite
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Linda Chui
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, ABCanada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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Influence of Host Ecology and Behavior on Campylobacter jejuni Prevalence and Environmental Contamination Risk in a Synanthropic Wild Bird Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4811-20. [PMID: 27260356 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01456-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. Wild birds may play a role in the transmission of C. jejuni by acting as reservoir hosts. Despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor C. jejuni, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. We tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk. C. jejuni infection and host ecology were studied simultaneously in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Davis, CA, over 3 years. We found that 178 of 337 samples tested were culture positive (53%), with infection varying by season and host age. Among adult crows, infection rates were highest during the winter, when migrants return and crows form large communal roosts. Nestlings had the highest risk of infection, and whole-genome sequencing supports the observation of direct transmission between nestlings. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) receivers to quantify habitat use by crows; space use was nonrandom, with crows preferentially occupying some habitats while avoiding others. This behavior drastically amplified the risk of environmental contamination from feces in specific locations. This study demonstrates that social behavior contributes to infection within species and that habitat use leads to a heterogeneous risk of cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. Despite efforts to reduce the colonization of poultry flocks and eventual infection of humans, the incidence of human C. jejuni infection has remained high. Because wild birds can harbor strains of C. jejuni that eventually infect humans, there has long been speculation that wild birds might act as an important reservoir in the C. jejuni infection cycle. We simultaneously studied infection prevalence, social behavior, and movement ecology in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We found that social behavior contributed to patterns of infection and that movement behavior resulted in some areas having a high risk of transmission while others had a low risk. The incorporation of ecological data into studies of C. jejuni in wild birds has the potential to resolve when and how wild birds contribute to domestic animal and human C. jejuni infection, leading to better control of initial poultry contamination.
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Harvala H, Rosendal T, Lahti E, Engvall EO, Brytting M, Wallensten A, Lindberg A. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in Sweden, November 2011-October 2012: is the severity of infection associated with C. jejuni sequence type? Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31079. [PMID: 27059819 PMCID: PMC4826459 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is among the most frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in Europe. Over 8,000 C. jejuni multilocus sequence typing sequence types (STs) have been described; ST-21 and ST-45 have been identified as the most frequent types in all human studies so far. In contrast to other STs, ST-22 has been associated with the Guillain-Barré syndrome and ST-677 was recently linked to severe systemic infections in Finland. We investigated risk factors associated with hospitalisation in individuals with C. jejuni infections acquired in Sweden. METHODS A total of 1,075 individuals with domestically acquired C. jejuni infection diagnosed between November 2011 and October 2012 in Sweden were included in this retrospective cohort study. Typing data for the isolates as well as clinical data including hospitalisation dates and diagnosis codes for individuals with C. jejuni infection were obtained. Factors associated with hospitalisation and length of hospitalisation were investigated by multivariable analysis. RESULTS A total of 289 individuals were hospitalised due to C. jejuni infection (26.8%); those with co-morbidities were over 14 times more likely to become hospitalised than those without (odds ratio [OR]: 14.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.84-30.26). Those with underlying co-morbidities were also hospitalised longer than those without (4.22 days vs. 2.86 days), although this was not statistically significant. C. jejuni ST-257 (OR: 2.38; CI: 1.08-5.23), but not ST-22 or ST-677, was significantly associated with hospitalisation. CONCLUSION ST-677 was not associated with increased hospitalisation or a longer hospital stay in our study whilst ST-257 was. However, individuals with C. jejuni infections were generally more frequently hospitalised than previously demonstrated; this requires further consideration including possible targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Harvala
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; ;
| | | | - Elina Lahti
- National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva O Engvall
- National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Wallensten
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Lindberg
- National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hald B, Skov MN, Nielsen EM, Rahbek C, Madsen JJ, Wainø M, Chriél M, Nordentoft S, Baggesen DL, Madsen M. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wild birds on Danish livestock farms. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:11. [PMID: 26842400 PMCID: PMC4739333 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the occurrence of campylobacteriosis is a food safety issue of high priority, as in recent years it has been the most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU. Livestock farms are of particular interest, since cattle, swine and poultry are common reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. The farm environment provides attractive foraging and breeding habitats for some bird species reported to carry thermophilic Campylobacter spp. We investigated the Campylobacter spp. carriage rates in 52 wild bird species present on 12 Danish farms, sampled during a winter and a summer season, in order to study the factors influencing the prevalence in wild birds according to their ecological guild. In total, 1607 individual wild bird cloacal swab samples and 386 livestock manure samples were cultured for Campylobacter spp. according to the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis method NMKL 119. RESULTS The highest Campylobacter spp. prevalence was seen in 110 out of 178 thrushes (61.8 %), of which the majority were Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), and in 131 out of 616 sparrows (21.3 %), a guild made up of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). In general, birds feeding on a diet of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin, foraging on the ground and vegetation in close proximity to livestock stables were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. in both summer (P < 0.001) and winter (P < 0.001) than birds foraging further away from the farm or in the air. Age, fat score, gender, and migration range were not found to be associated with Campylobacter spp. carriage. A correlation was found between the prevalence (%) of C. jejuni in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. jejuni in both manure on cattle farms (R(2) = 0.92) and poultry farms (R(2) = 0.54), and between the prevalence (%) of C. coli in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. coli in manure on pig farms (R(2) = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS The ecological guild of wild birds influences the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. through the behavioural patterns of the birds. More specifically, wild birds eating food of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin and foraging on the ground close to livestock were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. than those foraging further away or hunting in the air. These findings suggest that wild birds may play a role in sustaining the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Hald
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Nielsine Skov
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Møller Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - Jesper Johannes Madsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Michael Wainø
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Chr. Hansen, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Mariann Chriél
- The Danish Meatboard, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Steen Nordentoft
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk, 4400, Kalundborg, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Lau Baggesen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Madsen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Dianova Ltd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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