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Santano-Mogena E, Franco-Antonio C, Cordovilla-Guardia S. Gender differences in susceptibility to smoking among high school students. J Adv Nurs 2022; 79:1912-1925. [PMID: 35867336 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the degree of susceptibility to smoking according to gender in students between 12 and 16 years of age and study the role of factors associated with gender and the extended index of susceptibility to smoking. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Between November 2019 and March 2020, 12- to 16-year-old students were recruited from three educational centres in western Spain. Sociodemographic, environmental, social and personal variables were analysed. The value of the extended index of susceptibility to smoking was calculated, and the associations between the students' genders and smoking susceptibility were studied. Multinomial logistic regression was used to study associations between the independent variables and Expanded Susceptibility Index (ESSI) results. The roles of factors in this association were explored through mediation analysis. RESULTS A total of 364 students participated in the study (53% females). A total of 79.3% of females and 61.4% of males presented a medium-high level of the extended index of susceptibility. Females reported greater cigarette use (28% vs. 12.3%), hookah (19.9% vs 9.9%) and alcohol consumption (20.7% risk alcohol consumption). They obtained higher scores on the impulsivity scale in the urgency domain and the negative affect scale. Regardless of other factors, females showed more than double the smoking susceptibility (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.03-4.07, p = .041). Mediation analysis showed that gender had a total effect on the extended susceptibility index β = .023 (95% CI: 0.07-0.38, p = .01). The effect appeared to be mediated only by having smoking friends (0.08; 95% CI: 0.03-0.15, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS The greater susceptibility to smoking found in females may be related to a greater influence of smoking among friends. IMPACT These results show that smoking friends have a strong influence among adolescent females; therefore, developing preventive programmes with gender approaches aimed at reducing the influence of these environmental factors would be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Santano-Mogena
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Franco-Antonio
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sergio Cordovilla-Guardia
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Keogh-Clark F, Whaley RC, Leventhal AM, Krueger EA. Sex differences in the association between parental monitoring and substance use initiation among adolescents. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107024. [PMID: 34182308 PMCID: PMC8351618 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parental involvement and supervision (i.e., "parental monitoring;" PM) is generally inversely associated with substance use among youth; yet, specific features of this association remain unclear. This study examined PM as a prospective predictor of substance use initiation across adolescence and whether associations generalize across a range of substances and by sex. METHODS Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of high school students from Southern California. We assessed, among never-users at baseline (2014; participants were in 10th grade), the role of PM in 8 substance use initiation outcomes (initiation of 7 individual substances or categories of substances: alcohol, cigarettes, electronic (e-) cigarettes, cigars, marijuana, stimulants, or opioids, as well as the total number of substances initiated) at follow-up (2017; 12th grade), controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Multiplicative interactions assessed differences by sex. RESULTS In adjusted main effects models, PM was associated with lower odds of initiation of all substances (OR range: 0.60 for cigarettes to 0.82 for alcohol) and male sex was associated with increased odds of initiating use of cigarettes (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.73) and cigars (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.32, 2.52) over follow-up. There were also significant PM × sex interactions for cigarettes (p = 0.038), e-cigarettes (p = 0.042), and marijuana (p = 0.044), whereby lower PM was associated with greater odds of initiation among females, compared to males. CONCLUSIONS PM is associated with reduced odds of initiating use of multiple substances among adolescents, particularly for females. Future research of the mechanisms underlying these associations can point towards intervention targets to prevent or delay substance use initiation among youth with low PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Keogh-Clark
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Reid C Whaley
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
| | - Evan A Krueger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
