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Finch CE. Senolytics and cell senescence: historical and evolutionary perspectives. Evol Med Public Health 2024; 12:82-85. [PMID: 38757096 PMCID: PMC11097598 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Senolytics are a new class of anti-aging drugs developed to selectively kill 'senescent' cells that are considered harmful in normal aging. More than 20 drug trials are ongoing with diverse 'senolytic cocktails'. This commentary on recent reviews of senolytics gives a historical context of mammalian cell senescence that enabled these new drugs. While cell senescence is considered harmful to aging tissues, many studies show its essential role in some regenerative and developmental processes for which senolytic drugs may interfere. Longer-term studies of side effects are needed before senolytics are considered for general clinical practice. The wide occurrence of cell senescence in eukaryotes, yeast to fish to humans, and suggests an ancient eukaryotic process that evolved multiple phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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2
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Reda GK, Ndunguru SF, Csernus B, Gulyás G, Knop R, Szabó C, Czeglédi L, Lendvai ÁZ. Dietary restriction and life-history trade-offs: insights into mTOR pathway regulation and reproductive investment in Japanese quail. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247064. [PMID: 38563310 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Resources are needed for growth, reproduction and survival, and organisms must trade off limited resources among competing processes. Nutritional availability in organisms is sensed and monitored by nutrient-sensing pathways that can trigger physiological changes or alter gene expression. Previous studies have proposed that one such signalling pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), underpins a form of adaptive plasticity when individuals encounter constraints in their energy budget. Despite the fundamental importance of this process in evolutionary biology, how nutritional limitation is regulated through the expression of genes governing this pathway and its consequential effects on fitness remain understudied, particularly in birds. We used dietary restriction to simulate resource depletion and examined its effects on body mass, reproduction and gene expression in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Quails were subjected to feeding at 20%, 30% and 40% restriction levels or ad libitum for 2 weeks. All restricted groups exhibited reduced body mass, whereas reductions in the number and mass of eggs were observed only under more severe restrictions. Additionally, dietary restriction led to decreased expression of mTOR and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), whereas the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1) and autophagy-related genes (ATG9A and ATG5) were upregulated. The pattern in which mTOR responded to restriction was similar to that for body mass. Regardless of the treatment, proportionally higher reproductive investment was associated with individual variation in mTOR expression. These findings reveal the connection between dietary intake and the expression of mTOR and related genes in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebrehaweria K Reda
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sawadi F Ndunguru
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Csernus
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gulyás
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renáta Knop
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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Narayan VP, Wasana N, Wilson AJ, Chenoweth SF. Misalignment of plastic and evolutionary responses of lifespan to novel carbohydrate diets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231732. [PMID: 38234441 PMCID: PMC10791524 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diet elicits varied effects on longevity across a wide range of animal species where dietary discordance between an organisms' evolutionary and developmental dietary history is increasingly recognized to play a critical role in shaping lifespan. However, whether such changes, predominantly assessed in a single generation, lead to evolutionary shifts in lifespan remains unclear. In this study, we used an experimental evolution approach to test whether changes in an organisms' evolutionary and developmental dietary history, specifically carbohydrate content, causes lifespan evolution in Drosophila serrata. After 30 generations, we investigated the evolutionary potential of lifespan in response to four novel diets that varied systematically in their ratio of carbohydrate-protein content. We also examined developmental plasticity effects using a set of control populations that were raised on the four novel environments allowing us to assess the extent to which plastic responses of lifespan mirrored adaptive responses observed following experimental evolution. Both high- and low-carbohydrate diets elicited plastic effects on lifespan; however, the plastic responses for lifespan to developmental diets bore little resemblance to the evolved responses on evolutionary diets. Understanding the dietary conditions regulating the match/mismatch of plastic and evolved responses will be important in determining whether a particular match/mismatch combination is adaptive for lifespan. While the differences in evolutionary diet by developmental diet interactions are only beginning to be elucidated, this study lays the foundation for future investigations of carbohydrate contributions to evolved and plastic effects on health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P. Narayan
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Nidarshani Wasana
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Stephen F. Chenoweth
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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4
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Tangili M, Slettenhaar AJ, Sudyka J, Dugdale HL, Pen I, Palsbøll PJ, Verhulst S. DNA methylation markers of age(ing) in non-model animals. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4725-4741. [PMID: 37401200 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Inferring the chronological and biological age of individuals is fundamental to population ecology and our understanding of ageing itself, its evolution, and the biological processes that affect or even cause ageing. Epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation (DNAm) at specific CpG sites show a strong correlation with chronological age in humans, and discrepancies between inferred and actual chronological age predict morbidity and mortality. Recently, a growing number of epigenetic clocks have been developed in non-model animals and we here review these studies. We also conduct a meta-analysis to assess the effects of different aspects of experimental protocol on the performance of epigenetic clocks for non-model animals. Two measures of performance are usually reported, the R2 of the association between the predicted and chronological age, and the mean/median absolute deviation (MAD) of estimated age from chronological age, and we argue that only the MAD reflects accuracy. R2 for epigenetic clocks based on the HorvathMammalMethylChip4 was higher and the MAD scaled to age range lower, compared with other DNAm quantification approaches. Scaled MAD tended to be lower among individuals in captive populations, and decreased with an increasing number of CpG sites. We conclude that epigenetic clocks can predict chronological age with relatively high accuracy, suggesting great potential in ecological epigenetics. We discuss general aspects of epigenetic clocks in the hope of stimulating further DNAm-based research on ageing, and perhaps more importantly, other key traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Tangili
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annabel J Slettenhaar
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Sudyka
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah L Dugdale
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ido Pen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Per J Palsbøll
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Simons MJP, Dobson AJ. The importance of reaction norms in dietary restriction and ageing research. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101926. [PMID: 37019387 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing research has progressed rapidly through our ability to modulate the ageing process. Pharmacological and dietary treatments can increase lifespan and have been instrumental in our understanding of the mechanisms of ageing. Recently, several studies have reported genetic variance in response to these anti-ageing interventions, questioning their universal application and making a case for personalised medicine in our field. As an extension of these findings the response to dietary restriction was found to not be repeatable when the same genetic mouse lines were retested. We show here that this effect is more widespread with the response to dietary restriction also showing low repeatability across genetic lines in the fly (Drosophila melanogaster). We further argue that variation in reaction norms, the relationship between dose and response, can explain such conflicting findings in our field. We simulate genetic variance in reaction norms and show that such variation can: 1) lead to over- or under-estimation of treatment responses, 2) dampen the response measured if a genetically heterogeneous population is studied, and 3) illustrate that genotype-by-dose-by-environment interactions can lead to low repeatability of DR and potentially other anti-ageing interventions. We suggest that putting experimental biology and personalised geroscience in a reaction norm framework will aid progress in ageing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirre J P Simons
