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Gutierrez JA, Barth JL, Schlosser RJ, Edwards TS, Smith TL, Soler ZM. Utilization of RNA sequencing to investigate olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: A pilot study. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:29-36. [PMID: 38560035 PMCID: PMC10979044 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prior research on olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has focused on patients with polyps and suggests that direct inflammation of the olfactory cleft mucosa plays a contributory role. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gene expression in superior turbinate mucosal specimens, comparing normosmic and dysosmic CRS patients without polyps (CRSsNP). Methods Tissue samples were obtained from the superior turbinates of patients with CRSsNP at the time of endoscopic sinus surgery. Samples subsequently underwent RNA sequencing and functional analysis to investigate biological pathways associated with differentially expressed genes between dysosmic (n = 7) and normosmic (n = 4) patients. Results Differential gene expression analysis comparing dysosmic and normosmic CRSsNP patients showed upregulation of 563 genes and downregulation of 327 genes. Using stringent criteria for multiple comparisons, one upregulated gene (Immediate Early Response 3 [IER3]) had an false discovery rate (FDR) correction adjusted P value considered statistically significant (P < 0.001, fold change 2.69). Reactome functional analysis revealed eight biological pathways significantly different between dysosmic and normosmic patients (P < 0.05, FDR correction) including IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, IL-10 signaling, and rhodopsin-like receptors. Conclusions RNA sequencing of the superior turbinates in patients with CRSsNP can provide valuable information regarding biological pathways and genes involved in olfactory dysfunction. This study supports literature suggesting that Type 2 inflammation may play a role in olfactory dysfunction in at least some patients with CRSsNP. This study also prompts questions regarding the role of IL-10, rhodopsin-like receptors, and IER3 in the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Gutierrez
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jeremy L. Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rodney J. Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Thomas S. Edwards
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Timothy L. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Zachary M. Soler
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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2
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Frey A, Lunding LP, Wegmann M. The Dual Role of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma: Active Barrier and Regulator of Inflammation. Cells 2023; 12:2208. [PMID: 37759430 PMCID: PMC10526792 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic airway inflammation is the cornerstone on which bronchial asthma arises, and in turn, chronic inflammation arises from a complex interplay between environmental factors such as allergens and pathogens and immune cells as well as structural cells constituting the airway mucosa. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are at the center of these processes. On the one hand, they represent the borderline separating the body from its environment in order to keep inner homeostasis. The airway epithelium forms a multi-tiered, self-cleaning barrier that involves an unstirred, discontinuous mucous layer, the dense and rigid mesh of the glycocalyx, and the cellular layer itself, consisting of multiple, densely interconnected cell types. On the other hand, the airway epithelium represents an immunologically highly active tissue once its barrier has been penetrated: AECs play a pivotal role in releasing protective immunoglobulin A. They express a broad spectrum of pattern recognition receptors, enabling them to react to environmental stressors that overcome the mucosal barrier. By releasing alarmins-proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines-AECs play an active role in the formation, strategic orientation, and control of the subsequent defense reaction. Consequently, the airway epithelium is of vital importance to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany;
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
| | - Lars P. Lunding
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
- Division of Lung Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany;
- Division of Lung Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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3
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Bertrand Y, Sánchez-Montalvo A, Hox V, Froidure A, Pilette C. IgA-producing B cells in lung homeostasis and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117749. [PMID: 36936934 PMCID: PMC10014553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant Ig in mucosae where it plays key roles in host defense against pathogens and in mucosal immunoregulation. Whereas intense research has established the different roles of secretory IgA in the gut, its function has been much less studied in the lung. This review will first summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the distribution and phenotype of IgA+ B cells in the human lung in both homeostasis and disease. Second, it will analyze the studies looking at cellular and molecular mechanisms of homing and priming of IgA+ B cells in the lung, notably following immunization. Lastly, published data on observations related to IgA and IgA+ B cells in lung and airway disease such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or chronic rhinosinusitis, will be discussed. Collectively it provides the state-of-the-art of our current understanding of the biology of IgA-producing cells in the airways and identifies gaps that future research should address in order to improve mucosal protection against lung infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Bertrand
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alba Sánchez-Montalvo
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie Hox
