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Le TT, Cordero IP, Jawad MY, Swainson J, Di Vincenzo JD, Jaberi S, Phan L, Lui LMW, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. The abuse liability of ketamine: A scoping review of preclinical and clinical studies. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:476-496. [PMID: 35623124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While ketamine has been used clinically over the past decades, it has only been recently shown to be a promising therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, ketamine and related dissociative agents may also be misused recreationally, creating significant concerns for abuse liability when prescribed for depression. Although the abuse potential of ketamine is widely recognized, there is limited evidence on the differential abuse liability of ketamine enantiomers, (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine. The current scoping review aims to summarize the extant literature on the abuse liability of (R,S)-ketamine and the enantiomers. A systematic search was conducted on the Embase, Medline, and APA PsycInfo databases from 1947 to July 29, 2021. Clinical and preclinical studies that assessed the abuse potential of (R,S)-ketamine, (S)-ketamine, and (R)-ketamine were screened and assessed for eligibility by two independent reviewers. A total of 65 eligible studies were identified; 55 were preclinical studies and 10 were clinical studies. Only 4 preclinical studies evaluated the abuse liability of ketamine enantiomers. Available preclinical evidence suggests that (R,S)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine have greater risk for abuse compared to (R)-ketamine. (R)-ketamine, at the antidepressant-relevant doses in rodents, appears to be safe with minimal liability for abuse. Although the abuse potential of (R,S)-ketamine is well-established in animals, limited clinical studies indicate that single or repeated ketamine administrations in professionally controlled settings did not result in misuse, dependence, diversion and/or gateway activity in patients with TRD. However, most clinical studies were retrospective and did not systematically evaluate the abuse liability of ketamine via validated psychological scales/questionnaires. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted to ascertain the abuse liability of racemic, (S)- and (R)-ketamine in TRD population, especially among patients with comorbid substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen T Le
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabel Pazos Cordero
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Youshay Jawad
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joshua D Di Vincenzo
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saja Jaberi
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Phan
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leanna M W Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhang B, Yan X, Li Y, Zhu H, Lu Z, Jia Z. Trends in Methamphetamine Use in the Mainland of China, 2006-2015. Front Public Health 2022; 10:852837. [PMID: 35570894 PMCID: PMC9096246 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.852837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine is the most prevalent drug in the mainland of China, yet few studies on the non-medical use of methamphetamine nationwide have been conducted. This study aimed to examine the trends in the prevalence of non-medical methamphetamine use and to explore the flow pattern of internal migrant methamphetamine users in the mainland of China. Methods Data were extracted from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Drug Users (NDMCD). Joinpoint regressions were used to examine trends in the prevalence and population size of methamphetamine use. Results A total of 1,821,468 methamphetamine use cases registered in NDMCD from 2006 to 2015 were identified. The number of methamphetamine use cases presented an increasing trend in all age subgroups, and among them, the elderly increased the fastest [annual percent change (APC2006−2015), 122.9; 95% CI, 113.0–133.3; p < 0.001]. The prevalence of methamphetamine use increased from 4.69 per 100,000 population in 2008 to 45.38 per 100,000 population in 2015 (APC2008−2015, 36.1; 95% CI, 31.9–40.6; p < 0.001). The regions of the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration absorbed over 96% of all internal migrant methamphetamine use cases, and the number of migrant methamphetamine use cases presented increased trends in these three regions. Conclusions The increasing trends in methamphetamine use have become a threat to all age groups in China. Substance use prevention programs should focus on internal migrant drug users, especially in economically developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongwei Jia
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Drug Abuse Control and Prevention, National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Varì MR, Ricci G, Cavallo M, Pichini S, Sirignano A, Graziano S. Ketamine: from prescription anaesthetic to New Psychoactive Substance. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1213-1220. [PMID: 35538799 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220510115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the United States of America (USA) in the 1960s, ketamine was introduced as an anaesthetic drug to specifically replace phencyclidine. Briefly, the substance moved from the medical world to recreational users, since it was discovered that intense psychedelic experiences were obtained with dosages lower than those prescribed for anesthesia. At the end of the 90's, circulated in London nightclubs as a drug itself and as counterfeit 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine tablets. In 1997, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) alerted the United States (US) government to the increasing diffusion of ketamine in American 'clubs', and in 1999, the substance was added to Schedule III of drugs controlled by federal authorities. In 2002, ketamine epidemics moved to Europe, and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction carried out a risk assessment monitoring of the phenomenon. An estimated ninety-nine percent of all global ketamine seizures occurred in Asia. Its growing popularity is due to the fact that this new psychoactive substance is cheaper than other stimulants such as MDMA that the amount used for recreational purposes does not cause respiratory depression and its legal use as a drug makes it widely available for a diversion towards illicit markets. Nevertheless, acute intoxication and several deaths have been related to exclusive ketamine use both in Europe and internationally. Since 2015, there has been and increasing rise of the illicit ketamine market and currently the drug is being used with unprecedented peaks and a consequent significant increase in seizures and clinical cases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Varì
