1
|
Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Duration of untreated illness in gambling disorder. CNS Spectr 2024; 29:54-59. [PMID: 37694344 PMCID: PMC7615660 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852923002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gambling disorder is common, affects 0.5-2% of the population, and is under-treated. Duration of untreated illness (DUI) has emerged as a clinically important concept in the context of other mental disorders, but DUI in gambling disorder, has received little research scrutiny. METHODS Data were aggregated from previous clinical trials in gambling disorder with people who had never previously received any treatment. DUI was quantified, and clinical characteristics were compared as a function of DUI status. RESULTS A total of 298 individuals were included, and the mean DUI (standard deviation) was 8.9 (8.4) years, and the median DUI was 6 years. Longer DUI was significantly associated with male gender, older age, earlier age when the person first started to gamble, and family history of alcohol use disorder. Longer DUI was not significantly associated with racial-ethnic status, gambling symptom severity, current depressive or anxiety severity, comorbidities, or disability/functioning. The two groups did not differ in their propensity to drop out of the clinical trials, nor in overall symptom improvement associated with participation in those trials. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that gambling disorder has a relatively long DUI and highlight the need to raise awareness and foster early intervention for affected and at-risk individuals. Because earlier age at first gambling in any form was strongly linked to longer DUI, this highlights the need for more rigorous legislation and education to reduce exposure of younger people to gambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; and Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vöhringer J, Schroeder PA, Hütter M, Svaldi J. Does inhibitory control spill over to eating behaviors? Two preregistered studies of inhibitory spillover effects on food intake and reactions to food stimuli. Appetite 2023; 191:107083. [PMID: 37832723 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are worldwide conditions associated with detrimental medical and psychosocial outcomes. As inhibitory control deficits are thought to contribute to weight gain, they are a worthwhile target for new approaches. Previous research has shown that the execution of inhibitory control in one domain leads to a concurrent increase of inhibitory control in another domain, an effect denoted as inhibitory spillover effect (ISE). Therefore, we assumed that exertion of inhibitory control in a food-unrelated domain in overweight and normal weight individuals will decrease food intake in a simultaneous bogus taste test (BTT; study 1) as well as increase food-specific response inhibition ability in a stop signal task (SST; study 2). We assumed stronger effects in overweight individuals. In both studies ISE was induced via cognitive priming and compared to a neutral condition in a group of overweight (OW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) and normal weight (NW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) individuals. In the ISE condition with an inhibitory control priming task, participants had to learn and retain control-related words while simultaneously performing a BTT (study 1) or SST (study 2). In the neutral condition, participants followed the same protocol, albeit memorizing neutral (i.e., control-unrelated) words. There was no significant interaction of weight group × cognitive priming condition neither regarding food intake (study 1) nor regarding food-related response inhibition (study 2). Cognitive priming, as implemented in the present studies, does not instigate an ISE strong enough to improve inhibitory control during food intake or food-related response inhibition. Relevant practical and theoretical aspects as well as implications for future research on the ISE are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Vöhringer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp A Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandy Hütter
- Department of Psychology, Social Cognition and Decision Sciences, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yokum S, Stice E. Relation of BOLD response to food-specific and generic motor response inhibition tasks to body fat gain in adults with overweight and obesity. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114206. [PMID: 37094746 PMCID: PMC10205669 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low inhibitory control has been theorized to contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Knowledge on the neurobiological indicators of inhibitory control deficits predicting future weight gain is limited. The current study examined if individual differences in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activity associated with food-specific and general motor response inhibition predict future body fat change in adults with overweight or obesity. METHODS BOLD activity and behavioral responses of adults with overweight or obesity (N = 160) were recorded while performing a food-specific stop signal task (n = 92) or a generic stop signal task (n = 68). Percent body fat was measured at baseline, posttest, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Elevated BOLD activity in somatosensory (postcentral gyrus), and attention (precuneus) regions during successful inhibition in the food-specific stop signal task and elevated BOLD activity in a motor region (anterior cerebellar lobe) in the generic stop signal task predicted greater body fat gain over 6-month follow-up. Elevated BOLD activity in inhibitory control regions (inferior-, middle-, superior frontal gyri) and error monitoring regions (anterior cingulate cortex, insula) during erroneous responses in the generic stop signal task predicted body fat loss. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that improving motor response inhibition and error monitoring may facilitate weight loss in adults with overweight and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, 3800 Sports Way, Springfield OR 97477, USA.
