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Hypertension and renal disease programming: focus on the early postnatal period. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1303-1339. [PMID: 36073779 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of hypertension and renal disease is a concept highly supported by strong evidence coming from both human and animal studies. During development there are periods in which the organs are more vulnerable to stressors. Such periods of susceptibility are also called 'sensitive windows of exposure'. It was shown that as earlier an adverse event occurs; the greater are the consequences for health impairment. However, evidence show that the postnatal period is also quite important for hypertension and renal disease programming, especially in rodents because they complete nephrogenesis postnatally, and it is also important during preterm human birth. Considering that the developing kidney is vulnerable to early-life stressors, renal programming is a key element in the developmental programming of hypertension and renal disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the great number of studies, most of them performed in animal models, showing the broad range of stressors involved in hypertension and renal disease programming, with a particular focus on the stressors that occur during the early postnatal period. These stressors mainly include undernutrition or specific nutritional deficits, chronic behavioral stress, exposure to environmental chemicals, and pharmacological treatments that affect some important factors involved in renal physiology. We also discuss the common molecular mechanisms that are activated by the mentioned stressors and that promote the appearance of these adult diseases, with a brief description on some reprogramming strategies, which is a relatively new and promising field to treat or to prevent these diseases.
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Osei-Owusu P, Collyer E, Dahlen SA, Echols Adams RE, Tom VJ. Maladaptation of Renal Hemodynamics Contributes to Kidney Dysfunction Resulting from Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F120-F140. [PMID: 35658716 PMCID: PMC9306783 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00072.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI). Several SCI sequalae are implicated, however, the exact pathogenic mechanism of renal dysfunction is unclear. Herein, we found that T3 (T3Tx) or T10 (T10Tx) complete thoracic spinal cord transection induced hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia immediately after injury. T3Tx-induced hypotension but not bradycardia or hypothermia slowly recovered to levels in T10Tx SCI and uninjured mice ~16 h after injury as determined by continuous radiotelemetry monitoring. Both types of thoracic SCI led to a marked decrease in albuminuria and proteinuria in all phases of SCI, while the kidney injury marker, NGAL, rapidly increased in the acute phase, remaining elevated in the chronic phase of T3Tx SCI. Renal interstitial and vascular elastin fragmentation after SCI were worsened during chronic T3Tx SCI. In the chronic phase, renal vascular resistance response to a step increase in renal perfusion pressure or a bolus injection of Ang II or NE was almost completely abolished after T3Tx SCI. Bulk RNAseq analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and chemokine signaling in the kidney from T3Tx SCI mice. Serum levels of interleukin 6 was elevated in the acute but not chronic phase of T3Tx and T10Tx SCI, while serum amyloid A1 level was elevated in both acute and chronic phases. We conclude that tissue fibrosis and hemodynamic impairment are involved in renal dysfunction resulting from thoracic SCI; these pathological alterations, exacerbated by high thoracic-level injury, is mediated at least partly by renal microvascular ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eileen Collyer
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shelby A Dahlen
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raisa E Echols Adams
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. Ameliorative effect of AT2R and ACE2 activation on ischemic renal injury associated cardiac and hepatic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103501. [PMID: 32979558 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role of the depressor arm of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on ischemic renal injury (IRI)-associated cardio-hepatic sequalae under non-diabetic (ND) and diabetes mellitus (DM) conditions. Firstly, rats were injected with Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.) to develop DM. ND and DM rats underwent Bilateral IRI followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Further, ND and DM rats were subjected to AT2R agonist-Compound 21 (C21) (0.3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or ACE2 activator- Diminazene Aceturate (Dize), (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) per se or its combination therapy. As results, IRI caused cardio-hepatic injuries via altered oxidant/anti-oxidant levels, elevated inflammatory events, and altered protein expressions of ACE, ACE2, Ang II, Ang-(1-7) and urinary AGT. However, concomitant therapy of AT2R agonist and ACE2 activator exerts a protective effect in IRI-associated cardio-hepatic dysfunction as evidenced by inhibited oxidative stress, downregulated inflammation, and enhanced cardio-hepatic depressor arm of RAS under ND and DM conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Comprehensive Prognostication in Critically Ill Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients: Results from Merging the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) and Virtual Pediatric Systems (VPS) Registries. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 26:333-342. [PMID: 31563573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients may benefit from early and aggressive interventions aimed at reversing the progression of multiorgan dysfunction. Therefore, we evaluated 25 early risk factors for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) mortality to improve mortality prognostication. We merged the Virtual Pediatric Systems and Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research databases and analyzed 936 critically ill patients ≤21 years of age who had undergone allogeneic HCT and subsequently required PICU admission between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2014. Of 1532 PICU admissions, the overall PICU mortality rate was 17.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.6% to 19.4%) but was significantly higher for patients requiring mechanical ventilation (44.0%), renal replacement therapy (56.1%), or extracorporeal life support (77.8%). Mortality estimates increased significantly the longer that patients remained in the PICU. Of 25 HCT- and PICU-specific characteristics available at or near the time of PICU admission, moderate/severe pre-HCT renal injury, pre-HCT recipient cytomegalovirus seropositivity, <100-day interval between HCT and PICU admission, HCT for underlying acute myeloid leukemia, and greater admission organ dysfunction as approximated by the Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3 score were each independently associated with PICU mortality. A multivariable model using these components identified that patients in the top quartile of risk had 3 times greater mortality than other patients (35.1% versus 11.5%, P < .001, classification accuracy 75.2%; 95% CI, 73.0% to 77.4%). These data improve our working knowledge of the factors influencing the progression of critical illness in pediatric allogeneic HCT patients. Future investigation aimed at mitigating the effect of these risk factors is warranted.
