Effects of polyphenolic extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation and antioxidant status of fattening lambs

Enhancing Rumen Fermentation and Bacteria Community in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) through Varying Levels of Dragon Fruit Peel Polyphenolic Extract: An In Vitro Study

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of dragon fruit peel polyphenolic extract (DFPE) on gas production, rumen fermentation, and bacterial communities in sika deer using an in vitro technique. Three treatments with different DFPE levels (DFPE0, base diet; DFPE5, base diet + 5 mg/g DFPE; DFPE10, base diet + 10 mg/g DFPE, respectively; n = 6) were implemented. The phenolic composition of DFPE, gas production (GP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and bacteria communities was evaluated after 24 h of incubation. The results showed that GP and NH3-N were reduced by DFPE supplementation. Total VFA, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid were increased (p < 0.05) by the addition of DFPE. No changes (p > 0.05) were observed in pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. Additionally, the alpha indexes, including Sobs, Shannon, and Ace, were increased by DFPE supplementation. Moreover, at the phylum level, DFPE supplementation increased (p = 0.01) Bacteroidota but reduced (p < 0.01) Firmicutes. At the genus level, compared to DFPE0, the DFPE10 had increased relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p < 0.01), norank_f_Muribaculaceae (p = 0.01), Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group (p < 0.01), Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (p < 0.01), and NK4A214_group (p < 0.01), decreased relative abundances of Streptococcus (p < 0.01), Oribacterium (p = 0.01), and Enterococcus (p < 0.01). Compared to DFPE0, DFPE5 had no change (p > 0.05) in all bacteria at the genus level except for decreased relative abundance of Enterococcus (p < 0.01). These results indicated that DFPE may be able to be used as a feed additive to enhance fermentation parameters and improve ruminal bacteria communities in Sika deer.

Review: Mechanism, effectiveness, and the prospects of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds in lowering ruminants' enteric methane emission

Animal nutritionists continue to investigate new strategies to combat the challenge of methane emissions from ruminants. Medicinal plants (MPs) are known to be beneficial to animal health and exert functional roles in livestock due to their phytogenic compounds with antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Some MP has been reported to be anti-methanogenic and can effectively lower ruminants' enteric methane emissions. This review overviews trends in MP utilization in ruminants, their bioactivity and their effectiveness in lowering enteric methane production. It highlights the MP regulatory mechanism and the gaps that must be critically addressed to improve its efficacy. MP could reduce enteric methane production by up to 8-50% by regulating the rumen fermentation pathway, directing hydrogen toward propionogenesis, and modifying rumen diversity, structure, and population of the methanogens and protozoa. Yet, factors such as palatability, extraction techniques, and economic implications must be further considered to exploit their potential fully.

Dietary supplementation of Eucommia leaf extract to growing-finishing pigs alters muscle metabolism and improves meat quality

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on muscle metabolism and meat quality of pigs with and without pre-slaughter transportation.

METHODS

In a 43-day feeding experiment, a total of 160 pigs with an initial body weight 60.00±2.00 kg were randomly assigned into four groups in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Pigs in groups A and C were fed a basal diet and pigs in groups B and D were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% ELE. Pigs were slaughtered with (group B and D) or without (group A and C) pre-slaughter transport. Muscle chemical composition, postmortem glycolysis, meat quality and muscle metabolome were analyzed.

RESULTS

Dietary ELE supplementation had no effect on the proximate composition of porcine muscle, but increased free phenylalanine, proline, citruline, norvaline, and the total free amino acids in muscle. In addition, dietary ELE increased decanoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but decreased heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, trans-oleic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle. Meat quality measurement demonstrated that ELE improved meat water holding capacity and eliminated the negative effects of pre-slaughter transport on meat cooking yield and tenderness. Dietary ELE reduced muscle glycolytic potential, inhibited glycolysis and muscle pH decline in the postmortem conversion of muscle to meat and increased the activity of citrate synthase in muscle. Metabolomics analysis by liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric showed that ELE enhanced muscle energy level, regulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, modulated glycogenolysis/glycolysis, and altered the metabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, purine, and pyrimidine.