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Centre de Pneumologie, Otorhinolaryngologie (ORL) et Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Charles Pilette,
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4
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Shen Y, Zhang N, Yang Y, Hong S, Bachert C. Local Immunoglobulin E in nasal polyps: Role and modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961503. [PMID: 36159836 PMCID: PMC9492990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the airway, IgE is traditionally regarded as a key mediator in allergic diseases, such as AR and allergic asthma. However, growing evidence demonstrates the importance of local IgE in airway inflammatory diseases, irrespective of the presence of allergy. In this review, we discuss the most recent evidence for IgE in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP), including the local IgE’s characteristics, the modulation of its synthesis, and its function. The levels of local IgE are significantly elevated in polyps independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Local IgE, which is correlated with type 2 inflammation, is polyclonal and functional. IgE is produced by active B cells and is dependent on the class switch recombination(CSR). In NPs, this process is triggered by not only allergens but also microbial colonization, especially the superantigen- Staphylococcus aureus. The production of local IgE is modulated by lymphocytes(such as Tfh, ILC2s, iTreg), cytokines(such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-21), transcription factors, and B cell-intrinsic factor. Due to the central role of IgE in NPs, it is regarded as an ideal target for therapy and has been proved to be clinically successful. Based on this knowledge, we believe that exploring the trigger and regulatory factors for the activation of local B cells and CSR to IgE will provide more valuable information for us to recognize the pathological mechanisms of local IgE and offer the possible option for new therapeutic targets of nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suling Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Claus Bachert,
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5
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Dos Santos JDMB, do Amaral JB, França CN, Monteiro FR, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Kalil S, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Rodrigues SS, Heller D, Welter EAR, Pinho JRR, Vieira RP, Bachi ALL. Distinct Immunological Profiles Help in the Maintenance of Salivary Secretory IgA Production in Mild Symptoms COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890887. [PMID: 35686128 PMCID: PMC9171398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relevant aspects regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the systemic immune response to this infection have been reported. However, the mucosal immune response of the upper airways two months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild/moderate symptoms is still not completely described. Therefore, we investigated the immune/inflammatory responses of the mucosa of the upper airways of mild/moderate symptom COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to a control group composed of non-COVID-19 healthy individuals. Methods A cohort of 80 volunteers (age 37.2 ± 8.2), including non-COVID-19 healthy individuals (n=24) and COVID-19 patients (n=56) who presented mild/moderate symptoms during a COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil in November and December of 2020. Saliva samples were obtained two months after the COVID-19 diagnosis to assess the levels of SIgA by ELISA and the cytokines by multiplex analysis. Results Salivary levels of SIgA were detected in 39 volunteers into the COVID-19 group and, unexpectedly, in 14 volunteers in the control group. Based on this observation, we distributed the volunteers of the control group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups, and COVID-19 group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups. Individuals with SIgA showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-13, and IFN-α than those without SIgA. In intergroup analysis, the COVID-19 groups showed higher salivary levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFN-α than the control group. No statistical differences were verified in the salivary levels of IL-6 and IFN-β. Lower IL-12p70/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios were found in the control group without SIgA than the control group with SIgA and the COVID-19 group with SIgA. Conclusion We were able to present, for the first time, that associations between distinct immunological profiles can help the mucosal immunity to maintain the salivary levels of SIgA in COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Kalil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista - Unip, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Sanches Rodrigues
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Laboratories (LIM 03), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Secretory Immunoglobulin A Immunity in Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081324. [PMID: 35456002 PMCID: PMC9027823 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF) are distinct respiratory diseases that share features such as the obstruction of small airways and disease flare-ups that are called exacerbations and are often caused by infections. Along the airway epithelium, immunoglobulin (Ig) A contributes to first line mucosal protection against inhaled particles and pathogens. Dimeric IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells is transported towards the apical pole of airway epithelial cells by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), where it is released as secretory IgA. Secretory IgA mediates immune exclusion and promotes the clearance of pathogens from the airway surface by inhibiting their adherence to the epithelium. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding alterations of the IgA/pIgR system observed in those major obstructive airway diseases and discuss their implication for disease pathogenesis.