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cavallo
- Central Directorate for Antidrug Services, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Graziano
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Tang H, Tang W, An X, Lu Z, Jia Z. Tracking the Trend of Ketamine Use in China During 2010–2015: a Retrospective Observational Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wang W, Lu S, Tang H, Wang B, Sun C, Zheng P, Bai Y, Lu Z, Kang Y. A Scoping Review of Drug Epidemic Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042017. [PMID: 35206206 PMCID: PMC8872096 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of drug epidemics has been a global issue in the past decades, causing enormous damages to the physical and mental health of drug users and social well-being. Despite great efforts to curb drug epidemics at the governmental or social level, the total number of drug users has still been on the rise in recent years, along with illicit production and trafficking around the world. Inspired by dynamical epidemic models of infectious disease, a flourishment of promising results has been observed in the exploration of drug epidemic models. In this review, we aim to provide a scoping review of all existing drug epidemic modeling studies, and it has been shown that most studies focused on analyses of theoretical behaviors of the model systems, lacking emphasis on practical applications in real settings. We found that the drug epidemic models were characterized by a longer time scale, no incubation period, no significant prevention vaccines interfered, and population specificity. This review could assist policymakers and public health workers in gaining deeper insights into modeling tools, and help modelers improve their works, thus narrowing gaps between mathematical epidemiology and public health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.W.); (B.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Sifen Lu
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Haoxiang Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Biao Wang
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.W.); (B.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Caiping Sun
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.W.); (B.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Pai Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Zuhong Lu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Yulin Kang
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.W.); (B.W.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Chubbs B, Wang J, Archer S, Chrenek C, Khullar A, Wolowyk M, Swainson J. A survey of drug liking and cravings in patients using sublingual or intranasal ketamine for treatment resistant depression: A preliminary evaluation of real world addictive potential. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1016439. [PMID: 36465297 PMCID: PMC9714431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1016439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine has gained rapid popularity as a treatment option for treatment resistant depression (TRD). Though seen only in limited contexts, ketamine is a potential drug of abuse, addiction and diversion. Clinical ketamine studies to date have not systematically evaluated factors relevant to addiction risk in patients with TRD, but in treating patients with ketamine, risks of potential harms related to addiction must be considered. As clinical access to intravenous ketamine programs is limited in much of Canada, these considerations become even more important for clinicians who elect to offer patients less supervised, non-parenteral forms of ketamine treatment. This study explores factors relevant to addiction risk in a real-world sample of 33 patients with TRD currently or previously treated with sublingual (SL) or intranasal (IN) ketamine in the community. First, patients were surveyed using a Drug Liking and Craving Questionnaire (DLCQ) to assess their level of drug liking and craving for ketamine, and to screen for symptoms of a ketamine use disorder. Second, the pharmacy records of these patients were reviewed for red flags for addiction such as dose escalation or early refills. Third, surveys were administered to the treating psychiatrists of patients who had discontinued ketamine to determine if abuse concerns contributed to reason for discontinuation. Though limited to a small sample, results indicate that ketamine is not a universally liked or craved substance in patients with TRD. Prescribers of non-parenteral ketamine should monitor patients and prescribe cautiously. Factors related to addiction (as in the DLCQ) should be explored for clinicians to consider individual risk/benefit for judicious use of ketamine in patients with TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Chubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jay Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shaina Archer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carson Chrenek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Atul Khullar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Swainson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Tang H, Li M, Yan X, Lu Z, Jia Z. Modeling the Dynamics of Drug Spreading in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E288. [PMID: 33401693 PMCID: PMC7796082 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse remains one of the major public health issues at the global level. In this article, we propose a drug epidemic model with a complete addiction-rehabilitation-recovery process, which allows the initiation of new users under the influence of drug addicts undergoing treatment and hidden drug addicts. We first conduct qualitative analyses of the dynamical behaviors of the model, including the existence and positivity of the solutions, the basic reproduction number, global asymptotic stabilities of both the drug-free and the drug-persistent equilibria, as well as sensitivity analysis. Then we use the model to predict the drug epidemic in China during 2020-2030. Finally, we numerically simulate the potential impact of intervention strategies on different drug users. The results show that the drug epidemic will decrease significantly during 2020-2030, and the most effective intervention strategy to eliminate drug epidemics is to strengthen the investigation and rehabilitation admission of hidden drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingtao Li
