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Kabir A, Lamichhane B, Habib T, Adams A, El-Sheikh Ali H, Slovis NM, Troedsson MHT, Helmy YA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:713. [PMID: 39200013 PMCID: PMC11350719 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The equine industry holds substantial economic importance not only in the USA but worldwide. The occurrence of various infectious bacterial diseases in horses can lead to severe health issues, economic losses, and restrictions on horse movement and trade. Effective management and control of these diseases are therefore crucial for the growth and sustainability of the equine industry. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment strategy for any bacterial infections in horses, developing resistance to clinically important antibiotics poses significant challenges to equine health and welfare. The adverse effects of antimicrobial overuse and the escalating threat of resistance underscore the critical importance of antimicrobial stewardship within the equine industry. There is limited information on the epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in horses. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the history and types of antimicrobials used in horses and provide recommendations for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections in horses. This review also highlights the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in horses, emphasizing the public health significance and transmission dynamics between horses and other animals within a One Health framework. By fostering responsible practices and innovative control measures, we can better help the equine industry combat the pressing threat of AMR and thus safeguard equine as well as public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajran Kabir
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Bibek Lamichhane
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Tasmia Habib
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Alexis Adams
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Nathan M. Slovis
- McGee Medical Center, Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA;
| | - Mats H. T. Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.K.)
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Jimenez Rihuete P, Martin C, Villarino NF, Rubio‐Martínez LM. Effect of silica-sprayed collection tubes on synovial fluid bacterial culture. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1501. [PMID: 38923315 PMCID: PMC11196375 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Silica-sprayed tubes (SSTs) are often used to transport synovial fluid samples in equine practice. They promote the coagulation of the sample. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of SST on bacterial culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was divided into two parts: sterile saline (Part A) and synovial fluid (Part B). Four common bacteria associated with equine synovial sepsis were used: Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Three collection tubes were used: STT, plain (no-additives) and brain and heart infusion (BHI) broth. Bacteria were cultured in horse blood agar plates for 48 h. Outcome variables were negative culture, positive culture and total number of colony-forming units (CFUs). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test, and significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The total number of agar plates read was 1557 (779 saline; 778 synovial fluid). Total negative cultures were 25/779 on saline and 3/778 on synovial fluid. In broth, maximum growth CFU was achieved after 8 h for both saline and synovial fluid for all bacteria. S. pyogenesand E. coli produced a significantly lower number of CFU when in SST compared to plain or broth after 4 h, whereas S. aureus (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] and MRSA) only after 24 h. DISCUSSION Silica-containing tubes reduced bacterial proliferation, whereas the use of a BHI broth provided the highest bacterial load in the sample. The use of SST may have a negative effect on bacterial proliferation in samples obtained from clinical cases.
