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Sun M, Wei J, Su Y, He Y, Ge L, Shen Y, Xu B, Bi Y, Zheng C. Red Blood Cell-Hitchhiking Delivery of Simvastatin to Relieve Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5317-5333. [PMID: 38859953 PMCID: PMC11164090 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s460890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to address the high mortality and poor prognosis associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), conditions characterized by acute and progressive respiratory failure. The primary goal was to prolong drug circulation time, increase drug accumulation in the lungs, and minimize drug-related side effects. Methods Simvastatin (SIM) was used as the model drug in this study. Employing a red blood cell surface-loaded nanoparticle drug delivery technique, pH-responsive cationic nanoparticles loaded with SIM were non-covalently adsorbed onto the surface of red blood cells (RBC), creating a novel drug delivery system (RBC@SIM-PEI-PPNPs). Results The RBC@SIM-PEI-PPNPs delivery system effectively extended the drug's circulation time, providing an extended therapeutic window. Additionally, this method substantially improved the targeted accumulation of SIM in lung tissues, thereby enhancing the drug's efficacy in treating ARDS and impeding its progression to ARDS. Crucially, the system showed a reduced risk of adverse drug reactions. Conclusion RBC@SIM-PEI-PPNPs demonstrates promise in ARDS and ARDS treatment. This innovative approach successfully overcomes the limitations associated with SIM's poor solubility and low bioavailability, resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes and fewer drug-related side effects. This research holds significant clinical implications and highlights its potential for broader application in drug delivery and lung disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangjingwan He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bohui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Bi
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Choudhary A, Rawat U, Kumar P, Mittal P. Pleotropic effects of statins: the dilemma of wider utilization of statin. Egypt Heart J 2023; 75:1. [PMID: 36602642 PMCID: PMC9816367 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-023-00327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from reducing the circulating LDL-c and the number of cardiovascular cases as well as fatalities, statins have auxiliary non-lipid-related or cholesterol independent effects, the pleiotropic effects. The aim of the present review is to understand the pleotropic effects of statins. MAIN BODY Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is presently the major cause of patient misery as well as mortality among non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the world. Despite the fact that statins are the most extensively affirmed, prescribed and evidence-based lipid-lowering medicine worldwide that curtail low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and the number of cardiovascular cases as well as deaths, statins also elicit auxiliary non-lipid-related or cholesterol independent effects, the pleiotropic effects. Improved endothelial function, significantly lowered oxidative stress, atherosclerotic plaque stabilization, immunomodulatory, cessation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, effects on bone metabolism, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic effects, and reduced risk of dementia are among these pleotropic effects. Statins have also been explored for its uses in life threatening diseases like cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. They have been demonstrated to revamp vascular tone. Many research and review articles have been thoroughly studied for this systematic review. CONCLUSIONS Statins have not only shown to be benefitial in lowering the levels of LDL-C but have also been established to be advantageous in the treatment of cancer, neurological conditions like dementia, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease. Future high-quality trials are needed to include statins in the treatment of these conditions as per guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Choudhary
- grid.449731.c0000 0004 4670 6826Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | - Ujjawal Rawat
- grid.449731.c0000 0004 4670 6826Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- grid.449731.c0000 0004 4670 6826Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | - Piyush Mittal
- grid.449731.c0000 0004 4670 6826Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
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Kamel R, Mabrouk M, El-Sayed SAM, Beherei HH, Abouzeid RE, Abo El-Fadl MT, Mahmoud AA, Maged A. Nanofibrillated cellulose/glucosamine 3D aerogel implants loaded with rosuvastatin and bioactive ceramic for dental socket preservation. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121549. [PMID: 35131357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of agro-wastes presents a great economic and ecologic value. In this study, TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TONFC) originating from sugarcane bagasse pulp was exploited in regenerative medicine. TONFC in combination with glucosamine HCl (G) were used to prepare a 3D aerogel implant loaded with rosuvastatin as an integrative approach for extraction-socket healing. Comparing the prepared devices, aerogel composed of TONFC: G (4:1 wt ratio) had the best mechanical properties and integrity. Strontium borate-based bioactive ceramic particles were prepared and characterized for crystal structure, shape, porosity, and zeta potential. The particles had a crystalline diffraction pattern relative to Sr3B2O6, and they were rod in shape with nanopores with a zeta potential value of -16 mV. The prepared bioactive ceramic (BC) was then added in different concentrations (3 or 6% w/w) to the selected aerogel implant. The BC had a concentration-dependent effect on the aerogel properties as it ameliorated its mechanical performance (compressive strength = 90 and 150 kPa for 3 and 6%, respectively) and retarded drug release (mean release time = 2.34 and 3.4 h for 3 and 6%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The microphotograph of the selected aerogel implant loaded with BC showed a rough surface with an interconnective porous structure. During cell biology testing, the selected implant loaded with the lower BC concentration had the highest ability to increase MG-63 cells proliferation. In conclusion, TONFC is a promising material to formulate rosuvastatin-loaded aerogel implant with the aid of glucosamine and bioactive ceramic for dental socket preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A M El-Sayed
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragab E Abouzeid
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T Abo El-Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt; Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza A Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt.
| | - Amr Maged
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Factory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Egypt.
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Ali AR, Gautam K, Kapoor A, Mathur S, Choudhary A, Shekhawat A. Comparative evaluation of autogenous bone graft and autologous platelet-rich fibrin with and without 1.2 mg in situ rosuvastatin gel in the surgical treatment of intrabony defect in chronic periodontitis patients. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:69-77. [PMID: 35466293 PMCID: PMC9030313 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_740_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Rosuvastatin (RSV) is a new synthetic, hydrophilic statin with potent anti-inflammatory and osseodifferentiation actions. Autogenous bone graft (ABG) is still considered the gold standard in reconstructive bone surgery. Addition of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to ABG provides sustained release of various growth factors and facilitates survival of the graft. Aims: The study aims to clinically and radiographically compare the effectiveness of ABG and PRF with and without 1.2 mg RSV gel in the surgical treatment of intrabony defect in chronic Periodontitis patient. Settings and Design: This was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-nine patients (one site per participant) with chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (open flap debridement [OFD] + placebo), Group 2 (OFD + ABG + PRF), and Group 3 (OFD + ABG + PRF + 1.2 mg RSV). Relative attachment level (RAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were recorded at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. Radiographic measurements such as defect height (A and B) and defect width (C) were calculated at baseline and 9 months. Statistical Analysis Used: Intergroup comparison was done using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA. An intragroup comparison was done using Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The mean PPD reduction and mean RAL gain were highly significant in Group 3 and Group 2 than Group 1. For Group 3, a significant reduction of defect height and width and a significant amount of bone fill were achieved than Group 2 and Group 1. Conclusions: Addition of 1.2 mg RSV gel, PRF, and ABG has synergistic effects, explaining their role as a regenerative material in the treatment of intrabony defects.