- School of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Zuhong Lu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Zhongwei Jia
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Epidemics of HIV Infection among Heavy Drug Users of Depressants Only, Stimulants Only, and Both Depressants and Stimulants in Mainland China: A Series, Cross-Sectional Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155483. [PMID: 32751337 PMCID: PMC7431999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Heavy drug users was a global consensus high-risk population of HIV infection. However, the specific impact of drug on HIV infection has not yet been established. Depressants and stimulants were most widely used drugs in mainland China, and mix use of the two drugs was also serious. We assessed the HIV infection rate and trends in heavy drug users by analyzing data from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Drug Users (NDMCDDU). Methods: All heavy drug users with HIV test results in NDMCDDU from 2008 to 2016 were grouped into depressants only group (DOG), stimulants only group (SOG), and both depressants and stimulants group (DSG). We used joinpoint regression to examine trends of HIV infection rates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors related to HIV infection. Results: A total of 466,033 heavy drug users with 9522 cases of HIV infection were included in this analysis. HIV infection rate was estimated at 2.97% (95% CI 2.91–3.04%) of 265,774 users in DOG, 0.45% (95% CI 0.42–0.49%) of 140,895 users in SOG, and 1.65% (95% CI 1.55–1.76%) of 59,364 users in DSG. In DOG, a U-shaped curve of HIV infection rate decreased from 3.85% in 2008 to 2.19% in 2010 (annual percent change (APC) −12.9, 95% CI −19.3–−6.0, p < 0.05), then increased to 4.64% in 2016 (APC 8.3, 95% CI 6.1–10.4, p < 0.05) was observed. However, SOG and DSG showed consistent increases from 0.15% in 2008 to 0.54% in 2016 (APC 8.2, 95% CI 4.8–11.8, p < 0.05) and from 0.78% in 2008 to 2.72% in 2016 (APC 13.5, 95% CI 10.7–16.4, p < 0.05), respectively. HIV infection rate of DOG in the southwest region presented a U-shaped trend. All groups showed significant increases in HIV infection in east and central regions. Conclusions: The U-shaped curve for HIV infection rate among DOG users and consistent increases among SOG and DSG users implies drug abuse is still a critical focus of HIV infection in China. It is urgently needed to reassess the effectiveness of current strategies on HIV prevention and control among drug users.
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Zhang LW, Guo Q, Fang R, Lin L, Ye BH, Zheng KL, Lin M, Yang ZY, Fang JQ, Li CD. Traditional Chinese Medicine-Guided Dietary Intervention for Male Youth Undergoing Drug Detoxification: A Randomized Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:3870316. [PMID: 31871480 PMCID: PMC6913165 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3870316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine- (TCM-) guided dietary interventions in improving yang-qi deficiency and yin-blood deficiency TCM syndromes according to the principles of TCM syndrome differentiation theory in male youths undergoing drug detoxification during the rehabilitation period who stayed in a compulsory isolation detoxification center. METHODS Male youths undergoing drug detoxification who met the criteria to be included in the study were randomly divided into the intervention group (n = 62) and the control group (n = 61) according to a random number table in a 1 : 1 ratio. The intervention group received a TCM-guided diet, and the control group received routine food support. Over an intervention period of 3 months, we observed changes in the TCM syndrome element scores in the two groups before and after intervention. RESULTS After 3 months, the qi deficiency, yin deficiency, blood deficiency, and yin-blood deficiency syndrome in the intervention group improved significantly (P values 0.009, 0.000, 0.005, and 0.001, respectively). In the control group, yang deficiency, qi deficiency, and yang-qi deficiency syndromes worsened significantly (P values 0.003, 0.032, and 0.009, respectively). The differences (post-pre) in yang deficiency, qi deficiency, yang-qi deficiency, yin deficiency, blood deficiency, and yin-blood deficiency syndromes between the two groups were statistically significant (P values 0.003, 0.003, 0.003, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION A TCM-guided diet can delay the worsening of yang-qi deficiency syndrome symptoms and improve yin-blood deficiency syndrome and the prognosis of male youth undergoing drug detoxification during the rehabilitation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-wan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Guo
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Fang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin-hua Ye
- People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai-lin Zheng
- People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Lin
- Juvenile Compulsory Isolated Detoxification Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhao-yang Yang
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-qian Fang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can-dong Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Tang WK, Lau CG, Ungvari GS, Lin SK, Lane HY. Recovery of cognitive functioning following abstinence from ketamine. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106081. [PMID: 31470241 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and adverse effects of ketamine on cognitive functioning have been documented. No longitudinal study has examined whether cognitive deficits can be reversed following ketamine abstinence although it has been suggested in some cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to investigate the changes in cognitive functioning among ketamine users following a 12-week abstinence from ketamine. METHODS In this longitudinal study, 114 ketamine users completed clinical and cognitive assessments at both baseline and 12-week follow-up with the following instruments: Severity of Dependence Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Anxiety Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADSA), and a cognitive battery. RESULTS BDI (p < 0.001) and HADSA (p = 0.044) scores were significantly reduced at the 12-week follow-up. Significant improvements were found in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Third edition) immediate recall (p < 0.001) and delayed recall (p < 0.001) on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, and in delayed recall (p < 0.001), and immediate recall (p = 0.001) on the Logical Memory component of the Wechsler Memory Scale (Third Edition) at the 12-week follow-up. Participants completed the Stroop Inference Test significantly faster (p < 0.001); and required fewer number of attempts (p < 0.001) and produced fewer perseverative errors (p < 0.001) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test at the 12-week follow-up. CONCLUSION Chronic ketamine users' verbal and visual memory and executive functions improved after 12 weeks of ketamine abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kwong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chieh Grace Lau
