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Effect of an Immunomodulatory Feed Additive in Mitigating the Stress Responses in Lactating Dairy Cows to a High Concentrate Diet Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162129. [PMID: 36009720 PMCID: PMC9404850 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cows are often exposed to stressors during the lactation cycle. Nutritional stressors could be caused by rich-grain diet, leading to ruminal pH reduction and subsequent systemic inflammation. This metabolic pathology impacts animal health and productivity. Feed additives could provide beneficial effects on innate immune function in dairy cows, especially during stressing periods. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of OmniGen-AF on measures of immunity, inflammation, and liver function in lactating dairy cows fed a high-starch, low-fiber diet. Changes in rumination, pH, and volatile fatty acids were recorded. Treated cows resulted in better rumen volatile fatty acids profile and also showed shifts in hematological parameters compatible with a prompter regeneration of red blood cells, greater proportion of neutrophils, lower levels on GGT, PON, and BHB. These results show evidence of the nutritional stress induced by feeding a high-starch, low-fiber diet, and suggest that the fed additive tested modulates some of the metabolic and immunological responses to sub-acute ruminal acidosis. Abstract Dairy cows are often exposed to multiple stressors in a lactation-cycle, with sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) a frequent example of nutritional stress. SARA affects ruminal and intestinal equilibrium resulting in dysbiosis with localized and systemic inflammation impacting animal health and productivity. OmniGen-AF (OMN, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ, USA) is a feed product recognized for modulating innate immune function, especially during periods of stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of OMN in lactating dairy cows fed a high-starch, low-fiber diet. Twenty-four blocked cows were assigned to control or treatment (55 g/d). After the additive adaptation (49 d) cows were fed the challenge diet (28 d). Milk, rumination and pH were continuously recorded; components, rumen fluid, and blood were taken in multiple time-point and analyzed. Results showed that the challenge decreased the rumination, shifted ruminal fluid composition, decreased milk production and the components, and slightly increased the time below pH 5.5, with no differences between groups. The treatment produced greater rumen butyrate and lower lactate, prompter regeneration of red blood cells, increase of neutrophils, lower paraoxonase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, and β-hydroxybutyrate, with no differences on other tested inflammatory markers. Results show that OMN helps modulating some of the metabolic and immunological responses to SARA.
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McCarty KJ, Tipton JE, Ricks RE, Danielo J, Thompson JS, Block E, Pratt SL, Long NM. Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on circulating cytokines and microbial populations in programmed fed beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6468901. [PMID: 34919676 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of an immunomodulatory feed ingredient following weaning on cytokine expression and fecal microbial populations of heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) were weaned (227 ± 7 d of age), blocked by BW (n = 9 blocks) and randomly assigned to one of 2 pens per block. Pens within weight block (4 heifers/pen) were then randomly assigned to treatments. Heifers were fed twice daily from d 0-60 (to gain 0.75kg/day) and top-dressed with either 18g/heifer/d of the immunomodulatory feed ingredient (Celmanax; Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ, USA; CEL) or corn-germ meal (CON). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and fecal grab samples on d 0 of the feeding trial. After d 60, two heifers per pen (n=32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge. Serum samples were collected at h 0, 4, 8, 12 and fecal grab samples at h -24, 0, 24 and 7d post-challenge. Blood samples were analyzed for interferonγ (IFNγ), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and haptoglobin (HP) using commercially available ELISA kits and qRT-PCR for genes of interest associated with cytokine expression. Fecal samples were enumerated for Clostridia and E. coli using selective media (≤ 5 isolates from each media/sample), tested to determine if they were C. perfringens or pathogenic E. coli, and then enriched for detection of Salmonella. Data was analyzed via ANOVA. During the feeding trial, HP was reduced (P = 0.018) in CEL compared to CON at d 15, 45, and 60, while IFNγ and IL-8 did not differ (P > 0.080) between treatments. All cytokines were decreased (P < 0.001) in CEL compared to CON during the challenge. During the feeding trial, HP mRNA was increased (P = 0.045) in CEL compared to CON at d 30 and 60. Similarly, IFNγ mRNA was increased (P = 0.040) in CEL compared to CON, however, other genes of interest did not differ (P > 0.172). Both C. perfringens and total E. coli counts were decreased (P = 0.036) in CEL compared to CON at 24h after the start of the transportation challenge. Clostridia and pathogenic E. coli counts did not differ (P = 0.941) between treatments. Total Clostridia and E. coli counts were increased (P < 0.014) 24h post-challenge. All microbial populations, except pathogenic E. coli, observed decreased (P ≤ 0.009) counts from 24h to 7d post-challenge. Overall, Celmanax supplementation decreased circulating cytokines, and altered microbial populations and gene expression, thus, may serve a role in preparing animals to better cope with immunological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keelee J McCarty
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
| | - Jessie E Tipton
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
| | - Ralph E Ricks
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
| | - Jessica Danielo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
| | - Jesse S Thompson
- Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Church and Dwight Company, Princeton, NJ, United Sates of America
| | - Elliot Block
- Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Church and Dwight Company, Princeton, NJ, United Sates of America
| | - S L Pratt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
| | - N M Long
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United Sates of America
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Aung M, Ohtsuka H, Izumi K. Short communication: Effect of yeast cell wall supplementation on peripheral leukocyte populations and mRNA expression of cytokines in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5634-5640. [PMID: 32307166 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effect of yeast cell wall (YCW) supplementation on peripheral leukocyte populations and mRNA expression of cytokines in lactating dairy cows. Fourteen Holstein lactating cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; the control group (n = 7) were fed a total mixed ration without supplementation and cows in the YCW group (n = 7) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with YCW (SafMannan; Phileo, Lesaffre Animal Care, Lille, France; 10 g/cow per day). Blood samples were collected 3 times during the experimental period [wk 0 (before any treatment), wk 4, and wk 8]. Peripheral leukocyte populations and cytokine mRNA expression of peripheral blood monocular cells were measured using flow cytometry and real-time PCR, respectively. Among the peripheral leukocyte populations, TcR1-N12 + and CD14+ T cells increased at wk 4, and CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells increased at wk 4 and wk 8 with YCW supplementation. The mRNA level of IL8 tended to be increased in the YCW group at wk 4. Expression of IL12A was lower in the YCW group than in the control group before the experiment (wk 0) but no differences were observed at later time points (wk 4 and wk 8). Expression of IL12A decreased in the control group and increased in the YCW group. Expression of CCR2 increased at wk 4, and CCL2 and CCL3 were increased at wk 8 in the YCW group. Thus, YCW supplementation increased the mRNA expression of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aung
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - H Ohtsuka
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - K Izumi
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan.
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Armstrong SA, McLean DJ, Bionaz M, Bobe G. A natural bioactive feed additive alters expression of genes involved in inflammation in whole blood of healthy Angus heifers. Innate Immun 2019; 26:285-293. [PMID: 31744342 PMCID: PMC7251791 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919887232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A greater demand for food animal production without antibiotics has created the
common practice of feeding food animals dietary immunomodulatory feed additives
(IFA) throughout their life cycle. However, little is known about the impact of
IFA on cytokine and chemokine signaling in non-stressed, non-pathogen-challenged
food animals during the early feeding period. We evaluated the expression of 82
genes related to cytokine and chemokine signaling in the whole blood of growing
Angus heifers to determine the effect of IFA supplementation on cytokine and
chemokine signaling during the first 28 d of feeding. One gene
(CCL1) was significantly up-regulated and 14 genes (17%)
were significantly down-regulated by IFA feeding during the entire early feeding
period including 5 of 21 (24%) evaluated chemokine and IL receptors