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Adam J Dobson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Senior AM. Estimating Genetic Variance in Life-Span Response to Diet: Insights From Statistical Simulation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:392-396. [PMID: 36008106 PMCID: PMC9977232 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate genetic variation in response to dietary restriction (DR) by replicating treatments across isogenic lines/strains from genetic reference panels. These studies typically quantify the response to DR as an effect size, estimated for each strain separately (eg, the difference in mean life span between groups). Such "no-pooling" analyses are expected to systematically overestimate variation in response DR, principally by overlooking sampling variance. In contrast, "partial-pooling" analyses using mixed-effects models are less prone to this bias. I demonstrate these issues using simulations, which also show that partial-pooling analyses can improve replicability among studies. Regardless of the analyses used, estimates of among-strain variation will have low precision when sample sizes are small. A worked example using survival data in mice is given. Life-span studies using genetic reference panels always have to trade-off within- and among-strain replication owing to logistical challenges. The simulation presented can also be used to help design such studies through power analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Driessen MMG, Versteegh MA, Gerritsma YH, Tieleman BI, Pen IR, Verhulst S. Effects of manipulated food availability and seasonality on innate immune function in a passerine. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2400-2411. [PMID: 36268692 PMCID: PMC10092825 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is essential for survival, yet many immune traits are highly variable between and within individuals. In recent years, attention has shifted to the role of environmental factors in modulating this variation. A key environmental factor is food availability, which plays a major role in shaping life histories, and may affect resource allocation to immune function through its effect on nutritional state. We developed a technique to permanently increase foraging costs in seed-eating birds, and leveraged this technique to study the effects of food availability on the innate immune system over a 3-year period in 230 zebra finches housed in outdoor aviaries. The immune components we studied were haptoglobin, ovotransferrin, nitric oxide, natural antibodies through agglutination, complement-mediated lysis, and killing capacity of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, covering a broad spectrum of the innate immune system. We explored the effects of food availability in conjunction with other potentially important variables: season, age, sex and manipulated natal brood size. Increased foraging costs affected multiple components of the immune system, albeit in a variable way. Nitric oxide and agglutination levels were lower under harsh foraging conditions, while Escherichia coli killing capacity was increased. Agglutination levels also varied seasonally, but only at low foraging costs. C. albicans killing capacity was lower in winter, and even more so for animals in harsh foraging conditions that were raised in large broods. Effects of food availability on ovotransferrin were also seasonal, and only apparent in males. Haptoglobin levels were independent of foraging costs and season. Males had higher levels of immune function than females for three of the measured immune traits. Innate immune function was independent of age and manipulated natal brood size. Our finding that food availability affects innate immune function suggests that fitness effects of food availability may at least partially be mediated by effects on the immune system. However, food availability effects on innate immunity varied in direction between traits, illustrating the complexity of the immune system and precluding conclusions on the level of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ido R Pen
- University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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8
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Carey MR, Archer CR, Rapkin J, Castledine M, Jensen K, House CM, Hosken DJ, Hunt J. Mapping sex differences in the effects of protein and carbohydrates on lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: is measuring nutrient intake essential? Biogerontology 2022; 23:129-144. [PMID: 35122572 PMCID: PMC8888493 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how diet affects reproduction and survival is a central aim in evolutionary biology. Although this relationship is likely to differ between the sexes, we lack data relating diet to male reproductive traits. One exception to this general pattern is Drosophila melanogaster, where male dietary intake was quantified using the CApillary FEeder (CAFE) method. However, CAFE feeding reduces D. melanogaster survival and reproduction, so may distort diet-fitness outcomes. Here, we use the Geometric Framework of Nutrition to create nutrient landscapes that map sex-specific relationships between protein, carbohydrate, lifespan and reproduction in D. melanogaster. Rather than creating landscapes with consumption data, we map traits onto the nutrient composition of forty agar-based diets, generating broad coverage of nutrient space. We find that male and female lifespan was maximised on low protein, high carbohydrate blends (~ 1P:15.9C). This nutrient ratio also maximised male reproductive rates, but females required more protein to maximise daily fecundity (1P:1.22C). These results are consistent with CAFE assay outcomes. However, the approach employed here improved female fitness relative to CAFE assays, while effects of agar versus CAFE feeding on male fitness traits depended on the nutrient composition of experimental diets. We suggest that informative nutrient landscapes can be made without measuring individual nutrient intake and that in many cases, this may be preferable to using the CAFE approach. The most appropriate method will depend on the question and species being studied, but the approach adopted here has the advantage of creating nutritional landscapes when dietary intake is hard to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Carey
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Meaghan Castledine
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Animal Science - ANIS Nutrition, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia.
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Wilson KA, Chamoli M, Hilsabeck TA, Pandey M, Bansal S, Chawla G, Kapahi P. Evaluating the beneficial effects of dietary restrictions: A framework for precision nutrigeroscience. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2142-2173. [PMID: 34555343 PMCID: PMC8845500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) has long been viewed as the most robust nongenetic means to extend lifespan and healthspan. Many aging-associated mechanisms are nutrient responsive, but despite the ubiquitous functions of these pathways, the benefits of DR often vary among individuals and even among tissues within an individual, challenging the aging research field. Furthermore, it is often assumed that lifespan interventions like DR will also extend healthspan, which is thus often ignored in aging studies. In this review, we provide an overview of DR as an intervention and discuss the mechanisms by which it affects lifespan and various healthspan measures. We also review studies that demonstrate exceptions to the standing paradigm of DR being beneficial, thus raising new questions that future studies must address. We detail critical factors for the proposed field of precision nutrigeroscience, which would utilize individualized treatments and predict outcomes using biomarkers based on genotype, sex, tissue, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Chamoli
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Tyler A Hilsabeck
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Manish Pandey
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sakshi Bansal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Malod K, Roets PD, Bosua H, Archer CR, Weldon CW. Selecting on age of female reproduction affects lifespan in both sexes and age-dependent reproductive effort in female (but not male) Ceratitis cosyra. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Opstad TB, Sundfør T, Tonstad S, Seljeflot I. Effect of intermittent and continuous caloric restriction on Sirtuin1 concentration depends on sex and body mass index. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1871-1878. [PMID: 33975734 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The favorable effect of caloric restriction (CR) on health span is well known and partly mediated by the sirtuin system. Sirtuin1, a regulator of energy homeostasis in response to nutrient availability, is activated by CR. We therefore investigated effects of two different CR regimens on Sirtuin1 concentrations. METHODS & RESULTS The study included 112 abdominally obese subjects, randomized to intermittent or continuous CR for 1 year. Blood samples and anthropometric measures were collected at baseline and after 12 months. Sirtuin1 concentrations were measured by ELISA. Sirtuin1 correlated significantly to BMI at baseline (r = .232, p = 0.019). Mean reduction in body-weight was 8.0 and 9.0 kg after intermittent and continuous CR, respectively. After 1 year, no significant between-group differences in Sirtuin1 levels were observed according to regimen (p = 0.98) and sex (p = 0.41). An increase in median Sirtuin1 concentrations (pg/mL) [25, 75 percentiles] from baseline was observed after intermittent CR in the total population (884 [624, 1285] vs.762 [530, 1135]; p = 0.041), most marked in men (820 [623, 1250] vs. 633 [524, 926]; p = 0.016). Improvement in BMI after 1 year correlated to Sirtuin1 changes, but varied according to sex. In women, Spearman's rho = .298, p = 0.034, with stronger correlation in the intermittent CR group (r = .424, p = 0.049). In men, there was an inverse relation to Sirtuin1 changes, only in the intermittent CR group (r = -.396, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Effects on Sirtuin1 concentrations after 1 year of CR are sex and BMI-related. Intermittent CR regimen affected Sirtuin1 to a stronger extent than continuous CR, suggesting individualized dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B Opstad
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tine Sundfør
- Section of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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12
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Nelson PG, Promislow DEL, Masel J. Biomarkers for Aging Identified in Cross-sectional Studies Tend to Be Non-causative. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:466-472. [PMID: 31353411 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of the causal factors of physiological conditions. Biomarkers are typically identified by correlating biological measurements with the status of a condition in a sample of subjects. Cross-sectional studies sample subjects at a single timepoint, whereas longitudinal studies follow a cohort through time. Identifying biomarkers of aging is subject to unique challenges. Individuals who age faster have intrinsically higher mortality rates and so are preferentially lost over time, in a phenomenon known as cohort selection. In this article, we use simulations to show that cohort selection biases cross-sectional analysis away from identifying causal loci of aging, to the point where cross-sectional studies are less likely to identify loci that cause aging than if loci had been chosen at random. We go on to show this bias can be corrected by incorporating correlates of mortality identified from longitudinal studies, allowing cross-sectional studies to effectively identify the causal factors of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Nelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | - Joanna Masel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson