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nock NL, Jiang H, Rao SM, Dimitropoulos A. Neural correlates of inhibitory control in severe class III compared with class I/II obesity using a sample of endometrial cancer survivors seeking weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1558-1568. [PMID: 37157057 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No prior studies have evaluated inhibitory control in people with severe class III compared with class I/II obesity. Thus, the study aim was to evaluate inhibitory control and neural correlates of response inhibition by obesity class using a sample of endometrial cancer (EC) survivors with obesity, who have a higher risk of overall but not cancer-specific mortality. METHODS Forty-eight stage I EC survivors with obesity (class I/II: n = 21; class III: n = 27) seeking weight loss in a lifestyle intervention at baseline completed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS It was found that participants with class III obesity had a longer stop signal reaction time (mean [SD], 278.8 [51.3] vs. 251.5 [34.0] milliseconds, p < 0.01) compared with those with class I/II obesity, indicating that patients with EC with severe obesity had greater impulsivity and poorer inhibitory control. Results also showed increased activation in the thalamus and superior frontal gyrus for the incorrect versus correct inhibition contrast in class III but not class I/II obesity (whole brain cluster corrected, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel insights into inhibitory control and corresponding neural correlates in severe versus less severe classes of obesity and highlight the importance of targeting inhibitory control processes in weight-loss interventions, particularly for people with severe obesity and greater impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Huangqi Jiang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen M Rao
- Department of the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Schey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Explicit and Implicit Devaluation Effects of Food-Specific Response Inhibition Training. J Cogn 2023; 6:10. [PMID: 36721799 PMCID: PMC9854316 DOI: 10.5334/joc.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The overvaluation of reward-associated stimuli such as energy-dense foods can drive compulsive eating behaviours, including overeating. Previous research has shown that training individuals to inhibit their responses towards appetitive stimuli can lead to their devaluation, providing a potential avenue for behaviour change. Over two preregistered experiments, we investigated whether training participants to inhibit their responses to specific foods would be effective in reducing their evaluations when these were assessed using both explicit and implicit measures. Participants completed an online session of go/no-go training with energy-dense foods that were consistently associated with either responding (go) or inhibiting a response (no-go). An 'explicit' devaluation effect was expected as a reduction in self-reported liking from pre-to post-training for no-go items compared to both go items and foods that were not presented during training (untrained items). An 'implicit' devaluation effect was then measured using the affective priming paradigm, by comparing differences in reaction times for congruent and incongruent trials (i.e., priming effects) between food primes. Experiment 1 revealed conclusive evidence for small-to-medium devaluation effects both in terms of explicit ratings and priming effects. We also observed that the priming effect for no-go items was close to zero. Experiment 2 successfully replicated most of the preregistered and exploratory outcomes from Experiment 1 except for the priming effect for untrained items. Potential explanations for this discrepancy are discussed but overall, these findings provide further support for a devaluation effect of response inhibition training. To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that training-induced devaluation can potentially be captured by affective priming measures, but more research is needed to further assess their sensitivity before they can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying devaluation effects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Brassard SL, Balodis IM. A review of effort-based decision-making in eating and weight disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110333. [PMID: 33905755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Effort-based decision-making provides a framework to understand the mental computations estimating the amount of work ("effort") required to obtain a reward. The aim of the current review is to systematically synthesize the available literature on effort-based decision-making across the spectrum of eating and weight disorders. More specifically, the current review summarises the literature examining whether 1) individuals with eating disorders and overweight/obesity are willing to expend more effort for rewards compared to healthy controls, 2) if particular components of effort-based decision-making (i.e. risk, discounting) relate to specific binge eating conditions, and 3) how individual differences in effort and reward -processing measures relate to eating pathology and treatment measures. A total of 96 studies were included in our review, following PRISMA guidelines. The review suggests that individuals with binge eating behaviours 1) are more likely to expend greater effort for food rewards, but not monetary rewards, 2) demonstrate greater decision-making impairments under risk and uncertainty, 3) prefer sooner rather than delayed rewards for both food and money, and 4) demonstrate increased implicit 'wanting' for high fat sweet foods. Finally, individual differences in effort and reward -processing measures relating to eating pathology and treatment measures are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Brassard
