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Carters-White LE, Patterson C, Nimegeer A, Hilton S, Chambers S. Newspaper framing of food and beverage corporations' sponsorship of sport: a content analysis. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1753. [PMID: 36114474 PMCID: PMC9479402 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy diets are a leading contributor to obesity, disability and death worldwide. One factor cited as contributing to rises in obesity rates is the pervasive and ubiquitous marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages (F&Bs) across a variety of mediums, such as sport sponsorship at both professional and amateur levels. Despite increased academic attention on the detrimental impacts of sport sponsorship within the obesogenic environment, this has not been matched by legislative action. One explanation may be the way that F&B corporations' sport sponsorship is framed within policy debates. Framing is the deliberate ways in which (often contested) issues are presented in communication. This paper examines how sport sponsorship by F&B corporations is framed through media reports. METHODS This study employed a mixed methods content and framing analysis. First, we conducted a quantitative newsprint content analysis (n = 234). This then informed and directed a thematic framing analysis of a sub-set of articles (n = 54) that specifically associated sport sponsorship by F&B corporations with obesity and childhood obesity. RESULTS The findings suggest that two competing frames are evident within newspaper coverage: 1) public health and 2) industry. The public health frame rejects the sponsorship of sport by High in Fat Sugar and Salt (HFSS) product corporations in particular, calling for such sponsorship to be restricted or banned. The industry frame characterises sponsorship of sport as a form of corporate social responsibility, positioning industry as good moral actors and part of the solution to childhood and adult obesity. These frames are evident across other Unhealthy Commodity Industries (UCIs) policy debates. However, the prominence of industry actors within the sample is potentially indicative of their discursive power within this space, particularly with their emphasis on the financial maintenance of sport as well as encouraging physical activity, contributing to the lack of regulatory development of sport sponsorship by F&B corporations. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are particularly useful for public health organisations who seek regulatory change, as it may provide further insight into countering industry framing practices, raising the salience of regulation of sport sponsorship and thus increasing the likelihood of regulatory development that seeks to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Carters-White
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, Berkeley Square, United Kingdom
- SPECTRUM Consortium, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Doorway 1, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH8 9AG
| | - C Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, Berkeley Square, United Kingdom
| | - A Nimegeer
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, Berkeley Square, United Kingdom
| | - S Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, Berkeley Square, United Kingdom
| | - S Chambers
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Science Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, Berkeley Square, United Kingdom.
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Jun J, Kim SH, Thrasher J, Cho YJ, Heo YJ. Heated debates on regulations of heated tobacco products in South Korea: the news valence, source and framing of relative risk/benefit. Tob Control 2022; 31:e57-e63. [PMID: 33542068 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyse news representations of the regulation of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in South Korea, the country where HTP use is among the highest in the world despite conflicts between the government and the HTP manufacturers. METHODS We analysed a total of 571 print and TV news covering HTP regulations, published between 2017 and 2018, the time period when HTPs were introduced to the country and various regulations of HTPs were proposed and implemented. We assessed the prevalence and associations among specific types of HTP regulations that were discussed, valence towards regulation, sources, framing of the relative health risks/benefits of HTPs compared with conventional cigarettes. RESULTS Taxation (55.2%) and warning labels (25.7%) were two regulation topics covered the most. Almost equal proportions of pro-regulation (2.5%) and anti-regulation valence (2.2%) were found in taxation-related news, while pro-regulation valence appeared more frequently for other restrictions, including warning labels (pro=9.5% vs anti=1.4%), marketing restrictions (pro=6.9% vs anti=0%) and integration of HTPs into smoke-free policies for cigarettes (pro=8.7% vs anti=0%). The government (59%), followed by the tobacco industry (39.4%), was the source cited most often across news stories while the presence of tobacco control advocates was low (4.9%). As for framing, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of stories mentioning reduced harm (31.7%) and equal or more harm (33.6%) of HTPs compared with cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS We provide implications for governments and tobacco control advocates on building consensus for applying cigarette equivalent taxes and pictorial warning labels to HTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Jun