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13
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Capper TE, Houghton D, Stewart CJ, Blain AP, McMahon N, Siervo M, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Whole beetroot consumption reduces systolic blood pressure and modulates diversity and composition of the gut microbiota in older participants. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Moatt JP, Savola E, Regan JC, Nussey DH, Walling CA. Lifespan Extension Via Dietary Restriction: Time to Reconsider the Evolutionary Mechanisms? Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900241. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Moatt
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Eevi Savola
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute for Immunology and InfectionSchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK
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15
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Zajitschek F, Georgolopoulos G, Vourlou A, Ericsson M, Zajitschek SRK, Friberg U, Maklakov AA. Evolution Under Dietary Restriction Decouples Survival From Fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster Females. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1542-1548. [PMID: 29718269 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key tenets of life-history theory is that reproduction and survival are linked and that they trade-off with each other. When dietary resources are limited, reduced reproduction with a concomitant increase in survival is commonly observed. It is often hypothesized that this dietary restriction effect results from strategically reduced investment in reproduction in favor of somatic maintenance to survive starvation periods until resources become plentiful again. We used experimental evolution to test this "waiting-for-the-good-times" hypothesis, which predicts that selection under sustained dietary restriction will favor increased investment in reproduction at the cost of survival because "good-times" never come. We assayed fecundity and survival of female Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies that had evolved for 50 generations on three different diets varying in protein content-low (classic dietary restriction diet), standard, and high-in a full-factorial design. High-diet females evolved overall increased fecundity but showed reduced survival on low and standard diets. Low-diet females evolved reduced survival on low diet without corresponding increase in reproduction. In general, there was little correspondence between the evolution of survival and fecundity across all dietary regimes. Our results contradict the hypothesis that resource reallocation between fecundity and somatic maintenance underpins life span extension under dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zajitschek
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Vourlou
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maja Ericsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Susanne R K Zajitschek
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Doñana Biological Station, EBD-CSIC, Seville, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Urban Friberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural, Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Alexei A Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, UK
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16
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Nicoletti CF, Cortes-Oliveira C, Noronha NY, Pinhel MAS, Dantas WS, Jácome A, Marchini JS, Gualano B, Crujeiras AB, Nonino CB. DNA methylation pattern changes following a short-term hypocaloric diet in women with obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1345-1353. [PMID: 32404903 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of short-term hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss on DNA methylation profile in leukocytes from women with severe obesity. METHODS Eleven women with morbid obesity (age: 36.9 ± 10.3 years; BMI: 58.5 ± 10.5 kg/m2) were assessed before and after 6 weeks of a hypocaloric dietary intervention. The participants were compared with women of average weight and the same age (age: 36.9 ± 11.8 years; BMI: 22.5 ± 1.6 kg/m2). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed in DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using the Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip assay. Changes (Δβ) in the methylation level of each CpGs were calculated. A threshold with a minimum value of 10%, p < 0.001, for the significant CpG sites based on Δβ and a false discovery rate of <0.05 was set. RESULTS Dietary intervention changed the methylation levels at 16,064 CpG sites. These CpGs sites were related to cancer, cell cycle-related, MAPK, Rap1, and Ras signaling pathways. However, regardless of hypocaloric intervention, a group of 878 CpGs (related to 649 genes) remained significantly altered in obese women when compared with normal-weight women. Pathway enrichment analysis identified genes related to the cadherin and Wnt pathway, angiogenesis signaling, and p53 pathways by glucose deprivation. CONCLUSION A short-term hypocaloric intervention in patients with severe obesity partially restored the obesity-related DNA methylation pattern. Thus, the full change of obesity-related DNA methylation patterns could be proportional to the weight-loss rate in these patients after dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Nicoletti
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics Studies, Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Educaton and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Cortes-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics Studies, Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - N Y Noronha
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics Studies, Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M A S Pinhel
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics Studies, Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Laboratory of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - W S Dantas
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Educaton and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Jácome
- Department of Mathematics, MODES group, CITIC, Faculty of Science, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J S Marchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - B Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Educaton and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A B Crujeiras
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C B Nonino
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics Studies, Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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McCracken AW, Adams G, Hartshorne L, Tatar M, Simons MJP. The hidden costs of dietary restriction: Implications for its evolutionary and mechanistic origins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3047. [PMID: 32128403 PMCID: PMC7034997 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends life span across taxa. Despite considerable research, universal mechanisms of DR have not been identified, limiting its translational potential. Guided by the conviction that DR evolved as an adaptive, pro-longevity physiological response to food scarcity, biomedical science has interpreted DR as an activator of pro-longevity molecular pathways. Current evolutionary theory predicts that organisms invest in their soma during DR, and thus when resource availability improves, should outcompete rich-fed controls in survival and/or reproduction. Testing this prediction in Drosophila melanogaster (N > 66,000 across 11 genotypes), our experiments revealed substantial, unexpected mortality costs when flies returned to a rich diet following DR. The physiological effects of DR should therefore not be interpreted as intrinsically pro-longevity, acting via somatic maintenance. We suggest DR could alternatively be considered an escape from costs incurred under nutrient-rich conditions, in addition to costs associated with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. McCracken
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gracie Adams
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura Hartshorne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marc Tatar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mirre J. P. Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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18
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A 2D analysis of correlations between the parameters of the Gompertz-Makeham model (or law?) of relationships between aging, mortality, and longevity. Biogerontology 2019; 20:799-821. [PMID: 31392450 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When mortality (μ), aging rate (γ) and age (t) are treated according to the Gompertz model μ(t) = μ0eγt (GM), any mean age corresponds to a manifold of paired reciprocally changing μ0 and γ. Therefore, any noisiness of data used to derive GM parameters makes them negatively correlated. Besides this artifactual factor of the Strehler-Mildvan correlation (SMC), other factors emerge when the age-independent mortality C modifies survival according to the Gompertz-Makeham model μ(t) = C+μ0eγt (GMM), or body resources are partitioned between survival and protection from aging [the compensation effect of mortality (CEM)]. Theoretical curves in (γ, logμ0) coordinates show how μ0 decreases when γ increases upon a constant mean age. Within a species-specific range of γ, such "isoage" curves look as nearly parallel straight lines. The slopes of lines constructed by applying GM to survival curves modeled according to GMM upon changes in C are greater than the isoage slopes. When CEM is modeled, the slopes are still greater. Based on these observations, CEM is shown to contribute to SMC associated with sex differences in lifespan, with the effects of several life-extending drugs, and with recent trends in survival/mortality patterns in high-life-expectancy countries; whereas changes in C underlie differences between even high-life-expectancy countries, not only between high- and low-life-expectancy countries. Such interpretations make sense only if GM is not merely a statistical model, but rather reflects biological realities. Therefore, GM is discussed as derivable by applying certain constraints to a natural law termed the generalized Gompertz-Makeham law.
