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Fairley LH, Lai KO, Grimm A, Eckert A, Barron AM. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) in Alzheimer's disease: Therapeutic and immunomodulatory functions. Biochimie 2024; 224:120-131. [PMID: 38971458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) has been widely investigated as a PET-imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation and, more recently, as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. TSPO ligands have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by reducing toxic beta amyloid peptides, and attenuating brain atrophy. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, and the generation of TSPO-KO mice, have enabled new insights into the mechanistic function of TSPO in AD. Using a multi-omics approach in both TSPO-KO- and TSPO ligand-treated mice, we have demonstrated a key role for TSPO in microglial respiratory metabolism and phagocytosis in AD. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence for therapeutic and immunomodulatory functions of TSPO in AD, and new tools for studying TSPO in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Fairley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kei Onn Lai
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Amandine Grimm
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular & Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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2
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Jullian E, Russi M, Turki E, Bouvelot M, Tixier L, Middendorp S, Martin E, Monnier V. Glial overexpression of Tspo extends lifespan and protects against frataxin deficiency in Drosophila. Biochimie 2024; 224:71-79. [PMID: 38750879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The translocator protein TSPO is an evolutionary conserved mitochondrial protein overexpressed in various contexts of neurodegeneration. Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is a neurodegenerative disease due to GAA expansions in the FXN gene leading to decreased expression of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein involved in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters. We previously reported that Tspo was overexpressed in a Drosophila model of this disease generated by CRISPR/Cas9 insertion of approximately 200 GAA in the intron of fh, the fly frataxin gene. Here, we describe a new Drosophila model of FA with 42 GAA repeats, called fh-GAAs. The smaller expansion size allowed to obtain adults exhibiting hallmarks of the FA disease, including short lifespan, locomotory defects and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. The reduced lifespan was fully rescued by ubiquitous expression of human FXN, confirming that both frataxins share conserved functions. We observed that Tspo was overexpressed in heads and decreased in intestines of these fh-GAAs flies. Then, we further overexpressed Tspo specifically in glial cells and observed improved survival. Finally, we investigated the effects of Tspo overexpression in healthy flies. Increased longevity was conferred by glial-specific overexpression, with opposite effects in neurons. Overall, this study highlights protective effects of glial TSPO in Drosophila both in a neurodegenerative and a healthy context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Jullian
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Maria Russi
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Ema Turki
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Margaux Bouvelot
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Laura Tixier
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Sandrine Middendorp
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Martin
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Véronique Monnier
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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3
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Bréhat J, Issop L, Morin D. History of Tspo deletion and induction in vivo: Phenotypic outcomes under physiological and pathological situations. Biochimie 2024; 224:80-90. [PMID: 38432291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial protein membrane with high affinity for cholesterol. It is expressed in most tissues but is more particularly enriched in steroidogenic tissues. TSPO is involved in various biological mechanisms and TSPO regulation has been related to several diseases. However, despite a considerable number of published studies interested in TSPO over the past forty years, the precise function of the protein remains obscure. Most of the functions attributed to TSPO have been identified using pharmacological ligands of this protein, leading to much debate about the accuracy of these findings. In addition, research on the physiological role of TSPO has been hampered by the lack of in vivo deletion models. Studies to perform genetic deletion of Tspo in animal models have long been unsuccessful, which led to the conclusions that the deletion was deleterious and the gene essential to life. During the last decades, thanks to the significant technical advances allowing genome modification, several models of animal genetically modified for TSPO have been developed. These models have modified our view regarding TSPO and profoundly improved our fundamental knowledge on this protein. However, to date, they did not allow to elucidate the precise molecular function of TSPO and numerous questions persist concerning the physiological role of TSPO and its future as a therapeutic target. This article chronologically reviews the development of deletion and induction models of TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bréhat
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Créteil, France
| | - Leeyah Issop
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Créteil, France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Créteil, France.
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4
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Hu B, Yu H, Du S, Li Q. Protoporphyrin IX metabolism mediated via translocator protein (CgTspO) involved in orange shell coloration of pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134020. [PMID: 39038584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Mollusc shell color polymorphism is influenced by various factors. Pigments secreted in vivo by animals play a critical role in shell coloration. Among the different shell-color hues, orange pigmentation has been partially attributed to porphyrins. However, the detailed causal relationship between porphyrins and orange-shell phenotype in molluscs remains largely unexplored. The various strains of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with different shell color provide useful models to study the molecular regulation of mollusc coloration. Accordingly, oysters with orange and gold-shells, exhibiting distinct porphyrin distributions, were selected for analysis of total metabolites and gene expression profile through mantle metabolomic and transcriptomic studies. Translocator protein (TspO) and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) were identified as potential factors influencing oyster shell-color. The concentration of PPIX was measured using HPLC, while expression profiling of CgTspO was analyzed by qPCR, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques. Moreover, the roles of CgTspO in regulating PPIX metabolism and affecting the orange-shell-coloration were investigated in vitro and in vivo. These studies indicate that PPIX and its associated metabolic protein, CgTspO may serve as new regulators of orange-shell-coloration in C. gigas. Data of this study offer new insights into oyster shell coloration and enhancing understandings of mollusc shell color polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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5
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Zhang D, Man D, Lu J, Jiang Y, Ding B, Su R, Tong R, Chen J, Yang B, Zheng S, Chen D, Wu J. Mitochondrial TSPO Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression through Ferroptosis Inhibition and Immune Evasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206669. [PMID: 36994647 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies with poor prognosis, and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. Mitochondria are key regulators of cellular homeostasis and potential targets for tumor therapy. Here, the role of mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) in the regulation of ferroptosis and antitumor immunity is investigated and the potential therapeutic implications for HCC are assessed. TSPO is highly expressed in HCC and associated with poor prognosis. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments present that TSPO promotes HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. In addition, TSPO inhibits ferroptosis in HCC cells via enhancing the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense system. Mechanistically, TSPO directly interacts with P62 and interferes with autophagy, leading to the accumulation of P62. The P62 accumulation competes with KEAP1, preventing it from targeting Nrf2 for proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, TSPO promotes HCC immune escape by upregulating PD-L1 expression through Nrf2-mediated transcription. Notably, TSPO inhibitor PK11195 combines with anti-PD-1 antibody showing a synergistic anti-tumor effect in a mouse model. Overall, the results demonstrated that mitochondrial TSPO promotes HCC progression by inhibiting ferroptosis and antitumor immunity. Targeting TSPO can be a promising new strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Da Man
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Jiahua Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Rong Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Rongliang Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Beng Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Diyu Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
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6
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Liu J, Hiser C, Li F, Hall R, Garavito RM, Ferguson-Miller S. New TSPO Crystal Structures of Mutant and Heme-Bound Forms with Altered Flexibility, Ligand Binding, and Porphyrin Degradation Activity. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1262-1273. [PMID: 36947867 PMCID: PMC10077581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The ancient protein TSPO (translocator protein 18kD) is found in all kingdoms and was originally identified as a binding site of benzodiazepine drugs. Its physiological function remains unclear, although porphyrins are conserved ligands. Several crystal structures of bacterial TSPO and nuclear magnetic resonance structures of a mouse form have revealed monomer and dimer configurations, but there have been no reports of structures with a physiological ligand. Here, we present the first X-ray structures of Rhodobacter sphaeroides TSPO with a physiological ligand bound. Two different variants (substituting threonine for alanine at position 139 (A139T) and phenylalanine for alanine at position 138 (A138F)) yielded well-diffracting crystals giving structures of both apo- and heme-containing forms. Both variants have wild-type micromolar affinity for heme and protoporphyrin IX, but A139T has very low ability to accelerate the breakdown of porphyrin in the presence of light and oxygen. The binding of heme to one protomer of the dimer of either mutant induces a more rigid structure, both in the heme-binding protomer and the protomer without heme bound, demonstrating an allosteric response. Ensemble refinement of the X-ray data reveals distinct regions of altered flexibility in response to single heme binding to the dimer. The A139T variant shows a more rigid structure overall, which may relate to extra hydrogen bonding of waters captured in the heme crevice. As TSPO has been suggested to have a role in heme delivery from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, the new structures provide potential clues regarding the structural basis of such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Carrie Hiser
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Amgen
Inc., San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Hall
- Pharmacology
and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - R. Michael Garavito
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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7
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TSPO PET signal using [ 18F]GE180 is associated with survival in recurrent gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:859-869. [PMID: 36329288 PMCID: PMC9852133 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioma patients, especially recurrent glioma, suffer from a poor prognosis. While advances to classify glioma on a molecular level improved prognostication at initial diagnosis, markers to prognosticate survival in the recurrent situation are still needed. As 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was previously reported to be associated with aggressive histopathological glioma features, we correlated the TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) signal using [18F]GE180 in a large cohort of recurrent glioma patients with their clinical outcome. METHODS In patients with [18F]GE180 PET at glioma recurrence, [18F]GE180 PET parameters (e.g., SUVmax) as well as other imaging features (e.g., MRI volume, [18F]FET PET parameters when available) were evaluated together with patient characteristics (age, sex, Karnofsky-Performance score) and neuropathological features (e.g. WHO 2021 grade, IDH-mutation status). Uni- and multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for post-recurrence survival (PRS) and time to treatment failure (TTF). RESULTS Eighty-eight consecutive patients were evaluated. TSPO tracer uptake correlated with tumor grade at recurrence (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in IDH-wild-type versus IDH-mutant tumors. Within the subgroup of IDH-mutant glioma (n = 46), patients with low SUVmax (median split, ≤ 1.60) had a significantly longer PRS (median 41.6 vs. 25.3 months, p = 0.031) and TTF (32.2 vs 8.7 months, p = 0.001). Also among IDH-wild-type glioblastoma (n = 42), patients with low SUVmax (≤ 1.89) had a significantly longer PRS (median not reached vs 8.2 months, p = 0.002). SUVmax remained an independent prognostic factor for PRS in the multivariate analysis including CNS WHO 2021 grade, IDH status, and age. Tumor volume defined by [18F]FET PET or contrast-enhanced MRI correlated weakly with TSPO tracer uptake. Treatment regimen did not differ among the median split subgroups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TSPO PET using [18F]GE180 can help to prognosticate recurrent glioma patients even among homogeneous molecular subgroups and may therefore serve as valuable non-invasive biomarker for individualized patient management.
