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Carlyle M, de Wit H, Leknes S. Impact of childhood adversity on acute subjective effects of stimulant and opioid drugs: Evidence from placebo-controlled studies in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2024:2698811241268892. [PMID: 39118370 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241268892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Early-life adversities are known to alter drug reward processing in rodents. Despite the well-known link between early adversity and the risk of substance use disorder, few studies have measured how childhood adversity affects human drug reward. Here, we assessed the relationship between historical childhood adversities and responses to single doses of methamphetamine, d-amphetamine or buprenorphine in healthy participants. METHODS Using a secondary analysis approach, we assessed the impact of childhood adversity on drug effects from three randomised, placebo-controlled studies in which healthy volunteers received methamphetamine (20 mg oral; n = 35), d-amphetamine (20 mg oral; n = 54) or buprenorphine (0.2 mg sublingual; n = 35). Ratings of feeling effect, liking, disliking, feeling high and wanting more of the drug were collected 15-210 min post-administration, and heart rate changes were analysed using random-intercept mixed-effect models. The area under the curve from these and previous studies was calculated to visualise the relationship between childhood adversity severity and drug effects. RESULTS Greater childhood adversity was associated with reduced feel effects (significant three-way interactions b = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.12, -0.02], p = 0.009), like effects (b = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.00], p = 0.038) and feel high (b = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.10, -0.01], p = 0.020) towards the stimulant drugs 90-180 min post-administration. CONCLUSIONS Childhood adversity was not significantly associated with other subjective or heart rate responses to the drugs. Overall, participants with more childhood adversities reported dampened subjective responses to stimulant drugs, but not to buprenorphine. Future studies should examine the generalisability of these relationships, to identify the mechanisms underlying the link between childhood adversity and drug responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carlyle
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Rogan M, Nunes JC, Xie CZ, Sofuoglu M, Pittman B, De Aquino JP. Brief report: The influence of childhood trauma on the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with opioid use disorder. Am J Addict 2024; 33:343-346. [PMID: 38059660 PMCID: PMC11032222 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Childhood trauma (CT) increases addiction vulnerability. We examined CT's impact on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) effects. METHODS This is a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of oral THC (10, 20 mg) among 25 persons receiving methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD). RESULTS Greater CT was associated with lower aversive effects from higher THC doses (20 mg) (p = .006). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS CT may reduce the subjective aversive effects of THC, potentially leading to greater cannabis use in individuals with OUD. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These findings offer insights into THC's risks versus benefits in OUD subgroups and emphasize assessing CT in OUD treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rogan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VISN-1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julio C Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VISN-1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine Z Xie
- Department of Counseling and Developmental Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VISN-1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joao P De Aquino
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VISN-1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Malik A, Vu PD, Cohen AS, Bansal V, Cowan MR, Blazek GM, Champagne-Langabeer T. "I Just Don't Feel Heard": A Case Study on Opioid Use Disorder and Pain Management. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2023; 37:308-313. [PMID: 37640434 DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2023.2250340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The nation's opioid epidemic requires a paradigm shift in the way patients with co-occurring opioid use disorder are treated during episodes of acute pain. Patients are often introduced to prescription opioids after an extremity fracture or sprain or resulting from musculoskeletal back, abdominal, or dental pain. Opioid naive patients who receive their first opioid prescription on discharge from the emergency department may be more likely to develop chronic opioid use compared to patients receiving non-opioid pain medications. This case report will highlight one patient's journey including initial prescription opioid use, escalation into illicit opioids, entry to a recovery and treatment program, discussions with her physician about alternative therapies, and barriers to satisfactory pain relief. A shared decision-making model will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Malik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter D Vu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Sarah Cohen
- Houston ER Opioid System (HEROES), School of Biomedical Informatics, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vishal Bansal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Morgan R Cowan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory M Blazek
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer
- Houston ER Opioid System (HEROES), School of Biomedical Informatics, UTHealth Houston, Fannin, Houston, Texas, USA
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Castellanos S, Cooke A, Koenders S, Joshi N, Miaskowski C, Kushel M, Knight KR. Accounting for the interplay of interpersonal and structural trauma in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, opioid use disorder, and mental health in urban safety-net primary care clinics. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 4:100243. [PMID: 38464953 PMCID: PMC10923552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