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Abstract
Causes of the progression of periodontitis such as an imbalance between the immune response by the host by the release of inflammatory mediators in the response of the oral pathogenic dysbiotic biofilm have been identified. New insights on specific cell signaling pathways that appear during periodontitis have attracted the attention of researchers in the study of new personalised approaches for the treatment of periodontitis. The gold standard of non-surgical therapy of periodontitis involves the removal of supra and subgingival biofilm through professional scaling and root planing (SRP) and oral hygiene instructions. In order to improve periodontal clinical outcomes and overcome the limitations of traditional SRP, additional adjuvants have been developed in recent decades, including local or systemic antibiotics, antiseptics, probiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-resorptive drugs and host modulation therapies. This review is aimed to update the current and recent evolution of therapies of management of periodontitis based on the adjunctive and target therapies. Moreover, we discuss the advances in host modulation of periodontitis and the impact of targeting epigenetic mechanisms approaches for a personalised therapeutic success in the management of periodontitis. In conclusion, the future goal in periodontology will be to combine and personalise the periodontal treatments to the colonising microbial profile and to the specific response of the individual patient.
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Gunsolley JC, Al-Abedalla K, Shaqman M, Ioannidou E. Unusual Findings in Trials Evaluating Adjuncts to Scaling and Root Planing: Meta-analysis (Part 1). JDR Clin Trans Res 2021; 7:234-241. [PMID: 34609240 DOI: 10.1177/23800844211039722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies in patients with periodontitis have compared scaling and root planning (SRP) combined with an adjunctive treatment to SRP alone. Within that literature, an array of studies with overlapping investigators has consistently yielded substantially greater effects of adjunctive treatments than had been previously noted. This report investigates discrepancies between that cluster of research and the most recent American Dental Association (ADA) systematic review. METHODS This review was preregistered at https://osf.io/4meyd/. A search using the Scopus platform identified 32 articles published from 2010 to 2017 by investigators affiliated with the Government Dental College and Research Institute (GDCRI) in Bangalore, India. The primary outcome used in this meta-analysis was the change in clinical attachment level (CAL) after 6 mo. Effect sizes were estimated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software after categorizing agents into groups based on pharmacologic similarity. RESULTS The search identified 32 studies encompassing 5 sets of adjunctive agents. Across the GDCRI studies, the CAL averaged 1.67 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43-1.91 mm), substantially exceeding values reported in the ADA review (mean: 0.39 mm, 95% CI: 0.27-0.51 mm). For categories of studies in which comparable subgroup estimates were available, the evaluations yielded overlapping estimates of SRP alone, but CAL estimates were discrepant for both locally delivered antimicrobials (GDCRI studies: mean: 1.45 mm, 95% CI: 0.63-2.27 mm; ADA review: mean: 0.38 mm, 95% CI: 0.16 -0.60 mm) and systemic antibiotics (GDCRI studies: mean: 1.35 mm, 95% CI: 0.97-1.73 mm; ADA review: mean: 0.39 mm, 95% CI: 0.21-0.57 mm). CONCLUSION In the literature on adjunctive agents supplementing SRP, findings from investigators linked to GDCRI stand out as having significantly more favorable estimated effects. Meanwhile, some agents studied by GDCRI-linked investigators have not been investigated by other researchers. In the absence of a clear explanation for discrepant results, it is recommended that unusually favorable reported effects of adjunctive agents be viewed with caution. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The present meta-analysis observed an unusually large effect size of adjunctive agents to scaling and root planning in studies conducted by the same research group. These results were not consistent with trials on adjunctive agents and previous reports. As this research group has exclusively tested most of the agents, their results must be viewed with caution until other independent groups replicate the studies and reproduce the effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gunsolley
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - K Al-Abedalla
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Shaqman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - E Ioannidou
- Division of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Piras CC, Patterson AK, Smith DK. Hybrid Self-Assembled Gel Beads for Tuneable pH-Controlled Rosuvastatin Delivery. Chemistry 2021; 27:13203-13210. [PMID: 34346527 PMCID: PMC8519141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the fabrication of new pH-responsive hybrid gel beads combining the polymer gelator calcium alginate with two different low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) based on 1,3 : 2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol: pH-responsive DBS-COOH and thermally responsive DBS-CONHNH2 , thus clearly demonstrating that different classes of LMWG can be fabricated into gel beads by using this approach. We also demonstrate that self-assembled multicomponent gel beads can be formed by using different combinations of these gelators. The different gel bead formulations exhibit different responsiveness - the DBS-COOH network can disassemble within those beads in which it is present upon raising the pH. To exemplify preliminary data for a potential application for these hybrid gel beads, we explored aspects of the delivery of the lipid-lowering active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rosuvastatin. The release profile of this statin from the hybrid gel beads is pH-dependent, with greater release at pH 7.4 than at pH 4.0 - primary control of this process results from the pKa of the API. The extent of pH-mediated API release is also significantly further modified according to gel bead composition. The DBS-COOH/alginate beads show rapid, highly effective drug release at pH 7.4, whereas the three-component DBS-COOH/DBS-CONHNH2 /alginate system shows controlled slow release of the API under the same conditions. These initial results indicate that such gel beads constitute a promising, versatile and easily tuned platform suitable for further development for controlled drug-delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Piras
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington, YorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - David K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington, YorkYO10 5DDUK
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Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Systemically Administered Statins: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9090100. [PMID: 34562974 PMCID: PMC8466038 DOI: 10.3390/dj9090100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, acts as a contributory factor in periodontitis development. Periodontitis has been associated with benign tumors and cancers and withseveral disorders, including hyperlipidemia. Correspondingly, periodontal treatment may exert a positive effect on lipid metabolism, although opposite evidence has also been reported. As a counterpart, the therapy for hyperlipidemia, conventionally based on statins, has been proposed to positively affect periodontal conditions, mainly due to statin pleiotropic effects, reducing periodontal inflammation and promoting osseointegration. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to evaluate, in subjects with untreated periodontitis and peri-implant disease (Population), the effect of routine systemically administered statins (Intervention), compared to non-statin use (Comparison), on periodontal parameters around natural teeth and implants (Outcome). Discordant results were found in periodontal parameters, and the current lack of such data related to peri-implant tissues and to alveolar bone loss highlights the need for further studies on the topic, potentially paving the way for a more comprehensive approach to periodontitis and peri-implantitis management. Indeed, the validation of the beneficial effect provided by systemically delivered statins on periodontal and peri-implant tissues may direct recall scheduling, predict response to therapy and, therefore, guide treatment strategies of periodontal and peri-implant treatments in statin users.