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8
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Singh P, kumari N, Kaul A, Srivastava A, Singh VK, Srivastava K, Tiwari AK. Acetamidobenzoxazolone conjugated DOTA system for assessing 18 kDa translocator protein during pulmonary inflammation. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Yue G, Zhao Y. Energy metabolism disturbance in migraine: From a mitochondrial point of view. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1133528. [PMID: 37123270 PMCID: PMC10133718 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1133528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a serious central nervous system disease with a high incidence rate. Its pathogenesis is very complex, which brings great difficulties for clinical treatment. Recently, many studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in migraine, which affects the hyperosmotic of Ca2+, the excessive production of free radicals, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the imbalance of mPTP opening and closing, and the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation level, which leads to neuronal energy exhaustion and apoptosis, and finally lessens the pain threshold and migraine attack. This article mainly introduces cortical spreading depression, a pathogenesis of migraine, and then damages the related function of mitochondria, which leads to migraine. Oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are the main ways to provide energy for the body. 95 percent of the energy needed for cell survival is provided by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. At the same time, hypoxia can lead to cell death and migraine. The pathological opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore can promote the interaction between pro-apoptotic protein and mitochondrial, destroy the structure of mPTP, and further lead to cell death. The increase of mPTP permeability can promote the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to a series of changes in the expression of proteins related to energy metabolism. Both Nitric oxide and Calcitonin gene-related peptide are closely related to the attack of migraine. Recent studies have shown that changes in their contents can also affect the energy metabolism of the body, so this paper reviews the above mechanisms and discusses the mechanism of brain energy metabolism of migraine, to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of migraine and promote the development of individualized and accurate treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangxin Yue
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yonglie Zhao,
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10
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Zhang L, Yu X, Wu Y, Fu H, Xu P, Zheng Y, Wen L, Yang X, Zhang F, Hu M, Wang H, Liu X, Qiao J, Peng C, Gao R, Saffery R, Fu Y, Qi H, Tong C, Kilby MD, Baker PN. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Hyperglycemia Impairs Glucose Transporter 3 Trafficking in Trophoblasts Through the Downregulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722024. [PMID: 34796169 PMCID: PMC8593042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) is an efficient glucose transporter in trophoblasts. Whether placental AMPK and GLUT3 respond accordingly to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains uncertain. Here, we explored the regulatory role of AMPK in the GLUT3-dependent uptake of glucose by placental trophoblasts and the viability of the cells. In this study, the level of glycolysis in normal and GDM-complicated placentas was assessed by LC-MS/MS. The trophoblast hyperglycemia model was induced by the incubation of HTR8/SVneo cells with a high glucose concentration. GDM animal models were generated with db/ + mice and C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, and AMPK was manipulated by the oral administration of metformin. The uptake of glucose by trophoblasts was assessed using 2-NBDG or 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose. The results showed that GDM is associated with impaired glycolysis, AMPK activity, GLUT3 expression in the plasma membrane (PM) and cell survival in the placenta. Hyperglycemia induced similar changes in trophoblasts, and these changes were rescued by AMPK activation. Both hyperglycemic db/ + and high-fat diet-induced GDM mice exhibited a compromised AMPK–GLUT3 axis and suppressed cell viability in the placenta as well as excessive fetal growth, and all of these effects were partially alleviated by metformin. Taken together, our findings support the notion that AMPK activation upregulates trophoblast glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT3 translocation, which is beneficial for viability. Thus, the modulation of glucose metabolism in trophoblasts by targeting AMPK might ameliorate the adverse intrauterine environment caused by GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huijia Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yangxi Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China
| | - Rufei Gao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard Saffery
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Cancer, Disease and Developmental Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mark D Kilby
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Baker
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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11
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Ye X, Tang X, Zhao S, Ruan J, Wu M, Wang X, Li H, Zhong B. Mechanism of the growth and development of the posterior silk gland and silk secretion revealed by mutation of the fibroin light chain in silkworm. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:375-384. [PMID: 34371049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm, as a model organism, has very high economic value due to its silk secretion ability. Although a large number of studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanism of silk secretion, it remains unclear. In this study, the fibroin light chain (Fib-L) gene of silkworm was subjected to CRISPR/Cas9 editing, which yielded premature termination of translation at 135 aa. Compared with those of the wild type, the posterior silk glands (PSGs) of the homozygous mutants on the third day of the fifth instar showed obvious premature degeneration. Comparative transcriptome and proteomic analyses of the PSGs of wild-type individuals, heterozygous mutants and homozygous mutants were performed on the fourth day of the fifth instar. A GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between homozygous mutants and wild-type individuals were enriched in cytoskeleton-related terms, and a KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs between homozygous mutants and wild-type individuals were enriched in the phagosome and apoptosis pathways. These results indicated that apoptosis was activated prematurely in the PSGs of homozygous mutants. Furthermore, autophagy and heat shock response were activated in the PSGs of homozygous mutants, as demonstrated by an analysis of the DEGs related to autophagy and heat shock. A comparative proteomic analysis further confirmed that autophagy, apoptosis and the heat shock response were activated in the PSGs of homozygous mutants, which led to premature degradation of the PSGs. These results provide insights for obtaining a more in-depth understanding of the mechanism of silk secretion in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Ye
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinghua Ruan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Meiyu Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huiping Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Boxiong Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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12
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Quantitative Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Altered Mitochondrial Metabolism and Folate Biosynthesis Pathways in the Aging Drosophila Eye. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100127. [PMID: 34332122 PMCID: PMC8385154 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased risk of ocular disease, suggesting that age-associated molecular changes in the eye increase its vulnerability to damage. Although there are common pathways involved in aging at an organismal level, different tissues and cell types exhibit specific changes in gene expression with advanced age. Drosophila melanogaster is an established model system for studying aging and neurodegenerative disease that also provides a valuable model for studying age-associated ocular disease. Flies, like humans, exhibit decreased visual function and increased risk of retinal degeneration with age. Here, we profiled the aging proteome and metabolome of the Drosophila eye and compared these data with age-associated transcriptomic changes from both eyes and photoreceptors to identify alterations in pathways that could lead to age-related phenotypes in the eye. Of note, the proteomic and metabolomic changes observed in the aging eye are distinct from those observed in the head or whole fly, suggesting that tissue-specific changes in protein abundance and metabolism occur in the aging fly. Our integration of the proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data reveals that changes in metabolism, potentially due to decreases in availability of B vitamins, together with chronic activation of the immune response, may underpin many of the events observed in the aging Drosophila eye. We propose that targeting these pathways in the genetically tractable Drosophila system may help to identify potential neuroprotective approaches for neurodegenerative and age-related ocular diseases. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027090. Tissue-specific changes in protein abundance occur in the aging Drosophila eye. Increase in mitochondrial metabolism enzyme abundance in the aging eye. Decrease in corneal lens protein abundance and calcium buffering in the aging eye. Dysregulated metabolism impacts vitamin B and methionine metabolism in the aging eye.