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Magalhães MAB, Petroianu A, Barbosa AJA, Figueiredo JA, Alberti LR, Ribas Filho JM. Effects of different periods of gastric ischemia on liver as a remote organ1. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:964-974. [PMID: 30517323 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180110000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hepatic changes associated with gastric ischemia. METHODS Thirty male rabbits were studied, distributed in 3 groups (n=10). Group 1: ligature and section of the gastric vasculature and removal of the liver after three hours; Group 2: ligature and section of the gastric vasculature and removal of the liver after 6 hours; Group 3: ligature and section of the gastric vasculature and removal of the liver after 12 hours. Blood samples were collected immediately before surgery and after the determined time of ischemia in each group to evaluate the hepatic function. After the death of the rabbits, the liver was removed for macro and microscopic study. RESULTS An increase in aminotransferases and bilirubin occurred in groups 2 and 3. Total protein and albumin diminished in all of the animals. All of the rabbits from groups 2 and 3 presented hepatocellular necrosis. CONCLUSION The devascularization of the stomach for a period of above three hours is associated with hepatic morphological and functional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angélica Baron Magalhães
- DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo-Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; manuscript preparation and writing; critical revision
| | - Andy Petroianu
- PhD, Full Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Researcher 1B CNPq, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; critical revision, final approval
| | - Alfredo José Afonso Barbosa
- PhD, Full Professor, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, histopathological examinations, analysis and interpretation of data
| | - Juliano Alves Figueiredo
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo-Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, technical procedures
| | - Luiz Ronaldo Alberti
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo-Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of data, statistics analysis
| | - Jurandir Marcondes Ribas Filho
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision
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Williams TM, Wise AF, Layton DS, Ricardo SD. Phenotype and influx kinetics of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokine production in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:75-85. [PMID: 27696567 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Kidney ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is characterized by tubular epithelial cell (TEC) death and an inflammatory response involving cytokine production and immune cell infiltration. In various kidney diseases, increased macrophage numbers correlate with injury severity and poor prognosis. However, macrophage plasticity enables a diverse range of functions, including wound healing, making them a key target for novel therapies. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the changes in myeloid and epithelial cells and the production of cytokines throughout the experimental IR model of acute kidney injury to aid in the identification of targets to promote and enhance kidney regeneration and repair. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of murine unilateral IR injury was used to assess TEC and myeloid cell subpopulations in conjunction with histological analysis and cytokine production at 6 h, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post IR injury, spanning the initial inflammatory phase and the following reparative phase. RESULTS IR injury resulted in a rapid infiltration of Ly6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils with a steady rise in F4/80high MHCIIhigh macrophages over the injury time. The production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF coincided with an increase in IL-10 production. CONCLUSION This characterization will provide a reference point for future studies designed to manipulate immune cell phenotype and function in order to promote endogenous repair of damaged kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea F Wise
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biosecurity Flagship, CSIRO, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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The protective effect of erythropoietin pretreatment on ischemic acute renal failure in rats. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gezginci-Oktayoglu S, Orhan N, Bolkent S. Prostaglandin-E 1 has a protective effect on renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation mediated gastric damage in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nephroprotective Effects of Polydatin against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Role for the PI3K/Akt Signal Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:362158. [PMID: 26576221 PMCID: PMC4630419 DOI: 10.1155/2015/362158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been demonstrated that polydatin processed the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and nephroprotective properties. However, whether it has beneficial effects and the possible mechanisms on renal I/R injury remain unclear. In our present study I/R models were simulated both in vitro and in vivo. Compared with vehicle control, the administration of polydatin significantly improved the renal function, accelerated the mitogenic response and reduced cell apoptosis in renal I/R injury models, strongly suppressed the I/R-induced upregulation of the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E-2, and nitric oxide levels, and dramatically decreased contents of malondialdehyde, but it increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and the level of glutathione. Further investigation showed that polydatin upregulated the phosphorylation of Akt in kidneys of I/R injury dose-dependently. However, all beneficial effects of polydatin mentioned above were counteracted when we inhibited PI3K/Akt pathway with its specific inhibitor, wortmannin. Taken together, the present findings provide the first evidence demonstrating that PD exhibited prominent nephroprotective effects against renal I/R injury by antioxidative stress and inflammation through PI3-K/Akt-dependent molecular mechanisms.