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19
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Golubev A, Hanson AD, Gladyshev VN. A Tale of Two Concepts: Harmonizing the Free Radical and Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theories of Aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1003-1017. [PMID: 28874059 PMCID: PMC6104246 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The two foremost concepts of aging are the mechanistic free radical theory (FRT) of how we age and the evolutionary antagonistic pleiotropy theory (APT) of why we age. Both date from the late 1950s. The FRT holds that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the principal contributors to the lifelong cumulative damage suffered by cells, whereas the APT is generally understood as positing that genes that are good for young organisms can take over a population even if they are bad for the old organisms. Recent Advances: Here, we provide a common ground for the two theories by showing how aging can result from the inherent chemical reactivity of many biomolecules, not just ROS, which imposes a fundamental constraint on biological evolution. Chemically reactive metabolites spontaneously modify slowly renewable macromolecules in a continuous way over time; the resulting buildup of damage wrought by the genes coding for enzymes that generate such small molecules eventually masquerades as late-acting pleiotropic effects. In aerobic organisms, ROS are major agents of this damage but they are far from alone. CRITICAL ISSUES Being related to two sides of the same phenomenon, these theories should be compatible. However, the interface between them is obscured by the FRT mistaking a subset of damaging processes for the whole, and the APT mistaking a cumulative quantitative process for a qualitative switch. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The manifestations of ROS-mediated cumulative chemical damage at the population level may include the often-observed negative correlation between fitness and the rate of its decline with increasing age, further linking FRT and APT. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1003-1017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golubev
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow Russia
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20
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Garratt M, Lagerborg KA, Tsai YM, Galecki A, Jain M, Miller RA. Male lifespan extension with 17-α estradiol is linked to a sex-specific metabolomic response modulated by gonadal hormones in mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12786. [PMID: 29806096 PMCID: PMC6052402 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity in mammals is influenced by sex, and lifespan extension in response to anti‐aging interventions is often sex‐specific, although the mechanisms underlying these sexual dimorphisms are largely unknown. Treatment of mice with 17‐α estradiol (17aE2) results in sex‐specific lifespan extension, with an increase in median survival in males of 19% and no survival effect in females. Given the links between lifespan extension and metabolism, we performed untargeted metabolomics analysis of liver, skeletal muscle and plasma from male and female mice treated with 17aE2 for eight months. We find that 17aE2 generates distinct sex‐specific changes in the metabolomic profile of liver and plasma. In males, 17aE2 treatment raised the abundance of several amino acids in the liver, and this was further associated with elevations in metabolites involved in urea cycling, suggesting altered amino acid metabolism. In females, amino acids and urea cycling metabolites were unaffected by 17aE2. 17aE2 also results in male‐specific elevations in a second estrogenic steroid—estriol‐3‐sulfate—suggesting different metabolism of this drug in males and females. To understand the underlying endocrine causes for these sexual dimorphisms, we castrated males and ovariectomized females prior to 17aE2 treatment, and found that virtually all the male‐specific metabolite responses to 17aE2 are inhibited or reduced by male castration. These results suggest novel metabolic pathways linked to male‐specific lifespan extension and show that the male‐specific metabolomic response to 17aE2 depends on the production of testicular hormones in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Kim A. Lagerborg
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Yi-Miau Tsai
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Andrzej Galecki
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
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21
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Golubev A, Panchenko A, Anisimov V. Applying parametric models to survival data: tradeoffs between statistical significance, biological plausibility, and common sense. Biogerontology 2018; 19:341-365. [PMID: 29869230 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parametric models for survival data help to differentiate aging from other lifespan determinants. However, such inferences suffer from small sizes of experimental animal samples and variable animals handling by different labs. We analyzed control data from a single laboratory where interventions in murine lifespan were studied over decades. The minimal Gompertz model (GM) was found to perform best with most murine strains. However, when several control datasets related to a particular strain are fitted to GM, strikingly rigid interdependencies between GM parameters emerge, consistent with the Strehler-Mildvan correlation (SMC). SMC emerges even when survival patterns do not conform to GM, as with cancer-prone HER2/neu mice, which die at a log-normally distributed age. Numerical experiments show that SMC includes an artifact whose magnitude depends on dataset deviation from conformance to GM irrespectively of the noisiness of small datasets, another contributor to SMC. Still another contributor to SMC is the compensation effect of mortality (CEM): a real tradeoff between the physiological factors responsible for initial vitality and the rate of its decline. To avoid misinterpretations, we advise checking experimental results against a SMC based on historical controls or on subgroups obtained by randomization of control animals. An apparent acceleration of aging associated with a decrease in the initial mortality is invalid if it is not greater than SMC suggests. This approach applied to published data suggests that the effects of calorie restriction and of drugs believed to mimic it are different. SMC and CEM relevance to human survival patterns is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Golubev
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia.
| | - Andrei Panchenko
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Vladimir Anisimov
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Saint-Petersburg, 197758, Russia
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22
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Sziráki A, Tyshkovskiy A, Gladyshev VN. Global remodeling of the mouse DNA methylome during aging and in response to calorie restriction. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12738. [PMID: 29575528 PMCID: PMC5946071 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by numerous molecular changes, such as accumulation of molecular damage and altered gene expression, many of which are linked to DNA methylation. Here, we characterize the blood DNA methylome across 16 age groups of mice and report numerous global, region‐ and site‐specific features, as well as the associated dynamics of methylation changes. Transition of the methylome throughout lifespan was not uniform, with many sites showing accelerated changes in late life. The associated genes and promoters were enriched for aging‐related pathways, pointing to a fundamental link between DNA methylation and control of the aging process. Calorie restriction both shifted the overall methylation pattern and was accompanied by its gradual age‐related remodeling, the latter contributing to the lifespan‐extending effect. With age, both highly and poorly methylated sites trended toward intermediate levels, and aging was accompanied by an accelerated increase in entropy, consistent with damage accumulation. However, the entropy effects differed for the sites that increased, decreased and did not change methylation with age. Many sites trailed behind, whereas some followed or even exceeded the entropy trajectory and altered the developmental DNA methylation pattern. The patterns we observed in certain genomic regions were conserved between humans and mice, suggesting common principles of functional DNA methylome remodeling and its critical role in aging. The highly resolved DNA methylome remodeling provides an excellent model for understanding systemic changes that characterize the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Sziráki
- Division of Genetics; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Alexander Tyshkovskiy
- Division of Genetics; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Moscow Russia
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
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23
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Mari RDB, Stabille SR, de Faria HG, Pereira JNB, Guimarães JP, Marinsek GP, de Souza RR. Balanced Caloric Restriction Minimizes Changes Caused by Aging on the Colonic Myenteric Plexus. J Diet Suppl 2018; 15:285-299. [PMID: 28759281 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1341446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging can promote significant morphofunctional changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Regulation of GIT motility is mainly controlled by the myenteric neurons of the enteric nervous system. Actions that aim at decreasing the aging effects in the GIT include those related to diet, with caloric restriction (CR). The CR is achieved by controlling the amount of food or by manipulating the components of the diet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of CR on the plasticity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate- (NADPH-) reactive myenteric neurons in the colon of Wistar rats during the aging process using ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and morphoquantitative analysis. Wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were distributed into 4 groups (n = 10/group): C, 6-month-old animals; SR, 18-month-old animals fed a normal diet; CRI, 18-month-old animals fed a 12% CR diet; CRII, 18-month-old animals fed a 31% CR diet. At 6 months of age, animals were transferred to the laboratory animal facility, where they remained until 18 months of age. Animals of the CRI and CRII groups were submitted to CR for 6 months. In the ultrastructural analysis, a disorganization of the periganglionar matrix with the aging was observed, and this characteristic was not observed in the animals that received hypocaloric diet. It was observed that the restriction of 12.5% and 31% of calories in the diet minimized the increase in density and cell profile of the reactive NADPH neurons, increased with age. This type of diet may be adapted against gastrointestinal disturbances that commonly affect aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Britto Mari
- a São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Institute of Biosciences , São Vicente , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Stabille
- b Department of Morphological Sciences , Maringá State University , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Plácido Guimarães
- e Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Organisms , Santa Cecilia University , Santos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- f Department of Physical Education , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Calorie restriction is the most reasonable anti-ageing intervention: a meta-analysis of survival curves. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5779. [PMID: 29636552 PMCID: PMC5893623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite technological advances, the survival records from longevity experiments remain the most indispensable tool in ageing-related research. A variety of interventions, including medications, genetic manipulations and calorie restriction (CR), have been demonstrated to extend the lifespan of several species. Surprisingly, few systematic studies have investigated the differences among these anti-ageing strategies using survival data. Here, we conduct a comprehensive and comparative meta-analysis of numerous published studies on Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. We found that CR and genetic manipulations are generally more effective than medications at extending the total lifespan in both models, and CR can improve the ageing pattern of C. elegans. We further analysed the survival variation for different anti-ageing medications and determined that hypoglycaemic agents and antioxidants are advantageous despite only moderately increasing the overall lifespan; therefore, these two types of medications are promising CR mimetics. Analysis of genetic manipulations also indicated that the genes or pathways that extend lifespan in a healthier pattern are associated with CR. These results suggest that CR or CR mimetics may be the most reasonable and potentially beneficial anti-ageing strategy.