(CCR1, CCR2, IL1R1,
IL10RA, IL10RB). These data when taken
together suggest providing an IFA in the diet of growing beef cattle during the
early feeding period may suppress the inflammatory response through
cytokine–cytokine receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A Armstrong
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ, USA.,Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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de Sousa OA, Cooke RF, Brandão AP, Schubach KM, Schumaher TF, Bohnert DW, Marques RS. Productive and physiological responses of feeder cattle supplemented with Yucca schidigera extract during feedlot receiving. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:208-219. [PMID: 30351413 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of supplementing a saponin-containing feed ingredient, manufactured from purified extract of Yucca schidigera [Micro-Aid (MA); DPI Global; Porterville, CA], on performance, health, and physiological responses of receiving cattle. A total of 105 recently weaned Angus x Hereford calves (75 steers and 30 heifers), originating from eight cow-calf operations, were obtained from an auction facility on day -2 and road transported (800 km; 12 h) to the experimental facility. Immediately after arrival on day -1, shrunk BW was recorded and calves were grouped with free-choice access to grass hay, mineral supplement, and water. On day 0, calves were ranked by sex, source, and shrunk BW, and allocated to one of 21 pens (5 calves/pen; being one or two heifers within each pen). Pens were assigned to receive a total mixed ration (TMR) and one of three treatments (as-fed basis): (1) 1 g/calf daily of MA (M1; n = 7), (2) 2 g/calf daily of MA (M2; n = 7), or (3) no MA supplementation (CON; n = 7). Calves received the TMR to yield 15% (as-fed basis) orts, and treatments were top-dressed from days 0 to 59. Calves were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs and TMR intake was recorded for each pen daily. Calves were vaccinated against BRD pathogens on days 0 and 21. Final shrunk BW was recorded on day 60, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28, 34, 45, and 59. ADG was greater (P = 0.03) in M2 vs. M1 and CON (1.53, 1.42, and 1.42 kg/day, respectively), and similar (P = 0.95) between M1 and CON calves. No treatment effects were detected for TMR intake (P = 0.52), whereas feed efficiency was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in M2 vs. M1 and CON calves (213, 200, and 204 g/kg, respectively) and similar (P = 0.40) between M1 and CON calves. No treatment effects were detected (P = 0.39) for diagnosis of BRD signs. The number of antimicrobial treatments required upon BRD diagnosis was greater (P ≤ 0.01) in CON vs. M1 and M2 (1.40, 1.05, and 1.10 treatments, respectively), and similar (P = 0.60) between M1 and M2 calves. No other treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.23), including circulating concentrations of hormones and metabolites, serum antibody titers to BRD pathogens, and mRNA expression of innate immunity genes in whole blood. Collectively, results from this experiment suggest that MA supplementation at 2 g/animal daily enhances performance and response to BRD treatment in high-risk cattle during feedlot receiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo A de Sousa
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kelsey M Schubach
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Thiago F Schumaher
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - David W Bohnert
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
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Armstrong S, McLean D, Bobe G. The effect of a commercial feed additive on the immune-metabolic axis, liver function and predicted carcass quality in purebred Angus steers. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lippolis KD, Cooke RF, Schumaher T, Brandão AP, Silva LGT, Schubach KM, Marques RS, Bohnert DW. Physiologic, health, and performance responses of beef steers supplemented with an immunomodulatory feed ingredient during feedlot receiving. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4945-4957. [PMID: 29293715 PMCID: PMC6292293 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred eight Angus × Hereford steers, originating from 7 cow-calf were obtained from an auction yard on d -2 and transported by road (800 km; 12 h) to an experimental feedlot facility. Upon arrival on d -1, shrunk BW was recorded and steers were grouped with free-choice access to grass hay, mineral supplement, and water. On d 0, steers were ranked by source and shrunk BW and assigned to 1 of 18 pens (6 steers/pen). Pens were allocated to 1) no immunomodulatory ingredient supplementation during feedlot receiving (CON), 2) supplementation with OmniGen-AF (OMN; 22 g/steer daily, as-fed basis; Phibro Animal Health Corp., Teaneck, NJ) from d 0 to 30, or 