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7
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Sánchez Montalvo A, Gohy S, Rombaux P, Pilette C, Hox V. The Role of IgA in Chronic Upper Airway Disease: Friend or Foe? FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:852546. [PMID: 35386640 PMCID: PMC8974816 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.852546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic upper airway inflammation is amongst the most prevalent chronic disease entities in the Western world with prevalence around 30% (rhinitis) and 11% (rhinosinusitis). Chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis may severely impair the quality of life, leading to a significant socio-economic burden. It becomes more and more clear that the respiratory mucosa which forms a physiological as well as chemical barrier for inhaled particles, plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and driving disease. In a healthy state, the mucosal immune system provides protection against pathogens as well as maintains a tolerance toward non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substances such as allergens. One of the most important players of the mucosal immune system is immunoglobulin (Ig) A, which is well-studied in gut research where it has emerged as a key factor in creating tolerance to potential food allergens and maintaining a healthy microbiome. Although, it is very likely that IgA plays a similar role at the level of the respiratory epithelium, very little research has been performed on the role of this protein in the airways, especially in chronic upper airway diseases. This review summarizes what is known about IgA in upper airway homeostasis, as well as in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, including current and possible new treatments that may interfere with the IgA system. By doing so, we identify unmet needs in exploring the different roles of IgA in the upper airways required to find new biomarkers or therapeutic options for treating chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sánchez Montalvo
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rombaux
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Hox
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Valérie Hox
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8
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Immunoglobulin A Mucosal Immunity and Altered Respiratory Epithelium in Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123603. [PMID: 34944110 PMCID: PMC8700636 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium represents the first chemical, immune, and physical barrier against inhaled noxious materials, particularly pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Local mucus thickening, altered mucociliary clearance, and reduced pH due to CFTR protein dysfunction favor bacterial overgrowth and excessive inflammation. We aimed in this review to summarize respiratory mucosal alterations within the epithelium and current knowledge on local immunity linked to immunoglobulin A in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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9
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Pausder A, Fricke J, Schughart K, Schreiber J, Strowig T, Bruder D, Boehme JD. Exogenous and Endogenous Triggers Differentially Stimulate Pigr Expression and Antibacterial Secretory Immunity in the Murine Respiratory Tract. Lung 2021; 200:119-128. [PMID: 34825965 PMCID: PMC8881272 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-021-00498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transport of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) through the airway epithelial cell barrier into the mucosal lumen by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an important mechanism of respiratory mucosal host defense. Identification of immunomodulating substances that regulate secretory immunity might have therapeutic implications with regard to an improved immune exclusion. Thus, we sought to analyze secretory immunity under homeostatic and immunomodulating conditions in different compartments of the murine upper and lower respiratory tract (URT&LRT). METHODS Pigr gene expression in lung, trachea, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) of germ-free mice, specific pathogen-free mice, mice with an undefined microbiome, as well as LPS- and IFN-γ-treated mice was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage (NAL), and serum were determined by ELISA. LPS- and IFN-γ-treated mice were colonized with Streptococcus pneumoniae and bacterial CFUs were determined in URT and LRT. RESULTS Respiratory Pigr expression and IgA levels were dependent on the degree of exposure to environmental microbial stimuli. While immunostimulation with LPS and IFN-γ differentially impacts respiratory Pigr expression and IgA in URT vs. LRT, only prophylactic IFN-γ treatment reduces nasal colonization with S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSION Airway-associated secretory immunity can be partly modulated by exposure to microbial ligands and proinflammatory stimuli. Prophylactic IFN-γ-treatment modestly improves antibacterial immunity in the URT, but this does not appear to be mediated by SIgA or pIgR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pausder
- Research Group Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,ESF Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Fricke
- Research Group Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Current Address: Research Group Nanoinfection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Research Group Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Experimental Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, University Hospital for Pneumology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Research Group Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia D Boehme
- Research Group Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Research Group Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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10
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Lung immunoglobulin A immunity dysregulation in cystic fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102974. [PMID: 32927272 PMCID: PMC7495088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF), recurrent infections suggest impaired mucosal immunity but whether production of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is impaired remains elusive. S-IgA is generated following polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated transepithelial transport of dimeric (d-)IgA and represents a major defence through neutralisation of inhaled pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). METHODS Human lung tissue (n = 74), human sputum (n = 118), primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) (cultured in air-liquid interface) (n = 19) and mouse lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage were studied for pIgR expression, IgA secretion and regulation. FINDINGS Increased epithelial pIgR immunostaining was observed in CF lung explants, associated with more IgA-producing plasma cells, sputum and serum IgA, especially Pa-specific IgA. In contrast, pIgR and IgA transport were downregulated in F508del mice, CFTR-inhibited HBEC, and CF HBEC. Moreover, the unfolded protein response (UPR) due to F508del mutation, inhibited IgA transport in Calu-3 cells. Conversely, pIgR expression and IgA secretion were strongly upregulated following Pa lung infection in control and F508del mice, through an inflammatory host response involving interleukin-17. INTERPRETATION A complex regulation of IgA secretion occurs in the CF lung, UPR induced by CFTR mutation/dysfunction inhibiting d-IgA transcytosis, and Pa infection unexpectedly unleashing this secretory defence mechanism. FUNDING This work was supported by the Forton's grant of the King Baudouin's Foundation, Belgium, the Fondazione Ricerca Fibrosi Cistica, Italy, and the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgium.