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9
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Malekpour Z, Akbari V, Varshosaz J, Taheri A. Preparation and characterization of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers containing simvastatin coated with hyaluronic acid for using in periodontal tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3195. [PMID: 34296538 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases can lead to soft tissue defects. Tissue engineering can provide functional replacements for damaged tissues. Recently, electrospun nanofibers have attracted great interest for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. This has been revealed that statins exhibit positive impacts on the proliferation and regeneration of periodontal tissues. Electrospun simvastatin loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (SIM-PLGA-NF) were prepared using electrospinning technique. Optimal conditions for preparation of SIM-PLGA-NF (PLGA concentration of 30 wt%, voltage of 15 kV, and flow rate of 1.5 ml h-1 ) were identified using a 23 factorial design. The optimized SIM-PLGA-NFs (diameter of 640.2 ± 32.5 nm and simvastatin entrapment efficacy of 99.6 ± 1.5%) were surface modified with 1% w/v hyaluronic acid solution (1%HA- SIM-PLGA-NF) to improve their compatibility with fibroblasts and potential application as a periodontal tissue engineering scaffold. HA-SIM-PLGA NFs were analyzed using SEM, FTIR, and XRD. 1%HA-SIM-PLGA-NF had uniform, bead-free and interwoven morphology, which is similar to the extracellular matrix. The mechanical performance of SIM-PLGA-NFs and release profile of simvastatin from these nanofibers have been also greatly improved after coating with HA. In vitro cellular tests showed that the proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of fibroblast cells positively enhanced on the surface of 1%HA- SIM-PLGA-NF. These results demonstrate the potential application of 1%HA-SIM-PLGA-NFs as a scaffold for periodontal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Malekpour
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azade Taheri
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Gao X, Zhou J, Bian Y, Huang S, Zhang D. Simvastatin intervention mitigates hypercholesterolemia-induced alveolar bone resorption in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:628. [PMID: 33936284 PMCID: PMC8082588 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin promotes bone formation and increases bone mineral density in patients with hyperlipidemia and ameliorates hypercholesterolemia-induced microstructure changes in the jaw bone of animals. However, whether and how treatment with simvastatin can modulate the hypercholesterolemia-induced alveolar bone resorption is unclear. The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of simvastatin application in hypercholesterolemia-induced alveolar bone resorption. The association between hyperlipidemia and alveolar bone resorption in 100 patients with periodontitis was examined. Additionally, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard rodent chow (NC) for 32 weeks or a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 24 weeks. The HCD-fed rats were randomized, continually fed with HCD and treated with vehicle saline (HC) or simvastatin by gavage (5 mg/kg; SIM, n=10/group) for 8 weeks. The morphological changes to alveolar bone resorption in rats were analyzed by linear measurements. The relative levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand RANKL, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and p62 in the alveolar bone tissues were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Sulcus bleeding index (SBI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD) and the distance of cemantoenamel junction-alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) in patients with hyperlipidemia were significantly greater than that in the controls (P<0.001). The levels of hyperlipidemia were positively correlated with the values of SBI, CAL, PD and CEJ-ABC in this population. Compared with the NC rats, higher levels of alveolar bone resorption, NF-κB expression, higher ratios of RANKL/OPG mRNA transcripts and LC3 to p62 expression were detected in the alveolar bone tissues of HC group. Simvastatin intervention significantly mitigated hypercholesterolemia-induced alveolar bone loss and RANKL mRNA transcription, but increased the ratios of LC3/p62 protein expression in the alveolar bone tissues of rats. Hyperlipidemia is associated with alveolar bone resorption and simvastatin treatment alleviated the hypercholesterolemia-related alveolar bone loss by down-regulating the NF-κB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shangdong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Bian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shangdong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shangdong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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11
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Yu D, Liao JK. Emerging views of statin pleiotropy and cholesterol lowering. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:413-423. [PMID: 33533892 PMCID: PMC8803071 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four decades, no class of drugs has had more impact on cardiovascular health than the HMC-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins. Developed as potent lipid-lowering agents, statins were later shown to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. However, retrospective analyses of some of these clinical trials have uncovered some aspects of their clinical benefits that may be additional to their lipid-lowering effects. Such "pleiotropic" effects of statins garnered intense interest and debate over its contribution to cardiovascular risk reduction. This review will provide a brief background of statin pleiotropy, assess the available clinical evidence for and against their non-lipid-lowering benefits, and propose future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Yu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Care, ThedaCare Regional Medical Center, Appleton, WI, USA
| | - James K Liao
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Zardawi F, Gul S, Abdulkareem A, Sha A, Yates J. Association Between Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Revisited. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:625579. [PMID: 33521070 PMCID: PMC7843501 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.625579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is an inflammatory disease of the coronary arteries associated with atheroma formation, which can cause disability and often death. Periodontitis is ranked as the sixth most prevalent disease affecting humans affecting 740 million people worldwide. In the last few decades, researchers have focused on the effect of periodontal disease (PD) on cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review was to investigate the association between these two diseases. PD is a potential risk factor that may initiate the development, maturation, and instability of atheroma in the arteries. Two mechanisms were proposed to explain such association, either periodontal pathogens directly invade bloodstream or indirectly by increasing systemic level of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, it has been suggested that improvement in the condition of one disease positively impact the condition of the other one. Highlighting the association between these two diseases, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of PD and its impact on cardiovascular status may be of great value in reducing the complications associated with ACVDs. Further in vitro and in vivo studies with longer follow up are necessary to confirm the causal relationship between PD and ACVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraedon Zardawi
- Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sarhang Gul
- Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aram Sha
- Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Rahman S, GV G, Mehta D. A clinico-microbiological and biochemical study evaluating the adjunctive use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and local drug delivery of 1.2 % simvastatin gel compared to scaling and root planing alone. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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15