CONCLUSION

Dietary ELE improved meat quality and alleviated the negative effect of preslaughter transport on meat quality by enhancing muscle oxidative metabolism capacity and inhibiting glycolysis in postmortem muscle, which is probably involved its regulation of AMPK.

Naringin mitigates LPS-induced intestinal barrier injury in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of naringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced jejunal barrier function in mice. Forty-five 3-week-old healthy male Balb/c mice with similar body weights were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, LPS + naringin group, with 15 mice in each treatment group. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the same dose of saline or LPS (10 mg per kg BW) at 43 d. The blood samples, liver and jejunal tissues were collected after 3 h of injection. The results showed that LPS significantly increased the serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, D-lactate (D-LA) concentration, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver and jejunum, while decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and catalase (CAT) in liver and jejunum. The LPS treatment caused an increase in the crypt depth and a decrease in the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) of the jejunum. In addition, the LPS treatment significantly increased the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), while decreased mRNA expressions of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin, mucin 2 (MUC2) and junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2), Gpx, SOD1, GST, CAT and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, the naringin treatment mitigated these effects induced by LPS. Taken together, our findings suggested that naringin attenuates LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting inflammatory factors and improving antioxidant function and intestinal tight junction, which might be mediated by activating the Nrf2 signaling and suppressing the TLR4/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling.

Effects of dietary eucommia ulmoides leaf extract on growth performance, expression of feeding-related genes, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, immunity and cytokines expression of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae

A 30-d feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, immunity, expression of inflammatory factors and feeding-related genes of large yellow croaker larvae. Five micro-diets were formulated with supplementation of 0 g kg^-1 (the control), 5 g kg^-1 (0·5 %), 10 g kg^-1 (1·0 %) and 20 g kg^-1 (2·0 %) of ELE, respectively. Results showed that the best growth performance was found in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE. Furthermore, ELE supplementation significantly increased the npy expression at 1·0 % dosage, while increased ghrelin in larvae at 0·5 % dosages. The activity of leucine aminopeptidase in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE was significantly higher than the control, while alkaline phosphatase was significantly upregulated in larvae fed the diet with 2·0 % ELE. A clear increase in total antioxidant capacity in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE was observed, whereas catalase activity was significantly higher in 1·0 % and 2·0 % ELE supplementation compared with the control. Larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE had a significantly higher activities of lysozyme, total nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide content than the control. Moreover, transcriptional levels of cox-2, il-1β and il-6 were remarkably downregulated by the supplementation of 0·5-1·0 % ELE. This study demonstrated that the supplementation of 1·0 % ELE in diet could increase the growth performance of large yellow croaker larvae probably by promoting expression of feeding-related genes, enhancing antioxidant capacity and immunity and inhibiting expression of inflammatory factors.

Substitution of raw lucerne with raw citrus lemon by-product in silage: In vitro apparent digestibility and gas production

Fruit pomace addition to lucerne silage could rapidly reduce silage pH creating an acidic environment and thus maybe preventing spoilage. However, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rates of inclusion of citrus lemon by-products on lucerne. In this study, the following five different treatments were prepared: L0 (control) with 100% lucerne; L25 (75% lucerne with 25% lemon pomace); L50 (50% lucerne with 50% lemon pomace); L75 (25% lucerne with 75% lemon pomace); and L100 (100% lemon pomace). After ensiling, the chemical composition, nutritive value, stability, in vitro apparent digestibility, and gas production of silage were determined. The dry matter (DM) content was higher for lemon pomace substitution equal to or exceeded 50% (P &lt; 0.01). Crude protein, on the contrary, decreased (P &lt; 0.01) over the same percentage of substitution. The L100 and L75 treatments showed higher DM apparent disappearance rate and lower (P &lt; 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber apparent degradation rate vs. L0. Lemon pomace could be used at high inclusion level in lucerne silage, allowing the preservation of this by-product all the year, improving some chemical silage characteristics, and reducing proteolytic processes that usually happen on lucerne silage. Moreover, the in vitro apparent digestibility and gas production results showed that a partial substitution of lucerne with lemon pomace is able to improve silage digestibility.