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11
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Frey A, Lunding LP, Ehlers JC, Weckmann M, Zissler UM, Wegmann M. More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32411147 PMCID: PMC7198799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that is characterized by symptoms like respiratory distress, chest tightness, wheezing, productive cough, and acute episodes of broncho-obstruction. This symptom-complex arises on the basis of chronic allergic inflammation of the airway wall. Consequently, the airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of this disease, because its multiple abilities directly have an impact on the inflammatory response and thus the formation of the disease. In turn, its structure and functions are markedly impaired by the inflammation. Hence, the airway epithelium represents a sealed, self-cleaning barrier, that prohibits penetration of inhaled allergens, pathogens, and other noxious agents into the body. This barrier is covered with mucus that further contains antimicrobial peptides and antibodies that are either produced or specifically transported by the airway epithelium in order to trap these particles and to remove them from the body by a process called mucociliary clearance. Once this first line of defense of the lung is overcome, airway epithelial cells are the first cells to get in contact with pathogens, to be damaged or infected. Therefore, these cells release a plethora of chemokines and cytokines that not only induce an acute inflammatory reaction but also have an impact on the alignment of the following immune reaction. In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Recent studies indicate that the history of allergy- and pathogen-derived insults can leave some kind of memory in these cells that can be described as imprinting or trained immunity. Thus, the airway epithelium is in the center of processes that lead to formation, progression and acute exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars P Lunding
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Johanna C Ehlers
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), CPC-M, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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12
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Aazami H, Seif F, Ghalehbaghi B, Babaheidarian P, Mohebbi A, Ahmadi A, Khoshmirsafa M, Ghalehbaghi S, Behnam B, Entezami KZ, Madjd Z, Falak R. Local eosinophils are associated with increased IgA subclass levels in the sinonasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis with polyp patients. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32351585 PMCID: PMC7183627 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) describes an inflammatory condition affecting the sinonasal mucosa. As the immune system players such as immunoglobulins play prominent roles in the development of CRS, we aimed to investigate the expression of IgA subclasses and factors involved in IgA class switching in the sinonasal mucosa of CRS patients. Methods Specimens were collected from the sinonasal mucosa of the healthy controls and CRS patients. Histological assessments were performed by H&E and immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR and ELISA methods were applied to measure gene expression and protein levels extracted from tissue samples, respectively. Results We observed that total IgA and subclass-positive cells were higher in the patient groups than controls. There was a significant correlation between the number of eosinophils and total IgA and subclasses-positive cells (Pv < 0.0001). The expression of CXCL13, BAFF, AID, and germline transcripts were increased in CRSwNP patients. In contrast to IgA2 levels, IgA1 levels were significantly increased in the sinonasal tissue of CRSwNP patients (Pv < 0.01). TGF-β was significantly elevated in the sinonasal tissue of patients with CRSsNP. Conclusions Increased protein levels of IgA subclasses and related antibody-producing cells were associated with elevated eosinophils in CRSwNP patients which may result in eosinophil pathological functions. Several therapeutic approaches might be developed to modulate the IgA production to ameliorate the inflammatory mechanisms in CRSwNP patients.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Aazami
- 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Seif
- 2Department of Immunology and Allergy, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran.,3Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Ghalehbaghi
- 4ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Babaheidarian
- 5Department of Pathology, Rasoul Akram Medical Complex, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohebbi
- 4ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aslan Ahmadi
- 4ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,6Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahand Ghalehbaghi
- 4ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Behnam
- 7Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Zinat Entezami
- 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- 8Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,6Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Gohy S, Hupin C, Ladjemi MZ, Hox V, Pilette C. Key role of the epithelium in chronic upper airways diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 50:135-146. [PMID: 31746062 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium of the upper airways is a first-line defence against inhaled irritants, pathogens and allergens. It ensures a physical barrier provided by apical junctions and mucociliary clearance to avoid excessive activation of the immune system. The epithelium also forms a chemical and immunological barrier, extensively equipped to protect the airways against external aggressions before the adaptive immune system is required. Under normal circumstances, the epithelium is capable of recovering rapidly after damage. This manuscript reviews these main properties of the upper airway epithelium as well as its reported impairments in chronic inflammatory diseases. The knowledge on normal epithelial functions and their dysregulation in upper airway diseases should help to design new epithelial-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gohy
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cloé Hupin
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Hox
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most frequent chronic diseases. Among these patients the prevalence of immune defects is higher than in the healthy general population. METHODS A selective review of the literature was carried out in PubMed and Medline covering the period between 2008 and 2019. Additionally, recent German publications in journals not listed in the abovementioned databases were analyzed. RESULTS The diagnostic workflow with respect to the immunodeficiency consists of a detailed anamnesis and physical examination, laboratory tests and the antibody reaction to polysaccharide vaccines and antigens. Beside antibiotic treatment, vaccinations and immunoglobulin replacement are available. Notwithstanding the above, functional endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses should be performed according to guideline recommendations. CONCLUSION Patients with CRS who do not sufficiently respond to conservative and surgical treatment should be checked for underlying immunodeficiencies.