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Gupta S, Verma P, Tikku AP, Chandra A, Yadav RK, Bharti R, Bains R. “Effect of local application of simvastatin in bone regeneration of peri-apical defects-a clinico-radiographic study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:583-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Petit C, Batool F, Stutz C, Anton N, Klymchenko A, Vandamme T, Benkirane-Jessel N, Huck O. Development of a thermosensitive statin loaded chitosan-based hydrogel promoting bone healing. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119534. [PMID: 32531451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been proposed as potential adjuvant to periodontal treatment due to their pleiotropic properties. A new thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel loaded with statins (atorvastatin and lovastatin) nanoemulsions was synthesized to allow a spatially controlled local administration of active compounds at lesion site. Spontaneous nano-emulsification method was used to synthesize statins loaded nanoemulsions. In vitro, atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions were cytocompatible and were able to be uptake by oral epithelial cells. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis infected oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts with atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions decreased significantly pro-inflammatory markers expression (TNF-α and IL-1β) and pro-osteoclastic RANKL. Nevertheless, such treatment induced the expression of Bone sialoprotein 2 (BSP2) in osteoblast emphasizing the pro-healing properties of atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions. In vivo, in a calvarial bone defect model (2 mm), treatment with the hydrogel loaded with atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions induced a significant increase of the neobone formation in comparison with systemic administration of statins. This study demonstrates the potential of this statins loaded hydrogel to improve bone regeneration and to decrease soft tissue inflammation. Its use in the specific context of periodontitis management could be considered in the future with a reduced risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Petit
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Stutz
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LBP UMR 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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17
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Tahamtan S, Shirban F, Bagherniya M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on dental and oral health: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. J Transl Med 2020; 18:155. [PMID: 32252793 PMCID: PMC7132955 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The statin family of drugs are safe and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to a wide range of health benefits in addition to their cholesterol lowering properties, statins have recently attracted significant attention as a new treatment strategy for several conditions, which are not directly related to normalizing a lipid profile and preventing CVD. Statins exert a variety of beneficial effects on different aspects of oral health, which includes their positive effects on bone metabolism, their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and their potential effects on epithelization and wound healing. Additionally, they possess antimicrobial, antiviral, and fungicidal properties, which makes this class of drugs attractive to the field of periodontal diseases and oral and dental health. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive study to date, which has investigated the effects of statin drugs on different aspects of dental and oral health. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper was to review the effect of statins on dental and oral health. Results of our extensive review have indicated that statins possess remarkable and promising effects on several aspects of dental and oral health including chronic periodontitis, alveolar bone loss due to either extraction or chronic periodontitis, osseointegration of implants, dental pulp cells, orthodontic tooth movement, and orthodontic relapse, tissue healing (wound/bone healing), salivary gland function, and finally, anti-cancer effects. Hence, statins can be considered as novel, safe, inexpensive, and widely-accessible therapeutic agents to improve different aspects of dental and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tahamtan
- Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farinaz Shirban
- Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Sanz M, Marco del Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez‐Juanatey JR, D’Aiuto F, Bouchard P, Chapple I, Dietrich T, Gotsman I, Graziani F, Herrera D, Loos B, Madianos P, Michel J, Perel P, Pieske B, Shapira L, Shechter M, Tonetti M, Vlachopoulos C, Wimmer G. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:268-288. [PMID: 32011025 PMCID: PMC7027895 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 3.9 million deaths (45% of deaths), being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension (leading to heart failure) the major cause of these CVD related deaths. Periodontitis is also a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) with a high prevalence, being severe periodontitis, affecting 11.2% of the world's population, the sixth most common human disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS There is now a significant body of evidence to support independent associations between severe periodontitis and several NCDs, in particular CVD. In 2012 a joint workshop was held between the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology to review the literature relating periodontitis and systemic diseases, including CVD. In the last five years important new scientific information has emerged providing important emerging evidence to support these associations RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The present review reports the proceedings of the workshop jointly organised by the EFP and the World Heart Federation (WHF), which has updated the existing epidemiological evidence for significant associations between periodontitis and CVD, the mechanistic links and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular and surrogate outcomes. This review has also focused on the potential risk and complications of periodontal therapy in patients on anti thrombotic therapy and has made recommendations for dentists, physicians and for patients visiting both the dental and medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanz
- Department of Dental Clinical SpecialtiesETEP Research GroupFaculty of OdontologyUniversity Complutense of MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive DentistryUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jose R. Gonzalez‐Juanatey
- Cardiology DepartmentUniversity HospitalIDISCIBERCVUniverity of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Francesco D’Aiuto
- Department of PeriodontologyEastman Dental Institute and HospitalUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Philippe Bouchard
- U.F.R. d'odontologieUniversité Paris DiderotHôpital Rothschild AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Iain Chapple
- School of DentistryInstitute of Clinical SciencesCollege of Medical & Dental SciencesThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- School of DentistryInstitute of Clinical SciencesCollege of Medical & Dental SciencesThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Israel Gotsman
- Heart InstituteHadassah University HospitalJerusalemIsrael
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - David Herrera
- Department of Dental Clinical SpecialtiesETEP Research GroupFaculty of OdontologyUniversity Complutense of MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Phoebus Madianos
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of DentistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Michel
- Inserm Unit 1148Laboratory for Translational CV ScienceX. Bichat HospitalParisFrance
| | - Pablo Perel
- World Heart FederationGenevaSwitzerland
- Centre for Global Chronic ConditionsLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicin & CardiologyCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partnersite BerlinGerman Heart Institut BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lior Shapira
- Department of PeriodontologyHebrew University – Hadassah Faculty of Dental MedicineJerusalemIsrael
| | - Michael Shechter
- Leviev Heart CenterChaim Sheba Medical Centertel Hashomer and the Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv‐YafoIsrael
| | - Maurizio Tonetti
- Department of PeriodontologyPrince Philip Dental HospitalThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | | | - Gernot Wimmer
- Department of Prosthetic DentistrySchool of Dental MedicineKarl‐Franzens University GrazGrazAustria
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19