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Bacci S, Meucci V, Sgorbini M, De Marchi L, Pirone A, Pretti C, Tognetti R, Intorre L. Pattern of prescriptions and prudent use of antimicrobial in horse practice at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105140. [PMID: 38190777 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial prescriptions of the University of Pisa and their compliance with prudent use recommendations were investigated over 11 years (2011-2021). At least one antimicrobial was always prescribed in surgical prophylaxis for the suture of wounds and in 33% of horses with signs of disease of a body system. Antimicrobials were administered in monotherapy (48%) in fixed dose combinations (21%) and empirical combinations (31%). Antimicrobials were mostly (63%) administered by parenteral route, while oral and topical antimicrobials accounted for 14% and 23% of prescriptions, respectively. Gentamicin, benzylpenicillin and ceftiofur were the most prescribed antimicrobials; aminoglycosides, penicillins and cephalosporins were the most common class of antimicrobial prescribed. Protected antimicrobials (WHO HPCIA and rifampicin) represented 24% of antimicrobial dispensations. The pattern of classes of antimicrobial used by body system was broad and included up to eight different pharmaceutical classes. The heterogeneity of antimicrobial use was confirmed by the estimate of the prescription diversity index. Antimicrobial prescriptions were in compliance with prudent use recommendations in terms of availability of diagnosis, respect of the dose range and duration of treatment On the contrary, principles of appropriate antimicrobial use have only been partially observed in relation to off-label use, use of antimicrobials in empirical combination, use of antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use of protected antimicrobials, suggesting that additional interventions are required to improve the responsible use of antimicrobials use in our equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, Italy
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4
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Leps A, Korsos S, Clarysse M, Vlaminck L. Dental sectioning for intraoral equine cheek teeth extractions: 29 cases. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1367861. [PMID: 38425840 PMCID: PMC10901997 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1367861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe cheek teeth extraction by the sectioning technique, the decision making to use this technique and its potentially associated complications. Sectioning for dental extraction purpose was used in 29/461 (6.3%) of cases. Oro-sinusal fistula was the main post-operative complication, with 4/29 (13.7%) cases developing a macroscopic communication between the alveolus of the tooth extracted and the adjacent sinus compartment. All teeth where sectioning was attempted were successfully extracted. Sectioning for dental extraction appears to be a safe technique that can be used instead of or in addition too other minimal invasive cheek teeth extraction techniques. Thorough preoperative planning including oroscopic examination and medical imaging modalities are required to help in decision making, as well as excellent sedation and analgesia and horse compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Leps
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anesthesiology and Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, Rathbone P, Scott CJ, de Mestre AM. Prevalence of Microbial Isolates Cultured from Endometrial Swab Samples Collected from United Kingdom Thoroughbred Mares from 2014 to 2020. Vet Sci 2024; 11:82. [PMID: 38393100 PMCID: PMC10891641 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining whether endometrial microbial isolates are pathogens, contaminants, or even part of the "normal" microbiome is extremely complex, particularly given the absence of "gold standard" tests for endometritis. Population-level benchmarking and temporal monitoring can provide novel insights and a wider context to improve understanding. This study aimed to (i) estimate the prevalence of endometrial isolates from swabs of Thoroughbred broodmares in Newmarket, UK between 2014 and 2020; and (ii) evaluate the effects of year, mare age, and cytology findings on isolate prevalence. Generalised linear mixed models with a logit link, both null models and models using year of sampling, mare age, or cytology findings as predictors, were fitted to estimate isolate prevalence. Over the 7-year period, data were available from 18,996 endometrial-swab samples from 6050 mares on 290 premises. The overall isolate prevalence was 35.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 33.0-37.9), and this varied significantly between years. The most prevalent isolates were β-hemolytic Streptococcus (17.9; 95% CI: 17-19) and E. coli (10.3%; 95% CI: 9.0-11.6). Isolate prevalence increased with mare age except for E. coli isolates, and with increasing category of cytology findings except for α-hemolytic Streptococcus isolates. The results provide novel estimates of isolate prevalence and highlight knowledge gaps around potential complexities in the interpretation of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mouncey
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Juan Carlos Arango-Sabogal
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Polly Rathbone
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Camilla J. Scott
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket CB8 8JS, UK;
| | - Amanda M. de Mestre