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15
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Ladjemi MZ, Gras D, Dupasquier S, Detry B, Lecocq M, Garulli C, Fregimilicka C, Bouzin C, Gohy S, Chanez P, Pilette C. Bronchial Epithelial IgA Secretion Is Impaired in Asthma. Role of IL-4/IL-13. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1396-1409. [PMID: 29652177 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0561oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is associated with increased lung IgE production, but whether the secretory IgA system is affected in this disease remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We explored mucosal IgA transport in human asthma and its potential regulation by T-helper cell type 2 inflammation. METHODS Bronchial biopsies from asthma and control subjects were assayed for bronchial epithelial polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) expression and correlated to T-helper cell type 2 biomarkers. Bronchial epithelium reconstituted in vitro from these subjects, on culture in air-liquid interface, was assayed for pIgR expression and regulation by IL-4/IL-13. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Downregulation of pIgR protein was observed in the bronchial epithelium from patients with asthma (P = 0.0002 vs. control subjects). This epithelial defect was not observed ex vivo in the cultured epithelium from patients with asthma. Exogenous IL-13 and IL-4 could inhibit pIgR expression and IgA transcytosis. Mechanistic experiments showed that autocrine transforming growth factor-β mediates the IL-4/IL-13 effect on the pIgR, with a partial contribution of upregulated transforming growth factor-α/epidermal growth factor receptor. CONCLUSIONS This study shows impaired bronchial epithelial pIgR expression in asthma, presumably affecting secretory IgA-mediated frontline defense as a result of type 2 immune activation of the transforming growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Zohra Ladjemi
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Gras
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Detry
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marylène Lecocq
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Céline Garulli
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Fregimilicka
- 5 Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- 5 Imaging Platform, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gohy
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Pascal Chanez
- 3 INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,6 Clinique des bronches, de l'allergie et du sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Charles Pilette
- 1 Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL, et Dermatologie and.,2 Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.,4 Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; and
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16
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Zhai GT, Li JX, Zhang XH, Liao B, Lu X, Liu Z. Increased accumulation of CD30 ligand-positive mast cells associates with eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:E110-E117. [PMID: 30570137 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of mast cells associates with eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The disease-specific mast cell-triggering mechanisms apart from immunoglobulin E are poorly understood in CRSwNP. CD30L/CD30 are members of the tumor necrosis factor/receptor superfamily and display immune modulatory function on mast cells. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of CD30 and CD30L in CRSwNP. METHODS The mRNA expression of CD30 and CD30L was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cellular expression of CD30L was determined by immunofluorescence staining. The soluble CD30 levels in nasal tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HMC-1 cells, a human mast cell line, were cultured and stimulated with CD30. RESULTS Compared with control tissues, CD30 mRNA expression levels were increased in eosinophilic polyps, and soluble CD30 protein levels were upregulated in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic polyps with a greater increase in eosinophilic type. CD30 was expressed by T cells and B cells in nasal polyps. The CD30L mRNA expression levels and the number of CD30L+ cells and CD30L+ tryptase+ mast cells were increased in eosinophilic polyps but not in noneosinophilic polyps as compared with control tissues. Mast cells accounted for 60% of CD30L+ cells in eosinophilic polyps. CD30 induced HMC-1 cells to produce interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 without degranulation. Mast cells expressed IL-4 and IL-13 in eosinophilic polyps. The number of CD30L+ tryptase+ mast cells was positively correlated with the number of eosinophils and total inflammatory cells in eosinophilic polyps. CONCLUSION CD30/CD30L-mediated mast cell activation may promote the eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:E110-E117, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ting Zhai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li D, Wang FJ, Yu L, Yao WR, Cui YF, Yang GB. Expression of pIgR in the tracheal mucosa of SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2018; 38:44-48. [PMID: 28271669 PMCID: PMC5368380 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptors (pIgR) are key participants in the formation and secretion of secretory IgA (S-IgA), which is critical for the prevention of microbial infection and colonization in the respiratory system. Although increased respiratory colonization and infections are common in HIV/AIDS, little is known about the expression of pIgR in the airway mucosa of these patients. To address this, the expression levels of pIgR in the tracheal mucosa and lungs of SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques were examined by real-time RTPCR and confocal microscopy. We found that the levels of both PIGR mRNA and pIgR immunoreactivity were lower in the tracheal mucosa of SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques than that in non-infected rhesus macaques, and the difference in pIgR immunoreactivity was statistically significant. IL-17A, which enhances pIgR expression, was also changed in the same direction as that of pIgR. In contrast to changes in the tracheal mucosa, pIgR and IL-17A levels were higher in the lungs of infected rhesus macaques. These results indicated abnormal pIgR expression in SHIV/SIV, and by extension HIV infections, which might partially result from IL-17A alterations and might contribute to the increased microbial colonization and infection related to pulmonary complications in HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng-Jie Wang
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Yu
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wen-Rong Yao
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan-Fang Cui
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China-CDC, Beijing 102206, China.