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabor S Ungvari
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Section of Psychiatry, University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Shih-Ku Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ren Z, Mo X, Chen H, Peng J. A changing profile of infective endocarditis at a tertiary hospital in China: a retrospective study from 2001 to 2018. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:945. [PMID: 31703633 PMCID: PMC6842136 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infective endocarditis (IE) is a lethal disease which has been changing significantly over the past decades; however, information about IE in China remains scarce. This study surveyed the changes in clinical characteristics of IE at a tertiary hospital in south China over a period of nearly 18 years. Methods Medical records with IE patients consecutively hospitalized between June 2001 and June 2018 were selected from the electronic medical records system in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University. Data were divided by admission time into two groups equally: early-period group, June 2001 to December 2009 and later-period group, January 2010 to July 2018. Results A Total of 313 IE patients were included in our study. Compared with the early-period group, patients in the later-period group included fewer intravenous drug users (IVDUs), older age at onset, reduced development of pulmonary embolism, less renal dysfunction, decreased proportion of Staphylococcus aureus infection and fewer vegetations observed in the right heart by echocardiography. The later-period group also showed a higher proportion of ischemic strokes and higher proportion of positive microbiological findings compared with the early-period group. The in-hospital mortality remained about the same between the two periods and the multivariate analysis identified intravenous drug addicted, prosthetic valve endocarditis, hemorrhagic stroke, acute congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency, left-sided endocarditis, early surgical as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a dramatic change in the profile of IE over a period of 18 years at a tertiary hospital in south China and presented several independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. The geographic variations observed in our study will be of important value to profile the clinical feature of China and offer the reference for clinical decisions in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuning Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xichao Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Abstinence Following a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy Intervention for Heroin Dependence: A Three-year Follow-up Result of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:472-482. [PMID: 31209821 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The high rate of relapse among heroin users remains a significant public concern in China. In the present study, we utilized a Motivation-Skill-Desensitization-Mental Energy (MSDE) intervention and evaluated its effects on abstinence and mental health. Eighty-nine male heroin users in a drug rehabilitation center were enrolled in the study. The participants in the MSDE intervention group (n=46) received MSDE intervention, which included motivational interviewing, coping skills training, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and mindfulness-based psychotherapy. The participants in the control group (n=43) received a series of lectures on skills training. A significant increase in Contemplation Ladder score (P<0.001) and decreases in scores on the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (P<0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (P<0.001), and Aggression Questionnaire (P=0.033) were found immediately after intervention. Compared to the control group, the MSDE intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates (P=0.027) and retention rates (P<0.001) at follow-up. Overall, the MSDE intervention, which uses a combined strategy for relapse prevention, could be a promising approach for preventing relapse among heroin users in China.
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Su S, Fairley CK, Mao L, Medland NA, Jing J, Cheng F, Zhang L. Estimates of the national trend of drugs use during 2000-2030 in China: A population-based mathematical model. Addict Behav 2019; 93:65-71. [PMID: 30685570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of synthetic drugs has exceeded heroin to become a major public health concern in China. We aimed to estimate the trend of heroin-only, synthetic drug-only and poly-drug (heroin and synthetic drug) use during 2000-2030 period in China using existing data. METHODS We used data from the Annual Report on Drug Control in China and peer-reviewed publications. We constructed a mathematical model to estimate the drug use trend based on Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS The best calibrated model estimated that the number of drug users would increase from 0.86 million to 3,120,059 (95% CI 2,669,214-3,570,904) during 2000-2030 period. The proportion of heroin-only users among the total drug users will decrease from 96.8% (95% CI, 96.6-97.1%) in 2000 to 36.9% (30.1-40.8%) in 2030, while the proportion of synthetic drug-only users will increase from 1.1% (0.9-1.3%) in 2000 to 57.7% (51.7-65.6%) in 2030. In contrast, the proportion of poly-drug users shared an increasing trend during 2000-2016 (from 2.1% (1.5-2.8%) to 15.1 (13.8-17.1%)) but declined to 5.5% (3.4-7.2%) in 2030. Estimated 46,370 (41,634-51,106) heroin-only users and 3767 (3481-4053) synthetic drug only users initiated poly-drug use in 2000. We observed a cross-over in 2012 where more synthetic drug-only users were initiating heroin use than heroin-only users initiating synthetic drug use. There will be estimated 2,094,052 (1,819,830-2,368,274) synthetic drug-only users and poly-drug users 211,407 (177,150-245,664) in 2030. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic drug use will become dominant in drug users in China, but poly-drug use of both heroin and synthetic drugs will remain substantial.