- School of Journalism & Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sei-Hill Kim
- School of Journalism & Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Educaiton, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yoo Jin Cho
- Department of Health Promotion, Educaiton, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Heo
- School of Journalism & Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Svenson MRE, Freeman TP, Maynard OM. The Effect of Conflicting Public Health Guidance on Smokers' and Vapers' E-cigarette Harm Perceptions. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1945-1950. [PMID: 35793536 PMCID: PMC9653072 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarettes are increasingly being viewed, incorrectly, as more harmful than cigarettes. This may discourage smokers from switching to e-cigarettes. One potential explanation for these increasingly harmful attitudes is conflicting information presented in the media and online, and from public health bodies. AIMS AND METHODS In this prospectively registered online study, we aimed to examine the impact of conflicting public health information on smokers' and vapers' e-cigarette harm perceptions. Daily UK smokers who do not vape (n = 334) and daily UK vapers (n = 368) were randomized to receive either: (1) a consistent harm reduction statement from two different public health bodies (Harm Reduction), (2) a consistent negative statement about e-cigarette harms from two different public health bodies (Negative), (3) a harm reduction statement from one public health body and a negative statement from another (Conflict), and (4) a statement of the risks of smoking followed by a harm reduction statement from one public health body and a negative statement from another (Smoking Risk + Conflict). Participants then answered questions regarding their perceptions of e-cigarette harm. RESULTS The Negative condition had the highest e-cigarette harm perceptions, significantly higher than the Smoking Risk + Conflict condition (MD = 5.4, SE = 1.8, p < .016, d = 0.3 [CI 0.73 to 10.04]), which did not differ from the Conflict condition (MD = 1.5, SE = 1.8, p = .836, d = 0.1 [CI -3.14 to 6.17]). The Conflict condition differed from the Harm Reduction condition, where harm perceptions were lowest (MD = 5.4, SE = 1.8, p = .016, d = 0.3 [CI 0.74 to 10.07]). CONCLUSIONS These findings are the first to demonstrate that, compared to harm reduction information, conflicting information increases e-cigarette harm perceptions amongst vapers, and smokers who do not vape. IMPLICATIONS This research provides the first empirical evidence that conflicting information increases smokers' and vapers' e-cigarette harm perceptions, compared to harm reduction information. This may have a meaningful impact on public health as e-cigarette harm perceptions can influence subsequent smoking and vaping behavior. Conflicting information may dissuade smokers, who have the most to gain from accurate e-cigarette harm perceptions, from switching to e-cigarettes. These findings indicate that public health communications that are consensus-based can lower harm perceptions of e-cigarettes, and have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R E Svenson
- Department of Psychology, Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Department of Psychology, Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Olivia M Maynard
- Corresponding Author: Olivia M. Maynard, PhD, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS81TU, UK. Telephone: +44 117 928 9000; Fax: +44 117 928 8588; E-mail:
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Lyu JC, Wang D, Mao Z, Ling PM. Evolution of media frames about e-cigarettes from 2004 to 2019: a content analysis of newspapers in China. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2022; 36:456-466. [PMID: 33997888 PMCID: PMC9115326 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study conducted a content analysis of 639 news articles about e-cigarettes in China from 2004-2019 to examine longitudinal changes in media frames and media tones about e-cigarettes in Chinese newspapers. Results indicated that policy frame was the most frequently used frame, followed by human impact frame, information frame, and uncertainty frame. Dividing the time period of 2004-2019 into four phases (i.e., 2004-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2017 and 2018-2019), the study found that the frequency of the information frame significantly decreased over time, while the policy frame and uncertainty frame significantly increased, with the policy frame being the dominant frame in recent years. In contrast, the use of the economic frame and morality frame fluctuated, both reaching peaks in the phase of 2007-2010 and decreasing in the most recent phase. Overall, the tone of the large majority of news articles was unfavorable, and the turning point occurred in the phase of 2007-2010 when the percentage of news articles with negative tone exceeded those with positive tone for the first time. Framing of e-cigarette news articles in China demonstrated the pivotal role of policy makers in defining the e-cigarette issue, and the influence of the international public health community, as an important and reliable information source, on defining the health risk of e-cigarettes, which has implication for not only e-cigarette control, but tobacco control in China in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chen Lyu
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Di Wang
- * Correspondence to: D. Wang. E-mail:
| | - Zhifei Mao