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18
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Effect of Processing Intensity on Immunologically Active Bovine Milk Serum Proteins. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090963. [PMID: 28858242 PMCID: PMC5622723 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw cow’s milk instead of industrially processed milk has been reported to protect children from developing asthma, allergies, and respiratory infections. Several heat-sensitive milk serum proteins have been implied in this effect though unbiased assessment of milk proteins in general is missing. The aim of this study was to compare the native milk serum proteome between raw cow’s milk and various industrially applied processing methods, i.e., homogenization, fat separation, pasteurization, ultra-heat treatment (UHT), treatment for extended shelf-life (ESL), and conventional boiling. Each processing method was applied to the same three pools of raw milk. Levels of detectable proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry following filter aided sample preparation. In total, 364 milk serum proteins were identified. The 140 proteins detectable in 66% of all samples were entered in a hierarchical cluster analysis. The resulting proteomics pattern separated mainly as high (boiling, UHT, ESL) versus no/low heat treatment (raw, skimmed, pasteurized). Comparing these two groups revealed 23 individual proteins significantly reduced by heating, e.g., lactoferrin (log2-fold change = −0.37, p = 0.004), lactoperoxidase (log2-fold change = −0.33, p = 0.001), and lactadherin (log2-fold change = −0.22, p = 0.020). The abundance of these heat sensitive proteins found in higher quantity in native cow’s milk compared to heat treated milk, renders them potential candidates for protection from asthma, allergies, and respiratory infections.
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19
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Gohy ST, Hupin C, Pilette C, Ladjemi MZ. Chronic inflammatory airway diseases: the central role of the epithelium revisited. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:529-42. [PMID: 27021118 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium plays a critical role for the maintenance of airway integrity and defense against inhaled particles. Physical barrier provided by apical junctions and mucociliary clearance clears inhaled pathogens, allergens or toxics, to prevent continuous stimulation of adaptive immune responses. The "chemical barrier", consisting of several anti-microbial factors such as lysozyme and lactoferrin, constitutes another protective mechanism of the mucosae against external aggressions before adaptive immune response starts. The reconstruction of damaged respiratory epithelium is crucial to restore this barrier. This review examines the role of the airway epithelium through recent advances in health and chronic inflammatory diseases in the lower conducting airways (in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Better understanding of normal and altered epithelial functions continuously provides new insights into the physiopathology of chronic airway diseases and should help to identify new epithelial-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Gohy
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Hupin
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pilette
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Z Ladjemi
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Chiarella SE, Grammer LC. Immune deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis: screening and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:117-123. [PMID: 27500811 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1216790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent disease with a high annual cost of treatment. Immune deficiencies are more common in individuals with CRS and should be especially considered in those patients who are refractory to medical and surgical therapy. Areas covered: We performed a literature search in PubMed of the terms "immunodeficiency" and "sinusitis" or "rhinosinusitis" from 2006 through March 2016. All abstracts were reviewed to determine if they pertained to human disease; relevant articles were evaluated in their entirety and included in this review. Expert commentary: CRS is a common disease; in those patients with frequent exacerbations or who are refractory to treatment, an immunodeficiency evaluation should be considered. Treatment includes vaccination, antibiotic therapy, immunoglobulin replacement and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Chiarella
- a Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Leslie C Grammer
- a Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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21
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Kim JH, Yoon MG, Seo DH, Kim BS, Ban GY, Ye YM, Shin YS, Park HS. Detection of Allergen Specific Antibodies From Nasal Secretion of Allergic Rhinitis Patients. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:329-37. [PMID: 27126726 PMCID: PMC4853510 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common and increasing disease in which Dermatophagoides (D.) farinae is one of the most common causative allergens. The aims of this study were to confirm the presence of locally produced antibodies to D. farinae in nasal secretions between nasal provocation test (NPT)-positive and -negative groups of AR patients, to evaluate their relationships with the levels of inflammatory mediators, and to determine adaptive and innate immune responses in nasal mucosa. Methods Sixty AR patients sensitive to house dust mites confirmed by skin prick test or serum specific IgE to D. farinae underwent NPT for D. farinae. Nasal packs were placed in both nasal cavities of the patients for 5 minutes to obtain nasal secretions after NPT. The levels of total IgE, specific IgE to D. farinae, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and tryptase in nasal secretions were detected by using ImmunoCAP. The levels of specific IgE, IgA, and secretory IgA antibodies to D. farinae in nasal secretions were measured by using ELISA. The levels of IL-8, VEGF, IL-25, and IL-33 were also measured by using ELISA. Results High levels of total IgE, specific IgE, specific IgA, and secretory IgA to D. farinae, as well as inflammatory mediators, such as ECP, IL-8, VEGF and tryptase, were detected in nasal secretions, although the differences were not statistically significant between the NPT-positive and NPT-negative groups. Levels of all immunoglobulins measured in this study significantly correlated with ECP, IL-8, and VEGF (P<0.05), but not with tryptase (P>0.05). IL-33 and IL-25 were also detected, and IL-25 level significantly correlated with IL-8 (r=0.625, P<0.001). Conclusions These findings confirmed the presence of locally produced specific antibodies, including D. farinae-specific IgE and IgA, in nasal secretions collected from D. farinae-sensitive AR patients in both the NPT-positive and NPT-negative groups, and close correlations were noted between antibodies and nasal inflammatory mediators, including such as ECP, IL-8 and VEGF, indicating that locally produced antibodies may be involved in the nasal inflammation of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Moon Gyeong Yoon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae Hong Seo
- Division of Allergy, Choongmoo Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Bong Sun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga Young Ban
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Dilek F, Ozkaya E, Gultepe B, Yazici M, Iraz M. Nasal fluid secretory immunoglobulin A levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83:41-6. [PMID: 26968051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is growing knowledge about the immunoregulatory and possibly preventative roles of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in the nasal fluid of children who were either being treated for their allergic rhinitis (AR) with intranasal mometasone furoate or were not receiving treatment. METHODS The study population contained 55 children with persistent AR. Group I included 27 newly diagnosed AR patients not taking any medication and group II included 28 patients treated with intranasal steroids for at least 6 months. 27 healthy control subjects were also enrolled in the study. Total symptom scores (TSS) were calculated for each patient. Nasal secretions were obtained using a new modified polyurethane sponge absorption method, and samples were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS The median value for nasal fluid SIgA level in each group was 127.2μg/ml (interquartile range; 67.3-149.6) in group I, 133.9μg/ml (102.1-177.8) in group II and 299.8μg/ml (144.5-414.0) in the control group. Groups I and II both had statistically significant reductions in nasal fluid SIgA levels compared to the control group (p<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II (p=0.35). A statistically significant and negative correlation also existed between TSS and nasal fluid SIgA levels in both groups I and II (p=0.006, rho=-0.512 and p=0.01, rho=-0.481, respectively). CONCLUSIONS SIgA levels in the nasal fluid are significantly reduced in children with AR independent of treatment and are negatively correlated with the TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Dilek
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emin Ozkaya
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Gultepe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mebrure Yazici
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Iraz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Probiotic fermented milk consumption modulates the allergic process induced by ovoalbumin in mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:566-76. [PMID: 26179751 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Orally administered probiotic micro-organisms are able to regulate the exacerbated immune response during the antigenic sensitisation process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of probiotic fermented milk (PFM) in preventing or treating allergy in an experimental model, and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. Ovoalbumin (OVA)-sensitised BALB/c mice were fed with PFM before the sensitisation procedure or fed continuously with PFM. At 7 and 15 d post-sensitisation, anti-OVA-specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a concentrations were measured in the serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-10 and total secretory IgA (S-IgA) were measured in the supernatants of macerated lungs or in the BALF. The levels of IgA+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and F4/80+ cells were measured in the lungs by immunofluorescence. Inducible CD4+/CD25/Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were evaluated in the lungs. PFM shifted the T helper (Th)2 profile response towards a Th1 response that led to the production of IgG instead of IgE, with increasing levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ that play an important role in immunomodulation exerted by PFM administration in sensitised mice. Anti-OVA-specific IgE levels were significantly decreased; however, there was no modification in the levels of anti-OVA-specific IgG and total S-IgA. PFM did not influence Treg cells in treated mice. Consumption of PFM could be a promising strategy in the amelioration of airway allergies, considering that the effect is mediated by the production of IgG through the activation of Th1 instead of the direct activation of Th2 cells to produce IgE.