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Keller-Hamilton B, Lu B, Roberts ME, Berman ML, Root ED, Ferketich AK. Electronic cigarette use and risk of cigarette and smokeless tobacco initiation among adolescent boys: A propensity score matched analysis. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106770. [PMID: 33316588 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adolescents is associated with increased risk of subsequent cigarette smoking initiation in observational research. However, the existing research was not designed to answer causal questions about whether adolescent e-cigarette users would have initiated cigarette smoking if they had never used e-cigarettes. The current study used a causal inference framework to identify whether male adolescent e-cigarette users were at increased risk of initiating cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use, compared to similar boys who had never used e-cigarettes. METHODS Boys from urban and Appalachian Ohio (N = 1220; ages 11-16 years at enrollment) reported use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and SLT at baseline and every six months for two years. A propensity score matching design was implemented, matching one e-cigarette user to two similar e-cigarette non-users. This analysis was completed in 25 multiple imputed datasets to account for missing data. Risk ratios (RRs) comparing risk of initiating cigarettes and SLT for e-cigarette users and nonusers were estimated. RESULTS Compared to non-users, e-cigarette users were more than twice as likely to later initiate both cigarette smoking (RR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.89, 3.87) and SLT (RR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.73, 3.38). They were also more likely to become current (i.e., past 30-day) cigarette smokers (RR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.33, 3.64) and SLT users (RR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.64). CONCLUSIONS Adolescent boys who used e-cigarettes had increased risk of later initiating traditional tobacco products when compared to similar boys who had never used e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - Bo Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Megan E Roberts
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Micah L Berman
- Division of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States; Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Elisabeth D Root
- Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, United States; Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Amy K Ferketich
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States
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Adolescent Smoking Susceptibility: Gender-Stratified Racial and Ethnic Differences, 1999-2018. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:666-674. [PMID: 32201186 PMCID: PMC7219202 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Susceptibility, or openness to smoking, is a predictor of future smoking. This study examines within-gender racial/ethnic differences in smoking susceptibility over historical time (1999-2018) and developmental age (11-18 years). METHODS Data were obtained from 205,056 adolescent never smokers in 14 waves of the National Youth Tobacco Survey. Weighted time-varying effect models were used to estimate nonlinear trends in smoking susceptibility among minority (versus white) adolescents. Analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS Compared with whites, Latino/a adolescents were consistently more susceptible to smoking, whereas black and Asian adolescents fluctuated between being less and equally susceptible over time. American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander adolescents were more susceptible from 2014 to 2017, with differences being larger for girls. Susceptibility peaked at age 14 years. Compared with whites, Latino/a adolescents were more susceptible throughout adolescence. Black adolescents were more susceptible in early adolescence, whereas Asian adolescents were less or equally susceptible to smoking in early to mid-adolescence. American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander girls were more susceptible in early and mid-adolescence, but boys were more susceptible in early adolescence only. American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander girls were less susceptible than white girls aged 18 years. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-year racial/ethnic differences in smoking susceptibility were evident, particularly among girls, but were mostly equivalent between genders over developmental age. Targeting susceptible adolescents with gender-, race/ethnic-, and age-tailored prevention efforts may prevent or delay adolescents' transition to tobacco use and reduce tobacco-related disparities.
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Walker DC, White EK, Srinivasan VJ. A meta-analysis of the relationships between body checking, body image avoidance, body image dissatisfaction, mood, and disordered eating. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:745-770. [PMID: 29659039 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body checking (BC) and body image avoidance (BIA) have been proposed as etiological and maintaining mechanisms for eating disorder (ED) pathology. To date, no comprehensive review summarizes the relationships of BC and BIA with ED pathology, body image dissatisfaction, or mood/affect. METHOD Meta-analyses examined the relationships of BC and BIA with ED pathology, body image dissatisfaction, and mood/affect. Gender, publication status, and presence or absence of ED diagnoses were examined as potential moderators. RESULTS Results showed strong relationships between BC and ED pathology (ρ = 0.588) and BC and body image dissatisfaction (ρ = 0.631) and a moderate relationship between BC and mood/affect (ρ = 0.385). Similarly, results showed strong relationships between BIA and ED pathology (ρ = 0.553) and BIA and body image dissatisfaction (ρ = 0.543) and a moderate relationship between BIA and mood/affect (ρ = 0.392). Overall, limited evidence supported publication bias; however, publication bias may exist in the relationship between BIA and body image dissatisfaction in the literature. Subgroup moderator analyses suggested that gender moderates the strength of the relationships between BC and ED pathology, body image dissatisfaction, and mood/affect and between BIA and body image dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION Results are consistent with cognitive-behavioral models of ED pathology that suggest BC and BIA are behavioral expressions of overvaluation of weight and shape. Notably, more published research has investigated BC than BIA. Future studies, incorporating methods such as meta-analytic structural equation modeling, should examine these variables to further test cognitive-behavioral models of ED development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K White