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25
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Ruby JG, Smith M, Buffenstein R. Naked Mole-Rat mortality rates defy gompertzian laws by not increasing with age. eLife 2018; 7:31157. [PMID: 29364116 PMCID: PMC5783610 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The longest-lived rodent, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), has a reported maximum lifespan of >30 years and exhibits delayed and/or attenuated age-associated physiological declines. We questioned whether these mouse-sized, eusocial rodents conform to Gompertzian mortality laws by experiencing an exponentially increasing risk of death as they get older. We compiled and analyzed a large compendium of historical naked mole-rat lifespan data with >3000 data points. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed a substantial portion of the population to have survived at 30 years of age. Moreover, unlike all other mammals studied to date, and regardless of sex or breeding-status, the age-specific hazard of mortality did not increase with age, even at ages 25-fold past their time to reproductive maturity. This absence of hazard increase with age, in defiance of Gompertz's law, uniquely identifies the naked mole-rat as a non-aging mammal, confirming its status as an exceptional model for biogerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Graham Ruby
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Megan Smith
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
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26
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Briga M, Koetsier E, Boonekamp JJ, Jimeno B, Verhulst S. Food availability affects adult survival trajectories depending on early developmental conditions. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2287. [PMID: 28053061 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food availability modulates survival in interaction with (for example) competition, disease and predators, but to what extent food availability in natural populations affects survival independent of these factors is not well known. We tested the effect of food availability on lifespan and actuarial senescence in a large population of captive zebra finches by increasing the effort required to obtain food, reflecting natural contrasts in food availability. Food availability may not affect all individuals equally and we therefore created heterogeneity in phenotypic quality by raising birds with different numbers of siblings. Low food availability had no effect on lifespan for individuals from benign developmental conditions (raised in small broods), but shortened lifespan for individuals from harsh developmental conditions. The lifespan difference arose through higher baseline mortality rate of individuals from harsh developmental conditions, despite a decrease in the rate of actuarial senescence. We found no evidence for sex-specific environmental sensitivity, but females lived shorter than males due to increased actuarial senescence. Thus, low food availability by itself shortens lifespan, but only in individuals from harsh developmental conditions. Our food availability manipulation resembles dietary restriction as applied to invertebrates, where it extends lifespan in model organisms and we discuss possible reasons for the contrasting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Briga
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Koetsier
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Boonekamp
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Jimeno
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Which is the Most Reasonable Anti-aging Strategy: Meta-analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1086:267-282. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1117-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Garratt M, Nakagawa S, Simons MJP. Life-span Extension With Reduced Somatotrophic Signaling: Moderation of Aging Effect by Signal Type, Sex, and Experimental Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1620-1626. [PMID: 28207064 PMCID: PMC5861954 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced somatotrophic signaling through the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor pathways (IGF1) can delay aging, although the degree of life-extension varies markedly across studies. By collating data from previous studies and using meta-analysis, we tested whether factors including sex, hormonal manipulation, body weight change and control baseline mortality quantitatively predict relative life-extension. Manipulations of GH signaling (including pituitary and direct GH deficiencies) generate significantly greater extension in median life span than IGF1 manipulations (including IGF1 production, reception, and bioactivity), producing a consistent shift in mortality risk of mutant mice. Reduced Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) expression produces more similar life-extension to reduced GH, although effects are more heterogeneous and appear to influence the demography of mortality differently. Life-extension with reduced IGF1 signaling, but neither GH nor IRS signaling, increases life span significantly more in females than males, and in cohorts where control survival is short. Our results thus suggest that reduced GH signaling has physiological benefits to survival outside of its actions on circulating IGF1. In addition to these biological moderators, we found an overrepresentation of small sample sized studies that report large improvements in survival, indicating potential publication bias. We discuss how this could potentially confound current conclusions from published work, and how this warrants further study replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Group and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK
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29
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Reis FCG, Branquinho JLO, Brandão BB, Guerra BA, Silva ID, Frontini A, Thomou T, Sartini L, Cinti S, Kahn CR, Festuccia WT, Kowaltowski AJ, Mori MA. Fat-specific Dicer deficiency accelerates aging and mitigates several effects of dietary restriction in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1201-22. [PMID: 27241713 PMCID: PMC4931827 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and this can be prevented by dietary restriction (DR). We have previously shown that DR inhibits the downregulation of miRNAs and their processing enzymes - mainly Dicer - that occurs with aging in mouse white adipose tissue (WAT). Here we used fat-specific Dicer knockout mice (AdicerKO) to understand the contributions of adipose tissue Dicer to the metabolic effects of aging and DR. Metabolomic data uncovered a clear distinction between the serum metabolite profiles of Lox control and AdicerKO mice, with a notable elevation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in AdicerKO. These profiles were associated with reduced oxidative metabolism and increased lactate in WAT of AdicerKO mice and were accompanied by structural and functional changes in mitochondria, particularly under DR. AdicerKO mice displayed increased mTORC1 activation in WAT and skeletal muscle, where Dicer expression is not affected. This was accompanied by accelerated age-associated insulin resistance and premature mortality. Moreover, DR-induced insulin sensitivity was abrogated in AdicerKO mice. This was reverted by rapamycin injection, demonstrating that insulin resistance in AdicerKO mice is caused by mTORC1 hyperactivation. Our study evidences a DR-modulated role for WAT Dicer in controlling metabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C G Reis
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica L O Branquinho
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Brandão
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A Guerra
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael D Silva
- Department of Gynecology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Thomas Thomou
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Loris Sartini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William T Festuccia
- Departament of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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30
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Tower J. Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:735-747. [PMID: 28780002 PMCID: PMC5667568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related diseases show a marked sex bias. For example, women live longer than men yet have more Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis, whereas men have more cancer and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the role of sex will be important in designing interventions and in understanding basic aging mechanisms. Aging also shows sex differences in model organisms. Dietary restriction (DR), reduced insulin/IGF1-like signaling (IIS), and reduced TOR signaling each increase life span preferentially in females in both flies and mice. Maternal transmission of mitochondria to offspring may lead to greater control over mitochondrial functions in females, including greater life span and a larger response to diet. Consistent with this idea, males show greater loss of mitochondrial gene expression with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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31
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Ruth Archer C, Basellini U, Hunt J, Simpson SJ, Lee KP, Baudisch A. Diet has independent effects on the pace and shape of aging in Drosophila melanogaster. Biogerontology 2017; 19:1-12. [PMID: 28914388 PMCID: PMC5765211 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining how diet affects mortality risk over age typically characterise mortality using parameters such as aging rates, which condense how much and how quickly the risk of dying changes over time into a single measure. Demographers have suggested that decoupling the tempo and the magnitude of changing mortality risk may facilitate comparative analyses of mortality trajectories, but it is unclear what biologically meaningful information this approach offers. Here, we determine how the amount and ratio of protein and carbohydrate ingested by female Drosophila melanogaster affects how much mortality risk increases over a time-standardised life-course (the shape of aging) and the tempo at which animals live and die (the pace of aging). We find that pace values increased as flies consumed more carbohydrate but declined with increasing protein consumption. Shape values were independent of protein intake but were lowest in flies consuming ~90 μg of carbohydrate daily. As protein intake only affected the pace of aging, varying protein intake rescaled mortality trajectories (i.e. stretched or compressed survival curves), while varying carbohydrate consumption caused deviation from temporal rescaling (i.e. changed the topography of time-standardised survival curves), by affecting pace and shape. Clearly, the pace and shape of aging may vary independently in response to dietary manipulation. This suggests that there is the potential for pace and shape to evolve independently of one another and respond to different physiological processes. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for independent variation in pace and shape, may offer insight into the factors underlying diverse mortality trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK. .,MaxNetAging Research School, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ugofilippo Basellini