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Jun J, Zhang N, Zain A, Mohammadi E. Social Media Discussions on the FDA's Modified Risk Tobacco Product Authorization of IQOS. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:472-480. [PMID: 34986075 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2019777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the marketing of the IQOS tobacco heating system as a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) in July 2020, permitting its 'reduced exposure' marketing. This decision is accompanied by much controversy among the global health community. We provide a preliminary analysis of Twitter conversations regarding the MRTP authorization of IQOS by identifying the authors, valence towards the policy decision, source of cited link, and focused topic. Methods: We analyzed 548 tweets mentioning MRTP posted between July 2016 (when PMI submitted the proposal) and October 2020. Results: We found a higher proportion of pro-MRTP valence (25.4%) than anti-MRTP (16.2%). Nearly half of the tweets (47.2%) expressing personal opinions presented pro-MRTP valence (vs. anti-MRTP = 23.9%). The FDA website was more frequently cited in pro-MRTP tweets (30.8% vs. anti = 4.8%), while tobacco control advocates' websites were cited only in anti-MRTP tweets (77.4% vs. pro = 0). Pro-MRTP valence appeared more frequently in tweets mentioning health (53.1% vs. anti =38.5%) and cessation (100% vs. anti = 0). Nearly 42% of tweets showed a bot score greater than .43, indicating a possibility of automation. Conclusion: Continuous efforts are needed to surveil the industry's attempts to create a climate of false consensus and circulate misinformation regarding MRTP on social media, as well as to assist non-scientific audiences' understanding of MRTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Jun
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nanlan Zhang
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ali Zain
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ehsan Mohammadi
- School of Information Science, College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Sæbø G, Tokle RI, Lund I. Newspaper coverage of snus in an emerging Norwegian snus market 2002-2011: A content analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:212-219. [PMID: 34463753 PMCID: PMC8807211 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background In a context where snus is a legal product, its advertising is prohibited and its prevalence of use has been on the rise among adolescents and young adults, the aim of this article is to identify the extent of snus coverage in Norwegian newspapers and the themes and values communicated about snus therein from 2002 to 2011. Aim and methods All major Norwegian newspapers were scanned for articles with “snus” (and relevant connectors) in headings, ingresses, and/or pictures/captions as search criteria. Using the Retriever media monitoring service as a database, the search returned 943 unique articles, which were subjected to quantitative content analysis. Results The number of articles per year increases over the period, while their average length decreases slightly. Thematically, the greatest attention is on the extent of “snus use” (occurring in 52.7% of the articles), and then more equally divided between “tobacco policy” (24.5%), “economy/markets” (29.1%), and “health” (28.7%). A total of 48.6% of the articles are “neutral/mixed” in respect of framing, 28.1% are “negative,” and only 20.7% are “positive” in tone. Articles about tobacco policy are more often negative, while articles on economic factors are more often positive. Articles on health are usually negatively focused, or neutral/mixed. Conclusion The slight predominance of negative and/or neutral/mixed articles indicates that the newspaper coverage does not glamorize the snus product. However, the sheer amount of (and growth in) articles over time, as well as positive articles available for selective exposure and perception, may nevertheless have contributed to a normalization of snus use. Implications Little is known about media coverage of smokeless tobacco and whether editorial mass media glamorize or criticize its use. This study shows that the extent of snus coverage in Norwegian newspapers has increased over time, but also that the framing of Norwegian newspaper coverage of snus has mainly been neutral/mixed or negative toward snus and its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Sæbø
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Skøyen, Oslo
| | | | - Ingeborg Lund
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Skøyen, Oslo
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Barrett R, Aldamkhi H. An Evaluation of the Knowledge and Perceptions of Pharmacy Staff and Pre-Registration Students of E-Cigarettes Use: A Systematic Review. Tob Use Insights 2021; 14:1179173X211016867. [PMID: 34188579 PMCID: PMC8209790 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x211016867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy staff are a trusted source of advice on the safe and appropriate use of medicines and devices. Retail pharmacies deliver smoking cessation services and sell e-cigarettes in the UK. This review asks 'what knowledge, experience and ability do staff have to support e-cigarette users to quit smoking'. METHODS A systematic literature search was undertaken drawn on predefined eligibility criteria and a comprehensive search strategy following the PRISMA guideline. Eligible papers reported survey-research published in English from 2015 to 2020. PubMed, Google Scholar, OVID, EMBASE and MEDLINE Databases were searched. No restrictions on study design or language were applied. Two reviewers independently screened for inclusion/exclusion and then extracted the