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13
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Hiser C, Montgomery BL, Ferguson-Miller S. TSPO protein binding partners in bacteria, animals, and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:463-487. [PMID: 34191248 PMCID: PMC8243069 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancient membrane protein TSPO is phylogenetically widespread from archaea and bacteria to insects, vertebrates, plants, and fungi. TSPO’s primary amino acid sequence is only modestly conserved between diverse species, although its five transmembrane helical structure appears mainly conserved. Its cellular location and orientation in membranes have been reported to vary between species and tissues, with implications for potential diverse binding partners and function. Most TSPO functions relate to stress-induced changes in metabolism, but in many cases it is unclear how TSPO itself functions—whether as a receptor, a sensor, a transporter, or a translocator. Much evidence suggests that TSPO acts indirectly by association with various protein binding partners or with endogenous or exogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on proteins that have most commonly been invoked as TSPO binding partners. We suggest that TSPO was originally a bacterial receptor/stress sensor associated with porphyrin binding as its most ancestral function and that it later developed additional stress-related roles in eukaryotes as its ability to bind new partners evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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14
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Jung ME. A Protective Role of Translocator Protein in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:3-15. [PMID: 32065102 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200217105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Translocator Protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial protein that locates cytosol cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes to begin the synthesis of steroids including neurotrophic neurosteroids. TSPO is abundantly present in glial cells that support neurons and respond to neuroinflammation. Located at the outer membrane of mitochondria, TSPO regulates the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) that controls the entry of molecules necessary for mitochondrial function. TSPO is linked to neurodegenerative Alzheimer's Disease (AD) such that TSPO is upregulated in the brain of AD patients and signals AD-induced adverse changes in brain. The initial increase in TSPO in response to brain insults remains elevated to repair cellular damages and perhaps to prevent further neuronal degeneration as AD progresses. To exert such protective activities, TSPO increases the synthesis of neuroprotective steroids, decreases neuroinflammation, limits the opening of mPTP, and reduces the generation of reactive oxygen species. The beneficial effects of TSPO on AD brain are manifested as the attenuation of neurotoxic amyloid β and mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by the improvement of memory and cognition. However, the protective activities of TSPO appear to be temporary and eventually diminish as the severity of AD becomes profound. Timely treatment with TSPO agonists/ligands before the loss of endogenous TSPO's activity may promote the protective functions and may extend neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Healthy Aging, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
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15
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Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Verma A, Arif T, Aizenberg O, Paul A, Shoshan-Barmaz V. Mitochondria and nucleus cross-talk: Signaling in metabolism, apoptosis, and differentiation, and function in cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:492-510. [PMID: 33179373 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between the mitochondrion and the nucleus regulates cellular functions, including differentiation and adaptation to stress. Mitochondria supply metabolites for epigenetic modifications and other nuclear-associated activities and certain mitochondrial proteins were found in the nucleus. The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is a central protein in controlling energy production, cell growth, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. To alter the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the nucleus, we used specific siRNA to silence the expression of VDAC1 in glioblastoma (GBM) U87-MG and U118-MG cell-derived tumors, and then monitored the nuclear localization of mitochondrial proteins and the methylation and acetylation of histones. Depletion of VDAC1 from tumor cells reduced metabolism, leading to inhibition of tumor growth, and several tumor-associated processes and signaling pathways linked to cancer development. In addition, we demonstrate that certain mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins such as caspases 3, 8, and 9, and p53 were unexpectedly overexpressed in tumors, suggesting that they possess additional non-apoptotic functions. VDAC1 depletion and metabolic reprograming altered their expression levels and subcellular localization, specifically their translocation to the nucleus. In addition, VDAC1 depletion also leads to epigenetic modifications of histone acetylation and methylation, suggesting that the interchange between metabolism and cancer signaling pathways involves mitochondria-nucleus cross-talk. The mechanisms regulating mitochondrial protein trafficking into and out of the nucleus and the role these proteins play in the nucleus remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ankit Verma
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Or Aizenberg
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Avijit Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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16
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A systematic review of post-translational modifications in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex associated with cardiac diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165992. [PMID: 33091565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple cardiac diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure. A growing number of evidence provided by proteomic screening techniques has demonstrated the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in several key components of the pore in response to changes in the extra/intracellular environment and bioenergetic demand. This could lead to a fine, complex regulatory mechanism that, under pathological conditions, can shift the state of mitochondrial functions and, thus, the cell's fate. Understanding the complex relationship between these PTMs is still under investigation and can provide new, promising therapeutic targets and treatment approaches. This review, using a systematic review of the literature, presents the current knowledge on PTMs of the mPTP and their role in health and cardiac disease.
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17
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Ammer LM, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Ruf V, Wetzel CH, Riemenschneider MJ, Albert NL, Beckhove P, Hau P. The Role of Translocator Protein TSPO in Hallmarks of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102973. [PMID: 33066460 PMCID: PMC7602186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The translocator protein (TSPO) has been under extensive investigation as a specific marker in positron emission tomography (PET) to visualize brain lesions following injury or disease. In recent years, TSPO is increasingly appreciated as a potential novel therapeutic target in cancer. In Glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant primary brain tumor, TSPO expression levels are strongly elevated and scientific evidence accumulates, hinting at a pivotal role of TSPO in tumorigenesis and glioma progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on TSPO with respect to its role both in diagnostics and especially with regard to the critical hallmarks of cancer postulated by Hanahan and Weinberg. Overall, our review contributes to a better understanding of the functional significance of TSPO in Glioblastoma and draws attention to TSPO as a potential modulator of treatment response and thus an important factor that may influence the clinical outcome of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal primary brain cancer in adults. Despite extensive treatment, tumors inevitably recur, leading to an average survival time shorter than 1.5 years. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is abundantly expressed throughout the body including the central nervous system. The expression of TSPO increases in states of inflammation and brain injury due to microglia activation. Not least due to its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, TSPO has been implicated with a broad spectrum of functions. These include the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, migration, as well as mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress regulation. TSPO is frequently overexpressed in GBM. Its expression level has been positively correlated to WHO grade, glioma cell proliferation, and poor prognosis of patients. Several lines of evidence indicate that TSPO plays a functional part in glioma hallmark features such as resistance to apoptosis, invasiveness, and proliferation. This review provides a critical overview of how TSPO could regulate several aspects of tumorigenesis in GBM, particularly in the context of the hallmarks of cancer proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Marie Ammer
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Christian H. Wetzel
- Molecular Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | | | - Nathalie L. Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and Department Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Hau
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (L.-M.A.); (A.V.-Z.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Martini C, Laneri S, Novellino E, Greco G. Exploiting the Indole Scaffold to Design Compounds Binding to Different Pharmacological Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102331. [PMID: 32429433 PMCID: PMC7287756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several indole derivatives have been disclosed by our research groups that have been collaborating for nearly 25 years. The results of our investigations led to a variety of molecules binding selectively to different pharmacological targets, specifically the type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) chloride channel, the translocator protein (TSPO), the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein, the A2B adenosine receptor (A2B AR) and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Herein, we describe how these works were conceived and carried out thanks to the versatility of indole nucleus to be exploited in the design and synthesis of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.D.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Giovanni Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-050-2219547 (S.T.); +39-081-678645 (G.G.)