- MaxNetAging Research School, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), F-75020, Paris, France.,Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.,School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, D17, Charles Perkins Centre Research and Education Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Annette Baudisch
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense C, Denmark
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32
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Heiss C, Spyridopoulos I, Haendeler J. Interventions to slow cardiovascular aging: Dietary restriction, drugs and novel molecules. Exp Gerontol 2017; 109:108-118. [PMID: 28658611 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular aging is a highly dynamic process. Despite the fact that cardiovascular function and structure change with age, they can still be modulated even in aged humans. The most prominent approaches to improve age-dependent vascular changes include dietary restriction and pharmacologic agents interacting with signaling pathways implicated in this context. These include inhibition of TOR, glycolysis, and GH/IGF-1, activation of sirtuins, and AMPK, as well as modulators of inflammation, epigenetic pathways, and telomeres. Promising nutritional approaches include Mediterranean diet and novel dietary bioactives including flavanols, anthocyanins, and lignins. Many plant bioactives improve cardiovascular parameters implied in vascular healthy aging including endothelial function, arterial stiffness, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glycemic control. However, the mechanism of action of most bioactives is not established and it remains to be elucidated whether they act as dietary restriction mimetics or via other modes of action. Even more importantly, whether these interventions can slow or even reverses components of cardiovascular aging itself and can increase healthspan or longevity in humans needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heiss
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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33
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Faiman R, Solon-Biet S, Sullivan M, Huestis DL, Lehmann T. The contribution of dietary restriction to extended longevity in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:156. [PMID: 28340627 PMCID: PMC5366120 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in longevity has long been of interest in vector biology because of its implication in disease transmission through vectorial capacity. Recent studies suggest that Anopheles coluzzii adults persist during the ~7 month dry season via aestivation. Recently there has been a growing body of evidence linking dietary restriction and low ratio of dietary protein to carbohydrate with extended longevity of animals. Here, we evaluated the effects of dietary restriction and the protein : carbohydrate ratio on longevity of An. coluzzii. RESULTS In our experiment, we combined dietary regimes with temperature and relative humidity to assess their effects on An. coluzzii longevity, in an attempt to simulate aestivation under laboratory conditions. Our results showed significant effects of both the physical and the dietary variables on longevity, but that diet regimen had a considerably greater effect than those of the physical conditions. Higher temperature and lower humidity reduced longevity. At 22 °C dietary protein (blood) shortened longevity when sugar was not restricted (RH = 85%), but extended longevity when sugar was restricted (RH = 50%). CONCLUSIONS Dietary restriction extended longevity in accord with predictions, but protein : carbohydrate ratio had a negligible effect. We identified conditions that significantly extend longevity in malaria vectors, however, the extent of increase in longevity was insufficient to simulate aestivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | | | - Margery Sullivan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Diana L Huestis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.,Office of Global Health Diplomacy, U.S. Department of State, 1800 G Street NW, Suite 10300, Washington, DC, 20006, USA
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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34
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Lu Y, Bradley JS, McCoski SR, Gonzalez JM, Ealy AD, Johnson SE. Reduced skeletal muscle fiber size following caloric restriction is associated with calpain-mediated proteolysis and attenuation of IGF-1 signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R806-R815. [PMID: 28228415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00400.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction decreases skeletal muscle mass in mammals, principally due to a reduction in fiber size. The effect of suboptimal nutrient intake on skeletal muscle metabolic properties in neonatal calves was examined. The longissimus muscle (LM) was collected after a control (CON) or caloric restricted (CR) diet was cosnumed for 8 wk and muscle fiber size, gene expression, and metabolic signal transduction activity were measured. Results revealed that CR animals had smaller (P < 0.05) LM fiber cross-sectional area than CON, as expected. Western blot analysis detected equivalent amounts of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) but reduced (P < 0.05) amounts of the splice-variant, PGC1α-4 in CR LM. Expression of IGF-1, a PGC1α-4 target gene, was 40% less (P < 0.05) in CR than CON. Downstream mediators of autocrine IGF-1 signaling also are attenuated in CR by comparison with CON. The amount of phosphorylated AKT1 was less (P < 0.05) in CR than CON. The ratio of p4EBP1T37/46 to total 4EBP1, a downstream mediator of AKT1, did not differ between CON and CR. By contrast, protein lysates from CR LM contained less (P < 0.05) total glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and phosphorylated GSK3β than CON LM, suggesting blunted protein synthesis. Smaller CR LM fiber size associates with increased (P < 0.05) calpain 1 (CAPN1) activity coupled with lower (P < 0.05) expression of calpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor of CAPN1. Atrogin-1 and MuRF expression and autophagy components were unaffected by CR. Thus CR suppresses the hypertrophic PGC1α-4/IGF-1/AKT1 pathway while promoting activation of the calpain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Jennifer S Bradley
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Sarah R McCoski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg Virginia; and
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35
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Koopman JJE, van Heemst D, van Bodegom D, Bonkowski MS, Sun LY, Bartke A. Measuring aging rates of mice subjected to caloric restriction and genetic disruption of growth hormone signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:539-46. [PMID: 26959761 PMCID: PMC4833144 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction and genetic disruption of growth hormone signaling have been shown to counteract aging in mice. The effects of these interventions on aging are examined through age-dependent survival or through the increase in age-dependent mortality rates on a logarithmic scale fitted to the Gompertz model. However, these methods have limitations that impede a fully comprehensive disclosure of these effects. Here we examine the effects of these interventions on murine aging through the increase in age-dependent mortality rates on a linear scale without fitting them to a model like the Gompertz model. Whereas these interventions negligibly and non-consistently affected the aging rates when examined through the age-dependent mortality rates on a logarithmic scale, they caused the aging rates to increase at higher ages and to higher levels when examined through the age-dependent mortality rates on a linear scale. These results add to the debate whether these interventions postpone or slow aging and to the understanding of the mechanisms by which they affect aging. Since different methods yield different results, it is worthwhile to compare their results in future research to obtain further insights into the effects of dietary, genetic, and other interventions on the aging of mice and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J E Koopman
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David van Bodegom
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael S Bonkowski
- Division of Geriatric Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Laboratory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liou Y Sun
- Division of Geriatric Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Division of Geriatric Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA
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36
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Shen J, Landis GN, Tower J. Multiple Metazoan Life-span Interventions Exhibit a Sex-specific Strehler-Mildvan Inverse Relationship Between Initial Mortality Rate and Age-dependent Mortality Rate Acceleration. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:44-53. [PMID: 26893470 PMCID: PMC6292450 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gompertz equation describes survival in terms of initial mortality rate (parameter a), indicative of health, and age-dependent acceleration in mortality rate (parameter b), indicative of aging. Gompertz parameters were analyzed for several published studies. In Drosophila females, mating increases egg production and decreases median life span, consistent with a trade-off between reproduction and longevity. Mating increased parameter a, causing decreased median life span, whereas time parameter b was decreased. The inverse correlation between parameters indicates the Strehler-Mildvan (S-M) relationship, where loss of low-vitality individuals yields a cohort with slower age-dependent mortality acceleration. The steroid hormone antagonist mifepristone/RU486 reversed these effects. Mating and mifepristone showed robust S-M relationships across genotypes, and dietary restriction showed robust S-M relationship across diets. Because nutrient optima differed between females and males, the same manipulation caused opposite effects on mortality rates in females versus males across a range of nutrient concentrations. Similarly, p53 mutation in Drosophila and mTOR mutation in mice caused increased median life span associated with opposite direction changes in mortality rate parameters in females versus males. The data demonstrate that dietary and genetic interventions have sex-specific and sometimes sexually opposite effects on mortality rates consistent with sexual antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- College of Life Information Science & Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gary N Landis
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
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37