Dietary Supplementation with Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Extract Improved the Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT; Oreochromis niloticus)

A 7-week rearing trial was designed to investigate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease susceptibility of diet-fed GIFT. The results showed that dietary ELE did not affect growth performance or whole-body composition (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, plasma ALB contents increased in the 0.06% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05), and plasma ALT and AST activities decreased in the 0.08% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05). In terms of antioxidants, compared with GIFT fed the control diet, 0.06% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 pathway-related antioxidant genes, including CAT and SOD (p < 0.05), and 0.06% and 0.08% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA levels of Hsp70 (p < 0.05). In terms of immunity, 0.06% dietary ELE suppressed intestinal TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 were upregulated by supplementation with 0.04% and 0.06% dietary ELE (p < 0.05). In terms of apoptosis, 0.06% and 0.08% ELE significantly downregulated the expression levels of FADD mRNA (p < 0.05). Finally, the challenge experiment with S. agalactiae showed that 0.06% dietary ELE could inhibit bacterial infection, and significantly improve the survival rate of GIFT (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the supplementation of 0.04−0.06% ELE in diet could promote intestinal antioxidant capacity, enhance the immune response and ultimately improve the disease resistance of GIFT against Streptococcus agalactiae.

Dietary stevia residue extract supplementation improves the performance and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs

BACKGROUND

Improper disposal of stevia residue causes environmental pollution and waste of resources. The extract of stevia residue is rich in chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acids, and has a great potential in livestock and poultry breeding. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary stevia residue extract (SRE) supplementation on the performance, meat quality, antioxidative capacity and gut microbiota in growing-finishing pigs.

RESULTS

The results showed that increasing the concentration of SRE supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) body weight from day 1 to 35. Supplementation with SRE significantly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from day 1 to 75. 100 mg kg-1 SRE supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight and gastric index. Moreover, increasing the concentration of SRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) the score of appearance of longissimus thoracis, as well as serum albumin, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content. Further study found that increasing the concentration of SRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) serum total superoxide dismutase activity, and showed a significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.05) with activity of serum catalase, while linearly decreasing (P < 0.05) muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Furthermore, supplementation with 100 mg kg-1 SRE significantly decreased (P < 0.05) serum MDA content, while 600 and 800 mg kg-1 SRE supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) muscle MDA content. However, SRE supplementation had no significant effect on gut microbiota (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These data indicated that dietary SRE supplementation improves the performance and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs. We recommend that the optimal supplemental level of SRE in the diet of growing-finishing pigs is 100 mg kg-1 . © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Improving Antioxidative and Antiproliferative Properties Through the Release of Bioactive Compounds From Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark by Steam Explosion

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark is a potential medicinal plant-based feedstock for bioactive products and possesses the effective functions of antioxidant and antitumor. Network pharmacology was employed to reveal the oxidative and free radical damage and cancer-related potential compounds of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver in this study. The result showed that quercetin might be the key compound to resist these two types of diseases. Then, the effect of steam explosion on the release of bioactive compounds and the antioxidative and antiproliferative properties of the extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark were investigated. Results showed that steam explosion at 0.7 MPa for 30 min significantly enhanced the total phenolic, total flavonoids, and quercetin content of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark. Reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the steam-exploded extracting solution were 1.72 and 2.76 times of native. The antiproliferative activity to CT26 and HepG2 of the extract from steam-exploded Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark (SEU) was higher than those of native-exploded Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark (NEU). All these results suggested that steam explosion could be applied to release the bioactive compounds, thus enhanced the antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of medicinal and edible plant-based sources.