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19
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Domesticated gag Gene of Drosophila LTR Retrotransposons Is Involved in Response to Oxidative Stress. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040396. [PMID: 32268600 PMCID: PMC7231272 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most extensively used genetic model organisms for studying LTR retrotransposons that are represented by various groups in its genome. However, the phenomenon of molecular domestication of LTR retrotransposons has been insufficiently studied in Drosophila, as well as in other invertebrates. The present work is devoted to studying the role of the domesticated gag gene, Gagr, in the Drosophila genome. The Gagr gene has been shown to be involved in the response to stress caused by exposure to ammonium persulfate, but not in the stress response to oligomycin A, zeomycin, and cadmium chloride. Ammonium persulfate tissue specifically activates the expression of Gagr in the tissues of the carcass, but not in the gut. We found that the Gagr gene promoter contains one binding motif for the transcription factor kayak, a component of the JNK signaling pathway, and two binding motifs for the transcription factor Stat92E, a component of the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Remarkably, Gagr orthologs contain the second binding motif for Stat92E only in D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. sechellia, whereas in D. yakuba and D. erecta, Gagr orthologs contain a single motif, and there are no binding sites for Stat92E in the promoters of Gagr orthologs in D. ananassae and in species outside the melanogaster group. The data obtained indicate the formation of the protective function of the Gagr gene during evolution.
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20
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati R, Liu GJ. The Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Immune Processes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020512. [PMID: 32102369 PMCID: PMC7072813 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that is widely used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation, being markedly upregulated in activated microglia in a range of brain pathologies. Despite its extensive use as a target in molecular imaging studies, the exact cellular functions of this protein remain in question. The long-held view that TSPO plays a fundamental role in the translocation of cholesterol through the mitochondrial membranes, and thus, steroidogenesis, has been disputed by several groups with the advent of TSPO knockout mouse models. Instead, much evidence is emerging that TSPO plays a fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics and associated mitochondrial functions, also part of a greater role in the innate immune processes of microglia. In this review, we examine the more direct experimental literature surrounding the immunomodulatory effects of TSPO. We also review studies which highlight a more central role for TSPO in mitochondrial processes, from energy metabolism, to the propagation of inflammatory responses through reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation. In this way, we highlight a paradigm shift in approaches to TSPO functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Richard Banati
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; (R.J.M.); (R.B.)
- Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (G-J.L.)
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21
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Jurkiewicz P, Senicourt L, Ayeb H, Lequin O, Lacapere JJ, Batoko H. A Plant-Specific N-terminal Extension Reveals Evolutionary Functional Divergence within Translocator Proteins. iScience 2020; 23:100889. [PMID: 32087576 PMCID: PMC7033594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved translocator proteins (TSPOs) mediate cell stress responses possibly in a cell-type-specific manner. This work reports on the molecular function of plant TSPO and their possible evolutionary divergence. Arabidopsis thaliana TSPO (AtTSPO) is stress induced and has a conserved polybasic, plant-specific N-terminal extension. AtTSPO reduces water loss by depleting aquaporin PIP2;7 in the plasma membrane. Herein, AtTSPO was found to bind phosphoinositides in vitro, but only full-length AtTSPO or chimeric mouse TSPO with an AtTSPO N-terminus bound PI(4,5)P2in vitro and modified PIP2;7 levels in vivo. Expression of AtTSPO but not its N-terminally truncated variant enhanced phospholipase C activity and depleted PI(4,5)P2 from the plasma membrane and its enrichment in Golgi membranes. Deletion or point mutations within the AtTSPO N-terminus affected PI(4,5)P2 binding and almost prevented AtTSPO-PIP2;7 interaction in vivo. The findings imply functional divergence of plant TSPOs from bacterial and animal counterparts via evolutionary acquisition of the phospholipid-interacting N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jurkiewicz
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lucile Senicourt
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Haitham Ayeb
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Henri Batoko
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud 4-5, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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22
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Genetic Dissection of Alzheimer's Disease Using Drosophila Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030884. [PMID: 32019113 PMCID: PMC7037931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a main cause of dementia, is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is related to abnormal accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein. Despite decades of intensive research, the mechanisms underlying AD remain elusive, and the only available treatment remains symptomatic. Molecular understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of AD is necessary to develop disease-modifying treatment. Drosophila, as the most advanced genetic model, has been used to explore the molecular mechanisms of AD in the last few decades. Here, we introduce Drosophila AD models based on human Aβ and summarize the results of their genetic dissection. We also discuss the utility of functional genomics using the Drosophila system in the search for AD-associated molecular mechanisms in the post-genomic era.
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23
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Rewiring of Cancer Cell Metabolism by Mitochondrial VDAC1 Depletion Results in Time-Dependent Tumor Reprogramming: Glioblastoma as a Proof of Concept. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111330. [PMID: 31661894 PMCID: PMC6912264 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprograming of the metabolism of cancer cells is an event recognized as a hallmark of the disease. The mitochondrial gatekeeper, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), mediates transport of metabolites and ions in and out of mitochondria, and is involved in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Here, we compared the effects of reducing hVDAC1 expression in a glioblastoma xenograft using human-specific si-RNA (si-hVDAC1) for a short (19 days) and a long term (40 days). Tumors underwent reprograming, reflected in rewired metabolism, eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and differentiation. Short- and long-term treatments of the tumors with si-hVDAC1 similarly reduced the expression of metabolism-related enzymes, and translocator protein (TSPO) and CSCs markers. In contrast, differentiation into cells expressing astrocyte or neuronal markers was noted only after a long period during which the tumor cells were hVDAC1-depleted. This suggests that tumor cell differentiation is a prolonged process that precedes metabolic reprograming and the “disappearance” of CSCs. Tumor proteomics analysis revealing global changes in the expression levels of proteins associated with signaling, synthesis and degradation of proteins, DNA structure and replication and epigenetic changes, all of which were highly altered after a long period of si-hVDAC1 tumor treatment. The depletion of hVDAC1 greatly reduced the levels of the multifunctional translocator protein TSPO, which is overexpressed in both the mitochondria and the nucleus of the tumor. The results thus show that VDAC1 depletion-mediated cancer cell metabolic reprograming involves a chain of events occurring in a sequential manner leading to a reversal of the unique properties of the tumor, indicative of the interplay between metabolism and oncogenic signaling networks.
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24
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Arbo B, Ribeiro M, Garcia-Segura L. Development of new treatments for Alzheimer's disease based on the modulation of translocator protein (TSPO). Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100943. [PMID: 31430564 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy of the world population is associated with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting currently 43 million people over the world. To date, most of the pharmacological interventions in AD are intended for the alleviation of some of its symptoms, and there are no effective treatments to inhibit the progression of the disease. Translocator protein (TSPO) is present in contact points between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the control of steroidogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis. In the last decade, studies have shown that TSPO ligands present neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of AD, both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this review is to analyze the data provided by these studies and to discuss if TSPO could be a viable therapeutic target for the development of new treatments for AD.