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Sanz M, del Castillo AM, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D’Aiuto F, Bouchard P, Chapple I, Dietrich T, Gotsman I, Graziani F, Herrera D, Loos B, Madianos P, Michel JB, Perel P, Pieske B, Shapira L, Shechter M, Tonetti M, Vlachopoulos C, Wimmer G. Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Consensus Report. Glob Heart 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 32489774 PMCID: PMC7218770 DOI: 10.5334/gh.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 3.9 million deaths (45% of deaths), being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension (leading to heart failure) the major cause of these CVD related deaths. Periodontitis is also a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) with a high prevalence, being severe periodontitis, affecting 11.2% of the world's population, the sixth most common human disease. Material and Methods There is now a significant body of evidence to support independent associations between severe periodontitis and several NCDs, in particular CVD. In 2012 a joint workshop was held between the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology to review the literature relating periodontitis and systemic diseases, including CVD. In the last five years important new scientific information has emerged providing important emerging evidence to support these associations. Results and Conclusions The present review reports the proceedings of the workshop jointly organised by the EFP and the World Heart Federation (WHF), which has updated the existing epidemiological evidence for significant associations between periodontitis and CVD, the mechanistic links and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular and surrogate outcomes. This review has also focused on the potential risk and complications of periodontal therapy in patients on anti thrombotic therapy and has made recommendations for dentists, physicians and for patients visiting both the dental and medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sanz
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties and ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, ES
| | | | - S. Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, DE
| | - J. R. Gonzalez-Juanatey
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, CIBERCV, ES
| | - F. D’Aiuto
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute and Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - P. Bouchard
- U.F.R. d’odontologie, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Rothschild AP-HP, Paris, FR
| | - I. Chapple
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T. Dietrich
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - I. Gotsman
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, IL
| | - F. Graziani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, IT
| | - D. Herrera
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties and ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, ES
| | - B. Loos
- ACTA University, Amsterdam, NL
| | - P. Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR
| | - J. B. Michel
- Inserm Unit 1148, laboratory for translational CV science, X. Bichat hospital, Paris, FR
| | - P. Perel
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH
- Centre for Global Chronic Conditions, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - B. Pieske
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Berlin, DE
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partnersite Berlin, German Heart Institut Berlin, DE
| | - L. Shapira
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University – Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, IL
| | - M. Shechter
- Leviev Heart Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, tel Hashomer and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, IL
| | - M. Tonetti
- Department of Periodontology, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, HK
| | - C. Vlachopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR
| | - G. Wimmer
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Karl-Franzens University Graz, AT
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20
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Mohammadkhani N, Gharbi S, Rajani HF, Farzaneh A, Mahjoob G, Hoseinsalari A, Korsching E. Statins: Complex outcomes but increasingly helpful treatment options for patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Hughes FJ, Bartold PM. Periodontal complications of prescription and recreational drugs. Periodontol 2000 2019; 78:47-58. [PMID: 30198137 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug use for both therapeutic and recreational purposes is very widespread in most societies. The range of drugs used, the variations in response to these drugs and other health and behavioral confounders mean that drug use may be an important contributor to individualized periodontal diagnoses. In this narrative review, we review the main reported effects of drugs on the periodontal tissues and periodontal disease processes. Although some of the more common adverse drug reactions on periodontal tissues are well described, in many other cases the evidence for these drug effects is quite limited and based on small case series or isolated reports. Prescription drugs are responsible for a range of effects, including drug-induced gingival overgrowth and increased gingival bleeding, and influence periodontal inflammation and periodontal breakdown. The effects of recreational drugs on the periodontal tissues is less well researched, perhaps for the obvious reason that assembling large cohorts of recreational drug users presents particular challenges. Use of nearly all of these substances is associated with poorer periodontal and dental health, although there is almost certainly a large degree of behavioral confounding in these findings. Overall, further studies of adverse drug reactions on the periodontal tissues are required as this continues to be an important and increasing factor in periodontal health determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Mark Bartold
- Periodontology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Abraham S, Premnath A, Arunima PR, Kassim RM. Critical Appraisal of Bidirectional Relationship between Periodontitis and Hyperlipidemia. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019; 9:112-118. [PMID: 31058060 PMCID: PMC6489519 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_316_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia are both multifactorial disease with a high prevalence Worldwide. Cross-sectional and longitudinal prospective clinical studies show some evidence for a bidirectional relationship. Periodontitis and hyperlipidemia share some common risk factors and there exist a mechanistic link between both. Studies have found a positive response to periodontal therapy among hyperlipidemic patients, and statin use by hyperlipidemic patients has shown to influence the periodontal health. However, in spite of the rising prevalence of both diseases, many people remain unaware of their association with each other. Hence, this article summarizes the cyclic relationship between periodontal disease and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seba Abraham
- Department of Periodontology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arya Premnath
- Department of Periodontology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P. R. Arunima
- Department of Periodontology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Reejamol Mohammed Kassim
- Department of Periodontology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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23
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Contribution of Statins towards Periodontal Treatment: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6367402. [PMID: 30936777 PMCID: PMC6415285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6367402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins have been evaluated to assess their potential benefit in the treatment of various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases including periodontitis. Herein, the adjunctive use of statins in periodontal therapy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials was reviewed. Statins act through several pathways to modulate inflammation, immune response, bone metabolism, and bacterial clearance. They control periodontal inflammation through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory and/or proresolution molecule release, mainly, through the ERK, MAPK, PI3-Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, they are able to modulate the host response activated by bacterial challenge, to prevent inflammation-mediated bone resorption and to promote bone formation. Furthermore, they reduce bacterial growth, disrupt bacterial membrane stability, and increase bacterial clearance, thus averting the exacerbation of infection. Local statin delivery as adjunct to both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies results in better periodontal treatment outcomes compared to systemic delivery. Moreover, combination of statin therapy with other regenerative agents improves periodontal healing response. Therefore, statins could be proposed as a potential adjuvant to periodontal therapy. However, optimization of the combination of their dose, type, and carrier could be instrumental in achieving the best treatment response.