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Liu L, Hsiao SC. Chinese Female Drug Users' Experiences and Attitudes With Institutional Drug Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4221-4235. [PMID: 29478389 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18758894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With its rapid economic growth and the increased influence of Western culture, China has become a drug-consuming country. Forty-six semistructured interviews were conducted in a compulsory drug treatment institution to document Chinese female drug users' experiences with and attitudes toward two mandated treatment modalities: vocational training and educational activities. Detainees required to participate in first institutional treatment showed enthusiasm and had more positive attitudes; those who had entered the compulsory treatment facilities 2 or more times generally had a negative outlook on their pursuit of abstinence. Although female detainees achieved detoxification in the institution, many relapsed upon release to their community, indicating the institutional compulsory treatment model's failure to ensure long-term abstinence. By revealing four main flaws of the current institutional compulsory treatment, this study indicates the need for a comprehensive treatment system that combines improvements to institutional treatment and development of community-based treatment to address different stages of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- 1 Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Zhu D, Dai G, Xu D, Xu X, Geng J, Zhu W, Jiang X, Theeboom M. Long-Term Effects of Tai Chi Intervention on Sleep and Mental Health of Female Individuals With Dependence on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30177899 PMCID: PMC6110176 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provide evidence that Tai Chi (TC) can reduce the symptoms of sleep problems and be of benefit for the rehabilitation of substance abusers. In this study, we investigated if TC practice can improve sleep quality and mood of females who are dependent on amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS). Eighty subjects were randomly assigned to TC intervention and standard care (SC) for 6 months. We applied analysis of variance on repeated-measure with the year of drug dependence as the covariate to test the changes of the self-rated Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), as well as fitness after 3 and 6 months. Relapse investigation was conducted by checking the database of China's National Surveillance System on Drug Abuse and that of the Shanghai Drug Control Committee's illicit drug dependents. Our investigation focused on the relapse of participants who had undergone and completed treatment in the Shanghai Mandatory Detoxification and Rehabilitation Center in 2015. The result showed that the PSQI scores of sleep duration [F(2, 92) = 9.86], need for sleep medications [F(2, 92) = 36.44] and daytime dysfunction [F(2, 92) = 5.15] were found to have a significant difference by time × group interaction after 6 months. SDS showed no significant difference between the two groups; however, the score of SDS in TC decreased after 6-month intervention, and no changes were observed in SC. Pulse rate had significantly decreased in the TC group compared with the SC group after 6 months. 9.5% (4) ATS dependents in TC and 26.3% (10) ATS dependents in SC were found to have relapsed. Our result suggested that TC had positive effects on sleep quality, depression and fitness. Long-term study demonstrated that TC may be a cheap and potential supplementary treatment for ATS-dependent individuals. TC may also be considered as an alternative exercise to escalate abstinence for ATS-dependent females. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-IPR-14005343 chictr. org.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- School of International Education and College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guobin Dai
- College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Health and Rehabilitation Department, Shanghai Drug Administration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Geng
- College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimo Zhu
- Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- Sports Law Center, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc Theeboom
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Mindfulness-based relapse prevention combined with virtual reality cue exposure for methamphetamine use disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 70:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Su S, Zhang L, Cheng F, Li S, Li S, Jing J, Fairley CK, Chen L, Zhao J, Mao L. Association between recreational drug use and sexual practices among people who inject drugs in Southwest China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019730. [PMID: 29961003 PMCID: PMC6042564 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the differences in sexual practices among individuals with various drug administration patterns. SETTING A detoxification centre in Southwest China, a part of the Chinese national sentential surveillance network for hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV and syphilis infections, was recruited. PARTICIPANTS A total of 610 newly enrolled injection drug users (IDUs) from detoxification centre were included during 2015. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported sexual activities, drug-related practices and laboratory-confirmed HCV, HIV and syphilis infection status were collected. RESULTS Of the 610 IDU, 295 (48.4%) used heroin only, 277 (45.4%) poly-drug users reported the mixed use of synthetic drugs (SDs) with heroin and 38 (6.2%) used SDs only. The average daily drug injection frequency for poly-drug users (3.3±1.2 times) was the highest, followed by heroin-only (2.2±0.8 times) and SD-only users (1.2±0.4 time). SD-only drug users reported the highest proportion (86.8%) of engaging in sexual activities in the previous month, with more than half (54.5%) reporting any condomless sex. A higher frequency of daily injecting in heroin-only users was significantly correlated with the less likelihood of sex, condomless sex in the past month, having sex with fixed partners, condomless commercial sex in the previous 12 months (all p<0.01). In poly-drug users, who injected drugs two times per day was associated with the highest proportion of people who engaged in sex and commercial sex (p<0.05). For SD-only users, increased drug use was not associated with reducing sexual risk (p>0.05). Different patterns of HCV, HIV and syphilis infections prevalence rates were shown among the IDU depending on the roles and length of exposure. CONCLUSIONS The daily drug injecting frequency of heroin-only and poly-drug users was negatively associated with sexual activities, but SD-only users kept a high frequent engagement in sex. The interventions for relevant diseases should adapt to characteristics of IDU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Su
