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Pan W, Zhou W, Wu J, Huang Z, Ding L, Lu X, Li X. A network analysis of daily stressors, subjective well-being, psychological distress and psychological capital during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2024; 366:113-123. [PMID: 39197552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is already considerable evidence suggesting the potential existence of a comprehensive system that reflects how individuals utilize psychological capital (PsyCap) to preserve mental health amid daily stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. To explore the underlying mechanism of this system, the current study is the first to use network analysis showing the dimension-level correlation patterns of daily stressors, subjective well-being (SWB), psychological distress and PsyCap during the pandemic. METHOD We recruited 1556 participants in China and assessed daily stressors, SWB, psychological distress, and PsyCap through self-report questionnaires. A dimension-level network analysis was conducted to identify key dimensions and their associations. Relative importance analysis examined the contribution of each PsyCap dimension to SWB and psychological distress. RESULT Depression, anxiety and stress demonstrated high strength, and life satisfaction exhibited the highest bridge strength in the network. The great majority dimensions of daily stressors had positive connections with stress and anxiety, while financial restrictions and dissatisfaction with education/occupation had negative connections with life satisfaction. Self-efficacy and optimism were positively connected with life satisfaction. Hope and resilience were negatively connected with stress, as well as hope and optimism were negatively connected with depression. Optimism and self-efficacy made the highest contribution to SWB, while resilience made the highest contribution to psychological distress among PsyCap dimensions. CONCLUSION The findings elucidate the intricate relationship between daily stressors, SWB, psychological distress and PsyCap during the pandemic. Targeted interventions focusing on the specific PsyCap dimensions may enhance mental health outcomes in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhijing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Linjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Hong C, Mammadli T, Lunchenkov N, Garner A, Howell S, Holloway IW. Changes in alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other substance use and its association with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among sexual minority men in Eastern European and Central Asian countries. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:302-307. [PMID: 38777270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic had a particularly negative impact on mental wellbeing of vulnerable individuals, such as sexual minority men (SMM) living in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA), where the social-political climate may be restrictive for SMM. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) use may be another factor contributing to exacerbated mental health among SMM in this region. METHODS Secondary analyses were conducted using data collected as part of the COVID-19 disparities survey from active users of Hornet, a popular geo-social networking app for SMM in late 2020. Using a subset of SMM living in EECA (n = 3209) and pre-validated scales (AUDIT-C and PHQ-4), we used multivariable logistic regression models to examine the relationship between changes in participants' use of ATOD and their mental wellbeing. RESULTS Based on AUDIT-C, 35.1 % SMM screened for alcohol use disorder (AUD), 18.6 % reported an increase in alcohol use since the pandemic began. Over 30 % screened for depressive symptoms and anxiety based on PHQ-4 (30.4 % and 30.7 %, respectively). In multivariable models, AUD was significantly associated with screening positive for depressive symptoms and anxiety. Other factors associated with mental distress included lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, ethnic minority identity, IPV victimization, and financial and economic vulnerability. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data cannot be used to infer causality. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the needs for integrated substance use reduction and mental health services tailored for SMM in EECA. Programs aimed at promoting mental wellbeing among SMM in EECA must consider both interpersonal and structural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Hong
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Tural Mammadli
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolay Lunchenkov
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Eurasian Coalition for Health, Rights, Gender and Sexual Diversity, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | - Ian W Holloway
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Suliman O, Esailan MM, Alraddadi AM, Shaker AS, Alsharif LA, Aljohani MS, Alharbi RF, Almohammadi FA, Alahmadi GA, Osailan S. The Prevalence and Consequence of Depression After Bariatric Surgery Among Adults in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e59945. [PMID: 38854250 PMCID: PMC11161855 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is a commonly performed group of procedures for individuals with severe obesity, and its impact on mental health, particularly depression, has gained significant attention. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence and consequences of depression following bariatric surgery among adults is an area of growing concern. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression after bariatric surgery and estimate the consequences of depression after bariatric surgery. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Saudi Arabia who had undergone bariatric surgery. The participants were recruited from different bariatric surgery centers across the country. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that had three main sections, including demographic information, clinical characteristics, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression. RESULTS The results of the study showed that among adults in Saudi Arabia who had undergone bariatric surgery, the prevalence of depression was high. Of the participants, 23.5% were found to have depression after bariatric surgery. This high prevalence suggests that depression is a significant consequence of bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION A high number of adults in Saudi Arabia experience depression after bariatric surgery. This shows a need for mental health checks and support before and after the surgery. With mental healthcare as a regular part of bariatric programs, patients would have a better chance of success and overall well-being. More research is needed to understand why depression happens after surgery and how to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Suliman
- Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Al-Rayan Colleges, Al Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | - Aos S Shaker
- Medicine and Surgery, Al-Rayan Colleges, Al Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | - Rema F Alharbi
- Medicine and Surgery, Al-Rayan Colleges, Al Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | - Samah Osailan
- General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Kwa EK, Cheong SK, Ong LK, Lee PF. Development of audio-guided deep breathing and auditory Go/No-Go task on evaluating its impact on the wellness of young adults: a pilot study. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2024; 69:141-150. [PMID: 37856824 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2023-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Numerous studies indicate that deep breathing (DB) enhances wellbeing. Multiple deep breathing methods exist, but few employ audio to reach similar results. This study developed audio-guided DB and evaluated its immediate impacts on healthy population via self-created auditory Go/No-Go task, tidal volume changes, and psychological measures. METHODS Audio-guided DB with natural sounds to guide the DB was developed. Meanwhile, audio-based Go/No-Go paradigm with Arduino was built to measure the attention level. Thirty-two healthy young adults (n=32) were recruited. Psychological questionnaires (Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)), objective measurements with tidal volume and attention level with auditory Go/No-Go task were conducted before and after 5 min of DB. RESULTS Results showed a significant increment in tidal volume and task reaction time from baseline (p=0.003 and p=0.033, respectively). Significant correlations were acquired between (1) task accuracy with commission error (r=-0.905), (2) CAMS-R with task accuracy (r=-0.425), commission error (r=0.53), omission error (r=0.395) and PSS (r=-0.477), and (3) RSES with task reaction time (r=-0.47), task accuracy (r=-0.362), PSS (r=-0.552) and CAMS-R (r=0.591). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests a link between it and young adults' wellbeing and proposes auditory Go/No-Go task for assessing attention across various groups while maintaining physical and mental wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Keat Kwa
- Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Keng Cheong
- M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Poh Foong Lee
- Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kim ME, Jung HN. Prevalence and associated factors of prenatal depression in pregnant Korean women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. KOREAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN HEALTH NURSING 2023; 29:274-290. [PMID: 38204388 PMCID: PMC10788393 DOI: 10.4069/kjwhn.2023.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of prenatal education characteristics, pandemic-related pregnancy stress, and health behaviors during pregnancy on prenatal depression in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS The participants were 180 pregnant Korean women, recruited from internet communities for pregnancy preparation, childbirth, and childcare, from July 5 to 15, 2022. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The scores for pandemic-related pregnancy stress (24.50±6.37) and health behaviors during pregnancy (67.07±9.20) were high. Nearly half of the participants (n=89, 49.4%) presented with prenatal depression, with scores of 10 or greater. Prenatal depression had a positive correlation with gestational age (r=.18, p=.019) and pandemic-related pregnancy stress (r=.27, p<.001), and a negative correlation with health behaviors during pregnancy (r=-.42, p<.001). The factors associated with prenatal depression were pandemic-related pregnancy stress (t=4.70, p<.001), marital satisfaction (dissatisfied) (t=3.66, p<.001), pregnancy healthcare practice behaviors (t=-3.31, p=.001), family type (weekend couple) (t=2.84, p=.005), and gestational age (t=2.32, p=.022). The explanatory power of these variables was 38.2%. CONCLUSION Since participants had a high level of prenatal depression during the pandemic, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19 may recur, strategies should be developed to improve pregnant women's mental health with consideration of the unique variables that are relevant in a pandemic. It is also necessary to develop efficient online prenatal education programs that can be implemented even in special circumstances such as social distancing, and to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Eun Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Jung
- Department of Nursing Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea
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Ferreira MJ, Sofia R, Carreno DF, Eisenbeck N, Cruz JFA. Positivity and coping as key to well-being and psychological adjustment during the pandemic of COVID-19: A follow-up study in Portugal. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1750-1771. [PMID: 37321921 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This follow-up study aimed to analyze the protective role of positivity and coping strategies on the well-being and psychological distress levels reported during Portugal's first and third waves of COVID-19. The total sample consisted of 135 participants (82.0% women) with ages ranging from 20 to 72 years (M = 39.29, SD = 11.46). Results suggested a significant decrease in well-being levels but no changes in psychological distress were observed. Positivity was a strong and significant predictor of well-being and psychological distress during the pandemic crisis. Among the set of strategies used by individuals at the first wave, denial, self-blame, and self-distraction predicted a poorer adaptation with more significant mental health impairment, with self-blame standing out as the most harmful. This study highlighted the key role of positivity in adjusting to the current pandemic crisis and the lasting detrimental impact of specific coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Ferreira
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology, Sports and Education, Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Sofia
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Sports and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - David F Carreno
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Nikolett Eisenbeck
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Jaffar N, Mohd Faizal S, Selamat Z, Alias N. Muslim young adults' financial strain and financial stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of religiosity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21047. [PMID: 37876443 PMCID: PMC10590929 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone's lives and general well-being worldwide, including young adults. Young adulthood is marked by a shift in various social areas including acquiring financial independence. As the pandemic was an exceptional scenario in all nations, there is a research gap in analysing how it would affect financial experiences of young adults, particularly the Muslim young adults. These individuals may face financial stress as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their high level of financial strain. Furthermore, little is still known about the role that religiosity may play in the relationship between the financial strain and financial stress, notably during the pandemic. The objectives of this study were to examine the level of financial strain and financial stress of Muslim young adults, assess the effect of financial strain on financial stress of Muslim young adults and investigate the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between Muslim young adults' financial strain and financial stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey of 230 Muslim young adults was conducted in Malaysia. Results showed that thirty percent of Muslim young adults fell under high level of financial strain while majority of them fell under high level of financial stress. Additionally, financial strain had a significant positive effect on the financial stress of Muslim young adults. This means that the more financially strained, the more Muslim young adults experienced financial stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Religiosity, however, did not moderate the relationship between financial strain and financial stress. These results highlighted the significance of comprehending the level of financial strain and financial stress experienced by Muslim young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results provided relevant parties insights in developing strategies for Muslim young adults to manage financial strain and financial stress to reduce the negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahariah Jaffar
- School of Economics and Management, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sellywati Mohd Faizal
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zarehan Selamat
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazlan Alias
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dolbier CL, Vanacore SM, Conder L, Guiler W. A mixed-methods investigation of COVID-19 pandemic-specific stress in college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37722868 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2253929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify pandemic-specific stressors among college students and compare patterns of stressors in samples obtained during early and chronic phases of the pandemic. METHOD Different undergraduate student samples from a Southeastern university completed an online survey in Spring 2020 (early pandemic; N = 673) and Fall 2020 (chronic pandemic; N = 439). This repeated cross-sectional survey study used a mixed methods triangulation design to validate and expand on quantitative findings using qualitative data. RESULTS Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed 13 pandemic stressor domains, with academics and lifestyle adjustment among the most stressful in both samples, and more stressful in the chronic pandemic sample. Non-freshmen, female, and first-generation college students were at greater risk for pandemic stress. CONCLUSIONS As college students continue to experience stressors related to COVID-19 and encounter future crises, colleges and universities must adapt to meet their unique needs specific to the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christyn L Dolbier