relevant information from the articles for synthesis. RESULTS Of 12 potentially eligible full-text studies, 1 was a duplicate, 7 were excluded as per eligibility criteria. Four papers were finally included in this literature review. Two studies indicated that pharmacy staff are less confident in giving advice on e-cigarette use. Knowledge on the adverse effects of e-cigarettes compared to traditional smoking cessation aids remain unclear. In one study, 42% of community pharmacists did not believe that e-cigarettes could be used for smoking cessation. Three studies identified need for specific regulations and professional support. The overall certainty of the evidence is 'low' or 'very low', with moderate levels of bias. CONCLUSION Pharmacists may be well placed to implement e-cigarette smoking cessation interventions, but most practitioners lacked knowledge and ability to support these customers citing unclear risk of harm. Pharmacists felt secure in recommending traditional cessation tools. Further regulation, guidelines and training is needed. Findings may be less generalizable in countries where e-cigarettes are banned. Their extent of knowledge, experience and ability to support users of e-cigarettes within their community to quit smoking is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina Barrett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton, UK
- Visiting Researcher in Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hajar Aldamkhi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton, UK
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Young I, Boydell N, Patterson C, Hilton S, McDaid L. Configuring the PrEP user: framing pre-exposure prophylaxis in UK newsprint 2012-2016. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2021; 23:772-787. [PMID: 32252605 PMCID: PMC7612002 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1729420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been hailed as a revolutionary intervention for HIV prevention. PrEP's controversial status in the UK has generated significant media coverage. It is important to understand what role the media plays in framing PrEP policy issues. We undertook a qualitative analysis of UK newsprint articles between 2012 and 2016 to examine how PrEP was framed as a public health intervention up until a controversial policy decision not to provide PrEP in England. We identified how scientific evidence was deployed to shape two narratives: ir/responsible citizens focused on imagined PrEP users and their capacity to use PrEP effectively; and the public health imperative, which described the need for PrEP. Our analysis demonstrates the particular ways in which scientific evidence contributed to the certainty of PrEP as an effective intervention within UK newsprint. Scientific evidence also played a key role in framing PrEP as an intervention specifically for cis-gendered gay and bisexual men, playing into wider debates about who is a deserving patient and the appropriate use of public resources. Practitioners in the UK and elsewhere should be aware of these constructions of the PrEP user to ensure equitable access to PrEP beyond gay and bisexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Young
- Centre for Biomedicine, Self and Society, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola Boydell
- Centre for Research on Families and Relationships, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa McDaid
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Kim SH, Jun J, Thrasher JF, Heo YJ, Cho YJ. News Media Presentations of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs): A Content Analysis of Newspaper and Television News Coverage in South Korea. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 26:299-311. [PMID: 34156914 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1931988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our content analysis of newspaper and television news stories in South Korea examines the quantity and nature of news about novel heated tobacco products (HTPs), which heat instead of burn tobacco and that manufacturers claim are less harmful than cigarettes. The amount of news coverage peaked when the government introduced new regulations, suggesting that HTP news was driven largely by new policies. Indeed, HTPs were more likely to be presented as a policy rather than a health issue. When it comes to news sources, government agencies and HTP manufacturers were referenced most often in the news. As for benefits of HTPs, news stories focused on reduced harm, greater social acceptability, and convenience, while discussions of drawbacks included potentially being equally or more harmful than cigarettes, the possibility of extensive future regulations, and HTPs' unknown health effects. Findings suggested that certain journalistic practices, such as relying heavily on established routine sources, focusing on the stories that could attract large audiences, and representing the perspectives of the publishers and the primary audiences, might have affected the nature of HTP discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Hill Kim
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jungmi Jun
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Heo
- School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yoo Jin Cho
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Franchyeda B, Sinaga BYM. Perception and Behavior about Electric Cigarette in Electric Cigarette Users in Medan City, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As a new device and technology, the use of e-cigarettes has increased rapidly in Indonesia, e-cigarettes attract and make people curious.