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Feng Cheng
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunxiang Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Shifu Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Jing
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Christopher Kincaid Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liang Chen
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinxian Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and STI Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Limin Mao
- Center for Social Research in Health, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine abuse causes cognitive impairments, which negatively impact on users' abstinence, prognosis, and quality of life. RESULTS of cognitive impairments in chronic ketamine users have been inconsistent across studies, possibly due to the small sample sizes and the confounding effects of concomitant use of other illicit drugs. This study investigated the cognitive impairment and its related factors in chronic ketamine users with a large sample size and explored the impact of another drug use on cognitive functions. METHODS Cognitive functions, including working, verbal and visual memory and executive functions were assessed in ketamine users: 286 non-heavy other drug users and 279 heavy other drug users, and 261 healthy controls. Correlations between cognitive impairment and patterns of ketamine use were analysed. RESULTS Verbal and visual memory were impaired, but working memory and executive functions were intact for all ketamine users. No significant cognitive differences were found between the two ketamine groups. Greater number of days of ketamine use in the past month was associated with worse visual memory performance in non-heavy other drug users. Higher dose of ketamine use was associated with worse short-term verbal memory in heavy other drug users. CONCLUSION Verbal and visual memory are impaired in chronic ketamine users. Other drug use appears to have no impact on ketamine users' cognitive performance.
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19
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Ma J, Sun XJ, Wang RJ, Wang TY, Su MF, Liu MX, Li SX, Han Y, Meng SQ, Wu P, Shi J, Bao YP, Lu L. Profile of psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users in China: Greater risk of psychiatric symptoms with a longer duration of use. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:184-192. [PMID: 29453037 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with psychiatric symptoms. This study explored pattern of co-occurring psychiatric symptoms in MA users and their relationship to duration of MA use. A cross-sectional study was conducted among MA users at the Shenzhen Compulsory Drug Detoxification Center from April 2012 to October 2015. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess psychiatric symptoms. Among 1277 MA users, 57.6% participants had any type of psychiatric symptoms including depressive, anxiety and psychotic symptoms. A dose-response relationship was found between duration of MA use and risk of psychiatric symptoms. The odds ratios (OR) of depressive symptoms increased with the duration of MA use (1-5 years vs. < 1 year: 1.74 [95% CI, 1.24-2.42]; ≥ 5 years vs. < 1 year: 2.07 [1.19-3.61]), so did the ORs of co-occurring anxiety and depressive symptoms (1-5 years: 1.74 [1.20-2.51]; ≥ 5 years: 3.09 [1.76-5.40]). Methamphetamine-dependent individuals were four-times more likely to experience any type of psychiatric symptoms than non-dependent users. The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms was high in chronic MA users and increased with MA use duration. Early prevention and treatment strategies targeting both MA use and associated psychiatric symptoms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Jun Sun
- Shenzhen Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518019, China
| | - Ru-Jia Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tong-Yu Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Fan Su
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mo-Xuan Liu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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20
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Han H, Zhang JY, Hser YI, Liang D, Li X, Wang SS, Du J, Zhao M. Feasibility of a Mobile Phone App to Support Recovery From Addiction in China: Secondary Analysis of a Pilot Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e46. [PMID: 29487040 PMCID: PMC5849798 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile health technologies have been found to improve the self-management of chronic diseases. However, there is limited research regarding their feasibility in supporting recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs) in China. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of a mobile phone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) app by testing the concordance of drug use assessed by the EMA, urine testing, and a life experience timeline (LET) assessment. Methods A total of 75 participants dependent on heroin or amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) in Shanghai were recruited to participate in a 4-week pilot study. Of the participants, 50 (67% [50/75]) were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 25 (33% [25/75]) were assigned to the control group. The experimental group used mobile health (mHealth) based EMA technology to assess their daily drug use in natural environments and received 2 short health messages each day, whereas the control group only received 2 short health messages each day from the app. Urine tests and LET assessments were conducted each week and a post-intervention survey was administered to both groups. The correlations among the EMA, the LET assessment, and the urine test were investigated. Results The mean age of the participants was 41.6 (SD 8.0) years, and 71% (53/75) were male. During the 4 weeks of observation, 690 daily EMA survey data were recorded, with a response rate of 49.29% (690/1400). With respect to drug use, the percent of agreement between the EMA and the LET was 66.7%, 79.2%, 72.4%, and 85.8%, respectively, for each of the 4 weeks, whereas the percent of agreement between the EMA and the urine test was 51.2%, 65.1%, 61.9%, and 71.5%, respectively. The post-intervention survey indicated that 46% (32/70) of the participants preferred face-to-face interviews rather than the mHealth app. Conclusions This study demonstrated poor agreement between the EMA data and the LET and found that the acceptance of mHealth among individuals with SUDs in China was not positive. Hence, greater efforts are needed to improve the feasibility of mHealth in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ying Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yih-Ing Hser