- Department of Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada; Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada; Peter Boris Center for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chi L, Hung CL, Lin CY, Song TF, Chu CH, Chang YK, Zhou C. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073429. [PMID: 33806257 PMCID: PMC8037415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chi
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China;
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Physical Education Office, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He ZH, Li MD, Liu CJ, Ma XY. Relationship between body image, anxiety, food-specific inhibitory control, and emotional eating in young women with abdominal obesity: a comparative cross-sectional study. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:11. [PMID: 33494827 PMCID: PMC7831248 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal fat deposition is a key component of obesity, which is associated with an increased risk for a number of mental disorders. The current study aims to explore the relationship between body image, anxiety, food-specific inhibitory control, and emotional eating in young women with abdominal obesity. METHOD A total of 224 participants were recruited: 168 were non-abdominal obesity and 56 were abdominal obesity. Participants completed the following questionnaires and behavioral tests: the Body Mass Index (BMI) -based Silhouette-Matching Test (SMT), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Food Stop Signal Task (SST), the Emotional Eating Scale (EES). RESULTS Abdominal obesity women had significantly higher levels of trait anxiety, cognitive difference, expectational difference in body image but lower self-reported emotional eating level compared to the control group. Anxiety mediated the relationship between cognitive difference of body image and depression eating in young females with abdominal obesity. In addition, only among abdominal obesity individuals, expectational difference of body image were significantly and positively correlated with food-specific inhibitory control and trait/state anxiety. CONCLUSION The findings suggest it is of critical importance to promote a healthy body image recognition and expectation and improve mood regulation for young females with abdominal obesity high in trait anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua He
- School of Journalism and New Media, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ming-De Li
- School of Journalism and New Media, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chan-Jun Liu
- School of Journalism and New Media, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Ma
- School of Journalism and New Media, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Relationship between BMI and alcohol consumption levels in decision making. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2455-2463. [PMID: 34363001 PMCID: PMC8528710 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision-making deficits in obesity and alcohol use disorder (AUD) may contribute to the choice of immediate rewards despite their long-term deleterious consequences. METHODS Gambling task functional MRI in Human connectome project (HCP) dataset was used to investigate neural activation differences associated with reward or punishment (a key component of decision-making behavior) in 418 individuals with obesity (high BMI) and without obesity (lean BMI) and either at high (HR) or low (LR) risk of AUD based on their alcohol drinking levels. RESULTS Interaction between BMI and alcohol drinking was seen in regions of the default mode network (DMN) and those implicated in self-related processing, memory, and salience attribution. ObesityHR relative to obesityLR also recruited DMN along with primary motor and regions implicated in inattention, negative perception, and uncertain choices, which might facilitate impulsive choices in obesityHR. Furthermore, obesityHR compared to leanHR/leanLR also demonstrated heightened activation in DMN and regions implicated in uncertain decisions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BMI is an independent variable from that of alcohol drinking levels in neural processing of gambling tasks. Moreover, leanLR relative to leanHR, showed increased activation in motor regions [precentral and superior frontal gyrus] suggestive of worse executive function from excessive alcohol use. Delayed discounting measures failed to distinguish between obesity and high alcohol drinking levels, which as for gambling task results suggests independent negative effects of obesity and chronic alcohol drinking on decision-making. These findings highlight distinct associations of obesity and high-risk alcohol drinking with two key constituents of decision-making behavior.