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Harman RM, Rajesh A, Van de Walle GR. Use of Biologics and Stem Cells for Wound Healing in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:525-539. [PMID: 37442731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of skin wounds is a high priority in veterinary medicine because healthy uncompromised skin is essential for the well-being of horses. Stem cells and other biologic therapies offer benefits by reducing the need for surgical procedures and conventional antibiotics. Evidence from in vitro studies and small in vivo trials supports the use of equine stem cells and biologics for the treatment of acute and chronic cutaneous wounds. Larger clinical trials are warranted to better evaluate the regenerative and immunological responses to these treatments. Additionally, delivery methods and treatment schedules should be optimized to improve efficacy of these novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aarthi Rajesh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Nocera FP, Maurizi L, Masullo A, Nicoletti M, Conte AL, Brunetti F, De Martino L, Zagaglia C, Longhi C. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from the Uterus of Mares with Fertility Problems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101639. [PMID: 37238068 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the bacterial pathogen most frequently associated with mare infertility. Here, we characterized 24 E. coli strains isolated from mares which presented signs of endometritis and infertility from a genotypic and phenotypic point of view. The majority of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B1 (9/24, 37.5%). Regarding antibiotic resistance profiles, 10 out of 24 (41.7%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Moreover, 17 out of 24 (70.8%) were strong or moderate biofilm producers, and of these eight were MDR strains. Interestingly, 21 out of 24 (87.5%) E. coli strains were phenotypically resistant to ampicillin and 10 of them were also resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Regarding the presence of selected virulence factors, 50% of the examined strains carried at least three of them, with fimH detected in all strains, and followed by kpsMTII (11/24, 45.9%). No strain was able to invade HeLa cell monolayers. No relevant differences for all the investigated characteristics were shown by strains that grew directly on plates versus strains requiring the broth-enrichment step before growing on solid media. In conclusion, this work provides new insight into E. coli strains associated with mares' infertility. These results broaden the knowledge of E. coli and, consequently, add useful information to improve prevention strategies and therapeutic treatments contributing to a significant increase in the pregnancy rate in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Maurizi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Masullo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Lucia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Pimenta J, Pinto AR, Saavedra MJ, Cotovio M. Equine Gram-Negative Oral Microbiota: An Antimicrobial Resistances Watcher? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040792. [PMID: 37107153 PMCID: PMC10135200 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses are considered as reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria that can be spread through the environment and possibly to humans. The aim of this study was to characterize the oral Gram-negative microbiota of healthy horses and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility profile in a One Health approach. For this purpose, samples were collected from the gingival margin of healthy horses, free of antimicrobial therapy, cultured in selective mediums, identified, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Fifty-five Gram-negative isolates were identified, with 89.5% being zoonotic and 62% affecting humans, which were also found commonly in the environment. Forty-eight isolates (96%) were MDR. The phenotypic resistance presented as higher to macrolides (81.8%), β-lactams (55.4%), and quinolones (50%), and lower to sulfonamides (27.3%), tetracyclines, and amphenicols (both with 30.9%). In total, 51.5% of the isolates presented resistance to carbapenems. In addition to being the first report on the commensal oral microbiota of horses and respective susceptibility profile, this study highlights the horse as a valuable sentinel that can control the evolution and transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria between the "One Health triad" since it is in contact with humans, other animals, and the environment, in different geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit (A2BUnit), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Kohnen AB, Wiedenheft AM, Traub-Dargatz JL, Short DM, Cook KL, Lantz K, Morningstar-Shaw B, Lawrence JP, House S, Marshall KL, Rao S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from equids sampled in the NAHMS 2015-16 equine study and association of management factors with resistance. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105857. [PMID: 36773374 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on community-based populations of equids are limited. The factors associated with AMR in these bacteria in the general horse population are not well understood. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and describe antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and E. coli from equids across the United States. The second objective was to identify associations between health management and biosecurity practices and AMR. Fecal samples submitted from 1357 equids on 199 operations were tested for Salmonella, identifying 27 positive samples with 29 isolates belonging to 18 serotypes. Fecal sample and operation-level prevalence of Salmonella was 2.0% (27/1357) and 7.0% (14/199), respectively. Most (25/29) isolates were pan-susceptible while four isolates exhibited resistance, three of which were multidrug resistant. Of the 721 samples cultured for E. coli, 85% (613/721) were positive. Eighty-six percent of the E. coli isolates recovered were pan-susceptible (529/612). Ten isolates were intermediate to one antimicrobial drug and susceptible to all others. Seventy-three E. coli isolates (11.9%, SE=1.3) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, corresponding to a 33.0% (64/194) operation-level prevalence. Resistance to sulfonamide drugs was most common with 63 isolates (10.3%) resistant to sulfisoxazole, 57 of which (9.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR in E. coli was rare (1.8%, SE=0.5). Univariate and multivariable regression were used to evaluate associations between health management and biosecurity questionnaire items and AMR in E. coli. The outcome modeled was resistance to any of the 14 tested antimicrobials. Depending on the operation type, operations with greater than 20 resident equids were significantly associated with resistance. In addition, performance operations were significantly associated with resistance when compared to farm/ranch operations. Operations with feed containers that prevent fecal contamination and those that had treated any equids for illness or injury were associated with a lower AMR. The study results suggest that equids in the general population appear to pose low risk of shedding antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli, and therefore low transmission potential to other equids, animals, humans, or the environment. However, it is prudent to practice good hand hygiene to prevent spread of Salmonella as well as AMR, and to protect both animal and human health. Despite study limitations, potential management factors that may influence prevalence and prevent spread of AMR shed by equids were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Kohnen
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Josie L Traub-Dargatz
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diana M Short
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim L Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jodie Plumblee Lawrence
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sandra House
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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10
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Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, de Mestre AM, Verheyen KL. Descriptive study of medication usage and occurrence of disease and injury during gestation in Thoroughbred broodmares. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104104. [PMID: 35964852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to (i) describe the use of reproductive therapeutics; (ii) estimate the incidence of disease and injury; and (iii) describe non-reproductive medications administered during pregnancy in Thoroughbred broodmares. A prospective birth cohort was established on seven farms across the UK and Ireland. Details of dams' signalment, breeding history, reproductive management during the breeding season(s) and veterinary-attended episodes of illness or injury and medication usage during gestation were retrieved retrospectively for 275 pregnancies in 235 mares over two breeding seasons. Results are reported at pregnancy-level of mares with data available. Pre-oestrus medications, ovulatory agents and post-covering treatments were administered to 55% (n=85/155, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 47-62), 64% (n=101/157, 95%CI 57-71) and 73% (n=109/150, 95%CI 65-79) of mares respectively. Antibiotics were utilised in 69% (n=75/109, 95%CI 60-77) of post-covering treatments. Of mares with no visible fluid on post-covering ultrasound, 37% (n=24/65, 95%CI 26-49) still received treatment. Thirty-four percent (n=70/203, 95%CI 28-41) of mares suffered at least one veterinary-attended episode of disease or injury, with conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system (23%, n=46/203, 95%CI 17-29) and placentitis (5%, n= 10/203, 95%CI 3-9) most prevalent. Forty-seven percent (n=95/203, 95%CI 40-54) of mares received at least one non-reproductive medication during gestation, antibiotics (25%, n=51/203, 95%CI 20-31) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (23%, n=47/203, 95%CI 18-29) being most frequently prescribed. Post-covering treatments often included antibiotics and were sometimes given in the absence of fluid, highlighting a need to further understand therapeutic rationale. Disease occurrence and medication usage during gestation were frequent and warrant additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mouncey
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - J C Arango-Sabogal
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK; Départément de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - A M de Mestre
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K L Verheyen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