- Los Angeles Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Di Liang
- Los Angeles Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xu Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Xu Hui District, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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21
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Liao Y, Johnson M, Qi C, Wu Q, Xie A, Liu J, Yang M, Huang M, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hao W, Tang J. Cue-Induced Brain Activation in Chronic Ketamine-Dependent Subjects, Cigarette Smokers, and Healthy Controls: A Task Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29618991 PMCID: PMC5872489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observations of drug-related cues may induce craving in drug-dependent patients, prompting compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Sexual dysfunction is common in drug users. The aim of the study was to examine regional brain activation to drug (ketamine, cigarette smoking) associated cues and natural (sexual) rewards. METHODS A sample of 129 [40 ketamine use smokers (KUS), 45 non-ketamine use smokers (NKUS) and 44 non-ketamine use non-smoking healthy controls (HC)] participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing ketamine use related, smoking and sexual films. RESULTS We found that KUS showed significant increased activation in anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in response to ketamine cues. Ketamine users (KUS) showed lower activation in cerebellum and middle temporal cortex compared with non-ketamine users (NKUS and HC) in response to sexual cues. Smokers (KUS and NKUS) showed higher activation in the right precentral frontal cortex in response to smoking cues. Non-ketamine users (NKUS and HC) showed significantly increased activation of cerebellum and middle temporal cortex while viewing sexual cues. CONCLUSION These findings clearly show the engagement of distinct neural circuitry for drug-related stimuli in chronic ketamine users. While smokers (both KUS and NKUS) showed overlapping differences in activation for smoking cues, the former group showed a specific neural response to relevant (i.e., ketamine-related) cues. In particular, the heightened response in anterior cingulate cortex may have important implications for how attentionally salient such cues are in this group. Ketamine users (KUS) showed lower activation in response to sexual cues may partly reflect the neural basis of sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Maritza Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - An Xie
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maifang Huang
- Kangda Voluntary Drug Rehabilitation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, China
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22
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Li CSR, Zhang S, Hung CC, Chen CM, Duann JR, Lin CP, Lee TSH. Depression in chronic ketamine users: Sex differences and neural bases. Psychiatry Res 2017; 269:1-8. [PMID: 28892733 PMCID: PMC5634929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ketamine use leads to cognitive and affective deficits including depression. Here, we examined sex differences and neural bases of depression in chronic ketamine users. Compared to non-drug using healthy controls (HC), ketamine-using females but not males showed increased depression score as assessed by the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We evaluated resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), a prefrontal structure consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. Compared to HC, ketamine users (KU) did not demonstrate significant changes in sgACC connectivities at a corrected threshold. However, in KU, a linear regression against CES-D score showed less sgACC connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with increasing depression severity. Examined separately, male and female KU showed higher sgACC connectivity to bilateral superior temporal gyrus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), respectively, in correlation with depression. The linear correlation of sgACC-OFC and sgACC-dmPFC connectivity with depression was significantly different in slope between KU and HC. These findings highlighted changes in rsFC of the sgACC as associated with depression and sex differences in these changes in chronic ketamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chia-Chun Hung
- Bali Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Ren Duann
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu C, Liu PL, Dong QL, Luo L, Xu J, Zhou W, Wang X. Social-demographic shift in drug users at the first-ever- methadone maintenance treatment in Wuhan, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11446. [PMID: 28904357 PMCID: PMC5597614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been initiated in Wuhan, China since early 2006. To understand the social-demographic, behavioral, and infectious diseases characteristics of drug users enrolled in their first-ever-MMT between 2006 and 2015, a retrospective observational study was implemented to also provide evidence for health policy-decisions to reduce harm and control disease. Pearson chi-square tests and t-tests were used to assess significant differences between two 5-year periods, 2006-2010 and 2011-2015. We observed increases in the mean age (38.65 vs. 42.43 years, P < 0.001), mean age of initial opioid drug use (28.18 vs. 31.07 years, P < 0.001), employment (11.9% vs. 30.7%, P < 0.001), married/co-habiting (42.4% vs. 47.8%, P < 0.001), and declines in higher education level (93.6% vs. 84.8%, P < 0.001), injection (82.3% vs. 75.1%, P < 0.001), syringe sharing (27.7% vs. 9.9%, P < 0.001), HCV infection rates (72.9% vs. 70.5%, P = 0.017). The number of drug users enrolling each year reduced following a continuous rapid growth in the first 3 years. The findings imply for adjusting in treatment services and allocation of resources to respond to emerging trends. In addition, the data will also be helpful for identifying needs and getting a baseline insight of the social-demographic and behavioral characteristics of the opioid abusers in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
| | - Pu-Lin Liu
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College,, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei province, China
| | - Quan-Lin Dong
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
| | - Li Luo
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Wuhan centers for disease prevention and control, Hubei province, China.