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Vanacore
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Conder
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Guiler
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Jensen P, Engdahl B, Gustavson K, Lund IO, Pettersen JH, Madsen C, Hauge LJ, Knudsen AKS, Reneflot A, Brandlistuen RE, Ask H, Nesvåg R. Incidence rates of treated mental disorders before and during the COVID-19 pandemic-a nationwide study comparing trends in the period 2015 to 2021. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:668. [PMID: 37704941 PMCID: PMC10500922 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a concern that exposure to psychosocial stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to a higher incidence of mental disorders. Thus, this study aimed to compare trends in incidence rates of depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders in primary- and specialist health care before (2015-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). METHODS We used aggregated population registry data to calculate incidence rates of mental disorders from primary- (The Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursements Registry (KUHR)) and specialist (The Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR)) health care. The analyses included all Norwegian residents aged 18-65 during the study period. Incident cases were defined as having no previous registration with the same mental disorder in KUHR (from 2006) or NPR (from 2008). We used linear prediction models and mean models to compare incidence rates and test trends before and during the pandemic. RESULTS During the pandemic, the incidence rates among women were higher or as predicted for OCD in specialist health care and for eating disorders in both primary- and specialist health care. These findings were strongest among women aged 18-24 years. Incidence rates for depression and phobia/OCD among both genders in primary health care and phobic anxiety disorders among both genders in specialist health care were lower or as predicted. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic may have led to more women needing treatment for OCD and eating disorders in the Norwegian population. The decreased incidence rates for some disorders might indicate that some individuals either avoided seeking help or had improved mental health during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jensen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bo Engdahl
- Department of Physical Health and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Gustavson
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Olea Lund
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Hagen Pettersen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Madsen
- Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Johan Hauge
- Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Reneflot
- Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Park GN, Kim JO, Oh JW, Lee S. Depressive symptoms in younger adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative cross-sectional data analysis. J Psychosom Res 2023; 172:111439. [PMID: 37454414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have reported an increased prevalence of depressive symptoms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the prevalence of significant depressive symptoms and its associated factors in younger adults remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate this association during the COVID-19 pandemic and make a comparison with the pre-pandemic period. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2018 and 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed, and 3281 respondents aged 19-40 years were included. We defined a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10 as significant depressive symptoms and the categories of depressive symptoms were also classified as none, mild, moderate, and severe. RESULTS The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms was higher in the pandemic group (7.4% vs. 4.7%). Furthermore, the prevalence in the pandemic group was higher for all degrees: mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms. A multivariable logistic regression indicated that significant depressive symptoms during the pandemic was significantly associated with female sex, low educational attainment, unemployment, chronic medical disease, and being overweight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an increase in depressive symptoms in younger adults during the pandemic. It is necessary to develop policies to provide younger adults with resources to cope with depressive symptoms related to COVID-19 and potential global outbreak of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Nam Park
- Republic of Korea Navy, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo O Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Oh
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah Asia Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Mind Health Clinic, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - San Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Mind Health Clinic, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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Graupensperger S, Walukevich-Dienst K, Patrick ME, Lee CM. The Protective Role of Perceived Control on Associations Between Job Loss, Financial Difficulties, and Substance Use Among Young Adults Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1239-1248. [PMID: 37355479 PMCID: PMC10789195 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Adverse life events that threaten normative transitions are associated with increased alcohol and cannabis use among young adults. However, few studies have tested the extent to which specific negative events impact substance use behaviors nor identified relevant risk or protective factors (e.g., perceived control). During the COVID-19 pandemic, young adults experienced economic adversities (i.e., job loss and financial strain) at disproportionally high rates. This provided a unique opportunity to test associations between job loss/financial difficulties and substance use outcomes and whether perceived control in work and finance domains moderated these associations. Young adults completed self-report surveys at two time points-prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2020) and in the acute phase of the pandemic (April/May 2020). Participants (N = 519; Mage = 25.4 years; 62.8% female) were recruited in and around Seattle, WA, as part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Pandemic-related job loss (18.9%) and financial difficulty (49.7%) were relatively common in this sample. Job loss was associated with increased number of drinks on the heaviest past-month drinking occasion (from January 2020 to April/May 2020). Financial difficulty was associated with increased drinking frequency and number of drinks on the heaviest drinking occasion. The effect of job loss and financial difficulty on alcohol and cannabis use was generally moderated by participants' perceived control of these domains. For those with low perceived control, job loss/financial difficulty was associated with increased alcohol/cannabis use, but for those high in perceived control, job loss/financial difficulty was associated with decreased alcohol use frequency. Findings give advance understanding of how economic adversities relate to young adults' alcohol and cannabis use. Notably, perceived control over these domains may be modifiable through prevention efforts aiming to foster self-efficacy among young people and policy to provide available agency to those in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Villani D, Pancini E, Pesce F, Scuzzarella L. Savoring life during pandemic: an online intervention to promote well-being in emerging adults. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:196. [PMID: 37403128 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Savoring, that is the ability to create and increase positive emotions, represents a promising approach to enhance subjective well-being (SWB) in emerging adults. This controlled study aims to investigate the preliminary effects of a self-help e-savoring intervention on increasing savoring beliefs and strategies and SWB in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Forty-nine emerging adult participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method. The experimental group (n = 23) completed six online exercises (two exercises per week for three weeks) while the control group (n = 26) did not receive the intervention. Both groups filled out online questionnaires before and after the intervention. User experience and perceived usefulness of the intervention were assessed for the experimental group. RESULTS A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant increase for the experimental group in savoring beliefs (especially toward the present and the future) and in positive emotions compared to the control group. The perspicuity, attractiveness, and efficiency of the online platform were very positively evaluated, and most participants rated the intervention as useful. CONCLUSIONS The results of this preliminary study together with the high level of adherence and the appreciation for the intervention indicate the potential of promoting online savoring and positive emotions in emerging adults. Future research could evaluate its long-term effects and verify its results with other age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Villani