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Ang L, Vinderola G, Endo A, Kantanen J, Jingfeng C, Binetti A, Burns P, Qingmiao S, Suying D, Zujiang Y, Rios-Covian D, Mantziari A, Beasley S, Gomez-Gallego C, Gueimonde M, Salminen S. Gut Microbiome Characteristics in feral and domesticated horses from different geographic locations. Commun Biol 2022; 5:172. [PMID: 35217713 PMCID: PMC8881449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Domesticated horses live under different conditions compared with their extinct wild ancestors. While housed, medicated and kept on a restricted source of feed, the microbiota of domesticated horses is hypothesized to be altered. We assessed the fecal microbiome of 57 domestic and feral horses from different locations on three continents, observing geographical differences. A higher abundance of eukaryota (p < 0.05) and viruses (p < 0.05) and lower of archaea (p < 0.05) were found in feral animals when compared with domestic ones. The abundance of genes coding for microbe-produced enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in feral animals regardless of the geographic origin. Differences in the fecal resistomes between both groups of animals were also noted. The domestic/captive horse microbiomes were enriched in genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, likely reflecting the use of this antibiotic in the management of these animals. Our data showed an impoverishment of the fecal microbiome in domestic horses with diet, antibiotic exposure and hygiene being likely drivers. The results offer a view of the intestinal microbiome of horses and the impact of domestication or captivity, which may uncover novel targets for modulating the microbiome of horses to enhance animal health and well-being. Li Ang et al. present an investigation of feral and domesticated horse gut microbiomes across three continents. Their results provide new insight into how changes in horse lifestyle are reflected in the resident gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ang
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Juha Kantanen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Chen Jingfeng
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ana Binetti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Burns
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Shi Qingmiao
- Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ding Suying
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zujiang
- Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Rios-Covian
- Department and Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Shea Beasley
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos Gomez-Gallego
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department and Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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12
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Mota SL, Dos Santos LO, Vidaletti MR, Rodrigues RO, Coppola MDM, Mayer FQ. Antimicrobial Resistance of Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus Isolated From Healthy Crioulo Horses and Associated Risk Factors. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 107:103779. [PMID: 34802621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern that must be addressed from a one health perspective. Horses are companion animals and their contact with humans facilitates exchange of resistant bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate AMR of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS), including Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from healthy Crioulo horses. Swab samples from nostrils (n = 214) and skin (n = 107) of 107 horses from Porto Alegre, South Brazil, were used for CoPS isolation. The isolates were evaluated for AMR and a multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the risk factors associated to this outcome, using information on horses' management and installations where they were maintained. A total of 143 CoPS were isolated from 79 horses (73.8%), of which 8 (5.6%) were S. aureus. The isolates showed resistance to seven of 10 tested antimicrobials and 38.5% (55/143) of them were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. One isolate (0.7%; 1/143) was classified as multidrug-resistant. Regarding S. aureus, 62.5 % (5/8) showed AMR, but none were methicillin-resistant. The risk factors associated with CoPS' antimicrobial resistance were lower frequency of bed changing (OR = 6.40; P = .001) and nonaccumulation of bed materials (OR = 3.47; P = .002). The results point that healthy horses have antimicrobial-resistant CoPS and S. aureus in their microbiota, which may be of concern for animal and human health. Moreover, bed management was associated with AMR, which can serve as a guide for best practices to be adopted to avoid the occurrence of resistant bacteria in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lopes Mota
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lays Oliveira Dos Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Roth Vidaletti
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogério Oliveira Rodrigues
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mario de Menezes Coppola
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil.
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13
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Antimicrobial Selection for the Equine Practitioner. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:461-494. [PMID: 34243881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs play an important, often central, role in the therapeutic management of mature horses and foals with a variety of illnesses, including those requiring critical care. Antimicrobial use must be based on rational principles involving thorough patient evaluation and sound clinical judgment that indicate a high likelihood that the patient has a bacterial infection and that antimicrobials are indicated to promote recovery. The aim of antimicrobial treatment is to inflict an insult on infecting bacteria sufficient to kill the organism or render it susceptible to inactivation by natural host defenses or the local microenvironment without adversely affecting the patient.