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lechner WV, Murphy CM, Colby SM, Janssen T, Rogers ML, Jackson KM. Cognitive risk factors of electronic and combustible cigarette use in adolescents. Addict Behav 2018; 82:182-188. [PMID: 29549801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive susceptibility to cigarette smoking has been demonstrated to predict future cigarette initiation in adolescents. Examining this construct prior to tobacco product initiation may provide useful information on the differential risk of individuals initiating cigarette vs. e-cigarette products. Additionally, examining how susceptibility and tobacco product use relate to perceived harm cognitions will increase understanding of risk predisposition among adolescents. METHOD Data were taken from a longitudinal study of middle school students (n = 1023; age = 12.1, 52.2% female, 72.1% white) in the Northeastern U.S. Likelihood of e-cigarette and cigarette ever-use in high school was examined as a function of a validated index of cigarette smoking susceptibility among tobacco naïve students in middle school. Prospective associations between cognitive susceptibility to smoking and subsequent perceived harm of e-cigarettes (assessed in high school), and cross-sectional associations between concurrent tobacco product ever-use status and perceived harm of e-cigarettes were examined. RESULTS Adolescents classified as susceptible to cigarette smoking in middle school were more likely to initiate use of cigarettes (OR = 2.53) and e-cigarettes (OR = 1.95) as compared to adolescents classified as non-susceptible; cigarette smoking susceptibility did not differentially predict use of one product over the other. Adolescents endorsing e-cigarette use, reported significantly less perceived harm associated with e-cigarettes vs. cigarettes, while those who endorsed cigarette only or dual use did not. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that cognitive susceptibility to cigarette smoking may index a broad risk factor for using either cigarettes or e-cigarettes in the future, and is prospectively associated with perceived harm of e-cigarette use. Overall, those who used any tobacco product perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful when compared to abstainers. Individual facets of perceived harm (addiction potential and harm vs. cigarettes) differ between cigarette only users and e-cigarette users and may help to explain the choice to use one product vs. the other. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to examine prospective associations between cognitive susceptibility to cigarette smoking, predating tobacco use, and subsequent likelihood of cigarette vs. e-cigarette initiation. This study demonstrates that initiation of either product is elevated among youth who are susceptible to smoking; thus susceptibility to smoking may serve as a useful marker of vulnerability to tobacco product use. Furthermore, this study provides novel information on the relationship between tobacco product onset and specific harm perceptions associated with e-cigarettes versus cigarettes among adolescents.
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Leventhal AM, Cho J, Stone MD, Barrington-Trimis JL, Chou CP, Sussman SY, Riggs NR, Unger JB, Audrain-McGovern J, Strong DR. Associations between anhedonia and marijuana use escalation across mid-adolescence. Addiction 2017; 112. [PMID: 28623880 PMCID: PMC5673572 DOI: 10.1111/add.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anhedonia-a transdiagnostic psychopathological trait indicative of inability to experience pleasure-could lead to and result from adolescent marijuana use, yet this notion has not been tested. This study aimed to estimate the association of: (1) anhedonia at age 14 with rate of change in marijuana use over an 18-month follow-up, and (2) marijuana use at age 14 with rate of change in anhedonia over follow-up. Secondary aims were to test whether gender, baseline marijuana use history and peer marijuana use moderated these associations. DESIGN Observational longitudinal cohort repeated-measures design, with baseline (age 14 years), 6-month, 12-month and 18-month follow-up assessments. SETTINGS Ten public high schools in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013-15. PARTICIPANTS Students [n = 3394; 53.5% female, mean (standard deviation) age at baseline = 14.1 (0.42)]. MEASUREMENTS Self-report level of anhedonia on the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale and frequency of marijuana use in the past 30 days. FINDINGS Parallel process latent growth curve models adjusting for confounders showed that baseline anhedonia level was associated positively with the rate of increase in marijuana use frequency across follow-ups [β, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.115 (0.022, 0.252), P = 0.03]. Baseline marijuana use frequency was not related significantly to the rate of change in anhedonia across follow-ups [β, 95% CI = -0.015 (-0.350, 0.321), P = 0.93]. The association of baseline anhedonia with faster marijuana use escalation was amplified among adolescents with (versus without) friends who used marijuana at baseline [β, 95% CI = 0.179 (0.043, 0.334) versus 0.064 (-0.071, 0.187), interaction P = 0.04], but did not differ by gender or baseline ever marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS In mid-adolescence, anhedonia is associated with subsequent marijuana use escalation, but marijuana use escalation does not appear to be associated with subsequent anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,Corresponding author: Adam M. Leventhal, Ph.D., University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar St. CSC 271, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; , Phone: 323-442-8222, Fax: 323-442-2359