- Department of Psychology, Research Center in Communication Psychology (PsiCom), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pancini
- Department of Psychology, Research Center in Communication Psychology (PsiCom), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pesce
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Scuzzarella
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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13
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fleming CB, Lee CM. Trends in Young Adult Alcohol and Cannabis Use Through the First 1.5 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic From a Community Cohort Sample. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:489-498. [PMID: 36971770 PMCID: PMC10488305 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been concern regarding increased substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among young adults, but much of this concern stemmed from cross-sectional or short-term data collected early in the pandemic. This study followed a young adult community cohort throughout the first 1.5 years of the pandemic to examine longer-term trends/trajectories in alcohol and cannabis use behaviors. METHOD Beginning before the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2020), 656 young adults completed up to eight surveys on substance use and other behaviors, which extended through August 2021. Multilevel spline growth models estimated changes in alcohol/cannabis use in three segments: (a) from pre-pandemic to April 2020, (b) from April 2020 to September/October 2020, and (c) from September/October 2020 to July/August 2021. Abstainers were removed from the analyses, yielding subsamples for alcohol models (n = 545; M age = 25.6 years; 59.8% female) and cannabis models (n = 303; M age = 25.6; 61.4% female). RESULTS Drinking frequency initially increased (3% per month), decreased in the second segment (4% per month), and plateaued in the final segment. Drinking quantity significantly decreased in all three segments: 4% per month in segment one, 3% per month in segment two, and 1% per month in the final segment. Cannabis frequency and quantity showed no significant changes across the first two segments, then significantly decreased in the final segment (3% and 6% per month, respectively). The significant changes for cannabis frequency/quantity were moderated by age, such that older participants had steeper decreases in the final segment. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that young adult alcohol and cannabis use generally declined across the first 1.5 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrary to widespread concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B. Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Borowski E, Stathopoulos A. Nowhere to go? A study of marginalization, social connection, and mental health outcomes among young adults experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2023; 30:101589. [PMID: 37008981 PMCID: PMC9968624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2023.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic onset necessitated large-scale closures of third places, potentially exacerbating social barriers experienced by young adults in the United States. To better understand the role of urban form in facilitating socialization, we examine the effects of pandemic-based third place closures on mental health outcomes as mediated by changes in social connection. Because identifying as a racial, gender, or sexual minority can compound baseline disadvantages rooted in systemic inequities, we investigate outcome differences for non-white, woman/nonbinary, and LGBTQ+ young adults to disentangle identity-based nuances of the pandemic experience. METHODS In February 2021, we administered a web-based survey with retrospective name and place generators to 313 18-to-34-year-olds in California, Illinois, and Texas. A structural equation model is estimated showing the direct and indirect effects of physical and virtual mobility constraints on mental health. RESULTS Both the closure of third places and dissatisfaction with alternative social spaces are associated with the deterioration of social connections and mental health. The strongest direct predictor of mental health decline is dissatisfaction with virtual socialization (more significant for women and nonbinary respondents). Surprisingly, two distinct categories of third places (i.e., 'civic' and 'commercial') reveal different relationships with social connections and mental health outcomes. Asian, other non-white, and non-heterosexual young adults experienced greater 'civic' visit reduction, while those with intersecting identities of low income and woman/nonbinary or Black experienced greater 'commercial' visit reduction. CONCLUSIONS Physical and virtual mobility reductions contributed to the inequitable mental health outcomes experienced by young adults during the pandemic. This highlights the potential for a careful redesign of physical and virtual social spaces to support feelings of belonging/safety and spontaneous 'weak tie' interactions, encourages further investigation of social infrastructure's role in facilitating the maintenance of social connections and mental health, and reveals the value of examining differences in mobility-related experiences across social identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Stathopoulos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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15
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Brown M, Lord E, John A. Adaptation of ACTivate Your Wellbeing, a Digital Health and Well-being Program for Young Persons: Co-design Approach. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e39913. [PMID: 37052994 PMCID: PMC10141270 DOI: 10.2196/39913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ACTivate your wellbeing is a digital health and well-being program designed to support and encourage positive lifestyle behavior change. The website includes 5 lifestyle behavior change modules and a 12-week well-being intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy. It was timely to adapt the resource for a new audience in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young persons' mental health needs have increased substantially, and lifestyle behaviors play a critical role in both mental and physical health statuses. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to adapt an existing health and well-being website for use by young persons aged 16 to 24 years. METHODS A 3-staged participatory, co-design approach was adopted. The participants reviewed the existing program and provided feedback (stage 1) before cocreating new content (stage 2). Finally, the updated program underwent formative evaluation (stage 3). Two groups were created: one had access for 3 weeks and the other could self-select their study duration. The options were 3 weeks, 60 days, or 90 days. Outcome measures were the Warwick and Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire version 2. RESULTS Stage 1 identified that the website was appealing to the new audience (19/24, 79%), and the 3 web-based focus group discussions explored data from the written review in more depth to identify and clarify the main areas for update and adaptation. Overall, 3 themes were developed, and the data informed the creation of 6 tasks for use in 5 web-based co-design workshops. Stage 2 led to the cocreation of 36 outputs, including a new name, new content, scenarios, images, and a new user dashboard, which included streaks and an updated color scheme. After the website update program was completed, 40 participants registered to use the website for formative evaluation (stage 3). Data analysis revealed differences in engagement, completion, and mean well-being after intervention between the 2 groups. The completion rate was 68% in the 3-week duration group, and well-being scores improved after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Young persons engaged actively with the participatory design process. The participants discussed the updates they desired during the web-based discussions, which worked well via Zoom (Zoom Video Communications Inc) when small groups were used. The participants easily cocreated new content during the web-based co-design workshops. The web-based format enabled a range of participants to take part, share their ideas, search for images, and design digital content creatively together. The Zoom software enabled screen sharing and collaborative whiteboard use, which helped the cocreation process. The formative evaluation suggested that younger users who engage more with the website for a shorter duration may benefit more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menna Brown
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Lord
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ann John
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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16
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Santana GL, Baptista MC, Gomes de Matos GA, Ogata AJN, Malik AM, Andrade LH. The Well-being of Brazilian Industry Workers on Returning to the Physical Workplace During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e246-e254. [PMID: 36728099 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the prevalence and predictors of well-being among Brazilian industry workers on returning to the physical workplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Two thousand two hundred forty-one participants completed an online survey between October and November 2021. Well-being was assessed with the World Health Organization Well-being Index, and the questionnaire also addressed sociodemographic and occupational characteristics and the health of workers and their contacts. Associations were estimated with logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of adequate well-being was 63.15%. The predictors of poor well-being included being female, younger, working exclusively from home or on a hybrid model, having comorbid disorders, and living with someone with any comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS The identification of vulnerable groups with poor well-being may help organizations to direct efforts to the unmet psychological needs of these employees and develop well-being programs during this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geilson Lima Santana
- From the Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology-Medical Research Laboratory 23 (LIM 23), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (G.L.S., M.C.B., and L.H.A.); Industrial Social Service (SESI), Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI), Brasilia, Brazil (G.A.G.d.M.); and São Paulo School of Business Administration, Fundação Getulio Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil (A.J.N.O. and A.M.M.)
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17
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Cowden RG, Nakamura JS, de la Rosa Fernández Pacheco PA, Chen Y, Fulks J, Plake JF, VanderWeele TJ. The road to postpandemic recovery in the USA: a repeated cross-sectional survey of multidimensional well-being over two years. Public Health 2023; 217:212-217. [PMID: 36924673 PMCID: PMC10010931 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine differences in multidimensional well-being from before (January 2020) to three timepoints during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020, January 2021, January 2022). STUDY DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional design. METHODS Nationally representative cross-sectional cohorts of US adults completed the Secure Flourish Index before (January 2020 cohort: N = 1010) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020 cohort: N = 3020; January 2021 cohort: N = 3366; January 2022 cohort: N = 2598). We estimated differences in indicators, domains, and composite well-being between the January 2020 cohort and each of the subsequent cohorts. We also explored whether changes in well-being between January 2020 and January 2022 varied based on age, gender, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Initial declines in well-being observed by June 2020 were largely followed by a return to prepandemic levels in January 2022, with some exceptions. Notably, general declines in mental health have persisted through to January 2022. On the other hand, there was evidence of general improvements in character & virtue that exceeded prepandemic levels in January 2022. Young adults and racial/ethnic minorities reported lower financial & material stability in January 2022 compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Although there are promising signs that the well-being of US adults has mostly recovered to prepandemic levels, a coordinated response is urgently needed to support population mental health and the financial security of vulnerable groups. As society continues the journey toward postpandemic recovery, continued tracking of multidimensional well-being will be important for making informed decisions about public health priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - J S Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Y Chen
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Fulks
- American Bible Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Evangel University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - J F Plake
- American Bible Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T J VanderWeele
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Hu W, Sun M. COVID-19 Stressors and Aggression among Chinese College Students: The Mediation Role of Coping Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3171. [PMID: 36833866 PMCID: PMC9968146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although college students experienced excessive stressors (COVID-19 disease and negative COVID-19 news) during the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies have been aimed at coping strategies used by college students to deal with stress caused by the pandemic. Coping strategies are efforts to deal with anxiety in the face of a perceived threat or stress. Aggression is harmful social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or harm upon another individual. In the present study, we aimed to examine the direct effect of stressors resulting from the pandemic on college students' aggression, as well as the indirect effect via their coping strategies. Through a cross-sectional survey of 601 Chinese college students (M-age = 20.28), we tested the proposed framework. We first found that information stressors of COVID-19 ranked highest among the four stressors of the pandemic. Results also indicated that college students' stressors of COVID-19 were directly and positively associated with their aggressive behavior. For the indirect effect, college students would adopt both adaptive coping strategies (self-help strategy) and maladaptive coping strategies (avoidance strategy and self-punishment strategy) with the stressors of COVID-19. Furthermore, adaptive coping strategy (approach strategy) was negatively related to their aggression, whereas maladaptive coping strategy (avoidance strategy and self-punishment strategy) was positively related to their aggressive behavior. The present research extends the general strain theory in the COVID-19 context. Practical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Hu
- College of Humanities and Communication, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengru Sun
- College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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19