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14
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Rule EK, Boyle AG, Redding LE. Antimicrobial prescribing patterns in equine ambulatory practice. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105411. [PMID: 34147960 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important public health risks facing our world today. Antimicrobials are commonly prescribed in equine veterinary medicine, but limited information exists documenting their use in practice. The goal of this study was to investigate antimicrobial prescription patterns in regards to prescription frequency, duration, drug class, clinician and affected body system in an equine ambulatory setting via retrospective analysis of billing and electronic medical records. Risk factors associated with antimicrobial prescription including the nature of the visit, submission of a culture, body system affected and clinician were assessed using multivariable regression. We found that antimicrobials were prescribed in 8.5 % of visits with a median number of 3.5 (IQR 0.8-12.2) animal-defined daily doses (ADD), defined as the number of daily doses of all antimicrobials prescribed to a patient at a single visit. Aminoglycosides were the most common class of antimicrobials prescribed and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was the most common drug prescribed overall. Amikacin was primarily used for patients presenting with musculoskeletal signs, and the median number of ADDs for visits where amikacin was prescribed was 1 (IQR 0.9-1.9), while the median number of antimicrobial ADDs for all other visits was 4.4 (IQR 0-14.1). Statistically significant differences in antimicrobial use patterns existed across clinicians, months, years and affected body systems. Horses presenting with ocular (OR 1199; 95 % CI 204-7,037; p < 0.001) and integumentary (OR 365; 95 % CI 87.2-1532; p < 0.001) signs were most likely to be prescribed an antimicrobial. Emergency visits (OR 5.61; 95 % CI 3.19-9.89; p < 0.001) and submission of a bacterial culture (OR 3.58; 95 % CI 2.11-6.09; p < 0.001) were associated with an increased likelihood of an antimicrobial prescription. This observational study was the first to quantitatively characterize antimicrobial use patterns in equine ambulatory practice in the United States, which is an important step needed to determine appropriateness of use and develop and evaluate antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Rule
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - Laurel E Redding
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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15
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Floyd EF, Easton‐Jones CA, Theelen MJP. Systemic antimicrobial therapy in foals. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. F. Floyd
- Rossdales Equine Hospital Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | | | - M. J. P. Theelen
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Equine Internal Medicine) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences (Clinical Infectiology) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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16
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Isgren CM, Williams NJ, Fletcher OD, Timofte D, Newton RJ, Maddox TW, Clegg PD, Pinchbeck GL. Antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates from horses in the UK. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:390-414. [PMID: 33566383 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in horses is important to aid empirical treatment decisions and highlight emerging AMR threats. OBJECTIVE To describe the AMR patterns of common groups of bacteria from clinical submissions from horses in the UK during 2018, and to determine how this varies by sample site and type of submitting veterinary practice. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS All data on bacterial culture and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) collected in 2018 from six large equine diagnostic laboratories were included. Resistance patterns were analysed including resistance to 1 or 2 antimicrobial classes, multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials and isolates where there was no readily available treatment for adult horses in the UK. Submitting practices were classified according to whether they treated referral cases or not (first opinion). Comparisons between proportions and resistance for each bacterial group and sample site was performed using Chi-squared (or Fisher's exact test). RESULTS A total of 6,018 bacterial isolates from 4,038 diagnostic submissions were included from respiratory (n = 1555), urogenital (n = 1,010), skin/hair/wound/abscess (n = 753), surgical site infection (SSI) /catheter-related-infection (CRI) /orthopaedic infections (n = 347) and unknown/'other' submissions (n = 373). There were 2,711 Gram-negative isolates and 3,307 Gram-positive isolates. Prevalence of MDR for E. coli was 31.7%, Staphylococcus spp. 25.3% and > 25% for the majority of bacterial isolates from SSI/CRI/orthopaedic submissions. For Enterococcus spp. there was no readily available treatment for adult horses in the UK in 30.2% of positive submissions. MDR was significantly higher from referral hospital than first opinion submissions for the majority of pathogens (except Actinobacillus spp. and Pasteurella spp. and β-haemolytic Streptococcus spp.). MAIN LIMITATIONS Since culture and susceptibility results are not systematic analyses based on harmonised methods, selection bias could impact the findings. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing surveillance is essential to understand emerging patterns of resistance. MDR is high in SSI/CRI/orthopaedic infections, which is important for hospital biosecurity and guiding treatment decisions. Harmonisation of diagnostic procedures and interpretation of results amongst veterinary laboratories will improve AMR surveillance and data comparison among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajsa M Isgren