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24
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Basile JR, Czerninski R. Repurposing existing medications in oncology and their potential role in oral cancer. Oral Dis 2019; 25:6-9. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JR Basile
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Maryland Dental School Baltimore MD USA
| | - R Czerninski
- Department of Oral Medicine Sedation and Maxillofacial ImagingHebrew University‐Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Jerusalem Israel
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25
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Tarnowski M, Duda-Sobczak A, Lipski J, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz D, Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M. Tobacco smoking decreases clinical symptoms of gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes-a cross-sectional study. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1336-1342. [PMID: 29757485 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal disease may develop on the background of microvascular complications of diabetes. However, some modifying factors, such as tobacco smoking, should be taken into consideration when assessing risk of development of chronic complications. The aim of the study was the clinical assessment of the periodontal status in patients with type 1 diabetes according to tobacco smoking. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 362 subjects aged 29 (IQR 22-35) years, type 1 diabetes duration 12 (8-18) years, hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c 8.0 (7.2-9.1)% were included. We used Gingival Index, Approximal Plaque Index, and Sulcus Bleeding Index to assess periodontal health. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to current cigarette smoking. RESULTS No differences in age, diabetes duration, and chronic complications were found between subgroups. A better metabolic control of diabetes expressed by lower HbA1c (p = 0.00001) and triglyceride levels (p = 0.004) was shown in nonsmokers. Smokers presented significantly lower gingival bleeding, p = 0.009. HbA1c correlated with API in study group (Rs = 0.16; p = 0.002) and in nonsmokers subgroup (Rs = 0.2;p = 0.004), however, not in smoker's subgroup. In multivariable regression analysis, smoking cigarettes (β = -0.26; p = 0.0002), hs-CRP (β = 0.15; p = 0.03) and age (β = -0.19; p = 0.007) occurred to be independent predictors of SBI after adjustment for confounding variables (R2 = 0.13; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 1 diabetes smoking cigarettes presented lower gingival sulcus bleeding and worse metabolic control of diabetes than nonsmoking patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Tarnowski
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Sobczak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Lipski
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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26
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Madi M, Kassem A. Topical simvastatin gel as a novel therapeutic modality for palatal donor site wound healing following free gingival graft procedure. Acta Odontol Scand 2018; 76:212-219. [PMID: 29145771 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1403648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autogenous soft-tissue grafting is a commonly used procedure nowadays in dentistry. However, the prolonged healing time needed for the donor site leads to increase the patient's pain and discomfort. Statin has been observed to be beneficial in reducing bacterial burden, improving epithelization and wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra-oral topical application of simvastatin/chitosan gel (10 mg/mL) over the palatal donor site following free gingival graft (FGG) procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects indicated for FGG procedure were divided into four groups. Group I: Simvastatin suspension (S), group II: simvastatin/chitosan gel (SC), group III: chitosan gel (C), group IV: petroleum gel (P). Treatment was applied three times/day for the following 7 days. Wound healing was evaluated at day 3, 7 and 14 post-surgery. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure the experienced discomfort at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. RESULTS Statistical significant reduction in wound-healing scores was observed after 3 and 7 days for group II compared to other groups (p = .015). A significant reduction was also observed in VAS score for group II compared to other groups at day 1, 3, 5 and 7. CONCLUSION Topical application of S/C gel could be used as a novel therapeutic modality that improved healing and reduced pain in the palatal donor site following FGG procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Madi
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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27
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Özdem M, Kırzıoğlu FY, Yılmaz HR, Vural H, Fentoğlu Ö, Uz E, Koçak A, Yiğit A. Antioxidant effects of melatonin in heart tissue after induction of experimental periodontitis in rats. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:23-29. [PMID: 28367898 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on the oxidative stress in heart tissues after induction of experimental periodontitis in rats. Thirty Wistar Albino male rats were divided into four groups as follows: healthy + saline solution (Hs, n = 7), healthy + melatonin (Hm, n = 7), periodontitis + saline solution (Ps, n = 8), and periodontitis + melatonin (Pm, n = 8). Experimental periodontitis was induced using a ligature placed at the gingival margin of the maxillary second molars. Melatonin was applied intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every day for 2 weeks. After sacrificing the rats, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and melatonin levels were evaluated. The Pm group exhibited lower alveolar bone loss than the Ps group. Melatonin levels increased in the periodontitis groups, and the Pm group had lower MDA levels and higher GSH-Px levels than the Ps group. These findings suggest that melatonin administration reduces MDA and increases GSH-Px levels in heart tissue, and these effects may be due to its antioxidant properties. Further studies are needed to understand the effects of melatonin on the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin Özdem
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University
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28
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Muniz FWMG, Taminski K, Cavagni J, Celeste RK, Weidlich P, Rösing CK. The effect of statins on periodontal treatment-a systematic review with meta-analyses and meta-regression. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:671-687. [PMID: 29396642 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review clinical trials about the effect of statins as adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy, on probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and intrabony defects, in comparison to mechanical periodontal therapy alone or in association with placebo. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three databases were searched for controlled clinical trials that used any locally delivered or systemically statin as a sole adjunctive therapy to mechanical periodontal treatment. Weighted mean differences between baseline and 6 months after periodontal treatment for clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and intrabony defect (IBD) were calculated. A high heterogeneity was detected. Therefore, a meta-regression adjusted for type of statin and year of publication was performed. RESULTS Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review, and ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. In the meta-regression, the adjunct use of simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and atorvastatin additionally reduced PPD in comparison to mechanical periodontal therapy and a placebo gel (2.90 ± 0.35, 3.90 ± 0.77, 3.06 ± 0.71 mm, respectively; p < 0.05). Regarding the resolution of IBD, simvastatin and rosuvastatin significantly improved in comparison to control group (0.89 ± 0.35 and 1.93 ± 0.77 mm, respectively; p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the statins for both PPD and IBD (p < 0.05). Regarding CAL gain, simvastatin provided a statistically significant improvement as compared to the control group (2.02 ± 0.79 mm; p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS The use of statins, used as sole adjuncts to mechanical periodontal treatment, improved the periodontal parameters. In the quantitative analyses, simvastatin was the only drug that showed additional benefits in all evaluated parameters. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Statins promote significantly clinical periodontal improvements when administered in association with non-surgical scaling and root planning (SRP), when compared to SRP alone or in association with a placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Wilker Mustafa Gomes Muniz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Keity Taminski
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Juliano Cavagni
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Roger Keller Celeste
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Weidlich
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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29