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25
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Pittala S, Mizrachi D. VDAC1 and the TSPO: Expression, Interactions, and Associated Functions in Health and Disease States. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133348. [PMID: 31288390 PMCID: PMC6651789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), serves multiple functions and contributes to numerous processes, including cholesterol import, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammation. TSPO forms a complex with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a protein that mediates the flux of ions, including Ca2+, nucleotides, and metabolites across the OMM, controls metabolism and apoptosis and interacts with many proteins. This review focuses on the two OMM proteins TSPO and VDAC1, addressing their structural interaction and associated functions. TSPO appears to be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species, proposed to represent the link between TSPO activation and VDAC, thus playing a role in apoptotic cell death. In addition, expression of the two proteins in healthy brains and diseased states is considered, as is the relationship between TSPO and VDAC1 expression. Both proteins are over-expressed in in brains from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Finally, TSPO expression levels were proposed as a biomarker of some neuropathological settings, while TSPO-interacting ligands have been considered as a potential basis for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Srinivas Pittala
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dario Mizrachi
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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26
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Yardeni T, Tanes CE, Bittinger K, Mattei LM, Schaefer PM, Singh LN, Wu GD, Murdock DG, Wallace DC. Host mitochondria influence gut microbiome diversity: A role for ROS. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/588/eaaw3159. [PMID: 31266851 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the gut microbiota and the mitochondrial genome are both linked with the development of disease. To investigate why, we examined the gut microbiota of mice harboring various mutations in genes that alter mitochondrial function. These studies revealed that mitochondrial genetic variations altered the composition of the gut microbiota community. In cross-fostering studies, we found that although the initial microbiota community of newborn mice was that obtained from the nursing mother, the microbiota community progressed toward that characteristic of the microbiome of unfostered pups of the same genotype within 2 months. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA variants associated with altered gut microbiota suggested that microbiome species diversity correlated with host reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To determine whether the abundance of ROS could alter the gut microbiota, mice were aged, treated with N-acetylcysteine, or engineered to express the ROS scavenger catalase specifically within the mitochondria. All three conditions altered the microbiota from that initially established. Thus, these data suggest that the mitochondrial genotype modulates both ROS production and the species diversity of the gut microbiome, implying that the connection between the gut microbiome and common disease phenotypes might be due to underlying changes in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Yardeni
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ceylan E Tanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Schaefer
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah G Murdock
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Zhang M, Wu J, Sun R, Tao X, Wang X, Kang Q, Wang H, Zhang L, Liu P, Zhang J, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Guan KL, Zou Y, Ye D. SIRT5 deficiency suppresses mitochondrial ATP production and promotes AMPK activation in response to energy stress. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211796. [PMID: 30759120 PMCID: PMC6373945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a member of the NAD+-dependent sirtuin family of protein deacylase that catalyzes removal of post-translational modifications, such as succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation on lysine residues. In light of the SIRT5's roles in regulating mitochondrion function, we show here that SIRT5 deficiency leads to suppression of mitochondrial NADH oxidation and inhibition of ATP synthase activity. As a result, SIRT5 deficiency decreases mitochondrial ATP production, increases AMP/ATP ratio, and subsequently activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cultured cells and mouse hearts under energy stress conditions. Moreover, Sirt5 knockout attenuates transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction in mice, which is associated with decreased ATP level, increased AMP/ATP ratio and enhanced AMPK activation. Our study thus uncovers an important role of SIRT5 in regulating cellular energy metabolism and AMPK activation in response to energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Tao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Waters corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Waters corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Novel fluorescent triazinobenzimidazole derivatives as probes for labelling human A 1 and A 2B adenosine receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5885-5895. [PMID: 30415894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The expression levels and the subcellular localization of adenosine receptors (ARs) are affected in several pathological conditions as a consequence of changes in adenosine release and metabolism. In this respect, labelled probes able to monitor the AR expression could be a useful tool to investigate different pathological conditions. Herein, novel ligands for ARs, bearing the fluorescent 7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) group linked to the N1 (1,2) or N10 (3,4) nitrogen of a triazinobenzimidazole scaffold, were synthesized. The compounds were biologically evaluated as fluorescent probes for labelling A1 and A2B AR subtypes in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) that express both receptor subtypes. The binding affinity of the synthetized compounds towards the different AR subtypes was determined. The probe 3 revealed a higher affinity to A1 and A2B ARs, showing interesting spectroscopic properties, and it was selected as the most suitable candidate to label both AR subtypes in undifferentiated MSCs. Fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that compound 3 significantly labelled ARs on cell membranes and the fluorescence signal was decreased by the cell pre-incubation with the A1 AR and A2B AR selective agonists, R-PIA and BAY 60-6583, respectively, thus confirming the specificity of the obtained signal. In conclusion, compound 3 could represent a useful tool to investigate the expression pattern of both A1 and A2B ARs in different pathological and physiological processes. Furthermore, these results provide an important basis for the design of new and more selective derivatives able to monitor the expression and localization of each different ARs in several tissues and living cells.
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29
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Panel M, Ghaleh B, Morin D. Mitochondria and aging: A role for the mitochondrial transition pore? Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12793. [PMID: 29888494 PMCID: PMC6052406 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms responsible for aging are poorly understood. Aging is considered as a degenerative process induced by the accumulation of cellular lesions leading progressively to organ dysfunction and death. The free radical theory of aging has long been considered the most relevant to explain the mechanisms of aging. As the mitochondrion is an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this organelle is regarded as a key intracellular player in this process and a large amount of data supports the role of mitochondrial ROS production during aging. Thus, mitochondrial ROS, oxidative damage, aging, and aging-dependent diseases are strongly connected. However, other features of mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction have been recently implicated in the development of the aging process. Here, we examine the potential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in normal aging and in aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Panel
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
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30
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Chen YC, Wu KC, Huang BM, So EC, Wang YK. Midazolam inhibits chondrogenesis via peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29516686 PMCID: PMC5908119 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Midazolam, a benzodiazepine derivative, is widely used for sedation and surgery. However, previous studies have demonstrated that Midazolam is associated with increased risks of congenital malformations, such as dwarfism, when used during early pregnancy. Recent studies have also demonstrated that Midazolam suppresses osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Given that hypertrophic chondrocytes can differentiate into osteoblast and osteocytes and contribute to endochondral bone formation, the effect of Midazolam on chondrogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we applied a human MSC line, the KP cell, to serve as an in vitro model to study the effect of Midazolam on chondrogenesis. We first successfully established an in vitro chondrogenic model in a micromass culture or a 2D high‐density culture performed with TGF‐β‐driven chondrogenic induction medium. Treatment of the Midazolam dose‐dependently inhibited chondrogenesis, examined using Alcian blue‐stained glycosaminoglycans and the expression of chondrogenic markers, such as SOX9 and type II collagen. Inhibition of Midazolam by peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) antagonist PK11195 or small interfering RNA rescued the inhibitory effects of Midazolam on chondrogenesis. In addition, Midazolam suppressed transforming growth factor‐β‐induced Smad3 phosphorylation, and this inhibitory effect could be rescued using PBR antagonist PK11195. This study provides a possible explanation for Midazolam‐induced congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system through PBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ching Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi County, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesiology, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Kao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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31
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Fan J, Wang K, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. CRISPR/Cas9‒Mediated Tspo Gene Mutations Lead to Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Steroid Formation in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1130-1146. [PMID: 29300865 PMCID: PMC5793793 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (TSPO) binds cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its delivery into mitochondria, the rate-limiting step in hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Specific ligand binding to TSPO has been shown to initiate steroid formation. However, recent studies of the genetic deletion of Tspo have provided conflicting results. Here, we address and extend previous studies by examining the effects of Tspo-specific mutations on steroid formation in hormone- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive MA-10 cells, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two mutant subcell lines, nG1 and G2G, each carrying a Tspo exon2-specific genome modification, and two control subcell lines, G1 and HH, each carrying a wild-type Tspo, were produced. In response to dibutyryl cAMP, the nG1 and G2G cells produced progesterone at levels significantly lower than those produced by the corresponding control cells G1 and HH. Neutral lipid homeostasis, which provides free cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis, was altered significantly in the Tspo mutant cells. Interestingly, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of the Tspo mutant cells was significantly reduced compared with that of the control cells, likely because of TSPO interactions with the voltage-dependent anion channel and tubulin at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression was induced in nG1 cells, suggesting that reduced TSPO affected STAR synthesis and/or processing. Taken together, these results provide further evidence for the critical role of TSPO in steroid biosynthesis and suggest that it may function at least in part via its regulation of ΔΨm and effects on STAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kevin Wang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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32
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Papadopoulos V, Fan J, Zirkin B. Translocator protein (18 kDa): an update on its function in steroidogenesis. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:10.1111/jne.12500. [PMID: 28667781 PMCID: PMC5748373 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a ubiquitous mitochondrial protein. Studies of its responses to drug and endogenous ligands have shown TSPO to be involved either directly or indirectly in numerous biological functions, including mitochondrial cholesterol transport and steroid hormone biosynthesis, porphyrin transport and heme synthesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and anion transport. Localised to the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroidogenic cells, TSPO has been shown to associate with cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins as part of a large multiprotein complex involved in mitochondrial cholesterol transport, the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. There is general agreement as to the structure and pharmacology of TSPO. Stimulation of TSPO has been shown to have therapeutic use as anxiolytics by inducing allopregnanolone production in the brain, and also potentially for re-establishing androgen levels in hypogonadal ageing animals. Until recently, there has been general agreement regarding the role of TSPO in steroidogenesis. However, recent studies involving genetic depletion of TSPO in mice have created controversy about the role of this protein in steroid and heme synthesis. We review the data on the structure and function of TSPO, as well as the recent results obtained using various genetic animal models. Taken together, these studies suggest that TSPO is a unique mitochondrial pharmacological target for diseases that involve increased mitochondrial activity, including steroidogenesis. Although there is no known mammalian species that lacks TSPO, it is likely that, because of the importance of this ancient protein in evolution and mitochondrial function, redundant mechanisms may exist to replace it under circumstances when it is removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jinjiang Fan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Regulation of Mitochondrial, Cellular, and Organismal Functions by TSPO. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:103-136. [PMID: 29413517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1999, the enigma of the 18kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, was the seeming disparity of the many functions attributed to TSPO, ranging from the potential of TSPO acting as a housekeeping gene at molecular biological levels to adaptations to stress, and even involvement in higher emotional and cognitive functioning, such as anxiety and depression. In the years since then, knowledge regarding the many functions modulated by TSPO has expanded, and understanding has deepened. In addition, new functions could be firmly associated with TSPO, such as regulation of programmed cell death and modulation of gene expression. Interestingly, control by the mitochondrial TSPO over both of these life and death functions appears to include Ca++ homeostasis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ATP production. Other mitochondrial functions under TSPO control are considered to be steroidogenesis and tetrapyrrole metabolism. As TSPO effects on gene expression and on programmed cell death can be related to the wide range of functions that can be associated with TSPO, several of these five elements of Ca++, ROS, ATP, steroids, and tetrapyrroles may indeed form the basis of TSPO's capability to operate as a multifunctional housekeeping gene to maintain homeostasis of the cell and of the whole multicellular organism.