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Owen D Fletcher
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology & Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | | | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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17
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Extended spectrum β lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae shedding by race horses in Ontario, Canada. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:479. [PMID: 33298039 PMCID: PMC7726890 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and prevalence factors for Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) shedding by race horses. A cross-sectional study was performed involving fecal samples collected from 169 Thoroughbred horses that were housed at a large racing facility in Ontario, Canada. Samples were enriched, plated on selective plates, sub-cultured to obtain pure cultures and ESBL production was confirmed. Bacterial species were identified and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were assessed. E. coli sequence types (ST) and ESBL genes were determined using multilocus sequence type (MLST) and sequencing. Whole genome sequencing was performed to isolates harboring CTX-M-1 gene. Medical records were reviewed and associations were investigated. Results Adult horses (n = 169), originating from 16 different barns, were sampled. ESBL-E shedding rate was 12% (n = 21/169, 95% CI 8–18%); 22 ESBL-E isolates were molecularly studied (one horse had two isolates). The main species was E. coli (91%) and the major ESBL gene was CTX-M-1 (54.5%). Ten different E. coli STs were identified. Sixty-four percent of total isolates were defined as multi-drug resistant. ESBL-E shedding horses originated from 8/16 different barns; whereas 48% (10/21) of them originated from one specific barn. Overall, antibiotic treatment in the previous month was found as a prevalence factor for ESBL-E shedding (p = 0.016, prevalence OR = 27.72, 95% CI 1.845–416.555). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the potential diverse reservoir of ESBL-E in Thoroughbred race horses. Multi-drug resistant bacteria should be further investigated to improve antibiotic treatment regimens and equine welfare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02701-z.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- RVC EquineClinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
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19
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071161. [PMID: 32659916 PMCID: PMC7401552 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Prescott JF. Outpacing the resistance
tsunami
: Antimicrobial stewardship in equine medicine, an overview. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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21
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Kinnison T, Cardwell JM. Conflict Between Direct Experience and Research-Based Evidence Is a Key Challenge to Evidence-Based Respiratory Medicine on British Racing Yards. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:266. [PMID: 32537459 PMCID: PMC7267464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is a commonly diagnosed but variably defined syndrome of equine lower airway inflammation. The most recent American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus statement, informed by research evidence, recommends a case definition based on clinical signs (poor performance or occasional coughing of at least 3 weeks duration), increased endoscopically-visible tracheal mucus, and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, and proposes that the condition should be termed ‘mild-moderate equine asthma' (mEA). In British Thoroughbred racehorses, research to date has focused on airway inflammation defined by increased tracheal mucus and inflammatory tracheal wash sample cytology. It has been unclear whether or to what extent the ACVIM consensus statement has influenced the practice of British racing veterinarians. The aim of this qualitative study was to characterize and understand rationales for current practices relating to diagnosing and managing airway inflammation in British racehorses. Audio-recorded focus group discussions were conducted with 25 participants from four veterinary practices in England. Practices were purposively selected to represent those responsible for different types of racehorse, in different geographical regions. Thematic analysis of transcripts identified (i) an over-arching theme of serving the racing industry within which two further themes (ii) disregarding of the consensus and (iii) the pragmatic clinician were nested. The requirement to serve the racing industry was a key driver of clinical approaches, strongly influenced in particular by the trainer. Participants widely disregarded the consensus case definition of IAD/mEA for British racehorses because of perceived differences in etiology, perceived lack of practicability, particularly of BAL sampling, and perceived lack of understanding of the British racing context by consensus authors. Participants shared a strong professional identity as pragmatic clinicians providing an individualized clinical approach based on direct experience, which was often prioritized as the most valuable evidence with which to inform clinical decision-making. Lack of alignment with international consensus presents a barrier to practicing and furthering evidence-based medicine. Improved dialogue and partnership in research would be valuable and further research tailored for this population, including continuing development of contextually acceptable diagnostic methods, may be required.
