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Tao J, Luo J, Li K, Yang R, Lin Y, Ge J. Comprehensive genetic analysis uncovers the mutational spectrum of MFRP and its genotype-phenotype correlation in a large cohort of Chinese microphthalmia patients. Gene 2024; 926:148647. [PMID: 38848879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microphthalmia is a severe congenital ocular disease featured by abnormal ocular development. The aim of this study was to detail the genetic and clinical characteristics of a large cohort of Chinese patients with microphthalmia related to MFRP variants, focusing on uncovering genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS Fifty microphthalmia patients from 44 unrelated Chinese families were recruited. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted to analyze the coding regions and adjacent intronic regions of MFRP. Axial lengths (AL) were measured for all probands and available family members. Protein structures of mutations with high frequency in our cohort were predicted. The genotype-phenotype correlations were explored by statistical analysis. RESULTS Sixteen MFRP variants were detected in 17 families, accounting for 38.64 % of all microphthalmia families. There were 9 novel mutations (c.427+1G>C, c.428-2A>C, c.561_575del:p.A188_E192del, c.836G>A:p.C279Y, c.1010_1021del:p.H337_E340del:p.Y479*, c.1516_1517del:p.S506Pfs*66, c.1561T>G:p.C521G, c.1616G>A:p.R539H, and c.1735C>T:p.P579S) and six previously reported variants in MFRP, with p.E496K and p.H337_E340del being highly frequent, found in eight (47.06 %) and two families (11.76 %), respectively. Seven variants (43.75 %) were located in the C-terminal cysteine-rich frizzled-related domain (CRD) (7/16, 43.75 %). Protein prediction implicated p.E496K and p.H337_E340del mutations might lead to a destabilization of the MFRP protein. The average AL of all 42 eyes was 16.02 ± 1.05 mm, and 78.36 % of eyes with AL < 16 mm harbored p.E496K variant. Twenty-six eyes with variant variant had shorter AL than that of the other 16 eyes without this variant (p = 0.006), highlighting a novel genotype-phenotype correlation. CONCLUSIONS In this largest cohort of Chinese patients with microphthalmia, the 9 novel variants, high frequency of p.E496W, and mutation hotspots in CRD reveals unique insights into the MFRP mutation spectrum among Chinese patients, indicating ethnic variability. A new genotype-phenotype correlation that p.E496K variant associated with a shorter AL is unveiled. Our findings enhance the current knowledge of MFRP-associated microphthalmia and provide valuable information for prenatal diagnosis as well as future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jingyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Kaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Runcai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yixiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
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2
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Chen X, Zou C. Further delineation of phenotype and genotype of Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2 (phenotype and genotype of KCS type 2). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2433. [PMID: 38591167 PMCID: PMC11002637 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2 (KCS2) is an extremely rare inherited disorder characterized by proportionate short stature, skeletal defects, ocular and dental abnormalities, and transient hypocalcemia. It is caused by variants in FAM111A gene. Diagnosis of KCS2 can be challenging because of its similarities to other syndromes, the absence of clear hallmarks and the deficient number of genetically confirmed cases. Here, we aimed to further delineate and summarize the genotype and phenotype of KCS2, in order to get a better understanding of this rare disorder, and promote early diagnosis and intervention. METHODS We present clinical and genetic characteristics of eight newly affected individuals with KCS2 from six families, including one family with three individuals found to be a father-to-daughter transmission, adding to the limited literature. Furthermore, we performed a review of genetically confirmed KCS2 cases in PubMed, MEDLINE and CNKI databases. RESULTS There were six females and two males in our cohort. All the patients presented with short stature (100.0%). Clinical manifestations included ocular defects such as hypermetropia (5/8), dental problems such as defective dentition (3/8) and dental caries (3/8), skeletal and brain anomalies such as delayed closure of anterior fontanelle (6/8), cerebral calcification (3/8), cortical thickening (3/8) and medullary stenosis (4/8) of tubular bones. Endocrinologic abnormalities included hypoparathyroidism (5/8) and hypocalcemia (3/8). One male patient had micropenis and microorchidism. All cases harboured missense variants of FAM111A, and nucleotides c.1706 arose as a mutational hotspot, with seven individuals harbouring a c.1706G>A (p.Arg569His) variant, and one child harbouring a c.1531T>C (p.Tyr511His) variant. Literature review yielded a total of 46 patients from 20 papers. Data analysis showed that short stature, hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia, ocular and dental defects, skeletal features including cortical thickening and medullary stenosis of tubular bones, and seizures/spasms were present in more than 70% of the reported KCS2 cases. CONCLUSION We provide detailed characteristics of the largest KCS2 group in China and present the first genetically confirmed instance of father-to-daughter transmission of KCS2. Our study confirms that Arg569His is the hot spot variant and summarizes the typical phenotypes of KCS2, which would help early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Chaochun Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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3