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Moatt JP, Nakagawa S, Lagisz M, Walling CA. The effect of dietary restriction on reproduction: a meta-analytic perspective. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:199. [PMID: 27717308 PMCID: PMC5054627 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary restriction (DR), a reduction in the amount of food or particular nutrients eaten, is the most consistent environmental manipulation to extend lifespan and protect against age related diseases. Current evolutionary theory explains this effect as a shift in the resolution of the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction. However, recent studies have questioned the role of reproduction in mediating the effect of DR on longevity and no study has quantitatively investigated the effect of DR on reproduction across species. RESULTS Here we report a comprehensive comparative meta-analysis of the effect of DR on reproduction. In general, DR reduced reproduction across taxa, but several factors moderated this effect. The effect of DR on reproduction was greater in well-studied model species (yeast, nematode worms, fruit flies and rodents) than non-model species. This mirrors recent results for longevity and, for reproduction, seems to result from a faster rate of decline with decreasing resources in model species. Our results also suggested that not all reproductive traits are affected equally by DR. High and moderate cost reproductive traits suffered a significant reduction with DR, but low cost traits, such as ejaculate production, did not. Although the effect of DR on reproduction was stronger in females than males, this sex difference reduced to near zero when accounting for other co-factors such as the costliness of the reproductive trait. Thus, sex differences in the effect of DR on longevity may be due to a failure to expose males to as complete a range of the costs of reproduction as females. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that to better understand the generality of the effect of DR, future studies should attempt to address the cause of the apparent model species bias and ensure that individuals are exposed to as many of the costs of reproduction as possible. Furthermore, our meta-analytic approach reveals a general shortage of DR studies that record reproduction, particularly in males, as well as a lack of direct side-by-side comparisons of the effect of DR on males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Moatt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Labs, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Craig A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Labs, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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38
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Different Mechanisms of Longevity in Long-Lived Mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans Mutants Revealed by Statistical Analysis of Mortality Rates. Genetics 2016; 204:905-920. [PMID: 27638422 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with altered life spans are being used to investigate the aging process and how genes determine life span. The survival of a population can be modeled by the Gompertz function, which comprises two parameters. One of these parameters ("G") describes the rate at which mortality accelerates with age and is often described as the "rate of aging." The other parameter ("A") may correspond to the organism's baseline vulnerability to deleterious effects of disease and the environment. We show that, in mice, life-span-extending mutations systematically fail to affect the age-dependent acceleration of mortality (G), but instead affect only baseline vulnerability (A). This remains true even when comparing strains maintained under identical environmental conditions. In contrast, life-span-extending mutations in C. elegans were associated with decreases in G These observations on mortality rate kinetics suggest that the mechanisms of aging in mammals might fundamentally differ from those in nematodes.
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39
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Garratt M, Nakagawa S, Simons MJP. Comparative idiosyncrasies in life extension by reduced mTOR signalling and its distinctiveness from dietary restriction. Aging Cell 2016; 15:737-43. [PMID: 27139919 PMCID: PMC4933670 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling extends lifespan in yeast, nematodes, fruit flies and mice, highlighting a physiological pathway that could modulate aging in evolutionarily divergent organisms. This signalling system is also hypothesized to play a central role in lifespan extension via dietary restriction. By collating data from 48 available published studies examining lifespan with reduced mTOR signalling, we show that reduced mTOR signalling provides similar increases in median lifespan across species, with genetic mTOR manipulations consistently providing greater life extension than pharmacological treatment with rapamycin. In contrast to the consistency in changes in median lifespan, however, the demographic causes for life extension are highly species specific. Reduced mTOR signalling extends lifespan in nematodes by strongly reducing the degree to which mortality rates increase with age (aging rate). By contrast, life extension in mice and yeast occurs largely by pushing back the onset of aging, but not altering the shape of the mortality curve once aging starts. Importantly, in mice, the altered pattern of mortality induced by reduced mTOR signalling is different to that induced by dietary restriction, which reduces the rate of aging. Effects of mTOR signalling were also sex dependent, but only within mice, and not within flies, thus again species specific. An alleviation of age‐associated mortality is not a shared feature of reduced mTOR signalling across model organisms and does not replicate the established age‐related survival benefits of dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Group and School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Mirre J. P. Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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Simons MJP, Briga M, Verhulst S. Stabilizing survival selection on presenescent expression of a sexual ornament followed by a terminal decline. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1368-78. [PMID: 27061923 PMCID: PMC4957616 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a decrease in functional capacity, increasing mortality rate with age. Sexual signals indicate functional capacity, because costs of ornamentation ensure signal honesty, and are therefore expected to senesce, tracking physiological deterioration and mortality. For sexual traits, mixed associations with age and positive associations with life expectancy have been reported. However, whether these associations are caused by selective disappearance and/or within-individual senescence of sexual signals, respectively, is not known. We previously reported that zebra finches with redder bills had greater life expectancy, based on a single bill colour measurement per individual. We here extend this analysis using longitudinal data and show that this finding is attributable to terminal declines in bill redness in the year before death, with no detectable change in presenescent redness. Additionally, there was a quadratic relationship between presenescent bill colouration and survival: individuals with intermediate bill redness have maximum survival prospects. This may reflect that redder individuals overinvest in colouration and/or associated physiological changes, while below-average bill redness probably reflects poorer phenotypic quality. Together, this pattern suggests that bill colouration is defended against physiological deterioration, because of mate attraction benefits, or that physiological deterioration is not a gradual process, but accelerates sharply prior to death. We discuss these possibilities in the context of the reliability theory of ageing and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Briga
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Verhulst
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Understanding the link between sexual selection, sexual conflict and aging using crickets as a model. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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Boonekamp JJ, Briga M, Verhulst S. The heuristic value of redundancy models of aging. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:95-102. [PMID: 26362219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies of aging aim to unravel the cause(s) of aging bottom-up, but linking these mechanisms to organismal level processes remains a challenge. We propose that complementary top-down data-directed modelling of organismal level empirical findings may contribute to developing these links. To this end, we explore the heuristic value of redundancy models of aging to develop a deeper insight into the mechanisms causing variation in senescence and lifespan. We start by showing (i) how different redundancy model parameters affect projected aging and mortality, and (ii) how variation in redundancy model parameters relates to variation in parameters of the Gompertz equation. Lifestyle changes or medical interventions during life can modify mortality rate, and we investigate (iii) how interventions that change specific redundancy parameters within the model affect subsequent mortality and actuarial senescence. Lastly, as an example of data-directed modelling and the insights that can be gained from this, (iv) we fit a redundancy model to mortality patterns observed by Mair et al. (2003; Science 301: 1731-1733) in Drosophila that were subjected to dietary restriction and temperature manipulations. Mair et al. found that dietary restriction instantaneously reduced mortality rate without affecting aging, while temperature manipulations had more transient effects on mortality rate and did affect aging. We show that after adjusting model parameters the redundancy model describes both effects well, and a comparison of the parameter values yields a deeper insight in the mechanisms causing these contrasting effects. We see replacement of the redundancy model parameters by more detailed sub-models of these parameters as a next step in linking demographic patterns to underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J Boonekamp
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Briga