AIM: This study aims to determine the description of perceptions and behavior about e- cigarettes in e-cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia.
METHODS: This type of research is quantitative with descriptive design. The sample of this study was 100 electric cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia, using consecutive sampling method. The data in this study were obtained through a questionnaire conducted in August–October 2019.
RESULTS: The respondents of this study were 100 electric cigarette users, consisting of 92 men and 8 women, aged between 17 and 39 years and 42% worked as students. Some respondents had more than 1 electric cigarette device and used different atomizers on different devices. As many as, 42% of tobacco smoking respondents switched to e-cigarettes and stopped smoking. There is a decrease in the number of tobacco cigarette consumption among users who use tobacco cigarettes and electric cigarettes, respondents who had a positive perception of e-cigarettes were 51%, and most of respondents (88%) use e-cigarettes because they see the people around them.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that the majority of e-cigarette users in Medan city, Indonesia, are former smokers and have a positive perception of e-cigarettes. Moreover, the most frequent reasons to start using electric cigarette are because they see others around them use it.
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Smith KE, Ikegwuonu T, Weishaar H, Hilton S. Evidence use in E-cigarettes debates: scientific showdowns in a 'wild west' of research. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:362. [PMID: 33593318 PMCID: PMC7884966 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Against a backdrop of declining tobacco use, e-cigarette markets are growing. The UK now has a higher percentage of e-cigarette users than any other European country. These developments have prompted fierce discussions in scientific, advocacy and policy communities about how best to respond. This article is one of the first to examine the role of evidence in these debates. METHODS We analysed 121 submissions to two Scottish policy consultations on e-cigarettes (in 2014 and 2015) and undertook interviews with 26 key informants in 2015-2016, following up with a sub-set in 2019-2020. All data were thematically coded, and our analysis was informed by insights from policy studies and the sociology of science. RESULTS First, we affirm previous research in suggesting that e-cigarettes appeared to have triggered a breakdown of old public health alliances. Second, we demonstrate that, amid concerns about research quality and quantity, actors are guided by normative outlooks (and/or economic interests) in their assessments of evidence. Third, we show that, despite describing e-cigarette debates as contentious and polarised, actors engaging in Scottish policy debates exhibit a spectrum of views, with most interviewees occupying an uncertain 'middle ground' that is responsive to new evidence. Fourth, we suggest that the perceived divisiveness of e-cigarette debates is attributed to recurrent media simplifications and tensions arising from the behaviours of some actors with settled positions working to promote particular policy responses (including by strategically enrolling supportive evidence). Fifth, we argue that the actions of these actors are potentially explained by the prospect that e-cigarettes could usher in a new tobacco 'policy paradigm'. Finally, we show how scientific authority is employed as a tool within these debates. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette debates are likely to reconcile only if a clear majority of participants in the uncertain 'middle ground' settle on a more fixed position. Our results suggest that many participants in Scottish e-cigarette debates occupy this 'middle ground' and express concerns that can be empirically assessed, implying evidence has the potential to play a more important role in settling e-cigarette debates than previous research suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Smith
- School of Social Work & Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Lord Hope Building, 141 St James Road, Glasgow, G4 0LT, UK.
| | - Theresa Ikegwuonu
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
| | - Heide Weishaar
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
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Weishaar HB, Ikegwuonu T, Smith KE, Buckton CH, Hilton S. E-Cigarettes: A Disruptive Technology? An Analysis of Health Actors' Positions on E-Cigarette Regulation in Scotland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3103. [PMID: 31455009 PMCID: PMC6747168 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that the divisions emerging within public health in response to electronic cigarettes are weakening tobacco control. This paper employed thematic and network analysis to assess 90 policy consultation submissions and 18 interviews with political actors to examine the extent of, and basis for, divisions between health-focused actors with regard to the harms and benefits of e-cigarettes and appropriate approaches to regulation in Scotland. The results demonstrated considerable engagement in e-cigarette policy development by health-focused actors and a widely held perception of strong disagreement. They show that actors agreed on substantive policy issues, such as age-of-sale restrictions and, in part, the regulation of advertising. Points of contestation were related to the harms and benefits of e-cigarettes and the regulation of vaping in public places. The topicality, limitations of the evidence base and underlying values may help explain the heightened sense of division. While suggesting that some opportunities for joint advocacy might have been missed, this analysis shows that debates on e-cigarette regulation cast a light upon differences in thinking about appropriate approaches to health policy development within the public health community. Constructive debates on these divisive issues among health-focused actors will be a crucial step toward advancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Beatrix Weishaar
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200, Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK.