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Chih-Ping Chou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA,School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven Y. Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nathaniel, R. Riggs
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David R. Strong
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
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Leventhal AM, Urman R, Barrington-Trimis JL, Goldenson NI, Gallegos K, Chou CP, Wang K, Berhane K, Cruz TB, Pentz MA, Unger J, McConnell RS. Perceived stress and poly-tobacco product use across adolescence: Patterns of association and gender differences. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 94:172-179. [PMID: 28738287 PMCID: PMC5634516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perceived stress-an endophenotype indicative of the tendency to appraise stress as frequent, unpredictable and unmanageable-is associated with adolescent cigarette smoking. It is unclear whether this association: (1) extends to alternative tobacco products, like electronic cigarettes and hookah (tobacco water pipe), which are increasingly popular among youth, and (2) differs by gender. In this report, data were drawn from a population-based longitudinal cohort of youth in Southern California. Perceived stress was assessed at baseline (7th or 8th grade; 2010). Electronic cigarette, hookah, combustible cigarette, and cigar use were assessed at a 4-year follow-up (11th or 12th grade; 2014). After adjusting for confounders, polytomous logistic regressions showed that a standardized baseline perceived stress score (M = 0, SD = 1) predicted electronic cigarette, hookah, combustible cigarette, and cigar use and a poly-tobacco use index at the 4-year follow-up in the overall sample. Interactions between perceived stress and gender were also observed (Interaction Ps < 0.05), which demonstrated that the association of perceived stress with tobacco product use and poly-use were stronger in females (ORs for current use range: 1.47 to 1.72) than males (ORs range: 0.93 to 1.31). Adjusting for baseline perceived stress, the change in perceived stress from baseline to follow-up was also positively associated with use and poly-use of most tobacco products in females and in males to some extent. In the current era in which teen use of alternative tobacco products is increasingly common, adolescent tobacco use and poly-use research and prevention strategies should address gender-specific origins of tobacco product use risk and consider perceived stress and other emotional endophenotypes in such risk pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Robert Urman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas I Goldenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katia Gallegos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chih Ping Chou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kejia Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rob S McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Wilkinson AL, Halpern CT, Herring AH. Directions of the relationship between substance use and depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Addict Behav 2016; 60:64-70. [PMID: 27100470 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both substance use and depression are common in adolescence and often comorbid. Past research has produced conflicting results on whether there is a temporal relationship and if so, in which direction it operates and how it may vary by sex. The purpose of this paper is to explore the longitudinal, potentially bidirectional, relationships between high-frequency substance use and depressive symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood for males and females. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health we investigated longitudinal associations between high frequency substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and depressive symptoms. The linear mixed effects models were stratified by sex and used a lagged measure of the dependent variable to test temporal relationships. A random intercept was used for respondent ID. RESULTS Increases in depressive symptoms were significantly associated with a later increase of about a half day in marijuana use frequency for males and nearly a two day increase in smoking frequency for females. Conversely, increases in smoking frequency were significantly associated with approximately a 0.6-point increase for females and 0.4-point increase for males in depressive symptoms at a later wave. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a bidirectional relationship between smoking and depressive symptoms for females. For males, there was evidence supporting self-medication with marijuana and for smoking being associated with later increases in depressive symptoms. Results inform how substance use and depression screening, prevention and treatment efforts should be paired and targeted for males and females.