3) 2 oral capsules of Stocker Immune Primer on d 0 + 15 g/steer daily (as-fed basis) of Stocker Preconditioned Premix (Ramaekers Nutrition, Santa Cruz, CA) from d 7 to 30 (IPF). From d 0 to 80, steers had free-choice access to grass hay and water and received a corn-based concentrate. Feed DMI was recorded from each pen, and steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Steers were vaccinated against BRD pathogens on d 0 and 21. Final shrunk BW was recorded on d 81, and blood samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 31, 42, 56, and 73. Steer ADG and final BW were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in CON steers than in OMN and IPF steers (1.23, 0.76, and 1.06 kg/d [SEM 0.06], respectively, and 320, 282, and 307 kg [SEM 4], respectively) and ( < 0.01) in IPF steers than in OMN steers. No treatment effects were detected ( ≥ 0.76) for BRD incidence (66 ± 4%) and DMI, whereas G:F was greater ( < 0.01) in OMN steers than in CON steers. Mean plasma cortisol concentration was greater ( = 0.01) in CON steers than in OMN and IPF steers. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended ( = 0.10) to be greater in CON steers than in IPF steers on d 3, were greater ( = 0.04) in IPF steers than in CON steers on d 7, and tended ( = 0.10) to be less in OMN steers than in IPF and CON steers on d 21. Blood mRNA expression of was greater ( ≤ 0.05) in OMN and IPF steers than in CON steers on d 3 and in OMN steers than in CON and IPF steers on d 14. Blood mRNA expression of was greater ( ≤ 0.05) in OMN and IPF steers than in CON steers on d 10. Plasma IGF-I concentrations, serum antibody titers to BRD pathogens, and blood mRNA expression of , , , and did not differ ( ≥ 0.21) among treatments. Collectively, the immunomodulatory feed ingredients evaluated herein impacted adrenocortical and innate immune responses but failed to mitigate BRD incidence and improve performance of receiving cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. D. Lippolis
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - R. F. Cooke
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - T. Schumaher
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu 18168-000, Brazil
| | - A. P. Brandão
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - L. G. T. Silva
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu 18168-000, Brazil
| | - K. M. Schubach
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - R. S. Marques
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - D. W. Bohnert
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
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Branson JA, McLean DJ, Forsberg NE, Bobe G. Yeast-containing feed additive alters gene expression profiles associated with innate immunity in whole blood of a rodent model. Innate Immun 2016; 22:249-56. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916640326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding a yeast-containing additive (YCA; OmniGen-AF) improves immune responses in ruminant livestock and reduces subsequent production losses. The objective was to identify molecular pathways by which dietary YCA may modify immune responses using a rodent model. Thirty-seven healthy, unchallenged CD rats received a diet containing 0 (control; n = 5, only 28 d), 0.5% ( n = 15) or 1% ( n = 17) YCA for 7 ( n = 4/group), 14 ( n = 3 or 4/group), 21 ( n = 3 or 4/group) or 28 ( n = 5/group) d. At the end of the feeding periods, whole blood was collected and the isolated RNA was analyzed for the expression of 84 genes involved in innate and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Three bacterial pattern recognition receptors TLR1 (0.5%: + 2.01; 1%: + 2.38), TLR6 (0.5%: + 2.11; 1%: + 2.34) and NOD2 (0.5%: + 2.32; 1%: + 2.23), two APC surface receptors CD1D1 (0.5%: + 1.75; 1%: + 2.33) and CD80 (0.5%: +2.45; 1%: +3.00), and the cell signaling molecule MAPK8 (0.5%: +1.87; 1%: +2.35) were significantly up-regulated by YCA at both inclusion rates. In conclusion, feeding YCA may potentially increase recognition and responses to bacterial pathogens and T-cell activation and differentiation and thereby maintain health and prevent production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Branson
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- OmniGen Research Laboratory, Phibro Animal Health, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Derek J McLean
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- OmniGen Research Laboratory, Phibro Animal Health, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Neil E Forsberg
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- OmniGen Research Laboratory, Phibro Animal Health, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Jackson A. Ebola, dogs and a vaccine. Aust Vet J 2015; 92:N8. [PMID: 25577809 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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