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Vargová L, Kačmár P, Lačný M, Baník G. Measuring various aspects of coronavirus anxiety: a psychometric evaluation of Pandemic anxiety and Coronophobia scales from the latent and network perspective. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 36776147 PMCID: PMC9905769 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, understanding and describing the changes in experiences related to the pandemic and its correlates have become crucial. The current study aims to provide a psychometric evaluation and examination of the relationship of two COVID-related anxiety scales through the latent and network approach. The data was collected from the same participants at two time points (Nwave 1 = 1283; Nwave 2 = 1326). The study examined the psychometric properties of the Pandemic Anxiety Scale and Coronaphobia scale. It also examined the factor structure, invariance and relationship with selected variables through both the latent and network approach. The results revealed that both scales provided good fit and psychometric properties-PAS (wave1: CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05 [0.04, 0.07], SRMR = 0.048; wave2: CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05 [0.04, 0.07], SRMR = 0.049), and Coronaphobia scale (wave1: CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05 [0.03, 0.07], SRMR = 0.027; wave2: CFI ~ 1, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03 [0.002, 0.06], SRMR = 0.015). The results also indicated that distinguishing between them is crucial as they were related differently to various variables. The global network models provided a more complex insight in their connections with the set of selected variables. The PAS and Coronaphobia scales are brief and valid measures that can be used in research looking at mental health issues related to the pandemic. The present study shows a unique pattern of relationships of these scales with other variables, extending previous studies into the topic of COVID-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vargová
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, 17. Novembra 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kačmár
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Moyzesova 9, 040 59 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Lačný
- Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, 17. Novembra 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Baník
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, 17. Novembra 1, 080 01 Presov, Slovakia
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20
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Foster S, Estévez-Lamorte N, Walitza S, Mohler-Kuo M. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Young Adults' Mental Health in Switzerland: A Longitudinal Cohort Study from 2018 to 2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2598. [PMID: 36767967 PMCID: PMC9915161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies that examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health have been restricted to pandemic mental health data alone. The aim of the current study was to estimate the pandemic's effect on young Swiss adults' mental health by comparing pandemic to pre-pandemic mental health. Longitudinal data of 1175 young Swiss adults who participated in the S-YESMH study in 2018 and were followed-up in 2020 and 2021 were analyzed. The study outcomes were self-reported symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), thoughts about death or self-harm, and risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD). Generalized estimation equations, logistic regression and statistical mediation analysis were used to analyze the data. Evidence was found of increased depression, GAD, and ADHD among young women and increased depression among young men, resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Uncertainty about the future predicted young women's depression and anxiety in 2021. COVID-19 stress in 2021 fully mediated the effect of COVID-19 stress in 2020 on depression and GAD in 2021. Young Swiss women's and men's mental health appears to have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during the second pandemic year. Uncertainty about the future and stress becoming chronic in 2021 likely explain some of the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Foster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Estévez-Lamorte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- La Source, School of Nursing Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Brown ML, Trotter CE, Huang W, Contreras Castro K, DeMuth WD, Bing EG. COVID-19 and mental health among college students in the southwestern United States. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36701420 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We examined COVID-19-related experiences, mental health, and future plans among US undergraduate and graduate students in the initial months of the pandemic. Participants: 72 students (68% female; 51.4% white; age x- =24.4) from 21 colleges in the US southwest concurrently enrolled in a stress-reduction study. Methods: Between March and June 2020, participants completed an online survey about demographics, personal and vicarious COVID-19 experiences, mood, and future plans. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed with the GAD-7 and PHQ-9, respectively. Results: Worry about COVID-19 was associated with anxiety and depression symptoms and personal and vicarious experiences with COVID-19. COVID-19 worry varied by illness severity and level of intimacy with those impacted. Most participants reported changing educational (66.7%) and life (55.6%) plans due to COVID-19. Conclusions: Given the continued impact of COVID-19 on physical/emotional health and future plans, universities should assist students in managing COVID-19-related stress so they can continue to learn and grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Brown
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Global Health Impact and Institute for Leadership Impact, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Claire E Trotter
- Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Global Health Impact and Institute for Leadership Impact, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Contreras Castro
- Center for Global Health Impact and Institute for Leadership Impact, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William Dylan DeMuth
- Center for Global Health Impact and Institute for Leadership Impact, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- University of Texas Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eric G Bing
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Global Health Impact and Institute for Leadership Impact, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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22
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The Indirect Effect of Sleep on the Association Between Protracted Social Stressors and Psychological Distress Among Hong Kong Young People. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:788-795. [PMID: 36653260 PMCID: PMC9842456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hong Kong youth and young adults experienced unprecedented stress amid social unrest and the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have examined how these stressors were related to psychological distress among youth and young adults. This study assessed how psychological distress is associated with stress from social unrest, financial circumstances, and the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether poor sleep quality may explain these associations. METHODS Participants of a representative phone survey included 1,501 Hong Kong youth and young adults (Mage = 26.1 (4.0); 48.2% female). We examined the associations between psychological distress and three types of stress (social unrest, financial, and COVID-19 stress), and the indirect effect of poor sleep. RESULTS Eleven point nine percent, 4.1%, and 9.7% of respondents reported feeling very seriously distressed by social unrest, financial circumstances, and the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. All three forms of stress were associated with poor sleep. The indirect effects of poor sleep on the association between all three forms of stress and psychological distress were identified. Moderated indirect effect analysis indicated that being female intensified the effect of COVID-19-related stress on psychological distress and that younger female youth and older male youth were more vulnerable to financial stress and social unrest stress (vs. older female youth and younger male youth). DISCUSSION Sleep may be one mechanism that accounts for the association between psychological distress and protracted stressors among Hong Kong youth and young adults. These results suggest the importance of prioritizing sleep improvement in mental health interventions during times of societal change.