| | - Theresa Ikegwuonu
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200, Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK
| | - Katherine E Smith
- School of Social Work & Social Policy, University of Strathclyde; Lord Hope Building, 141 St James Road, Glasgow G4 0LT, UK
| | - Christina H Buckton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200, Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200, Renfield Street, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK
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Saw KES, Morphett K, Puljević C, Bromberg M, Gartner C. The medium is not the message: A content analysis of public information about vaping product regulations in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:569-578. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Eu Soon Saw
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Kylie Morphett
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Centre for Health Services ResearchThe University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health SciencesFaculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
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Following in the footsteps of tobacco and alcohol? Stakeholder discourse in UK newspaper coverage of the Soft Drinks Industry Levy. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2317-2328. [PMID: 31111808 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In politically contested health debates, stakeholders on both sides present arguments and evidence to influence public opinion and the political agenda. The present study aimed to examine whether stakeholders in the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) debate sought to establish or undermine the acceptability of this policy through the news media and how this compared with similar policy debates in relation to tobacco and alcohol industries. DESIGN Quantitative and qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles discussing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation published in eleven UK newspapers between 1 April 2015 and 30 November 2016, identified through the Nexis database. Direct stakeholder citations were entered in NVivo to allow inductive thematic analysis and comparison with an established typology of industry stakeholder arguments used by the alcohol and tobacco industries. SETTING UK newspapers. PARTICIPANTS Proponents and opponents of SSB tax/SDIL cited in UK newspapers. RESULTS Four hundred and ninety-one newspaper articles cited stakeholders' (n 287) arguments in relation to SSB taxation (n 1761: 65 % supportive and 35 % opposing). Stakeholders' positions broadly reflected their vested interests. Inconsistencies arose from: changes in ideological position; insufficient clarity on the nature of the problem to be solved; policy priorities; and consistency with academic rigour. Both opposing and supportive themes were comparable with the alcohol and tobacco industry typology. CONCLUSIONS Public health advocates were particularly prominent in the UK newspaper debate surrounding the SDIL. Advocates in future policy debates might benefit from seeking a similar level of prominence and avoiding inconsistencies by being clearer about the policy objective and mechanisms.
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Auf R, Trepka MJ, Selim M, Ben Taleb Z, De La Rosa M, Bastida E, Cano MÁ. E-cigarette use is associated with other tobacco use among US adolescents. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:125-134. [PMID: 30413840 PMCID: PMC6585986 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether tobacco initiation via e-cigarettes increases the likelihood of subsequent tobacco use among a large representative sample of US adolescents. METHODS This study is a retrospective longitudinal analysis from a representative sample of US middle and high school students (n = 39,718) who completed the 2014 and 2015 National Youth Tobacco Survey. The adjusted odds ratios of lifetime and current use of tobacco use were estimated by logistic regression analysis while controlling for important socio-ecological factors associated with tobacco use. RESULTS E-cigarette initiators were more likely to report current use of cigarettes (AOR 2.7; 1.9-4.0, p < 0.001), cigars (AOR 1.7; 1.2-2.4, p < 0.01), or smokeless tobacco (AOR 3.1; 2.2-5.4, p < 0.001), and lifetime use of the same products as well. Also, lifetime and current use of e-cigarettes significantly increased the likelihood of cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of tobacco via e-cigarette, lifetime, and current use of e-cigarettes are associated with higher odds of lifetime and current use of cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Collectively this suggests e-cigarettes may lead to an increased use of tobacco among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Auf
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Leisure (HHPL), College of Arts and Science (COAS), Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Mary Jo Trepka
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Mazen Selim
- Jackson South Community Hospital, Miami, FL, 33176, USA
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Elena Bastida