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Lin C, Cao X, Li L. Psychoactive Substance Use among Methadone Maintenance Therapy Clients in China. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017; 15:801-811. [PMID: 28761409 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A proportion of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) clients in China shifted their substance use habit from opiate to psychoactive substances. The objective of this study was to examine the pattern and associated factors of psychoactive substance use among MMT clients. The study was conducted among 2,448 clients from 68 MMT clinics of China. The type and frequency of psychoactive substance use were self-reported. About 38.1% (N=933) of the participants reported psychoactive substance use in lifetime, and 6.5% (N=158) in the previous 30 days. The most commonly used psychoactive substances were sedative/hypnotic/antidiarrheal agent and amphetamine. Psychoactive substance use in the past 30 days was correlated with younger age, recent heroin use, having psychoactive substance using friend(s), and depressive symptoms. The finding suggested that urinalysis of psychoactive substances should be routinely administered in the MMT clinics. Young clients, concurrent heroin users, and clients with depressive symptoms deserve more screening and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Lin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Xiaobin Cao
- National Center for AIDS Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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Zeng J, Lai H, Zheng D, Zhong L, Huang Z, Wang S, Zou W, Wei L. Effective treatment of ketamine-associated cystitis with botulinum toxin type a injection combined with bladder hydrodistention. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:792-797. [PMID: 28415952 PMCID: PMC5536663 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517693956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ketamine-associated cystitis (KAC) has been described in a few case reports, but its treatment in a relatively large number of patients has not been documented. This study aimed to describe our experience of treatment of 36 patients with KAC. Methods Thirty-six patients (30 males and 6 females, aged 19-38 years) with KAC, who had previously taken a muscarinic receptor blocker and/or antibiotics, but without symptomatic relief, were treated with botulinum toxin A injection combined with bladder hydrodistention. Urodynamic testing, and the O'Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptom index (ICSI) and problem index (ICPI) were used to evaluate baseline values and improvement before and after the treatment. Results One month post-treatment, all patients achieved marked relief of symptoms. The nocturia time was markedly reduced, while bladder capacity, the interval between micturition, the void volume, and the maximum flow rate were remarkably increased at 1 month. Additionally, the ICSI and ICPI were significantly improved. Conclusion Botulinum toxin A injection along with bladder hydrodistention is effective for managing KAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zeng
- 1 College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,2 Department of Urology Surgery, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Haibiao Lai
- 2 Department of Urology Surgery, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Dongxiang Zheng
- 2 Department of Urology Surgery, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- 2 Department of Urology Surgery, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- 2 Department of Urology Surgery, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Shanyun Wang
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Lianbo Wei
- 1 College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,5 Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Kidney Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu L, Hsiao SC, Kaplan C. Drug Initiation of Female Detainees in a Compulsory Drug Treatment Institution in China. J Psychoactive Drugs 2016; 48:393-401. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1234088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Hser YI, Liang D, Lan YC, Vicknasingam BK, Chakrabarti A. Drug Abuse, HIV, and HCV in Asian Countries. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:383-93. [PMID: 27000123 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse and co-occurring infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious consequences of these risks/problems, as they have some of the highest rates of these diseases. This review describes drug abuse, HIV, and hepatitis C (HCV) in Asian countries. The most commonly used illicit drugs include opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), cannabis, and ketamine. Among people who inject drugs, HIV rates range from 6.3 % in China to 19 % in Malaysia, and HCV ranges from 41 % in India and Taiwan to 74 % in Vietnam. In the face of the HIV epidemics, drug policies in these countries are slowly changing from the traditional punitive approach (e.g., incarcerating drug users or requiring registration as a drug user) to embrace public health approaches, including, for example, community-based treatment options as well as harm reduction approaches to reduce needle sharing and thus HIV transmission. HIV and HCV molecular epidemiology indicates limited geographic diffusion. While the HIV prevalence is declining in all five countries, use of new drugs (e.g., ATS, ketamine) continues to increase, as well as high-risk sexual behaviors associated with drug use-increasing the risk of sexual transmission of HIV, particularly among men who have sex with men. Screening, early intervention, and continued scaling up of therapeutic options (drug treatment and recovery support, ART, long-term HIV and HCV care for drug users) are critical for effective control or continued reduction of drug abuse and co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Ing Hser
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Di Liang
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amit Chakrabarti
- Regional Occupational Health Centre (ROHC), Eastern, National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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