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Tower J. Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:735-747. [PMID: 28780002 PMCID: PMC5667568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related diseases show a marked sex bias. For example, women live longer than men yet have more Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis, whereas men have more cancer and Parkinson's disease. Understanding the role of sex will be important in designing interventions and in understanding basic aging mechanisms. Aging also shows sex differences in model organisms. Dietary restriction (DR), reduced insulin/IGF1-like signaling (IIS), and reduced TOR signaling each increase life span preferentially in females in both flies and mice. Maternal transmission of mitochondria to offspring may lead to greater control over mitochondrial functions in females, including greater life span and a larger response to diet. Consistent with this idea, males show greater loss of mitochondrial gene expression with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Kim K, Kim JH, Kim YH, Hong SE, Lee SH. Pathway profiles based on gene-set enrichment analysis in the honey bee Apis mellifera under brood rearing-suppressed conditions. Genomics 2017; 110:43-49. [PMID: 28803879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of normal behaviors in honey bee colonies by any external factor can immediately reduce the colony's capacity for brood rearing, which can eventually lead to colony collapse. To investigate the effects of brood-rearing suppression on the biology of honey bee workers, gene-set enrichment analysis of the transcriptomes of worker bees with or without suppressed brood rearing was performed. When brood rearing was suppressed, pathways associated with both protein degradation and synthesis were simultaneously over-represented in both nurses and foragers, and their overall pathway representation profiles resembled those of normal foragers and nurses, respectively. Thus, obstruction of normal labor induced over-representation in pathways related with reshaping of worker bee physiology, suggesting that transition of labor is physiologically reversible. In addition, some genes associated with the regulation of neuronal excitability, cellular and nutritional stress and aggressiveness were over-expressed under brood rearing suppression perhaps to manage in-hive stress under unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Ecology & Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eui Hong
- Theragen Etex, Bio Institute, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jeon Y, Lee S, Shin M, Lee JH, Suh YS, Hwang S, Yun HS, Cho KS. Phenotypic differences between Drosophila Alzheimer's disease models expressing human Aβ42 in the developing eye and brain. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:160-168. [PMID: 30460065 PMCID: PMC6138326 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1313777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster expressing amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) transgenes have been used as models to study Alzheimer's disease. Various Aβ42 transgenes with different structures induce different phenotypes, which make it difficult to compare data among studies which use different transgenic lines. In this study, we compared the phenotypes of four frequently used Aβ42 transgenic lines, UAS-Aβ422X , UAS-Aβ42BL33770 , UAS-Aβ4211C39 , and UAS-Aβ42H29.3 . Among the four transgenic lines, only UAS-Aβ422X has two copies of the upstream activation sequence-amyloid-β42 (UAS-Aβ42) transgene, while remaining three have one copy. UAS-Aβ42BL33770 has the 3' untranslated region of Drosophila α-tubulin, while the others have that of SV40. UAS-Aβ4211C39 and UAS-Aβ42H29.3 have the rat pre-proenkephalin signal peptide, while UAS-Aβ422X and UAS-Aβ42BL33770 have that of the fly argos protein. When the transgenes were expressed ectopically in the developing eyes of the flies, UAS-Aβ422X transgene resulted in a strongly reduced and rough eye phenotype, while UAS-Aβ42BL33770 only showed a strong rough eye phenotype; UAS-Aβ42H29.3 and UAS-Aβ4211C39 had mild rough eyes. The levels of cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the eye imaginal discs were consistently the highest in UAS-Aβ422X , followed by UAS-Aβ42BL33770 , UAS-Aβ4211C39 , and UAS-Aβ42H29.3 . Surprisingly, the reduction in survival during the development of these lines did not correlate with cell death or ROS levels. The flies which expressed UAS-Aβ4211C39 or UAS-Aβ42H29.3 experienced greatly reduced survival rates, although low levels of ROS or cell death were detected. Collectively, our results demonstrated that different Drosophila AD models show different phenotypic severity, and suggested that different transgenes may have different modes of cytotoxicity. Abbreviations: Aβ42: amyloid-β42; AD: Alzheimer's disease; UAS: upstream activation sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungchul Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mitchell CL, Latuszek CE, Vogel KR, Greenlund IM, Hobmeier RE, Ingram OK, Dufek SR, Pecore JL, Nip FR, Johnson ZJ, Ji X, Wei H, Gailing O, Werner T. α-amanitin resistance in Drosophila melanogaster: A genome-wide association approach. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173162. [PMID: 28241077 PMCID: PMC5328632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of mushroom toxin resistance in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) fly lines, using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). While Drosophila melanogaster avoids mushrooms in nature, some lines are surprisingly resistant to α-amanitin—a toxin found solely in mushrooms. This resistance may represent a pre-adaptation, which might enable this species to invade the mushroom niche in the future. Although our previous microarray study had strongly suggested that pesticide-metabolizing detoxification genes confer α-amanitin resistance in a Taiwanese D. melanogaster line Ama-KTT, none of the traditional detoxification genes were among the top candidate genes resulting from the GWAS in the current study. Instead, we identified Megalin, Tequila, and widerborst as candidate genes underlying the α-amanitin resistance phenotype in the North American DGRP lines, all three of which are connected to the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway. Both widerborst and Tequila are upstream regulators of TOR, and TOR is a key regulator of autophagy and Megalin-mediated endocytosis. We suggest that endocytosis and autophagy of α-amanitin, followed by lysosomal degradation of the toxin, is one of the mechanisms that confer α-amanitin resistance in the DGRP lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Catrina E Latuszek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Kara R Vogel
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ian M Greenlund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E Hobmeier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Olivia K Ingram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Shannon R Dufek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Jared L Pecore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Felicia R Nip
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Clinical Center, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Zachary J Johnson
- U.S. Forest Service, Salt Lake Ranger District 6944 S, 3000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Oliver Gailing
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, United States of America
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Busch AWU, WareJoncas Z, Montgomery BL. Tryptophan-Rich Sensory Protein/Translocator Protein (TSPO) from Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon Binds a Broad Range of Functionally Relevant Tetrapyrroles. Biochemistry 2016; 56:73-84. [PMID: 27990801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan-rich sensory protein/translocator protein (TSPO) is a membrane protein involved in stress adaptation in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. Characterized mammalian and proteobacterial TSPO homologues bind tetrapyrroles and cholesterol ligands. We investigated the ligand binding properties of TSPO from F. diplosiphon (FdTSPO1), which was functionally characterized in prior genetic studies. Two additional TSPO proteins (FdTSPO2 and FdTSPO3) are present in F. diplosiphon; they are similar in size to reported bacterial TSPOs and smaller than FdTSPO1. The longer cyanobacterial TSPO1 is found almost exclusively in filamentous cyanobacteria and has a relatively low degree of homology to bacterial and mammalian TSPO homologues with confirmed tetrapyrrole binding. To probe distinctions of long-form TSPOs, we tested the binding of porphyrin and bilin to FdTSPO1 and measured binding affinities in the low micromolar range, with the highest binding affinity detected for heme. Although tetrapyrrole ligands bound FdTSPO1 with affinities similar to those previously reported for proteobacterial TSPO, binding of cholesterol to FdTSPO1 was particularly poor and was not improved by introducing an amino acid motif known to enhance cholesterol binding in other bacterial TSPO homologues. Additionally, we detected limited binding of bacterial hopanoids to FdTSPO1. Cyanobacterial TSPO1 from the oxygenic photosynthetic F. diplosiphon, thus, binds a range of tetrapyrroles of functional relevance with efficiencies similar to those of mammalian and proteobacterial homologues, but the level of cholesterol binding is greatly reduced compared to that of mammalian TSPO. Furthermore, the ΔFdTSPO1 mutant exhibits altered growth in the presence of biliverdin compared to that of wild-type cells under green light. Together, these results suggest that TSPO molecules may play roles in bilin homeostasis or trafficking in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea W U Busch
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zachary WareJoncas