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Greenberg JH, Whitlock R, Zhang WR, Thiessen-Philbrook HR, Zappitelli M, Devarajan P, Eikelboom J, Kavsak PA, Devereaux PJ, Shortt C, Garg AX, Parikh CR. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 as acute kidney injury biomarkers in pediatric cardiac surgery. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1519-27. [PMID: 25877915 PMCID: PMC4537680 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children undergoing cardiac surgery may exhibit a pronounced inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Inflammation is recognized as an important pathophysiologic process leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 with AKI and other adverse outcomes in children after CPB surgery. METHODS This is a sub-study of the Translational Research Investigating Biomarker Endpoints in AKI (TRIBE-AKI) cohort, including 106 children ranging in age from 1 month to 18 years undergoing CPB. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were measured preoperatively and postoperatively [day 1 (within 6 h after surgery) and day 3]. RESULTS Stage 2/3 AKI, defined by at least a doubling of the baseline serum creatinine concentration or dialysis, was diagnosed in 24 (23%) patients. The preoperative IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in patients with stage 2/3 AKI [median 2.6 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 2.6 0.6-4.9 pg/mL] than in those without stage 2/3 AKI (median 0.6 pg/mL, IQR 0.6-2.2 pg/mL) (p = 0.03). After adjustment for clinical and demographic variables, the highest preoperative IL-6 tertile was associated with a sixfold increased risk for stage 2/3 AKI compared with the lowest tertile (adjusted odds ratio 6.41, 95 % confidence interval 1.16-35.35). IL-6 and IL-10 levels increased significantly after surgery, peaking postoperatively on day 1. First postoperative IL-6 and IL-10 measurements did not significantly differ between patients with stage 2/3 AKI and those without stage 2/3 AKI. The elevated IL-6 level on day 3 was associated with longer hospital stay (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative plasma IL-6 concentration is associated with the development of stage 2/3 AKI and may be prognostic of resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H. Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard Whitlock
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William R. Zhang
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Michael Zappitelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John Eikelboom
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Kavsak
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - PJ Devereaux
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen Shortt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amit X. Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT
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Yang P, Yang N, Zhang X, Xu X. The significance and mechanism of propofol on treatment of ischemia reperfusion induced lung injury in rats. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1527-32. [PMID: 25074530 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the efficacy and underlying the mechanism of propofol in treatment of ischemia reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury in rats, providing a novel insight of therapeutic strategy for IR-induced lung injury. 120 healthy SD rats were selected and randomly divided into sham operation group, IR group, and propofol group (40 rats per group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein content, serum protein content, lung permeability index, lung water content rate, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in lung tissue, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET-1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were examined and compared among different groups to evaluate the therapeutical effects of propofol on IR-induced lung injury and analyze the mechanism. In sham operation group, neither change in lung tissue nor pulmonary interstitial edema or alveolar wall damage was found under microscope; in IR group, marked pulmonary interstitial edema and alveolar wall damage complicated with inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage were found; in propofol group, alveolar wall widening was observed, however, hemorrhage in alveolar cavity, inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage were less significant than in IR group. At 3 h after reperfusion, BALF protein content, lung permeability index, and lung water content rate were all significantly increased in IR group and propofol group, while the serum protein content was significantly lower than sham operation group (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found that the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in ET-1 levels in different groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, MDA and NO in IR group and propofol group were significantly increased, while SOD activity was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). In addition, mRNAs of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α were significantly increased in IR group and propofol group (p < 0.05) with more significant change in IR group compared with propofol group (p < 0.05). Propofol has protective effects against IR-induced lung injury by improving activity of oxygen radical and restoring NO/ET-1 dynamic balance. Besides, regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α by propofol also play important role in alleviating IR-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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CD147 (EMMPRIN/Basigin) in kidney diseases: from an inflammation and immune system viewpoint. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:1097-103. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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