Collapse
|
10
|
Testa G, Buongiorno F, Rusconi ML, Mapelli D, Vettor R, Angeli P, Amodio P, Schiff S. ERP correlates of cognitive control and food-related processing in normal weight and severely obese candidates for bariatric surgery: Data gathered using a newly designed Simon task. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107804. [PMID: 31704200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been suggestions that altered cognitive control and food reward sensitivity contribute to overeating in obese individuals, neurophysiological correlates of these mechanisms have been poorly investigated. The current study investigated event-related potentials (ERP) in 24 severely obese and 26 normal weight individuals in fasting condition, using a novel Simon task with food and object distractors. The study showed that conflict in the Simon task for the food distractor increased with hunger in both groups but was larger with respect to a neutral condition only in the obese individuals. ERP showed higher N1amplitudes in both groups for food distractor, reflecting early food processing. The P2 latency was delayed and the effect of distractors on N2 amplitude was smaller in the obese subjects, reflecting altered neural mechanisms associated with selective attention and cognitive control, all contributing hypothetically to delay response selection of these individuals faced with food distractor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Testa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology - DPG, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sami Schiff
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Forman EM, Goldstein SP, Flack D, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Dochat C. Promising technological innovations in cognitive training to treat eating-related behavior. Appetite 2018; 124:68-77. [PMID: 28414042 PMCID: PMC5641227 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One potential reason for the suboptimal outcomes of treatments targeting appetitive behavior, such as eating and alcohol consumption, is that they do not target the implicit cognitive processes that may be driving these behaviors. Two groups of related neurocognitive processes that are robustly associated with dysregulated eating and drinking are attention bias (AB; selective attention to specific stimuli) and executive function (EF; a set of cognitive control processes such as inhibitory control, working memory, set shifting, that govern goal-directed behaviors). An increasing body of work suggests that EF and AB training programs improve regulation of appetitive behaviors, especially if trainings are frequent and sustained. However, several key challenges, such as adherence to the trainings in the long term, and overall potency of the training, remain. The current manuscript describes five technological innovations that have the potential to address difficulties related to the effectiveness and feasibility of EF and AB trainings: (1) deployment of training in the home, (2) training via smartphone, (3) gamification, (4) virtual reality, and (5) personalization. The drawbacks of these innovations, as well as areas for future research, are also discussed. The above-mentioned innovations are likely to be instrumental in the future empirical work to develop and evaluate effective EF and AB trainings for appetitive behaviors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Eckstrand KL, Mummareddy N, Kang H, Cowan R, Zhou M, Zald D, Silver HJ, Niswender KD, Avison MJ. An insulin resistance associated neural correlate of impulsivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189113. [PMID: 29228027 PMCID: PMC5724830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central insulin resistance (IR) influences striatal dopamine (DA) tone, an important determinant of behavioral self-regulation. We hypothesized that an association exists between the degree of peripheral IR and impulse control, mediated by the impact of IR on brain circuits controlling the speed of executing “go” and/or “stop” responses. We measured brain activation and associated performance on a stop signal task (SST) in obese adults with type 2 diabetes (age, 48.1 ± 6.9 yrs (mean ± SD); BMI, 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2; HOMA-IR, 7.2 ± 4.1; 12 male, 18 female). Increasing IR, but not BMI, was a predictor of shorter critical stop signal delay (cSSD), a measure of the time window during which a go response can be successfully countermanded (R2 = 0.12). This decline was explained by an IR-associated increase in go speed (R2 = 0.13) with little impact of IR or BMI on stop speed. Greater striatal fMRI activation contrast in stop error (SE) compared with stop success (SS) trials (CONSE>SS) was a significant predictor of faster go speeds (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.002), and was itself predicted by greater IR (CONSE>SS vs HOMA-IR: R2 = 0.10, p = 0.04). Furthermore, this impact of IR on striatal activation was a significant mediator of the faster go speeds and greater impulsivity observed with greater IR. These findings suggest a neural mechanism by which IR may increase impulsivity and degrade behavioral self-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Eckstrand
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nishit Mummareddy
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ronald Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Minchun Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - David Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Heidi J. Silver
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Malcolm J. Avison