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De Schryver E, Devuyst L, Derycke L, Dullaers M, Van Zele T, Bachert C, Gevaert P. Local immunoglobulin e in the nasal mucosa: clinical implications. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:321-31. [PMID: 25749769 PMCID: PMC4446630 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) can be highly elevated in the airway mucosa independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Mostly, systemic markers are assessed to investigate inflammation in airway disease for research or clinical practice. A more accurate but more cumbersome approach to determine inflammation at the target organ would be to evaluate markers locally. We review evidence for local production of IgE in allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences in clinical practice are discussed. We describe that the airway mucosa has the intrinsic capability to produce IgE. Moreover, not only do IgE-positive B cells reside within the mucosa, but all tools are present locally for affinity maturation by somatic hypermutation (SHM), clonal expansion, and class switch recombination to IgE. Recognizing local IgE in the absence of systemic IgE has diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of local IgE in patients with a history of AR or CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els De Schryver
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Devuyst
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lara Derycke
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Zele
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.; Division of ENT Diseases, Clintec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Toppila-Salmi S, van Drunen CM, Fokkens WJ, Golebski K, Mattila P, Joenvaara S, Renkonen J, Renkonen R. Molecular mechanisms of nasal epithelium in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:495. [PMID: 25504259 PMCID: PMC4262789 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis are multifactorial upper airway diseases with high prevalence. Several genetic and environmental factors are proposed to predispose to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory upper airway diseases. Still, the molecular mechanisms leading toward the onset and progression of upper airway diseases are largely unknown. The upper airway epithelium has an important role in sensing the environment and regulating the inhaled air. As such, it links environmental insults to the host immunity. Human sinonasal epithelium serves as an excellent target for observing induced early-phase events, in vivo, and with a systems biological perspective. Actually, increasing number of investigations have provided evidence that altered homeostasis in the sinonasal epithelium might be important in the chronic upper airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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26
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Shen C, Hupin C, Froidure A, Detry B, Pilette C. Impaired ICOSL in human myeloid dendritic cells promotes Th2 responses in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:831-41. [PMID: 24661627 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and costimulatory molecules such as ICOSL/B7H2 play a pivotal role in murine experimental asthma, while little is known in human allergic disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotype and ICOSL expression of mDCs from allergic rhinitis patients (AR) and their functional correlates on mDC regulation of T cell responses. METHODS Human blood myeloid, CD1c(+) DCs were isolated from AR or healthy controls. Expression of costimulatory molecules inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was analysed in blood mDCs by flow cytometry and in nasal tissue biopsies by dual immunostaining. Blood mDCs were cocultured with (allogeneic) CD4(+) T cells before immunoassays for cytokine responses. RESULTS mDCs from AR patients expressed a lower level of ICOSL, in both blood and nasal tissue. mDCs from AR were constitutively primed to induce Th2 cytokines and TNF in allogeneic CD4(+) T cells, while no difference was observed for IFN-γ or IL-10. Production of IL-10 and IL-12 did not differ between AR and control mDCs. Blockade of ICOSL in control DCs up-regulated IL-13 but not IFN-γ in cocultures with T cells, while PD-L1 blockade up-regulated both IL-13 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that mDCs from patients with AR display impaired expression of ICOSL, and this defect licenses mDCs to promote aberrant IL-13- and IL-5-producing Th2 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shen
- Pôle Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale & Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Hupin C, Gohy S, Bouzin C, Lecocq M, Polette M, Pilette C. Features of mesenchymal transition in the airway epithelium from chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2014; 69:1540-9. [PMID: 25104359 DOI: 10.1111/all.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) defines a group of disorders characterized by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal tract. Epithelial changes and structural remodelling are present, but whether epithelial differentiation is altered remains uncertain. METHODS To evaluate the differentiation state of the sinonasal epithelium in CRS, sinonasal biopsies from patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), or with allergic rhinitis (AR), as compared to controls, were processed by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR for terminal differentiation (E-cadherin, high molecular weight cytokeratins (Hmw CK) and CK5, vimentin) and lineage differentiation (ß-tubulin IV+ ciliated cells, MUC5AC+ goblet cells, p63 + basal cells). Findings were correlated with subepithelial fibrosis and clinical CT score. RESULTS Expression of E-cadherin was decreased at protein and mRNA levels in CRSwNP and CRSsNP, as compared to controls. Staining for Hmw CKs was also reduced in CRSwNP and CRSsNP, and CK5 mRNA was decreased in CRSwNP. These features were not due to changes in lineage specification, but associated with increases in vimentin-expressing epithelial cells. In addition, vimentin expression correlated with the basement membrane thickening and with CT score, as well as with tissue eosinophils. CONCLUSION Features of epithelial dedifferentiation towards a mesenchymal phenotype are observed in CRSwNP and CRSsNP and correlate with airway fibrosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Hupin
- Pole de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Brussels Belgium
| | - S. Gohy
- Pole de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Brussels Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie; Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Bouzin
- Imaging Platform; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Brussels Belgium
| | - M. Lecocq
- Pole de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Brussels Belgium
| | - M. Polette
- SFR CAP-Santé; INSERM UMR-S 903; University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne; Reims France
| | - C. Pilette
- Pole de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Brussels Belgium
- Service de Pneumologie; Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc; Brussels Belgium
- Institute for Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences & Biotechnology (WELBIO); Wavre Belgium
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Gohy ST, Detry BR, Lecocq M, Bouzin C, Weynand BA, Amatngalim GD, Sibille YM, Pilette C. Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Down-regulation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Persistence in the Cultured Epithelium and Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:509-21. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1971oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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