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Naicker D, Rhoda C, Sunda F, Arowolo A. Unravelling the Intricate Roles of FAM111A and FAM111B: From Protease-Mediated Cellular Processes to Disease Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2845. [PMID: 38474092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are critical enzymes in cellular processes which regulate intricate events like cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of the serine proteases FAM111A and FAM111B, exploring their impact on cellular functions and diseases. FAM111A is implicated in DNA replication and replication fork protection, thereby maintaining genome integrity. Additionally, FAM111A functions as an antiviral factor against DNA and RNA viruses. Apart from being involved in DNA repair, FAM111B, a paralog of FAM111A, participates in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. It influences the apoptotic pathway by upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and modulating cell cycle-related proteins. Furthermore, FAM111B's association with nucleoporins suggests its involvement in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and plays a role in maintaining normal telomere length. FAM111A and FAM111B also exhibit some interconnectedness and functional similarity despite their distinct roles in cellular processes and associated diseases resulting from their dysfunction. FAM111A and FAM111B dysregulation are linked to genetic disorders: Kenny-Caffey Syndrome type 2 and Gracile Bone Dysplasia for FAM111A and POIKTMP, respectively, and cancers. Therefore, the dysregulation of these proteases in diseases emphasizes their potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Future research is essential to unravel the intricate mechanisms governing FAM111A and FAM111B and explore their therapeutic implications comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Naicker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Cenza Rhoda
- Hair and Skin Research Unit, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Falone Sunda
- Hair and Skin Research Unit, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Afolake Arowolo
- Hair and Skin Research Unit, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7500, South Africa
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4
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Fernández-Vigo JI, Gómez-de-Liaño CN, Rodríguez-Quet O, Burgos-Blasco B, Montolío-Marzo E, de-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño L, González-Martin-Moro J, García-Feijóo J. Clinical update in nanophthalmos: Features, diseases and complications associated. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2023; 98:687-702. [PMID: 37813187 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanophthalmos is a rare congenital condition of the eyeball that is characterised by a smaller size of the anterior and posterior segments without associated ocular malformations. Typical features that have traditionally been described in these eyes are short axial length, thickened sclera, cornea with a smaller diameter, narrow anterior chamber, and an increased lens to globe volume ratio. However, at present, there is still a lack of recognised diagnostic criteria for nanophthalmos and a classification of its severity. Its clinical relevance stems from the increased risk of multiple ocular conditions, such as high hyperopia, amblyopia, angle-closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, and cataracts. Likewise, in relation to surgery in these eyes, there are particularities in cataract and glaucoma surgery and with a greater risk of associated intra- and postoperative complications. In this way, the treatment of nanophthalmos focuses on controlling the associated eye conditions and reducing and controlling surgical complications. This review aims to update what has been published in recent years regarding nanophthalmos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Fernández-Vigo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C N Gómez-de-Liaño
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Rodríguez-Quet
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - B Burgos-Blasco
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Montolío-Marzo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J González-Martin-Moro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Coslada, Madrid, Spain
| | - J García-Feijóo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Ota J, Inooka T, Okado S, Maeda N, Koyanagi Y, Kominami T, Nishiguchi KM, Ueno S. Pathogenic variants of MFRP and PRSS56 genes are major causes of nanophthalmos in Japanese patients. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:423-429. [PMID: 37501562 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2208220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanophthalmos (NNO) is a rare condition with significantly shorter axial length than normal. Several genes are known to cause NNO, among them the MFRP and PRSS56 genes have been reported to cause majority of NNOs. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic basis of Japanese patients with NNO. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied seven patients with NNO. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed to determine the variants causing the NNO. We also reviewed the medical charts of the patients to determine the phenotype of these seven patients. RESULTS WES revealed that four patients from three families carried homozygous frameshift variants of the PRSS56 gene (c.1066dupC). Two novel variants of the MFRP gene were detected in the other two patients: one proband had a homozygous missense variant (c.1486 G>A) and the other had a compound heterozygous variant (c.1486 G>A and c.662_663insT). The axial length of the eight eyes with the PRSS56 variant was 15.69 ± 0.48 mm (mean ± SD) and that for the 4 eyes with the MFRP variant was 15.63 ± 0.69 mm. Three of the six cases with the PRSS56 or MFRP variant had the uveal effusion syndrome. CONCLUSIONS NNOs in Japanese patients are caused by variants of the PRSS56 and MFRP genes as in other ethnic populations. In addition, two new variants of the MFRP gene were found in our cohort. The phenotypes and anomalies in Japanese patients with NNO were similar to those reported for other ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiga Inooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natsuki Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshito Koyanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taro Kominami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Schigt H, Bald M, van der Eerden BCJ, Gal L, Ilenwabor BP, Konrad M, Levine MA, Li D, Mache CJ, Mackin S, Perry C, Rios FJ, Schlingmann KP, Storey B, Trapp CM, Verkerk AJMH, Zillikens MC, Touyz RM, Hoorn EJ, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of Kenny-Caffey Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e754-e768. [PMID: 36916904 PMCID: PMC10438882 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kenny-Caffey syndrome (KCS) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by short stature, hypoparathyroidism, and electrolyte disturbances. KCS1 and KCS2 are caused by pathogenic variants in TBCE and FAM111A, respectively. Clinically the phenotypes are difficult to distinguish. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine and expand the phenotypic spectrum of KCS1 and KCS2 in order to anticipate complications that may arise in these disorders. METHODS We clinically and genetically analyzed 10 KCS2 patients from 7 families. Because we found unusual phenotypes in our cohort, we performed a systematic review of genetically confirmed KCS cases using PubMed and Scopus. Evaluation by 3 researchers led to the inclusion of 26 papers for KCS1 and 16 for KCS2, totaling 205 patients. Data were extracted following the Cochrane guidelines and assessed by 2 independent researchers. RESULTS Several patients in our KCS2 cohort presented with intellectual disability (3/10) and chronic kidney disease (6/10), which are not considered common findings in KCS2. Systematic review of all reported KCS cases showed that the phenotypes of KCS1 and KCS2 overlap for postnatal growth retardation (KCS1: 52/52, KCS2: 23/23), low parathyroid hormone levels (121/121, 16/20), electrolyte disturbances (139/139, 24/27), dental abnormalities (47/50, 15/16), ocular abnormalities (57/60, 22/23), and seizures/spasms (103/115, 13/16). Symptoms more prevalent in KCS1 included intellectual disability (74/80, 5/24), whereas in KCS2 bone cortical thickening (1/18, 16/20) and medullary stenosis (7/46, 27/28) were more common. CONCLUSION Our case series established chronic kidney disease as a new feature of KCS2. In the literature, we found substantial overlap in the phenotypic spectra of KCS1 and KCS2, but identified intellectual disability and the abnormal bone phenotype as the most distinguishing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schigt
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Bald
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Olga Hospital, Clinics of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Gal
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barnabas P Ilenwabor
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Konrad
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael A Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christoph J Mache
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sharon Mackin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Colin Perry
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Karl Peter Schlingmann
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ben Storey
- Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Christine M Trapp
- Trapp-Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Annemieke J M H Verkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kulesh B, Bozadjian R, Parisi RJ, Leong SA, Kautzman AG, Reese BE, Keeley PW. Quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 9 and 19 modulate AII amacrine cell number in the mouse retina. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1078168. [PMID: 36816119 PMCID: PMC9932814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1078168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variants modulating gene function or expression affect various heritable traits, including the number of neurons within a population. The present study employed a forward-genetic approach to identify candidate causal genes and their sequence variants controlling the number of one type of retinal neuron, the AII amacrine cell. Data from twenty-six recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice derived from the parental C57BL/6J (B6/J) and A/J laboratory strains were used to identify genomic loci regulating cell number. Large variation in cell number is present across the RI strains, from a low of ∼57,000 cells to a high of ∼87,000 cells. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed three prospective controlling genomic loci, on Chromosomes (Chrs) 9, 11, and 19, each contributing additive effects that together approach the range of variation observed. Composite interval mapping validated two of these loci, and chromosome substitution strains, in which the A/J genome for Chr 9 or 19 was introgressed on a B6/J genetic background, showed increased numbers of AII amacrine cells as predicted by those two QTL effects. Analysis of the respective genomic loci identified candidate controlling genes defined by their retinal expression, their established biological functions, and by the presence of sequence variants expected to modulate gene function or expression. Two candidate genes, Dtx4 on Chr 19, being a regulator of Notch signaling, and Dixdc1 on Chr 9, a modulator of the WNT-β-catenin signaling pathway, were explored in further detail. Postnatal overexpression of Dtx4 was found to reduce the frequency of amacrine cells, while Dixdc1 knockout retinas contained an excess of AII amacrine cells. Sequence variants in each gene were identified, being the likely sources of variation in gene expression, ultimately contributing to the final number of AII amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kulesh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Bozadjian
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Ryan J. Parisi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Leong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Amanda G. Kautzman
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Patrick W. Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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8