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leppink EW, Fridberg DJ, Redden SA, Grant JE. The intersection of obesity and the longitudinal course of problem gambling. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:707-711. [PMID: 27817903 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this analysis was to assess the potential association between body mass index (BMI) and change in gambling symptom severity in a sample of non-treatment-seeking problem gamblers over a one year period. One-hundred sixty problem gamblers age 18-29 were recruited from the surrounding community and completed assessments of gambling behavior and related variables at baseline and one-year visits. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the association between BMI and symptom change, while accounting for nicotine use, gender, age, and baseline gambling severity. The sample included 102 normal weight, 35 overweight, and 23 obese gamblers. Groups differed in sex, age, gambling risk level, and current nicotine use. There was a significant obesity x baseline gambling risk level interaction for the model predicting changes in GD-YBOCS scores over the 1-year follow-up. Obese participants with gambling disorder showed significantly smaller improvements in symptoms over one year than normal weight participants. Results suggest that obesity predicts smaller improvements in gambling symptoms over time in those meeting criteria for gambling disorder. Future research should clarify the possible influence of impulsivity on this association, and assess the clinical utility of weight management programs in treatments for gambling disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Leppink
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Daniel J Fridberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah A Redden
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Naiberg MR, Newton DF, Collins JE, Bowie CR, Goldstein BI. Impulsivity is associated with blood pressure and waist circumference among adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 83:230-239. [PMID: 27665535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and impulsivity are common in bipolar disorder (BD), and CVRFs are also linked with impulsivity through a number of mechanisms, both behavioral and biological. This study examines the association between CVRFs and impulsivity in adolescents with BD. METHODS Subjects were 34 adolescents with BD and 35 healthy control (HC) adolescents. CVRFs were based on International Diabetes Federation metabolic syndrome criteria (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, blood pressure (BP) and glucose). Impulsivity was measured using the computerized Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). Analyses controlled for age, IQ, lifetime attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and current antipsychotic use. RESULTS Adolescents with BD had higher diastolic BP (73.36 ± 9.57 mmHg vs. 67.91 ± 8.74 mmHg, U = 401.0, p = 0.03), higher triglycerides (1.13 ± 0.60 mmol/L vs. 0.78 ± 0.38 mmol/L, U = 373.5, p = 0.008), and were more likely to meet high-risk criteria for waist circumference (17.6% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.04) vs. HC. Within the BD group, CGT sub-scores were correlated with CVRFs. For example, overall proportion bet was positively correlated with systolic (r = 0.387, p = 0.026) and diastolic (ρ = 0.404, p = 0.020) BP. Quality of decision-making was negatively correlated with systolic BP (ρ = -0.401, p = 0.021) and waist circumference (ρ = -0.534, p = 0.003). Significant interactions were observed, such that BD diagnosis moderates the relationship between both waist circumference and BP with CGT sub-scores. CONCLUSION BP and waist circumference are associated with impulsivity in BD adolescents, but not in HC adolescents. Future studies are warranted to determine temporality and to evaluate whether optimizing CVRFs improves impulsivity among BD adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Naiberg
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Dwight F Newton
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Jordan E Collins
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Christopher R Bowie
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mallorquí-Bagué N, Fagundo AB, Jimenez-Murcia S, de la Torre R, Baños RM, Botella C, Casanueva FF, Crujeiras AB, Fernández-García JC, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Granero R, Rodríguez A, Tolosa-Sola I, Ortega FJ, Tinahones FJ, Alvarez-Moya E, Ochoa C, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Decision Making Impairment: A Shared Vulnerability in Obesity, Gambling Disorder and Substance Use Disorders? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163901. [PMID: 27690367 PMCID: PMC5045161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Addictions are associated with decision making impairments. The present study explores decision making in Substance use disorder (SUD), Gambling disorder (GD) and Obesity (OB) when assessed by Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and compares them with healthy controls (HC). Methods For the aims of this study, 591 participants (194 HC, 178 GD, 113 OB, 106 SUD) were assessed according to DSM criteria, completed a sociodemographic interview and conducted the IGT. Results SUD, GD and OB present impaired decision making when compared to the HC in the overall task and task learning, however no differences are found for the overall performance in the IGT among the clinical groups. Results also reveal some specific learning across the task patterns within the clinical groups: OB maintains negative scores until the third set where learning starts but with a less extend to HC, SUD presents an early learning followed by a progressive although slow improvement and GD presents more random choices with no learning. Conclusions Decision making impairments are present in the studied clinical samples and they display individual differences in the task learning. Results can help understanding the underlying mechanisms of OB and addiction behaviors as well as improve current clinical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain, Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose C. Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iris Tolosa-Sola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ortega