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Davids EL, Roman NV, Kerchhoff LJ. Adolescent goals and aspirations in search of psychological well-being: from the perspective of self-determination theory. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246316653744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to self-determination theory, an individual’s goal content and the processes involved in goal setting often represent the status of the individual’s mental health and well-being. When examining the importance placed on goal setting, an individual’s goals and aspirations are often synonymous with mental health and well-being. Aspiring to achieve intrinsic life goals has been associated with greater psychological well-being in literature. This study therefore aimed to establish the relationships between goals and aspirations, mental health behaviour (interpersonal relations, stress management, and spiritual growth), and psychological well-being (measured by positive affect). A sample of 457 secondary school learners in the Overberg Educational District, Western Cape, South Africa, participated in the study. The results suggest a significant positive relationship between placing importance on intrinsic goals and aspirations, and psychological well-being (as indicated by positive affect). However, psychological well-being was not correlated with mental health behaviour. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis suggest that importance placed on intrinsic goals and aspirations predicts psychological well-being and accounts for 8% of the variance. The results highlight the role of intrinsic goals and aspirations in predicting the psychological well-being of adolescents. The findings are supported by the theoretical assumptions of self-determination theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lee Davids
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Vanessa Roman
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lynn Joy Kerchhoff
- Child and Family Studies Programme, Department of Social Work, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
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Dir AL, Banks DE, Zapolski TCB, McIntyre E, Hulvershorn LA. Negative urgency and emotion regulation predict positive smoking expectancies in non-smoking youth. Addict Behav 2016; 58:47-52. [PMID: 26905764 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to better understand early risk for positive smoking expectancies, which have been shown to be consistent predictors of smoking initiation among youth. Two affect-based risk factors-negative urgency and emotion dysregulation-associated with smoking behaviors among youth, were examined for unique and interactive effects on positive smoking expectancies among substance-naïve youth. METHODS Participants were 61 10-14-year-old children with virtually no drug use (less than 5 substance use incidents across the lifetime), who were drawn from the community. RESULTS Both negative urgency and emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with positive social facilitation smoking expectancies. Further, negative urgency was significantly related to positive social facilitation smoking expectancies at higher levels of emotion dysregulation (b=.09, p=.001). CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence that both emotion dysregulation and negative urgency are positively associated with positive social-related smoking expectancies among a sample of 10-14-year-olds. Children who are emotionally dysregulated and who act rashly in response to negative emotions appear more likely to endorse beliefs regarding the socially enhancing effects of smoking, suggesting that these youth may be at high risk for smoking initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Devin E Banks
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth McIntyre
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Riley Hospital for Children, Riley Hospital Drive, Room 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Williams RJ, Knight RA, Wills TA. Why Children Smoke in 2015 and Prospects for Stopping Them: a Review of Current Literature. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Audrain-McGovern J, Leventhal AM, Strong DR. The Role of Depression in the Uptake and Maintenance of Cigarette Smoking. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:209-43. [PMID: 26472531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and depression both account for significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The prevalence of both smoking and depression increase across mid-to-late adolescence and show high rates of comorbidity. While little is known about why smoking is disproportionately higher among depressed adolescents than adolescents without depression, emerging research has begun to offer some initial insights. The high rates of comorbidity between depression and smoking emphasize the importance of identifying intervention targets to inform smoking prevention efforts for this high-risk group. Interventions during adolescence may lessen the prevalence of depression-prone adult smokers. Depression is over-represented among adult smokers and contributes to lower smoking cessation rates. Negative mood management and pharmacotherapy have been the central focus of smoking cessation interventions for depression-prone populations to date. Converging lines of research highlight novel smoking cessation targets such as the maintenance of positive mood and reward regulation. Smoking cessation research in depression-prone smokers is critical to identify efficacious treatments that will ultimately decrease the excess smoking burden for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David R Strong
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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