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Ohmachi Y, Urai S, Bando H, Yokoi J, Yamamoto M, Kanie K, Motomura Y, Tsujimoto Y, Sasaki Y, Oi Y, Yamamoto N, Suzuki M, Shichi H, Iguchi G, Uehara N, Fukuoka H, Ogawa W. Case report: Late middle-aged features of FAM111A variant, Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2-suggestive symptoms during a long follow-up. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073173. [PMID: 36686468 PMCID: PMC9846794 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2 (KCS2) is an extremely rare skeletal disorder involving hypoparathyroidism and short stature. It has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is caused by variants in the FAM111 trypsin-like peptidase A (FAM111A) gene. This disease is often difficult to diagnose due to a wide range of more common diseases manifesting hypoparathyroidism and short stature. Herein, we present the case of a 56-year-old female patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and a short stature. The patient was treated for these conditions during childhood. Upon re-evaluating the etiology of KCS2, we suspected that the patient had the disorder because of clinical manifestations, such as cortical thickening and medullary stenosis of the bones, and lack of intellectual abnormalities. Genetic testing identified a heterozygous missense variant in the FAM111A gene (p.R569H). Interestingly, the patient also had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction, which have been rarely described in previous reports of pediatric cases. In KCS2, inner ear dysfunction due to Eustachian tube dysfunction may progress in middle age or later. However, this disease is now being reported in younger patients. Nevertheless, our case may be instructive of how such cases emerge chronically after middle age. Herein, we also provide a literature review of KCS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ohmachi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shin Urai
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironori Bando
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Yokoi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanie
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuma Motomura
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsujimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sasaki
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuka Oi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Suzuki
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shichi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Genzo Iguchi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Biosignal Pathophysiology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Natsumi Uehara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Welter AL, Machida YJ. Functions and evolution of FAM111 serine proteases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1081166. [PMID: 36589246 PMCID: PMC9798293 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis plays fundamental and regulatory roles in diverse cellular processes. The serine protease FAM111A (FAM111 trypsin-like peptidase A) emerged recently as a protease involved in two seemingly distinct processes: DNA replication and antiviral defense. FAM111A localizes to nascent DNA and plays a role at the DNA replication fork. At the fork, FAM111A is hypothesized to promote DNA replication at DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) and protein obstacles. On the other hand, FAM111A has also been identified as a host restriction factor for mutants of SV40 and orthopoxviruses. FAM111A also has a paralog, FAM111B, a serine protease with unknown cellular functions. Furthermore, heterozygous missense mutations in FAM111A and FAM111B cause distinct genetic disorders. In this review, we discuss possible models that could explain how FAM111A can function as a protease in both DNA replication and antiviral defense. We also review the consequences of FAM111A and FAM111B mutations and explore possible mechanisms underlying the diseases. Additionally, we propose a possible explanation for what drove the evolution of FAM111 proteins and discuss why some species have two FAM111 proteases. Altogether, studies of FAM111 proteases in DNA repair, antiviral defense, and genetic diseases will help us elucidate their functions and the regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Welter
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuichi J. Machida
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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10
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Non-vasogenic cystoid maculopathies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101092. [PMID: 35927124 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Besides cystoid macular edema due to a blood-retinal barrier breakdown, another type of macular cystoid spaces referred to as non-vasogenic cystoid maculopathies (NVCM) may be detected on optical coherence tomography but not on fluorescein angiography. Various causes may disrupt retinal cell cohesion or impair retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller cell functions in the maintenance of retinal dehydration, resulting in cystoid spaces formation. Tractional causes include vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membranes and myopic foveoschisis. Surgical treatment does not always allow cystoid space resorption. In inherited retinal dystrophies, cystoid spaces may be part of the disease as in X-linked retinoschisis or enhanced S-cone syndrome, or occur occasionally as in bestrophinopathies, retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases, congenital microphthalmia, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy and Bietti crystalline dystrophy. In macular telangiectasia type 2, cystoid spaces and cavitations do not depend on the fluid leakage from telangiectasia. Various causes affecting RPE function may result in NVCM such as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and paraneoplastic syndromes. Non-exudative age macular degeneration may also be complicated by intraretinal cystoid spaces in the absence of fluorescein leakage. In these diseases, cystoid spaces occur in a context of retinal cell loss. Various causes of optic atrophy, including open-angle glaucoma, result in microcystoid spaces in the inner nuclear layer due to a retrograde transsynaptic degeneration. Lastly, drug toxicity may also induce cystoid maculopathy. Identifying NVCM on multimodal imaging, including fluorescein angiography if needed, allows guiding the diagnosis of the causative disease and choosing adequate treatment when available.