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Pietrzak B, Dawidowicz P, Prędki P, Dańko MJ. How perceived predation risk shapes patterns of aging in water fleas. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Watson H, Cohen AA, Isaksson C. A theoretical model of the evolution of actuarial senescence under environmental stress. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:80-8. [PMID: 26335620 PMCID: PMC4710637 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Free-living organisms are exposed to a wide range of stressors, all of which can disrupt components of stress-related and detoxification physiology. The subsequent accumulation of somatic damage is widely believed to play a major role in the evolution of senescence. Organisms have evolved sophisticated physiological regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental perturbations, but these systems are likely to be constrained in their ability to optimise robustness to multiple stressors due to functional correlations among related traits. While evolutionary change can accelerate due to human ecological impacts, it remains to be understood how exposure to multiple environmental stressors could affect senescence rates and subsequently population dynamics and fitness. We used a theoretical evolutionary framework to quantify the potential consequences for the evolution of actuarial senescence in response to exposure to simultaneous physiological stressors – one versus multiple and additive versus synergistic – in a hypothetical population of avian “urban adapters”. In a model in which multiple stressors have additive effects on physiology, species may retain greater capacity to recover, or respond adaptively, to environmental challenges. However, in the presence of high synergy, physiological dysregulation suddenly occurs, leading to a rapid increase in age-dependent mortality and subsequent population collapse. Our results suggest that, if the synergistic model is correct, population crashes in environmentally-stressed species could happen quickly and with little warning, as physiological thresholds of stress resistance are overcome. Environmental stressors challenge physiological systems linked to senescence. Various scenarios of stress exposure were simulated on a hypothetical “urban adapter”. Actuarial senescence increased rapidly in synergistic models of stress. Wild populations may be at greater risk of collapse than demography alone suggests. An explicit model of how stressors affect physiology underlying ageing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - A A Cohen
- Groupe de recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1J 3H5, Canada
| | - C Isaksson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
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45
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Fontana L, Partridge L. Promoting health and longevity through diet: from model organisms to humans. Cell 2015; 161:106-118. [PMID: 25815989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reduced food intake, avoiding malnutrition, can ameliorate aging and aging-associated diseases in invertebrate model organisms, rodents, primates, and humans. Recent findings indicate that meal timing is crucial, with both intermittent fasting and adjusted diurnal rhythm of feeding improving health and function, in the absence of changes in overall intake. Lowered intake of particular nutrients rather than of overall calories is also key, with protein and specific amino acids playing prominent roles. Nutritional modulation of the microbiome can also be important, and there are long-term, including inter-generational, effects of diet. The metabolic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that mediate both improvement in health during aging to diet and genetic variation in the response to diet are being identified. These new findings are opening the way to specific dietary and pharmacological interventions to recapture the full potential benefits of dietary restriction, which humans can find difficult to maintain voluntarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fontana
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Brescia University, 25123 Brescia, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Environment, and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Human life expectancy has been increasing steadily for almost two centuries and is now approximately double what it was at the beginning of the Victorian era. This remarkable demographic change has been accompanied by a shift in disease prevalence so that age is now the major determinant of most common diseases. The challenge is to enhance healthy ageing and to reduce the financial and social burdens associated with chronic ill health in later life. Studies in model organisms have demonstrated that the ageing phenotype arises because of the accumulation of macromolecular damage within the cell and that the ageing process is plastic. Nutritional interventions that reduce such damage, or which enhance the organism's capacity to repair damage, lead to greater longevity and to reduced risk of age-related diseases. Dietary (energy) restriction increases lifespan in several model organisms, but it is uncertain whether it is effective in primates, including humans. However, excess energy storage leading to increased adiposity is a risk factor for premature mortality and for age-related diseases so that obesity prevention is likely to be a major public health route to healthy ageing. In addition, adherence to healthy eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern, is associated with longevity and reduced risk of age-related diseases.
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Mitterberger MC, Mattesich M, Zwerschke W. Bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term caloric restriction protect subcutaneous adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells and prolong their life span in formerly obese humans. Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:106-13. [PMID: 24747059 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key effect of prolonged reducing diets and bariatric surgeries in formerly obese people is long-term caloric restriction (CR). The analysis of the impact of these interventions on specific tissues will contribute to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. The physiological functions of subcutaneous white adipose tissues are mainly fulfilled by adipocytes arising out of adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs), which are crucial for adipose tissue homeostasis. In the present study we analyzed ASC from age-matched long-term calorically restricted formerly obese (CRD), obese (OD) and normal weight donors (NWDs). We demonstrate that ASC derived from CRD has a significant longer replicative lifespan than ASC isolated from OD and NWD. This correlated with strongly reduced DNA-damage and improved survival of the CRD ASC, both are hallmarks of CR. The adipogenic capacity was significantly lower in ASC derived from CRD than that from OD, as shown by reduced expression of the adipogenic key regulator PPARγ2 and the differentiation marker FABP4. The adipogenic capacity of ASCs from CRD and NWD differed only slightly. In conclusion, we provide evidence that bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term CR substantially reprogram ASCs in formerly obese humans, comprising reduced DNA-damage, improved viability, extended replicative lifespan and reduced adipogenic differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mitterberger
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lin WS, Chen JY, Wang JC, Chen LY, Lin CH, Hsieh TR, Wang MF, Fu TF, Wang PY. The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:689-703. [PMID: 24338263 PMCID: PMC4039272 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae), an extract of which is widely consumed as a healthful drink in a number of countries. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism, we demonstrated that L. octovalvis extract (LOE) significantly extended fly lifespan on a high, but not a low, calorie diet, indicating that LOE may regulate lifespan through a dietary restriction (DR)-related pathway. LOE also attenuated age-related cognitive decline in both flies and in the senescence-accelerated-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse, without causing any discernable negative trade-offs, including water intake, food intake, fecundity, or spontaneous motor activity. LOE contained high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, which possess strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, and was shown to attenuate paraquat-induced oxidative damage and lethality in flies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses identified 17 known molecules, of which β-sitosterol and squalene were the two most abundant. We further demonstrated that β-sitosterol was capable of extending lifespan, likely through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the fat body of adult flies. Taken together, our data suggest that LOE is a potent anti-aging intervention with potential for treating age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Lin
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Chen
- />Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Chiao Wang
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- />Department of Biotechnology, Mingchuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hao Lin
- />Hsiehyu Biotech Company Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Fu Wang
- />Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- />Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chinan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wang
- />Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
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49
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Boonekamp JJ, Salomons M, Bouwhuis S, Dijkstra C, Verhulst S. Reproductive effort accelerates actuarial senescence in wild birds: an experimental study. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:599-605. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J. Boonekamp
- Behavioural Biology; University of Groningen; P.O.Box 11103 9700CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Salomons
- Behavioural Biology; University of Groningen; P.O.Box 11103 9700CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Bouwhuis
- Behavioural Biology; University of Groningen; P.O.Box 11103 9700CC Groningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Avian Research; An der Vogelwarte 21 D-26386 Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - Cor Dijkstra
- Behavioural Biology; University of Groningen; P.O.Box 11103 9700CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Behavioural Biology; University of Groningen; P.O.Box 11103 9700CC Groningen The Netherlands
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50
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Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) has been shown to extend both median and maximum lifespan in a range of animals, although recent findings suggest that these effects are not universally enjoyed across all animals. In particular, the lifespan effect following DR in mice is highly strain-specific and there is little current evidence that DR induces a positive effect on all-cause mortality in non-human primates. However, the positive effects of DR on health appear to be highly conserved across the vast majority of species, including human subjects. Despite these effects on health, it is highly unlikely that DR will become a realistic or popular life choice for most human subjects given the level of restraint required. Consequently significant research is focusing on identifying compounds that will bestow the benefits of DR without the obligation to adhere to stringent reductions in daily food intake. Several such compounds, including rapamycin, metformin and resveratrol, have been identified as potential DR mimetics. Although these compounds show significant promise, there is a need to properly understand the mechanisms through which these drugs act. This review will discuss the importance in understanding the role that genetic background and heterogeneity play in mediating the lifespan and healthspan effects of DR. It will also provide an overview of the most promising current DR mimetics and their effects on healthy lifespan.
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