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23
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Coulaud PJ, Salway T, Jesson J, Bolduc N, Ferlatte O, Bertrand K, Desgrées du Loû A, Jenkins E, Jauffret-Roustide M, Knight R. Moderation of the association between COVID-19-related income loss and depression by receipt of financial support: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of young adults in Canada and France (2020-2021). SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101340. [PMID: 36644570 PMCID: PMC9832713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To mitigate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial resources, governments and family/friends mobilized financial support interventions (e.g., emergency aid funds) and assistance. However, little is known about how financial assistance alleviated mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of financial support from the government or from family/friends on the association between income loss and depression among young adults. Methods Two online cross-sectional surveys among young adults ages 18-29 living in Canada and France were conducted in 2020 (n = 4,511) and 2021 (n = 3,329). Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (cut-off score: ≥10). Two logistic regression models were performed for each survey with an interaction term between income loss and financial support (government or family/friends modeled separately), controlling for demographics. Results Overall, half reported depressive symptoms (2020/2021: 53.5%/45.6%), and over a third lost income (2020/2021: 10.2%/11.6% all income, 37.7%/21.6% some income). In 2020, 40.6% received government financial support (17.7% in 2021) while family/friends support was received by 12% (in both surveys). In both surveys, among those who received governmental financial support, income loss was associated with depression, whether participants lost all their income (e.g., 2020: Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) 1.75, 95% Confidence Interval [1.29-2.44]), or some of their income (e.g., 2020: AOR 1.45 [1.17-1.81]). However, among those who received family/friends financial support, income loss was no longer significantly associated with depression in both cycles, whether participants lost all their income (e.g., 2020: AOR 1.37 [0.78-2.40]), or some of their income (e.g., 2020: AOR 1.31 [0.86-1.99]). Conclusions Association between income loss and depression was moderated by receipt of family/friends financial support but not by receipt of government financial support. Financial support interventions may help to mitigate the negative effects of income loss on young adults mental health during periods of economic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-julien Coulaud
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Corresponding author. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045, Howe St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada.
| | - Travis Salway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie Jesson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Naseeb Bolduc
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Bertrand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | - Annabel Desgrées du Loû
- Centre Population et Développement, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Emily Jenkins
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie Jauffret-Roustide
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre d'Étude des Mouvements Sociaux (EHESS/CNRS UMR8044/INSERM U1276), Paris, France,Baldy Center on Law and Social Policy, Buffalo University, NY, USA
| | - Rod Knight
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Matić T, Pregelj P, Sadikov A, Rus Prelog P. Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Suicidality Levels in Young Adults Increased Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:339. [PMID: 36612666 PMCID: PMC9819448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of both the COVID-19 clinical picture and confinement measures in Slovenia was higher during the initial phase of the pandemic in 2020 than during the Omicron wave in 2022. This could lead us to expect a higher level of distress during the initial phase. On the other hand, prolonged stress can have a detrimental effect on mental health. This study aimed to explore how the prolonged stress of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying changes affected the mental health of young adults in Slovenia. We analyzed and compared the levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal ideation in young adults during the initial phase of the pandemic and the Omicron wave, as well as between the COVID-19-infected and non-infected individuals. METHODS An online survey was used to survey 587 young adults in the first wave (July-December 2020) and 511 in the Omicron wave (January-February 2022). Levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal ideation were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Results show that the Omicron wave significantly worsened depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal ideation. Young adults who had tested positive for COVID-19 reported no worse or only slightly worse mental health than those who never tested positive. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides new evidence about the mental health of young adults during the Omicron wave. Our results show that two years into the pandemic, they expressed more negative emotions and suicidal thoughts than at the beginning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Matić
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Pregelj
- Centre for Clinical Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, 1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksander Sadikov
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Rus Prelog
- Centre for Clinical Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, 1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Rossi AA, Panzeri A, Taccini F, Parola A, Mannarini S. The Rising of the Shield hero. Development of the Post-Traumatic Symptom Questionnaire (PTSQ) and Assessment of the Protective Effect of self-esteem from trauma-related Anxiety and Depression. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 17:1-19. [PMID: 36532142 PMCID: PMC9734448 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Adverse life events such as life-threatening accidents, domestic and/or sexual violence, organic diseases (i.e., cancer), or COVID-19 can have a strong traumatic impact - generating reactions as intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Indeed, the traumatic impact of COVID-19 seems to lead individuals to experience anxiety and depression. However, the Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis suggests that self-esteem could be considered a shield (buffer) against traumatic experiences and their outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression). The present study has two objectives. First, to develop a measure of the impact of the traumatic event considering the aforementioned reactions. Second, to test the process - triggered by COVID19-related traumatic experience - in which self-esteem buffers the path that leads to anxiety and depression. Method In Study 1 (N = 353), the Post-Traumatic Symptom Questionnaire (PTSQ) was developed and a deep investigation of its psychometric properties was conducted. In Study 2 (N = 445), a structural equation model with latent variables was performed to assess the buffering effect of self-esteem. Results The PTSQ has excellent fit indices and psychometric properties. According to the ABH, results confirm the buffering effect of self-esteem in the relationships between traumatic symptoms and both anxiety and depression. Conclusion On the one hand, the PTSQ is a solid and reliable instrument. On the other hand, that self-esteem is a protective factor against anxiety and depression related to a traumatic experience - such as COVID-19. Targeted psychological interventions should be implemented to minimize the psychological burden of the illness while promoting adaptation and positive aspects of oneself. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-022-00503-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Panzeri