While the epidemiological literature recognizes associations between chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), opioid use disorder (OUD), and interpersonal trauma stemming from physical, emotional, sexual abuse or neglect, the complex etiologies and interplay between interpersonal and structural traumas in CNCP populations are underexamined. Research has documented the relationship between experiencing multiple adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the likelihood of developing an OUD as an adult. However, the ACEs framework is criticized for failing to name the social and structural contexts that shape ACE vulnerabilities in families. Social scientific theory and ethnographic methods offer useful approaches to explore how interpersonally- and structurally-produced traumas inform the experiences of co-occurring CNCP, substance use, and mental health. We report findings from a qualitative and ethnographic longitudinal cohort study of patients with CNCP (n = 48) who received care in safety-net settings and their primary care providers (n = 23). We conducted semi-structured interviews and clinical and home-based participant observation from 2018 to 2020. Here we focus our analyses on how patients and providers explained and situated the role of patient trauma in the larger clinical context of reductions in opioid prescribing to highlight the political landscape of the United States opioid overdose crisis and its impact on clinical interactions. Findings reveal the disproportionate burden structurally-produced, racialized trauma places on CNCP, substance use and mental health symptoms that shapes patients' embodied experiences of pain and substance use, as well as their emotional experiences with their providers. Experiences of trauma impacted clinical care trajectories, yet providers and patients expressed limited options for redress. We argue for an adaptation of trauma-informed care approaches that contextualize the structural determinants of trauma and their interplay with interpersonal experiences to improve clinical care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Castellanos
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0850, United States
| | - Alexis Cooke
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California - San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N505, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0608, United States
| | - Sedona Koenders
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0850, United States
| | - Neena Joshi
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0850, United States
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California - San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, 631, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, United States
| | - Margot Kushel
- Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California -San Francisco, UCSF Box 1339, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0608, United States
| | - Kelly Ray Knight
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0850, United States
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Drossel G, Brucar LR, Rawls E, Hendrickson TJ, Zilverstand A. Subtypes in addiction and their neurobehavioral profiles across three functional domains. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:127. [PMID: 37072391 PMCID: PMC10113211 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of return to use in addiction treatment remain high. We argue that the development of improved treatment options will require advanced understanding of individual heterogeneity in Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). We hypothesized that considerable individual differences exist in the three functional domains underlying addiction-approach-related behavior, executive function, and negative emotionality. We included N = 593 participants from the enhanced Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample community sample (ages 18-59, 67% female) that included N = 420 Controls and N = 173 with past SUDs [54% female; N = 75 Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) only, N = 30 Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) only, and N = 68 Multiple SUDs]. To test our a priori hypothesis that distinct neuro-behavioral subtypes exist within individuals with past SUDs, we conducted a latent profile analysis with all available phenotypic data as input (74 subscales from 18 measures), and then characterized resting-state brain function for each discovered subtype. Three subtypes with distinct neurobehavioral profiles were recovered (p < 0.05, Cohen's D: 0.4-2.8): a "Reward type" with higher approach-related behavior (N = 69); a "Cognitive type" with lower executive function (N = 70); and a "Relief type" with high negative emotionality (N = 34). For those in the Reward type, substance use mapped onto resting-state connectivity in the Value/Reward, Ventral-Frontoparietal and Salience networks; for the Cognitive type in the Auditory, Parietal Association, Frontoparietal and Salience networks; and for the Relief type in the Parietal Association, Higher Visual and Salience networks (pFDR < 0.05). Subtypes were equally distributed amongst individuals with different primary SUDs (χ2 = 4.71, p = 0.32) and gender (χ2 = 3.44, p = 0.18). Results support functionally derived subtypes, demonstrating considerable individual heterogeneity in the multi-dimensional impairments in addiction. This confirms the need for mechanism-based subtyping to inform the development of personalized addiction medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunner Drossel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leyla R Brucar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hendrickson
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Grummitt L, Barrett E, Kelly E, Newton N. An Umbrella Review of the Links Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance Misuse: What, Why, and Where Do We Go from Here? Subst Abuse Rehabil 2022; 13:83-100. [PMID: 36411791 PMCID: PMC9675346 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s341818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A wealth of research has identified adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; abuse, neglect, violence or disorder in the home) as a strong risk factor for substance misuse. Synthesis of the existing evidence is critical to shape policy and inform directions for future research. Existing reviews have focused on specific substances or substance use outcomes (eg, disorder), and do not include discussion of the mechanisms that operate between ACEs and substance misuse. The current umbrella review aims to synthesize reviews on the relationship between ACEs and substance misuse, review the evidence on the mechanisms linking these, identify existing gaps in our knowledge, and discuss critical directions for future research, practice, and public policy. METHODS Two electronic databases (PsycINFO and Medline) were searched for reviews published between 1998 and 2022 on the link between ACEs and substance misuse. Twenty articles met eligibility criteria and were qualitatively synthesized. RESULTS Results overwhelmingly demonstrated an elevated risk of substance misuse or disorder, among adolescents and adults exposed to ACEs. Research on the mechanisms that explain this link highlights a multitude of potential intervention targets, with childhood stress propelling a cascade of effects across neurobiological, endocrine, immune, metabolic, and nervous systems, impacting psychosocial and cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the literature is subject to limitations surrounding potential unmeasured cofounders and causality, as well as decontextualizing childhood adversity from broader structural issues that influence the link between ACEs and substance misuse. Research, policy, and practice that seek to holistically understand and address the relationship between ACEs and substance misuse within the broader social determinants of health is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Grummitt
