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Roychowdhury S, Pant B, Cross E, Scheraga R, Vachharajani V. Effect of ethanol exposure on innate immune response in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1029-1041. [PMID: 38066660 PMCID: PMC11136611 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder, reported by 1 in 8 critically ill patients, is a risk factor for death in sepsis patients. Sepsis, the leading cause of death, kills over 270,000 patients in the United States alone and remains without targeted therapy. Immune response in sepsis transitions from an early hyperinflammation to persistent inflammation and immunosuppression and multiple organ dysfunction during late sepsis. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. Ethanol exposure is known to impair innate and adaptive immune response and bacterial clearance in sepsis patients. Specifically, ethanol exposure is known to modulate every aspect of innate immune response with and without sepsis. Multiple molecular mechanisms are implicated in causing dysregulated immune response in ethanol exposure with sepsis, but targeted treatments have remained elusive. In this article, we outline the effects of ethanol exposure on various innate immune cell types in general and during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Bishnu Pant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Emily Cross
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Rachel Scheraga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, United States
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, United States
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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McMahan RH, Anton P, Coleman LG, Cresci GAM, Crews FT, Crotty KM, Luck ME, Molina PE, Vachharajani V, Weinberg J, Yeligar SM, Choudhry MA, McCullough RL, Kovacs EJ. Alcohol and Immunology: Mechanisms of multi-organ damage. Summary of the 2022 alcohol and Immunology research interest group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol 2023; 110:57-63. [PMID: 37061143 PMCID: PMC10330898 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
On October 26th, 2022 the annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Leukocyte Biology in Hawaii. The 2022 meeting focused broadly on the immunological consequences of acute, chronic, and prenatal alcohol exposure and how these contribute to damage in multiple organs and tissues. These included alcohol-induced neuroinflammation, impaired lung immunity, intestinal dysfunction, and decreased anti-microbial and anti-viral responses. In addition, research presented covered multiple pathways behind alcohol-induced cellular dysfunction, including mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, gene regulation, and epigenetics. Finally, the work presented highlighted potential biomarkers and novel avenues of treatment for alcohol-induced organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H McMahan
- Division of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Paige Anton
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Departments of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital and Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kathryn M Crotty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Marisa E Luck
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Integrative Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Division of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Gandhirajan A, Roychowdhury S, Kibler C, Cross E, Abraham S, Bellar A, Nagy LE, Scheraga RG, Vachharajani V. SIRT2-PFKP interaction dysregulates phagocytosis in macrophages with acute ethanol-exposure. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079962. [PMID: 36865524 PMCID: PMC9972587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse, reported by 1/8th critically ill patients, is an independent risk factor for death in sepsis. Sepsis kills over 270,000 patients/year in the US. We reported that the ethanol-exposure suppresses innate-immune response, pathogen clearance, and decreases survival in sepsis-mice via sirtuin 2 (SIRT2). SIRT2 is an NAD+-dependent histone-deacetylase with anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that in ethanol-exposed macrophages, SIRT2 suppresses phagocytosis and pathogen clearance by regulating glycolysis. Immune cells use glycolysis to fuel increased metabolic and energy demand of phagocytosis. Using ethanol-exposed mouse bone marrow- and human blood monocyte-derived macrophages, we found that SIRT2 mutes glycolysis via deacetylating key glycolysis regulating enzyme phosphofructokinase-platelet isoform (PFKP), at mouse lysine 394 (mK394, human: hK395). Acetylation of PFKP at mK394 (hK395) is crucial for PFKP function as a glycolysis regulating enzyme. The PFKP also facilitates phosphorylation and activation of autophagy related protein 4B (Atg4B). Atg4B activates microtubule associated protein 1 light chain-3B (LC3). LC3 is a driver of a subset of phagocytosis, the LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which is crucial for segregation and enhanced clearance of pathogens, in sepsis. We found that in ethanol-exposed cells, the SIRT2-PFKP interaction leads to decreased Atg4B-phosphorylation, decreased LC3 activation, repressed phagocytosis and LAP. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 reverse PFKP-deacetylation, suppressed LC3-activation and phagocytosis including LAP, in ethanol-exposed macrophages to improve bacterial clearance and survival in ethanol with sepsis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Gandhirajan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christopher Kibler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emily Cross
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Susamma Abraham
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Annett Bellar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Greenberg Scheraga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vidula Vachharajani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Nguyen TH, Turek I, Meehan-Andrews T, Zacharias A, Irving HR. A systematic review and meta-analyses of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) action on inflammation in in vivo models for the study of sepsis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263968. [PMID: 35167625 PMCID: PMC8846508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is a critical modulator of inflammation and is associated with endotoxin tolerance and sepsis. Although IRAK3 is known as a negative regulator of inflammation, several studies have reported opposing functions, and the temporal actions of IRAK3 on inflammation remain unclear. A systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to investigate IRAK3 expression and its effects on inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) after one- or two-challenge interventions, which mimic the hyperinflammatory and immunosuppression phases of sepsis, respectively, using human or animal in vivo models. Methods This systematic review and meta-analyses has been registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (Registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/V39UR). A systematic search was performed to identify in vivo studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data was available. Results The search identified 7778 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full texts, a total of 49 studies were included in the systematic review. The review identified significant increase of IRAK3 mRNA and protein expression at different times in humans compared to rodents following one-challenge, whereas the increases of IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression in humans were similar to rodent in vivo models. Meta-analyses confirmed the inhibitory effect of IRAK3 on TNF-α mRNA and protein expression after two challenges. Conclusions A negative correlation between IRAK3 and TNF-α expression in rodents following two challenges demonstrates the association of IRAK3 in the immunosuppression phase of sepsis. Species differences in underlying biology affect the translatability of immune responses of animal models to human, as shown by the dissimilarity in patterns of IRAK3 mRNA and protein expression between humans and rodents following one challenge that are further influenced by variations in experimental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang H. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (HRI); (THN)
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri Meehan-Andrews
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (HRI); (THN)
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Zhang M, Acklin S, Gillenwater J, Du W, Patra M, Yu H, Xu B, Yu J, Xia F. SIRT2 promotes murine melanoma progression through natural killer cell inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12988. [PMID: 34155309 PMCID: PMC8217567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2, an NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, has been shown to play a pivotal role in various physiological processes, however, its role in cancer is currently controversial. In recent years, SIRT2 has been described as both a tumor suppressor and oncogene with divergent expression and function in various malignancies. Using murine allograft melanoma models, our results suggest increased systemic expression of SIRT2 promotes tumor progression. In this study, SIRT2-overexpressing mice exhibited enhanced tumor growth and larger tumor volumes compared to their wild-type littermates. Mechanistically, systemic overexpression of SIRT2 reduces the number of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells and suppresses NK cell function and proliferation within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, despite the enhancing effect of NK cell depletion on tumor volume and growth rate in wild-type littermate mice, this effect was diminished in SIRT2-overexpressing mice. Lastly, pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 increases NK cell tumor infiltration and suppresses allograft melanoma tumor growth. The findings of this study identify a dynamic functional interaction between systemic SIRT2 and NK cell activity, which controls melanoma tumor progression. Given the recent renewed interest in NK-cell-mediated immunotherapy response, SIRT2 could present a new opportunity to mediate immunotherapy response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Scarlett Acklin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - John Gillenwater
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Wuying Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Mousumi Patra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fen Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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