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Taccini
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Parola
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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26
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Henseke G, Green F, Schoon I. Living with COVID-19: Subjective Well-Being in the Second Phase of the Pandemic. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1679-1692. [PMID: 35788856 PMCID: PMC9252564 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While there is ample evidence of the decline in mental health among youth during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, less is known about the determinants of recovery, which is the focus of this study. Drawing on a stress process framework, this study examines the associations of changes in direct, pandemic-related, and indirect, lockdown-related stressors with life satisfaction. A novel representative, longitudinal sample of British 16-25-year-olds is used, drawing on 6 data collections between February 2021 to May 2022 (N = 6000, 51% female, 24% ethnic minority, 46% in work, 35% with higher education). Using linear fixed-effects regression models, the findings suggest a substantial improvement in life satisfaction among youth. An increasing frequency of social contacts, receding worries about career prospects and job skills learning contributed significantly to increases in life satisfaction, whereas direct, health-related COVID-19 stressors did not affect life satisfaction. Sub-group analysis suggests that women's, adolescents', and students' life satisfaction responded more strongly to the stressors considered in this study. The findings highlight the positive effects of less stringent lockdown restrictions, economic recovery, and opportunities for job skills learning on youth's happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golo Henseke
- University College London, Institute of Education, LLAKES Centre, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK.
| | - Francis Green
- University College London, Institute of Education, LLAKES Centre, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
| | - Ingrid Schoon
- University College London, Institute of Education, LLAKES Centre, 20 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AL, UK
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27
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fleming C, Rhew IC, Lee CM. Mental Health and Well-Being Trends Through the First Year-and-a-Half of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Young Adults in the USA. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2022; 23:853-864. [PMID: 35604479 PMCID: PMC9124628 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal trajectories of young adults' mental health and well-being before and throughout the first year-and-a-half of the COVID-19 pandemic. Repeated assessments of a young adult community cohort (N = 656; Mage = 25.6 years; 59.3% female) were conducted beginning prior to COVID-19 (January 2020) and extending through August 2021. Multilevel spline growth models estimated changes in three segments: (a) from pre-pandemic to April/May 2020, (b) from April/May 2020 to September 2020, and (c) from September 2020 to August 2021. Depression symptoms and loneliness increased significantly in the first segment, plateaued slightly, then decreased significantly across the final segment. Anxiety symptoms were unchanged across the first two segments, but significantly decreased in the final segment. Satisfaction with life decreased significantly across the first two segments, and then increased significantly in the final segment. Direct comparisons of pre-pandemic scores (January 2020) to the last follow-up (July or August 2021) showed a return to pre-pandemic levels of depression symptoms, loneliness, and satisfaction with life, as indicated by non-significant differences, and significantly lower anxiety symptoms, relative to pre-pandemic. Findings support concerns for young adults' mental health and well-being in the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also indicate that young adults' emotional well-being, on average, may be returning to pre-pandemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Charles Fleming
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Deptartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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28
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Vargová L, Mikulášková G, Fedáková D, Lačný M, Babjáková J, Šlosáriková M, Babinčák P, Ropovik I, Adamkovič M. Slovak parents' mental health and socioeconomic changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:934293. [PMID: 36061269 PMCID: PMC9433575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.934293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in people's mental health have become one of the hot topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents have been said to be among the most vulnerable groups in terms of the imposed anti-pandemic measures. The present paper analyzes the trends in mental health indicators in a sample of Slovak parents (N = 363) who participated in four waves of data collection over a year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic. The mental health indicators were represented by general levels of depression and anxiety as well as COVID-related stress and anxiety. While there were only minor changes in depression and anxiety, the dynamic in COVID-related stress and especially anxiety was more noteworthy. Besides some exceptions, the results hold even after controlling for the socioeconomic situation. The gender differences in the mental health trends were found to be negligible. Overall, we observed no substantial deterioration in the mental health indicators across the four waves of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vargová
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Mikulášková
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia.,Instytut Psychologii, Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas, Humanitas University, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Denisa Fedáková
- Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Lačný
- Faculty of Arts, Institute of Political Science, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslava Babjáková
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Martina Šlosáriková
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Peter Babinčák
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Ropovik
- Department of Preschool and Elementary Education and Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia.,Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matúš Adamkovič
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia.,Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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