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Kelly
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Johnson BN, McKernan LC, Bruehl S. A Theoretical Endogenous Opioid Neurobiological Framework for Co-occurring Pain, Trauma, and Non-suicidal Self-injury. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:405-414. [PMID: 35380406 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Individuals with chronic pain are significantly more likely to have experienced overwhelming trauma early and often in key developmental years. There is increasing acknowledgment that childhood trauma disrupts how individuals process and cope with both physical and emotional pain. Emerging studies acknowledge elevated rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in chronic pain populations. This review provides a theoretical framework to understand the relationship between NSSI behavior and pain experience in persons with chronic pain and childhood trauma histories. We discuss how NSSI may act to regulate neurobiological (e.g., endogenous opioid systems) and psychological (e.g., heightened negative affect and emotion dysregulation) systems affected by childhood trauma, leading to temporary pain relief and a cycle of negative reinforcement perpetuating NSSI. As these concepts are greatly understudied in pain populations, this review focuses on key areas relevant to chronic pain that may provide a testable, conceptual framework to support hypothesis generation, future empirical investigation, and intervention efforts. RECENT FINDINGS See Fig. 1. See Fig. 1.
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8
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Santo T, Campbell G, Gisev N, Degenhardt L. Exposure to childhood trauma increases risk of opioid use disorder among people prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 230:109199. [PMID: 34875576 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about childhood trauma exposure and Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) among people prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP). We aimed to (1) describe childhood trauma exposure among this population, and (2) examine if childhood trauma exposure was an independent risk factor for OUD among people prescribed opioids for CNCP. METHODS This study used baseline data from 1514 people prescribed opioids for CNCP in Australia. We used latent class analysis to characterise participants by five indicators of childhood trauma exposure and logistic regression to characterise class membership. We used discrete-time survival analysis to determine whether there was an independent association between childhood trauma exposure and risk of OUD according to adjusted odds ratios (AOR). RESULTS We identified three classes of childhood trauma exposure: (1) 'low exposure' (n = 765; 54.0%), (2) 'emotional & sexual abuse' (n = 324; 22.9%), and (3) 'high all' (n = 329; 23.2%). 'Emotional & sexual abuse' or 'high all' childhood trauma exposure class membership was associated with higher rates of pain difficulties, mental disorders, and substance use disorders, compared to 'low exposure' class membership. After we adjusted for previously identified OUD risk factors, participants in the 'emotional & sexual abuse' (AOR 1.51; 95%CI 1.09-2.12; p = 0.016) and 'high all' (AOR 1.77; 95%CI 1.28-2.45; p = 0.001) childhood trauma exposure classes were at increased risk of OUD. CONCLUSIONS Among people prescribed opioids for CNCP, childhood trauma exposure was a common, independent risk factor for OUD. Availability of trauma-informed services for those prescribed opioids for CNCP may reduce risk of transition to OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Santo
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle Campbell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Natasa Gisev
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Carlyle M, Constable T, Walter ZC, Wilson J, Newland G, Hides L. Cannabis-induced dysphoria/paranoia mediates the link between childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences in young cannabis users. Schizophr Res 2021; 238:178-184. [PMID: 34717186 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (abuse and neglect) is a major risk factor for cannabis use disorder and psychotic-spectrum disorders. Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in young people who use cannabis may be an early indicator of psychosis risk following cannabis use. We examined whether (i) childhood trauma moderates the association between cannabis use and PLEs, (ii) the association between childhood trauma and cannabis use is mediated by subjective effects of cannabis (euphoria and dysphoria/paranoia), and (iii) the association between childhood trauma and PLEs is also mediated by these subjective effects. Participants were 2630 cannabis users (aged 16-25) recruited online. They were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey measuring cannabis and other substance use, childhood trauma, PLEs, and the subjective effects of cannabis (euphoria and dysphoria/paranoia). A significant interaction indicated that the effect of cannabis on PLE frequency was stronger for individuals with more severe childhood trauma. Childhood trauma was also associated with greater cannabis use and PLE frequency, both of which were mediated by subjective dysphoria/paranoia when using the drug. This suggests childhood trauma is associated with greater PLEs in young people who use cannabis, which may be linked with an increased susceptibility to the dysphoric/paranoid subjective effects when using the drug. Childhood trauma should be addressed early in young people who use cannabis to mitigate the psychosis-associated harms of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Carlyle
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Toby Constable
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zoe C Walter
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joanna Wilson
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grace Newland
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- Lives Lived Well research group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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