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22
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Fonseca JD, Mavrides DE, Morgan AL, Na JG, Graham PA, McHugh TD. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with equine respiratory disease in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2020; 187:189. [PMID: 32444507 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory diseases account for the highest number of clinical problems in horses compared with other body systems. While microbiological culture and sensitivity testing is essential for certain cases, knowledge of the most likely bacterial agents and their susceptibilities is necessary to inform empirical antibiotic choices. METHODS A retrospective study of microbiological and cytological results from upper and lower respiratory samples (n=615) processed in a commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out. A further study of lower respiratory samples from horses with clinical signs of lower respiratory disease from May to June 2012 was undertaken. RESULTS Both studies revealed Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella species, Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica as the most frequently isolated species. S equi subspecies zooepidemicus and subspecies equi were susceptible to ceftiofur (100 per cent) and erythromycin (99 per cent). Resistance to penicillin (12.5 per cent of S equi subspecies equi from upper respiratory tract samples) and tetracycline (62.7 per cent) was also detected. Gram-negative isolates showed resistance to gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline but susceptibility to enrofloxacin (except Pseudomonas species, where 46.2 per cent were resistant). Multiple drug resistance was detected in 1 per cent of isolates. CONCLUSION Resistance to first-choice antibiotics in common equine respiratory tract bacteria was noted and warrants continued monitoring of their susceptibility profiles. This can provide information to clinicians about the best empirical antimicrobial choices against certain pathogenic bacteria and help guide antibiotic stewardship efforts to converse their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D Fonseca
- Centre of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, London, UK
| | - Daphne E Mavrides
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice L Morgan
- Centre of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, London, UK
| | - Jea G Na
- Centre of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, London, UK
| | - Peter A Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre of Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, London, UK
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23
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Jackson AE. In this issue - July 2019: Student selection and prediction of success · Detection of strangles in horses · gastropexy in large and giant breed dogs · Papers from the inaugural Australian Veterinary Antimicrobial Stewardship conference 2018. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:209-210. [PMID: 31236926 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Crosby DE, Labens R, Hughes KJ, Nielsen S, Hilbert BJ. Factors Associated With Survival and Return to Function Following Synovial Infections in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:367. [PMID: 31696123 PMCID: PMC6817570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial infections (SI) are common in horses of all ages and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Identifying factors influencing survival and return to function may be useful for management of affected individuals and determination of prognosis. The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with survival and return to function of horses and foals with SI presented to an equine hospital. This study is a retrospective case series. Data were collected from medical records of all horses with SI that were presented to a single equine hospital between April 1st, 2008 and May 1st, 2017. Long–term follow up was obtained by a semi-structured telephone questionnaire of clinical outcomes and analysis of online race records. Univariate models were created using generalized linear and linear mixed models to assess factors associated with outcomes. Multivariable models were created using generalized linear and linear mixed models to determine factors significantly associated with outcomes. Of 186 horses presented with SI, 161/186 (86.6%) were treated and 145/161 (90.1%) survived to discharge. The majority of joints were treated with synovial lavage (93.8%). One hundred and twenty horses were included in the return to function analysis and 79 (65%) returned to function. Increasing number of days of treatment with systemic antimicrobials was associated with increased likelihood of survival for each horse (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04−1.27, P = 0.025) and when considering each individual synovial structure (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04−1.17, P = 0.004). Horses treated with doxycycline were less likely to return to function (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.19−0.8, P = 0.031). The overall rate of survival of horses treated with SI is good. The likelihood of return to function is lower than for survival. The findings of this study, combined with relevant antimicrobial stewardship practices, can be used as a part of evidence-based decision-making when veterinarians are treating horses with SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Crosby
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Raphael Labens
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon Nielsen
- Sharon Nielsen Statistical Consulting and Training, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryan J Hilbert
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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