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Ilenwabor BP, Schigt H, Kompatscher A, Bos C, Zuidscherwoude M, van der Eerden BCJ, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. FAM111A is dispensable for electrolyte homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10211. [PMID: 35715480 PMCID: PMC9205974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in FAM111A are causative for Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2. Patients with Kenny-Caffey syndrome suffer from severe growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. While recent studies have reported FAM111A to function in antiviral response and DNA replication, its role in regulating electrolyte homeostasis remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of FAM111A in the regulation of serum electrolyte balance using a Fam111a knockout (Fam111a-/-) C57BL/6 N mouse model. Fam111a-/- mice displayed normal weight and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration and exhibited unaltered magnesium, calcium and phosphate levels in serum and 24-hour urine. Expression of calciotropic (including Cabp28k, Trpv5, Klotho and Cyp24a1), magnesiotropic (including Trpm6, Trpm7, Cnnm2 and Cnnm4) and phosphotropic (Slc20a1, Slc20a2, Slc34a1 and Slc34a3) genes in the kidneys, duodenum and colon were not affected by Fam111a depletion. Only Slc34a2 expression was significantly upregulated in the duodenum, but not in the colon. Analysis of femurs showed unaffected bone morphology and density in Fam111a-/- mice. Kidney and parathyroid histology were also normal in Fam111a-/- mice. In conclusion, our study is the first to characterise the function of FAM111A in vivo and we report that mice lacking FAM111A exhibit normal electrolyte homeostasis on a standard diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas P Ilenwabor
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Schigt
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kompatscher
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caro Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ren X, Gao Y, Lin Y, Fu X, Xiao L, Wang X, Zeng Z, Bao L, Yan N, Zhang M, Tang L. A Novel Mutation in the Membrane Frizzled-Related Protein Gene for Posterior Microphthalmia, Non-pigmented Retinitis Pigmentosa, Optic Nerve Drusen, and Retinoschisis in a Consanguineous Family. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:835621. [PMID: 35402469 PMCID: PMC8987310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.835621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microphthalmos (MCO) is a rare developmental defect characterized by small malformed eyes. Our study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of posterior microphthalmos syndrome caused by a novel variant in MFRP gene in a Chinese patient. Methods Complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed for the proband and proband's family members. Whole exon sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were used to identify the mutated genes, and bioinformatic analysis was undertaken to predict the effect of this variant. Results Clinical analysis showed that the proband had reduced axial length (17.95 and 17.98 mm) with normal-size corneas and shallow anterior chamber depth. Fundus photography showed scattered yellowish-white spots in the whole retina with cup-to-disc ratios of 0.95 in both eyes. Retinoschisis in the inner nuclear layer and reduced outer retina thickness were apparent on OCT examination, and optic nerve drusen demonstrated increased autofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Perimeter examination revealed a tubular visual field for the right eye, and electroretinography (ERG) revealed a moderately reduced rod response combined with compromised cone response. Ocular examinations of the patient's family members were unremarkable. WES revealed that the proband had homozygous mutations in c.55-1 (IVS1) G>A in intron 1 for the MFRP gene. Both the proband's parents and offspring were confirmed to be heterozygous by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis showed this mutation was deleterious. Conclusion We reported autosomal recessive posterior microphthalmia, atypical retinitis pigmentosa, and retinoschisis caused by a novel mutation in the MFRP gene in this consanguineous marriage family. Our study further broadens the mutation and phenotype spectrum of the MFRP gene in microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Gao
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhibing Zeng
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Bao
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhang
| | - Li Tang
- Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Li Tang
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