Ensiling Grape Pomace With and Without Addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strain: Effect on Polyphenols and Microbiological Characteristics, in vitro Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, and Gas Emission

The present study investigated the effects of different grape pomace storage techniques on the effectiveness as feed on in vitro ruminant digestion efficiency. Grape pomace from an autochthonous red grape variety (cv Nero di Troia) was used as fresh (GP) or ensiled, both without additives (SIL) and with the addition of a bacterial strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 5BG (SIL+). All the different storage treatments were subject to chemical and microbiological evaluation, as well as in vitro digestibility, and gas production. Microbiological data revealed the good quality of grape pomace and silages due to the lactic acid bacteria populations and low presence, or absence, of undesirable microorganisms. The addition of L. plantarum 5BG influenced the chemical characteristics of the silage (SIL+). Ensiling technique deeply changed the polyphenolic composition, reducing anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavanols (condensed tannins precursors), particularly when L. plantarum 5BG was added. Antioxidant capacity was reduced by ensiling, in correlation with the polyphenolic content decrease. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of SIL+ was the lowest (P < 0.01) and its total phenol content was lower than SIL (P < 0.01). No statistical differences were observed between GP, SIL, and SIL+ on the antioxidant capacity by TEAC assay (P > 0.05). Ensiling did not affect the grape pomace nutrient profile, except for the reduction in NFC content. Apparent in vitro digestibility showed how ensiling increased dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) disappearance (P < 0.01), particularly with the L. plantarum 5BG inoculation. Moreover, SIL+ showed the lowest propionic acid (P < 0.05) and the highest methane (P < 0.01), butyric acid (P < 0.01), and nitrogen (P < 0.05) in vitro production. Ensiling GP resulted in a better in vitro digestibility, particularly if L. plantarum 5BG strain is added, probably due to the reduction of flavanols and their lower microbial activity inhibition.

Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

As a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. has been used for the treatment of various diseases since ancient times, involving lumbar pain, knee pain, osteoporosis, hepatoprotection, paralysis, intestinal haemorrhoids, vaginal bleeding, abortion, spermatorrhoea, foot fungus, anti-aging etc. With the developing discovery of E. ulmoides extracts and its active components in various pharmacological activities, E. ulmoides has gained more and more attention. Up to now, E. ulmoides has been revealed to show remarkable therapeutic effects on hypertension, hyperglycemia, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, sexual dysfunction. E. ulmoides has also been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, anti-cancer and immunoregulation activities etc. Along these lines, this review summarizes the traditional application and modern pharmacological research of E. ulmoides, providing novel insights of E. ulmoides in the treatment of various diseases.

Dietary Supplementation With Chlorogenic Acid Derived From Lonicera macranthoides Hand-Mazz Improves Meat Quality and Muscle Fiber Characteristics of Finishing Pigs via Enhancement of Antioxidant Capacity

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), one of the most abundant polyphenol compounds in nature, is regarded as a potential feed additive to promote animal health and enhance the meat products’ quality via its various biological properties. The current study aims: (1) to determine whether dietary CGA supplementation improves meat quality and muscle fiber characteristics, and (2) to ascertain whether the corresponding improvement is associated with enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the finishing pigs. Thirty-two (Large × White × Landrace) finishing pigs with an average initial body weight of 71.89 ± 0.92 kg were allotted to 4 groups, and each was fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.02, 0.04, or 0.08% (weight/weight) of CGA. The meat quality traits, muscle fiber characteristics, and the serum and muscle antioxidant capacity were assessed. Results suggested that, compared with the control group, dietary CGA supplementation at a level of 0.04% significantly decreased the b^∗ value and distinctly increased the inosinic acid content of longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles (P < 0.01). Moreover, dietary supplementation with 0.04% of CGA markedly improved the amino acid composition of LD and BF muscles, as well as augmented the mRNA abundance of Nrf-2, GPX-1, MyoD, MyoG, and oxidative muscle fiber (I and IIa) in LD muscle (P < 0.05). This result indicates that a diet supplemented with 0.04% of CGA promotes myogenesis and induces a transformation toward more oxidative muscle fibers in LD muscle, subsequently improving meat quality. Besides, dietary supplementation with 0.02% and 0.04% of CGA notably enhanced the serum GSH-PX level (P < 0.01). Considering all these effects are closely related to the alteration of antioxidant activities of the finishing pigs, the underlying metabolism is likely connected to the boosting of their antioxidant capacity induced by dietary CGA.