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Alvarez-Moya
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lavagnino L, Arnone D, Cao B, Soares JC, Selvaraj S. Inhibitory control in obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:714-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Lavagnino L, Mwangi B, Bauer IE, Cao B, Selvaraj S, Prossin A, Soares JC. Reduced Inhibitory Control Mediates the Relationship Between Cortical Thickness in the Right Superior Frontal Gyrus and Body Mass Index. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2275-82. [PMID: 26888057 PMCID: PMC4946058 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy eating behaviors often develop in the setting of inadequate inhibitory control, a function broadly ascribed to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Regulation of inhibitory control by the PFC and its anatomical components and their contribution to increasing body mass index (BMI) are poorly understood. To study the role of PFC in the regulation of inhibitory control and body weight, we examined measures of cortical thickness in PFC sub-regions, inhibitory control (color-word interference task (CWIT)), and BMI in 91 healthy volunteers. We tested the predictive effect of PFC sub-regional cortical thickness on BMI and mediation by inhibitory control measured with CWIT. Measures of depression (BDI-II), anxiety (STAI-T) and trauma-related symptoms (TSC-40) were collected; the disinhibition scale of the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) was used to assess disinhibited eating. We then tested the relationship between BD-II, STAI-T, TSC-40, TFEQ, CWIT, and BMI with correlation analyses. Right superior frontal gyrus cortical thickness significantly predicted BMI (β=-0.91; t=-3.2; p=0.002). Mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of cortical thickness on BMI mediated by inhibitory control (95% CI=-6.1, -0.67). BMI was unrelated to BDI-II, STAI-T, TSC-40, or TFEQ scores. We found an inverse relationship between cortical thickness in the right-superior frontal gyrus and BMI, which was fully mediated by inhibitory control neurocognitive performance. Our results suggest possible targets for neuromodulation in obesity (ie superior frontal gyrus) and a quantifiable mediator of their effects (ie inhibitory control).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lavagnino
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA, Tel: +1 281 7134862624, E-mail:
| | - Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabelle E Bauer
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bo Cao
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alan Prossin
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Cognitive constructs provide conceptual frameworks for transpathological characterization and improved phenotyping of apparently disparate psychiatric groups. This dimensional approach can be applied to the examination of individuals with behavioral addictions, for example, towards gambling, video-games, the internet, food, and sex, allowing operationalization of core deficits. We use this approach to review constructs such as impulsivity, compulsivity, and attention regulation, which may be most relevant, applicable, and successful for the understanding and subsequent treatment of the addictions.
Collapse
|
19
|
A systematic review of the relationship between eating, weight and inhibitory control using the stop signal task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:35-62. [PMID: 26900651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Altered inhibitory control (response inhibition, reward-based inhibition, cognitive inhibition, reversal learning) has been implicated in eating disorders (EDs) and obesity. It is unclear, however, how different types of inhibitory control contribute to eating and weight-control behaviours. This review evaluates the relationship between one aspect of inhibitory control (a reactive component of motor response inhibition measured by the stop signal task) and eating/weight in clinical and non-clinical populations. Sixty-two studies from 58 journal articles were included. Restrained eaters had diminished reactive inhibitory control compared to unrestrained eaters, and showed greatest benefit to their eating behaviour from manipulations of inhibitory control. Obese individuals may show less reactive inhibitory control but only in the context of food-specific inhibition or after executive resources are depleted. Of the limited studies in EDs, the majority found no impairment in reactive inhibitory control, although findings are inconsistent. Thus, altered reactive inhibitory control is related to some maladaptive eating behaviours, and hence may provide a therapeutic target for behavioural manipulations and/or neuromodulation. However, other types of inhibitory control may also contribute. Methodological and theoretical considerations are discussed.
Collapse
|