- Department of Health Promotion, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Duong HT, Liu J. Vaping in the News: The Influence of News Exposure on Perceived e-Cigarette Use Norms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2018.1548315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buckton CH, Patterson C, Hyseni L, Katikireddi SV, Lloyd-Williams F, Elliott-Green A, Capewell S, Hilton S. The palatability of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of the UK sugar debate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207576. [PMID: 30517133 PMCID: PMC6281206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess sugar consumption, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), contributes to a variety of negative health outcomes, particularly for young people. The mass media play a powerful role in influencing public and policy-makers' perceptions of public health issues and their solutions. We analysed how sugar and SSB policy debates were presented in UK newspapers at a time of heightened awareness and following the announcement of the UK Government's soft drinks industry levy (SDIL), to inform future public health advocacy. METHODS & FINDINGS We carried out quantitative content analysis of articles discussing the issues of sugar and SSB consumption published in 11 national newspapers from April 2015 to November 2016. 684 newspaper articles were analysed using a structured coding frame. Coverage peaked in line with evidence publication, campaigner activities and policy events. Articles predominantly supportive of SSB taxation (23.5%) outnumbered those that were predominantly oppositional (14.2%). However, oppositional articles outnumbered supportive ones in the month of the announcement of the SDIL. Sugar and SSB consumption were presented as health risks, particularly affecting young people, with the actions of industry often identified as the cause of the public health problem. Responsibility for addressing sugar overconsumption was primarily assigned to government intervention. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the policy landscape favouring fiscal solutions to curb sugar and SSB consumption has benefited from media coverage characterising the issue as an industry-driven problem. Media coverage may drive greater public acceptance of the SDIL and any future taxation of products containing sugar. However, future advocacy efforts should note the surge in opposition coinciding with the announcement of the SDIL, which echoes similar patterns of opposition observed in tobacco control debates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Buckton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lirije Hyseni
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - S. Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ffion Lloyd-Williams
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Elliott-Green
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Green MJ, Hilton S. Applying recommended evidence standards to understand the impact of e-cigarettes on youth smoking and reporting of weak scientific evidence. Addiction 2018; 113:405-406. [PMID: 29152810 DOI: 10.1111/add.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Green
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
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Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, Abudayyeh H, Niaura RS, Abrams DB, Villanti AC. Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:e33-e66. [PMID: 27914771 PMCID: PMC5253272 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There were 687 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. CONCLUSIONS Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Glasser
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Lauren Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haneen Abudayyeh
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Patterson C, Hilton S, Weishaar H. Who thinks what about e-cigarette regulation? A content analysis of UK newspapers. Addiction 2016; 111:1267-74. [PMID: 26802534 PMCID: PMC4982091 DOI: 10.1111/add.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish how frequently different types of stakeholders were cited in the UK media debate about e-cigarette regulation, their stances towards different forms of e-cigarette regulation, and what rationales they employed in justifying those stances. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative content analyses of 104 articles about e-cigarette regulation published in eight UK and three Scottish national newspapers between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014. RESULTS Reporting on e-cigarette regulation grew significantly (P < 0.001) throughout the sample period. Governments and regulatory bodies were the most frequently cited stakeholders and uniformly supported regulation, while other stakeholders did not always support regulation. Arguments for e-cigarette regulation greatly outnumbered arguments against regulation. Regulating purchasing age, restricting marketing and regulating e-cigarettes as medicine were broadly supported, while stakeholders disagreed about prohibiting e-cigarette use in enclosed public spaces. In rationalizing their stances, supporters of regulation cited child protection and concerns about the safety of e-cigarette products, while opponents highlighted the potential of e-cigarettes in tobacco cessation and questioned the evidence base associating e-cigarette use with health harms. CONCLUSIONS In the UK between 2013 and 2014, governments and tobacco control advocates frequently commented on e-cigarettes in UK-wide and Scottish national newspapers. Almost all commentators supported e-cigarette regulation, but there was disagreement about whether e-cigarette use should be allowed in enclosed public spaces. This appeared to be linked to whether commentators emphasized the harms of vapour and concerns about renormalizing smoking or emphasized the role of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Heide Weishaar
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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