Enhanced Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans Treated With Extracts From the Traditional Chinese Medicine Plants Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv

To uncover potential anti-aging capacities of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides and Cuscuta chinensis extracts, selected by screening seven TCM extracts, on different healthspan parameters. Nematodes exposed to E. ulmoides and C. chinensis extracts, starting at the young adult stage, exhibited prolonged lifespan and increased survival after heat stress as well as upon exposure to the pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, whereby the survival benefits were monitored after stress initiation at different adult stages. However, only C. chinensis had the ability to enhance physical fitness: the swimming behavior and the pharyngeal pumping rate of C. elegans were improved at day 7 and especially at day 12 of adulthood. Finally, monitoring the red fluorescence of aged worms revealed that only C. chinensis extracts caused suppression of intestinal autofluorescence, a known marker of aging. The results underline the different modes of action of the tested plants extracts. E. ulmoides improved specifically the physiological fitness by increasing the survival probability of C. elegans after stress, while C. chinensis seems to be an overall healthspan enhancer, reflected in the suppressed autofluorescence, with beneficial effects on physical as well as physiological fitness. The C. chinensis effects may be hormetic: this is supported by increased gene expression of hsp-16.1 and by trend, also of hsp-12.6.

Comparative Study of the Water-Soluble Antioxidants in Fodder Additives and Sheep Blood Serum by Amperometric and Biochemical Methods

The effects of chitosan as feed additive for animals (FAFAs) on various digestive processes are an important to study because of the animal nutrition and production quality, healthcare and farming. The aims of this study were to evaluate the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA) of chitosan and high protein microbiologically synthesized concentrate as FAFAs; to assess the effect of these FAFAs on TAWSA values, parameters of sheep blood serum and rumen content by biochemical, physical and chemical methods. The laboratory studies of TAWSA values of feed components based on chitosan from different manufacturers or/and a high-protein concentrate were implemented. The animal experiments were carried out on six rumen-fistulated ewes (in three rounds of 14 days each, i.e., three groups) to confirm the results of the laboratory studies. The particular differences of the TAWSA of sheep blood by using both FAFAs by amperometric method were determined. A strong negative correlation -0.67 (or -0.86) was observed between TAWSA and the total protein (globulin's) content in the blood for the Group 3 of animals. A moderate (0.40) or strong (0.73) positive correlation between TAWSA and total protein content in the blood for the Group 2 of animals than weak correlation 0.23 (or 0.26) for the control Group 1. In conclusion, the correlations between the value changes of TAWSA vs. major biochemical parameters of a blood serum of rumen-fistulated ewes (Group 3 > Group 2 > Group 1) or some indicators of the rumen content (ingesta pH, total content of volatile fatty acids, etc.) were found for the first time.

Authentication of Eucommia ulmoides Seed Oil Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Eucommia ulmoides is a traditional Chinese herb whose seeds can be used to produce edible oils. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic (SyFS) spectra of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil (EUSO) are lacking. The relevant functional and fluorescent groups were determined by FTIR and SyFS techniques for discriminating adulteration of EUSO, respectively. FTIR and SyFS spectra of EUSO and six common-used vegetable oils were recorded from 4000-400 cm^-1 and 250-700 nm at wavelength interval of 60 nm, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), cluster analysis (CA) and partial least square (PLS) regression was used for qualitative and quantitative calibration of EUSO adulteration. The FTIR spectral regions of 1429-1377 cm^-1 and 1128-1110 cm^-1 based on PCA, LDA, and CA, and the PCA of SyFS spectral regions of 600-700 nm and 300-500 nm were evaluated for qualitative differentiation of EUSO adulteration. The recognition rate of PCA validation was found to be 100% by FTIR regions. PLS calibration was optimal by the spectral normalization vector treatment in the two FTIR spectral regions and SyFS spectra were combined with characteristic absorption peak area, which can achieve quantitative detection of EUSO adulteration. The two techniques are useful for EUSO adulteration detection at levels down to 1% and 0.48% (w/w), respectively. The results indicated that spectral information obtained by FTIR and SyFS of EUSO can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of EUSO adulteration with the advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity, and rapidness.