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Selvaraj V, Tu LN. Current status and future perspectives: TSPO in steroid neuroendocrinology. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R1-R30. [PMID: 27422254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), has received significant attention both as a diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for different neuronal disease pathologies. Recently, its functional basis believed to be mediating mitochondrial cholesterol import for steroid hormone production has been refuted by studies examining both in vivo and in vitro genetic Tspo-deficient models. As a result, there now exists a fundamental gap in the understanding of TSPO function in the nervous system, and its putative pharmacology in neurosteroid production. In this review, we discuss several recent findings in steroidogenic cells that are in direct contradiction to previous studies, and necessitate a re-examination of the purported role for TSPO in de novo neurosteroid biosynthesis. We critically examine the pharmacological effects of different TSPO-binding drugs with particular focus on studies that measure neurosteroid levels. We highlight the basis of key misconceptions regarding TSPO that continue to pervade the literature, and the need for interpretation with caution to avoid negative impacts. We also summarize the emerging perspectives that point to new directions that need to be investigated for understanding the molecular function of TSPO, only after which the true potential of this therapeutic target in medicine may be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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40
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Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu GJ. The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system. Redox Biol 2016; 9:144-156. [PMID: 27544883 PMCID: PMC4993858 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses of the central nervous system (CNS) to stressors and injuries, such as ionising radiation, are modulated by the concomitant responses of the brains innate immune effector cells, microglia. Exposure to high doses of ionising radiation in brain tissue leads to the expression and release of biochemical mediators of ‘neuroinflammation’, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tissue destruction. Contrastingly, low dose ionising radiation may reduce vulnerability to subsequent exposure of ionising radiation, largely through the stimulation of adaptive responses, such as antioxidant defences. These disparate responses may be reflective of non-linear differential microglial activation at low and high doses, manifesting as an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory functional state. Biomarkers of pathology in the brain, such as the mitochondrial Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), have facilitated in vivo characterisation of microglial activation and ‘neuroinflammation’ in many pathological states of the CNS, though the exact function of TSPO in these responses remains elusive. Based on the known responsiveness of TSPO expression to a wide range of noxious stimuli, we discuss TSPO as a potential biomarker of radiation-induced effects. Ionising radiation can modulate responses of microglial cells in the CNS. High doses can induce ROS formation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Low doses can mitigate tissue damage via antioxidant defences. TSPO as a potential biomarker and modulator of radiation induced effects in the CNS. Non-linear differential microglial activation to high and low doses is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Betlazar
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Bioanalytics group, Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
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Tetrapyrroles as Endogenous TSPO Ligands in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: Comparisons with Synthetic Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060880. [PMID: 27271616 PMCID: PMC4926414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly 0conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Since its discovery in 1977, numerous studies established the TSPO’s importance for life essential functions. For these studies, synthetic TSPO ligands typically are applied. Tetrapyrroles present endogenous ligands for the TSPO. Tetrapyrroles are also evolutionarily conserved and regulate multiple functions. TSPO and tetrapyrroles regulate each other. In animals TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions range from effects on embryonic development to metabolism, programmed cell death, response to stress, injury and disease, and even to life span extension. In animals TSPOs are primarily located in mitochondria. In plants TSPOs are also present in plastids, the nuclear fraction, the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi stacks. This may contribute to translocation of tetrapyrrole intermediates across organelles’ membranes. As in animals, plant TSPO binds heme and protoporphyrin IX. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions in plants appear to relate to development as well as stress conditions, including salt tolerance, abscisic acid-induced stress, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and finally cell death regulation. In bacteria, TSPO is important for switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, including the regulation of photosynthesis. As in mitochondria, in bacteria TSPO is located in the outer membrane. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions may be part of the establishment of the bacterial-eukaryote relationships, i.e., mitochondrial-eukaryote and plastid-plant endosymbiotic relationships.
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Felsky D, De Jager PL, Schneider JA, Arfanakis K, Fleischman DA, Arvanitakis Z, Honer WG, Pouget JG, Mizrahi R, Pollock BG, Kennedy JL, Bennett DA, Voineskos AN. Cerebrovascular and microglial states are not altered by functional neuroinflammatory gene variant. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:819-30. [PMID: 26762507 PMCID: PMC4821029 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15626719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein, a microglial-expressed marker of neuroinflammation, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by alterations in vascular and inflammatory states. ATSPOvariant, rs6971, determines binding affinity of exogenous radioligandsin vivo; however, the effect of these altered binding characteristics on inflammatory and cerebrovascular biomarkers has not been assessed. In 2345 living subjects (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, n = 1330) and postmortem brain samples (Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project, n = 1015), we analyzed effects of rs6971 on white matter hyperintensisites, cerebral infarcts, circulating inflammatory biomarkers, amyloid angiopathy, and microglial activation. We found that rs6971 does not alter translocator protein in a way that impacts cerebrovascular and inflammatory states known to be affected in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felsky
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, IL, USA
| | - Debra A Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William G Honer
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Srivastava P, Kaul A, Ojha H, Kumar P, Tiwari AK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of methyl-2-(2-(5-bromo benzoxazolone)acetamido)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate: TSPO ligand for SPECT. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19514h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), a transmembrane mitochondrial protein, has been explored as an important biomarker by researchers for inflammation, immune modulation and cell proliferation. Here we report a new SPECT agent99mTc-MBIP for TSPO imaging and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory
| | - Ankur Kaul
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Himanshu Ojha
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Anjani K. Tiwari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
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44
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Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JRH, Dargan PI. Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015; 35:591-6. [PMID: 26693960 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS There has been a global increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) over the last decade. Phenibut (β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) is a GABAB agonist that is used as an NPS. Here, we bring together published scientific and grey information sources to further understand the prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity of phenibut. DESIGN AND METHODS Using European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Internet snapshot methodology, we undertook an English language Internet snapshot survey in May 2015 to gather information on the availability and price of phenibut from Internet NPS retailers. To gather information on prevalence of use, desired effects and/or adverse effects, we searched grey literature (online drug discussion forums) and medical literature (PubMed and abstracts from selected International Toxicology conferences). RESULTS We found 48 unrelated Internet suppliers selling phenibut in amounts ranging from 5 g (US$1.60, £1.01/g) to 1000 kg (US$0.23, £0.14/g). Capsules containing 200-500 mg of phenibut were available in packs of between 6 (US$4.45, £2.80/g) and 360 (US$0.43, £0.27/g). According to the grey literature, phenibut is taken for its anxiolytic and euphoric properties, with tolerance and withdrawal syndromes commonly reported adverse effects. Phenibut is taken orally at an average dose of 2.4 g. Case reports in the medical literature feature users who present to emergency departments heavily sedated or experiencing withdrawal. There have been no reported deaths relating to phenibut use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Phenibut is readily available in the UK from Internet sites selling NPS. Its desired and adverse effects appear similar to other gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists. [Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JRH, Dargan PI. Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:591-596].