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Rochette L, Meloux A, Rigal E, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. The role of osteoprotegerin in the crosstalk between vessels and bone: Its potential utility as a marker of cardiometabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 182:115-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Bertl K, Steiner I, Pandis N, Buhlin K, Klinge B, Stavropoulos A. Statins in nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical in vivo trials. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:267-287. [PMID: 29211309 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and pro-osteogenic properties, and thus have been tested as an adjunct to periodontal treatment. The present systematic review aimed to answer the following focused research question: What is the effect of local and/or systemic statin use on periodontal tissues in preclinical in vivo studies of experimentally induced periodontitis (EIP) and/or acute/chronified periodontal defect (ACP) models? A literature search (of Medline/PubMed, Embase/Ovid, CENTRAL/Ovid) using the following main eligibility criteria was performed: (i) English or German language; (ii) controlled preclinical in vivo trials; (iii) local and/or systemic statin use in EIP and/or ACP models; and (iv) quantitative evaluation of periodontal tissues (i.e., alveolar bone level/amount, attachment level, cementum formation, periodontal ligament formation). Sixteen studies in EIP models and 7 studies in ACP models evaluated simvastatin, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Thirteen of the EIP (81%) and 2 of the ACP (29%) studies presented significantly better results in terms of alveolar bone level/amount in favor of statins. Meta-analysis based on 14 EIP trials confirmed a significant benefit of local and systemic statin use (P < .001) in terms of alveolar bone level/amount; meta-regression revealed that statin type exhibited a significant effect (P = .014) in favor of atorvastatin. Three studies reported a significantly higher periodontal attachment level in favor of statin use (P < .001). Complete periodontal regeneration was never observed; furthermore, statins did not exert any apparent effect on cementum formation. Neither local nor systemic use of statins resulted in severe adverse effects. Statin use in periodontal indications has a positive effect on periodontal tissue parameters, supporting the positive results already observed in clinical trials. Nevertheless, not all statins available have been tested so far, and further research is needed to identify the maximum effective concentration/dose and optimal carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bertl
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Steiner
- Private Practice, Taiskirchen, Austria.,Postgraduate Course Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Klinge
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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31
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Ambrósio LMB, Rovai ES, Sendyk DI, Holzhausen M, Pannuti CM. Does the adjunctive use of statins provide additional benefits to nonsurgical periodontal treatment? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:12-21. [PMID: 28872188 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adjunctive therapeutic agents may be used to improve the response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Local delivery of statins (simvastatin, artovastatin and rosuvastatin) is a promising adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP). Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate if adjunctive local delivery of statins is more effective than SRP alone. Randomized clinical trials that presented a test group evaluating local delivery of statins as adjuncts in healthy, diabetic and smoking patients were included. Medline and the Cochrane library database were searched up to November 2016. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted for pocket depth change and clinical attachment gain. One hundred and twenty-five studies potentially related to the aim of this review were screened, but only 10 were included. The majority of the trials reported additional clinical benefits in the groups that were treated with adjunctive local delivery of statins. Pooled calculations showed that local delivery of statins resulted in additional reduction of pocket depth and clinical attachment gain in healthy people, smokers and diabetic patients. Local statins may offer additional clinical benefits to SRP, even in smokers and diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M B Ambrósio
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E S Rovai
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D I Sendyk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Holzhausen
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Pannuti
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Magan‐Fernandez A, Fernández‐Barbero JE, O’ Valle F, Ortiz R, Galindo‐Moreno P, Mesa F. Simvastatin exerts antiproliferative and differentiating effects on MG63 osteoblast‐like cells: Morphological and immunocytochemical study. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:91-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Magan‐Fernandez
- Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - J. E. Fernández‐Barbero
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology School of Medicine (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - F. O’ Valle
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - R. Ortiz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology School of Health Sciences (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Jaen Andalucía Spain
| | - P. Galindo‐Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Granada Andalucía Spain
| | - F. Mesa
- Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Granada Granada Spain
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33
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Kırzıoğlu FY, Tözüm Bulut M, Doğan B, Fentoğlu Ö, Özmen Ö, Çarsancaklı SA, Ergün AG, Özdem M, Orhan H. Anti-inflammatory effect of rosuvastatin decreases alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. J Oral Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Y. Kırzıoğlu
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Süleyman Demirel
| | - Memduha Tözüm Bulut
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Süleyman Demirel
| | - Burak Doğan
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Mustafa Kemal
| | - Özlem Fentoğlu
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Süleyman Demirel
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy
| | | | - Ayşe G. Ergün
- Microbiology Department, Konya Numune Training and Research Hospital
| | - Muhsin Özdem
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Abant Izzet Baysal
| | - Hikmet Orhan
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Süleyman Demirel
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Sinjab K, Zimmo N, Lin GH, Chung MP, Shaikh L, Wang HL. The Effect of Locally Delivered Statins on Treating Periodontal Intrabony Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Periodontol 2016; 88:357-367. [PMID: 27767388 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of statins on adult patients with chronic periodontitis shows a positive effect on their periodontal status. However, effect of locally delivered statins on periodontal treatment has not yet been systematically analyzed. Hence, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate efficacy of statins on treating localized periodontal intrabony defects (IBDs). METHODS An electronic search of three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) between January 1, 1965 and March 1, 2016, and a hand search of peer-reviewed journals for relevant articles were performed. Controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and prospective studies with data on comparison between adjunctive locally delivered statin use to mechanical scaling and root planing (SRP) and placebo in each group, with minimum 10 participants and follow-up period of at least 6 months, were included. RESULTS Ten studies, eight RCTs and two prospective studies, were included. Each study included 15 to 105 patients between 25 and 55 years of age. Statistical results were recorded; weighted mean difference (WMD) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated; and meta-analyses were performed for defect fill, probing depth (PD) reduction, and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain in both statin and placebo/no treatment groups. Overall analysis of defect fill presented WMD of 1.37 mm (95% CI = 0.96 to 1.77; P <0.0001), PD reduction presented WMD of 1.76 mm (95% CI = 1.04 to 2.47; P <0.0001), and CAL gain presented WMD of 1.58 mm (95% CI = 0.89 to 2.28; P <0.0001). However, comparison presented considerable heterogeneity among studies. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis find that adjunctive use of locally delivered statins to mechanical SRP is beneficial to increasing bone fill percentage. Improved inflammatory and bleeding control as well as PD reduction and CAL gain are possible advantages to using these drugs in treating patients with periodontal IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Sinjab
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nouf Zimmo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guo-Hao Lin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Ming-Pang Chung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lujain Shaikh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hom-Lay Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
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35
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Expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats with periodontitis under chronic intermittent hypoxia. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:781-5. [PMID: 27569888 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats with periodontitis under the chronic intermittent hypoxia. METHODS A total of 32 SD healthy rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 8 rats in each group. The molecular biological techniques of immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the effect of different hypoxia time (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and different concentrations of hypoxia (0.000, 0.001, 0.010, 0.060 and 0.100 ppm) on the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats of four groups. RESULTS The expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in each group was significantly higher than the one at other concentrations when the concentration was 0.010 ppm, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05). The expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 was that normoxic control group > normoxic periodontitis group > hypoxia control group > hypoxia periodontitis group under the action with the concentration of 0.010 ppm for 12 h, but there was no significant difference for the comparison among groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The condition of chronic intermittent hypoxia can reduce the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats with periodontitis and aggravate the damage of periodontal bone.