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John R H Archer
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK. .,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Clavier A, Rincheval-Arnold A, Colin J, Mignotte B, Guénal I. Apoptosis in Drosophila: which role for mitochondria? Apoptosis 2015; 21:239-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Morin D, Musman J, Pons S, Berdeaux A, Ghaleh B. Mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO): From physiology to cardioprotection. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 105:1-13. [PMID: 26688086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is a high affinity cholesterol binding protein which is primarily located in the outer mitochondrial membrane where it has been shown to interact with proteins implicated in mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation. TSPO is found in different species and is expressed at high levels in tissues that synthesize steroids but is also present in other peripheral tissues especially in the heart. TSPO has been involved in the import of cholesterol into mitochondria, a key step in steroidogenesis. This constitutes the main established function of the protein which was recently challenged by genetic studies. TSPO has also been associated directly or indirectly with a wide range of cellular functions such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, regulation of mitochondrial function or porphyrin transport. In the heart the role of TSPO remains undefined but a growing body of evidence suggests that TSPO plays a critical role in regulating physiological cardiac function and that TSPO ligands may represent interesting drugs to protect the heart under pathological conditions. This article briefly reviews current knowledge regarding TSPO and discusses its role in the cardiovascular system under physiological and pathologic conditions. More particularly, it provides evidence that TSPO can represent an alternative strategy to develop new pharmacological agents to protect the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Morin
- INSERM U955, Équipe 3, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, Créteil, France.
| | - Julien Musman
- INSERM U955, Équipe 3, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, Créteil, France.
| | - Sandrine Pons
- INSERM U955, Équipe 3, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, Créteil, France.
| | - Alain Berdeaux
- INSERM U955, Équipe 3, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, Créteil, France.
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- INSERM U955, Équipe 3, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, Créteil, France.
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Zhao AH, Tu LN, Mukai C, Sirivelu MP, Pillai VV, Morohaku K, Cohen R, Selvaraj V. Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) Function Is Not Essential for Heme Biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1591-1603. [PMID: 26627829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mammalian translocator protein (TSPO; previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) remains unclear because its presumed role in steroidogenesis and mitochondrial permeability transition established using pharmacological methods has been refuted in recent genetic studies. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is considered a conserved endogenous ligand for TSPO. In bacteria, TSPO was identified to regulate tetrapyrrole metabolism and chemical catalysis of PPIX in the presence of light, and in vertebrates, TSPO function has been linked to porphyrin transport and heme biosynthesis. Positive correlation between high TSPO expression in cancer cells and susceptibility to photodynamic therapy based on their increased ability to convert the precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to PPIX appeared to reinforce this mechanism. In this study, we used TSPO knock-out (Tspo(-/-)) mice, primary cells, and different tumor cell lines to examine the role of TSPO in erythropoiesis, heme levels, PPIX biosynthesis, phototoxic cell death, and mitochondrial bioenergetic homeostasis. In contrast to expectations, our results demonstrate that TSPO deficiency does not adversely affect erythropoiesis, heme biosynthesis, bioconversion of ALA to PPIX, and porphyrin-mediated phototoxic cell death. TSPO expression levels in cancer cells do not correlate with their ability to convert ALA to PPIX. In fibroblasts, we observed that TSPO deficiency decreased the oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) indicative of a cellular metabolic shift, without a negative impact on porphyrin biosynthetic capability. Based on these findings, we conclude that mammalian TSPO does not have a critical physiological function related to PPIX and heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Zhao
- From the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Lan N Tu
- From the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Chinatsu Mukai
- the Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Madhu P Sirivelu
- the Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Viju V Pillai
- From the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Kanako Morohaku
- From the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Roy Cohen
- the Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- From the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,.
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Repalli J. Translocator protein (TSPO) role in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Aging Sci 2015; 7:168-75. [PMID: 25495567 PMCID: PMC4435228 DOI: 10.2174/1874609808666141210103146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage and deregulated apoptotic cell death lead to functional impairment, and a main
consequence of these events is aging. Cellular damage is initiated by different stress/risk factors such as
oxidative stress, inflammation, and heavy metals. These stress/risk factors affect the cellular homeostasis
by altering methylation status of several aging and Alzheimer’s disease associated genes; these effects can
be manifested immediately after exposure to stress and at later stages of life. However, when cellular damage
exceeds certain threshold levels apoptosis is initiated. This review discusses the stress factors involved
in cellular damage and the role and potential of TSPO-mediated cell death in aging as well as in Alzheimer’s disease,
which is also characterized by extensive cell death. Mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic death through the release of cytochrome
c is regulated by TSPO, and increased expression of this protein is observed in both elderly people and in patients
with Alzheimer’s disease. TSPO forms and mediates opening of the mitochondrial membrane pore, mPTP and oxidizes
cardiolipin, and these events lead to the leakage of apoptotic death mediators, such as cytochrome c, resulting in cell
death. However, TSPO has many proposed functions and can also increase steroid synthesis, which leads to inhibition of
inflammation and inhibition of the release of apoptotic factors, thereby decreasing cell damage and promoting cell survival.
Thus, TSPO mediates apoptosis and decreases the cell damage, which in turn dictates the process of aging as well
as the functionality of organs such as the brain. TSPO modulation with ligands in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
showed improvement in behavioral symptoms, and studies in Drosophila species showed increased cell survival and prolonged
lifespan in flies after TSPO inhibition. These data suggest that since effects/signs of stress can manifest at any
time, prevention through change in lifestyle and TSPO modulation could be potential strategies for altering both the aging
process and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Repalli
- NYU Langone Medical Center,180 Varick Street, Room 802, New York, NY, 10014, USA.
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Lin R, Rittenhouse D, Sweeney K, Potluri P, Wallace DC. TSPO, a Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Protein, Controls Ethanol-Related Behaviors in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005366. [PMID: 26241038 PMCID: PMC4524697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs) which impact patients, their families, and societies. Yet the genetic and physiological factors that predispose humans to AUDs remain unclear. One hypothesis is that alterations in mitochondrial function modulate neuronal sensitivity to ethanol exposure. Using Drosophila genetics we report that inactivation of the mitochondrial outer membrane translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO), also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, affects ethanol sedation and tolerance in male flies. Knockdown of dTSPO in adult male neurons results in increased sensitivity to ethanol sedation, and this effect requires the dTSPO depletion-mediated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibition of caspase activity in fly heads. Systemic loss of dTSPO in male flies blocks the development of tolerance to repeated ethanol exposures, an effect that is not seen when dTSPO is only inactivated in neurons. Female flies are naturally more sensitive to ethanol than males, and female fly heads have strikingly lower levels of dTSPO mRNA than males. Hence, mitochondrial TSPO function plays an important role in ethanol sensitivity and tolerance. Since a large array of benzodiazepine analogues have been developed that interact with the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, the mitochondrial TSPO might provide an important new target for treating AUDs. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect millions of patients worldwide and result in high social and economic burdens. Although environmental factors are involved, there are clear genetic components to AUDs. Both the acute sedating effect of alcohol exposure and alcohol tolerance contribute to long term risk for alcohol dependence and addiction. Yet the genetic etiology of AUDs remains to be determined. The mitochondria play a central role in ethanol metabolism and are important in many aspects of cellular physiology such as REDOX and ROS regulation, and apoptosis. The mitochondrial outer membrane translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) binds the benzodiazepines and perhaps other addictive drugs, and thus may play a role in AUDs. Since Drosophila is a well-established model for ethanol-related behaviors, we have developed systems for manipulating the Drosophila tspo gene and protein. With these systems, we have discovered that neuronal TSPO controls sensitivity to ethanol sedation via ROS and caspase-mediated signaling and that systemic TSPO levels are important in the development of tolerance to repeated ethanol exposure. Given the variety of known TSPO ligands, and the common mechanisms of various abusive substances, our studies suggest that TSPO might be a promising target to combat alcoholism as well as addiction to other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle Rittenhouse
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katelyn Sweeney
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prasanth Potluri
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The 3D structure of the 18-kDa transmembrane (TM) protein TSPO (translocator protein)/PBR (peripheral benzodiazepine receptor), which contains a binding site for benzodiazepines, is important to better understand its function and regulation by endogenous and synthetic ligands. We have recently determined the structure of mammalian TSPO/PBR in complex with the diagnostic ligand PK11195 [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; Jaremko et al. (2014) Science 343: , 1363-1366], providing for the first time atomic-level insight into the conformation of this protein, which is up-regulated in various pathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here, we review the studies which have probed the structural properties of mammalian TSPO/PBR as well as the homologues bacterial tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (TspOs) over the years and provide detailed insight into the 3D structure of mouse TSPO (mTSPO)/PBR in complex with PK11195.
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