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Sousa LH, Linhares EVM, Alexandre JT, Lisboa MR, Furlaneto F, Freitas R, Ribeiro I, Val D, Marques M, Chaves HV, Martins C, Brito GAC, Goes P. Effects of Atorvastatin on Periodontitis of Rats Subjected to Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1206-16. [PMID: 27240474 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atorvastatin (ATV) has shown pleiotropic effects on bone tissue, and osteoporosis can aggravate periodontitis. Thus, the effects of ATV on experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats subjected to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) was assessed. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) naive; 2) EP; 3) GIOP + EP; and 4) ATV. Groups GIOP + EP and ATV received 7 mg/kg dexamethasone intramuscularly once per week for 5 weeks, and the others received saline (SAL). Groups EP, GIOP + EP, and ATV were submitted to EP by ligature around the maxillary left second molars for 11 days. Group ATV received 27 mg/kg ATV orally, and the others received SAL 30 minutes before EP. Periodontium was analyzed by macroscopy, microtomography, and histopathology; by immunohistochemical examination of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), wingless (WNT) 10b, dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), and β-catenin; and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL10, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Leukogram, liver and kidney enzymes, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) serum levels were evaluated. RESULTS ATV decreased bone loss, reduced MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, and increased IL-10, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels. ATV reduced RANKL and DKK-1 and increased OPG, WNT10b, and β-catenin expressions and BALP activity. CONCLUSION ATV reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone loss in rats with EP and GIOP, with participation of the WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Hermínia Sousa
- Postgraduate Program of Health Science, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eveline V M Linhares
- Postgraduate Program of Health Science, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Roberto Lisboa
- Postgraduate Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará
| | - Flávia Furlaneto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirao Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul Freitas
- Postgraduate Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará
| | | | - Danielle Val
- Renorbio Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mirna Marques
- Postgraduate Program of Health Science, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará
| | - Hellíada Vasconcelos Chaves
- Postgraduate Program of Health Science, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará
| | - Conceição Martins
- Postgraduate Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará.,Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará
| | - Paula Goes
- Postgraduate Program of Health Science, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program of Morphological Science, Department of Morphology, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará.,Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School, Federal University of Ceará
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37
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Poston CJ, Pierce TC, Li Y, Brinson CW, Lu Z, Lauer AW, Leite RS, Huang Y. Statin intake is associated with MMP-1 level in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis. Oral Dis 2016; 22:438-44. [PMID: 26988924 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess whether statin intake is associated with clinical parameters of periodontitis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of non-diabetic and diabetic patients. METHODS We first determined the effect of simvastatin on MMP expression in mononuclear cells. We then recruited 117 non-diabetic and diabetic patients, who all had periodontitis and took or did not take statin, and measured periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), and collected gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to quantify MMPs. RESULTS The in vitro studies showed that simvastatin potently inhibited the expression of MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-9 upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high glucose in mononuclear cells. The patient study showed that, after adjusting for age and smoking status, PPD in diabetic patients on statin was significantly less than that in diabetic patients not on statin. MMP-1 level in GCF of non-diabetic and diabetic patients on statin was lower than that of non-diabetic and diabetic patients not on statin, respectively. No difference was found for MMP-8 and -9 levels in GCF. CONCLUSION Statin intake is associated with reduced PPD in diabetic patients and MMP-1 level in GCF in either non-diabetic or diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Poston
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - T C Pierce
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Y Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C W Brinson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Z Lu
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A W Lauer
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R S Leite
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Amato B, Compagna R, Amato M, Gallelli L, de Franciscis S, Serra R. Aterofisiol(®) in carotid plaque evolution. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3877-84. [PMID: 26229448 PMCID: PMC4517514 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s87609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with carotid stenosis, the risk of plaque rupture is related to the composition of the atherosclerotic plaque rather than to its magnitude. In this regard, we evaluated the effects of a supplement, Aterofisiol,® containing omega-3 (EPA [eicosapen acid] DHA [docosahexaenoic acid]), vitamin K2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) and resveratrol on the composition of atherosclerotic plaque and on neurological symptoms in patients with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Methods The study was randomized, prospective, and double-blinded. Eligible patients were of both sexes, with carotid stenosis >70% who underwent endarterectomy. Enrolled patients were randomly allocated to receive either one tablet of acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg (Cardioaspirin®) + one tablet of Aterofisiol every 24 hours or one tablet of Cardioaspirin + one tablet of placebo every 24 hours. Each treatment was started 30 days before the surgery and was stopped 5 days before the surgery. The plaques were removed “en bloc” using standard surgical technique. Results During the study period, 214 patients (135 men and 79 women) were enrolled for intent-to-treat and randomized in two groups: Group A: 107 patients (68 men and 39 women) were treated with Cardioaspirin + Aterofisiol. Group B: 107 patients (67 men and 40 women) were treated with Cardioaspirin + placebo. At the end of the study, 202 patients participated fully (103 patients in Group A and 99 patients in Group B), making up the protocol evaluation population (94.4%). The mean lipid content of removed plaques was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Group A. We recorded a significantly lower incidence of neurological symptoms in Group A in comparison with Group B (P<0.05). Conclusion In the study, Aterofisiol showed to be effective in reducing the amounts of cholesterol and lipids in the plaques and in reducing adverse neurological events in the study group with respect to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy ; Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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