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Potticary AL, Cunningham CB, McKinney EC, Moore PJ, Belay AT, Moore AJ. Insect homolog of oxytocin/vasopressin associated with parenting of males but not females in a subsocial beetle. Evolution 2023; 77:2029-2038. [PMID: 37343551 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Parental care is thought to evolve through modification of behavioral precursors, which predicts that mechanistic changes occur in the genes underlying those traits. The duplicated gene system of oxytocin/vasopressin has been broadly co-opted across vertebrates to influence parenting, from a preduplication ancestral role in water balance. It remains unclear whether co-option of these genes for parenting is limited to vertebrates. Here, we experimentally tested for associations between inotocin gene expression and water balance, parental acceptance of offspring, and active parenting in the subsocial beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis, to test whether this single-copy homolog of the oxytocin/vasopressin system has similarly been co-opted for parental care in a species with elaborate parenting. As expected, inotocin was associated with water balance in both sexes. Inotocin expression increased around sexual maturation in both males and females, although more clearly in males. Finally, inotocin expression was not associated with acceptance of larvae, but was associated with a transition to male but not female parenting. Moreover, level of offspring provisioning behavior and gene expression were positively correlated in males but uncorrelated in females. Our results suggest a broad co-option of this system for parenting that may have existed prior to gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahva L Potticary
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amsale T Belay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Potticary AL, McKinney EC, Moore PJ, Moore AJ. takeout gene expression is associated with temporal kin recognition. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230860. [PMID: 37621661 PMCID: PMC10445020 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A key component of parental care is avoiding killing and eating one's own offspring. Many organisms commit infanticide but switch to parental care when their own offspring are expected, known as temporal kin recognition. It is unclear why such types of indirect kin recognition are so common across taxa. One possibility is that temporal kin recognition may evolve through alteration of simple mechanisms, such as co-opting mechanisms that influence the regulation of timing and feeding in other contexts. Here, we determine whether takeout, a gene implicated in coordinating feeding, influences temporal kin recognition in Nicrophorus orbicollis. We found that takeout expression was not associated with non-parental feeding changes resulting from hunger, or a general transition to the full parental care repertoire. However, beetles that accepted and provided care to their offspring had a higher takeout expression than beetles that committed infanticide. Together, these data support the idea that the evolution of temporal kin recognition may be enabled by co-option of mechanisms that integrate feeding behaviour in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahva L. Potticary
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Patricia J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Schrader M, Hughes P, Jenkins S, Kusher I, Lopez J, Oglesby H, McGhee KE. Can age-related changes in parental care modulate inbreeding depression? A test using the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9391. [PMID: 36225820 PMCID: PMC9534728 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental care has been shown to reduce the magnitude of inbreeding depression in some species with facultative care. However, parents often vary in the quality or amount of care they provide to their offspring, and it is less clear whether this variation also impacts the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Here, we tested whether age‐related changes in parental care modulate the expression of inbreeding depression in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Consistent with previous studies, we found that older parents produced larger broods of offspring than younger parents without sacrificing mean larval mass. Inbreeding depression was evident in several fitness‐related traits: brood size at dispersal, the proportion of the brood that survived to eclosion, and mean age at death were all reduced in inbred broods compared with outbred broods. Surprisingly, inbred offspring were heavier at dispersal than outbred offspring. This was likely due to reduced sibling competition in inbred broods. Despite evidence for age‐related changes in parental investment and the existence of inbreeding depression, there was no evidence that an interaction between the two influenced any of the traits we measured. Our results suggest that age‐related changes in parental care may be too slight to influence the expression of inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parker Hughes
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Samuel Jenkins
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Ian Kusher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Jonathan Lopez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Harriet Oglesby
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
| | - Katie E. McGhee
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the SouthSewaneeTennesseeUSA
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Trumbo ST. Why do males stay in biparental burying beetles? BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biparental associations are rare in most taxa. A second parent should stay with its current brood only to enhance brood fitness or to increase its own future breeding opportunities. I compared the breeding performance of Nicrophorus defodiens pairs and single females while confronting a conspecific male intruder. Pairs fared better than single females in defending a brood, and age had a strong effect on contest outcomes even though defenders and intruders were of the same age. Pairs also produced larger broods than single females, but only on larger carcasses. The results and a review of prior studies suggest that the benefits for a male that stays with a partner during the post-hatch period, whether gains from offspring success or protecting mating opportunities, are observed primarily in the context of intruder pressure, and that paternal care such as regurgitations to young and nest maintenance would not have evolved in a rival-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Trumbo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Waterbury, CT 06702, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Trumbo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Waterbury Connecticut USA
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Ma L, Versteegh MA, Hammers M, Komdeur J. Sex-specific influence of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness in a burying beetle. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211179. [PMID: 35223054 PMCID: PMC8847889 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communal breeding, wherein multiple conspecifics live and reproduce together, may generate short-term benefits in terms of defence and reproduction. However, its carry-over effects remain unclear. We experimentally tested the effects of communal breeding on parental care and reproduction in burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides), which use carcasses as breeding resources and provide parental care to offspring. We subjected individuals to communal or non-communal breeding (i.e. pair breeding) during their first breeding event and to non-communal breeding during their second breeding event. We measured the parental care of individuals and of groups and the reproductive success of groups during both breeding events. In communal groups, large individuals became dominant and largely monopolized the carcass, whereas small individuals (i.e. subordinates) had restricted access to the carcass. At the first breeding event, large males in communal groups spent more time providing care than large males in non-communal groups, whereas such an effect was not observed for large females and small individuals. Reproductive successes were similar in communal and non-communal groups, indicating no short-term benefits of communal breeding in terms of reproduction. Compared with males from non-communal groups, males originating from communal groups produced a larger size of brood during their second breeding event, whereas such an effect was not observed for females. Our results demonstrate the sex-specific effects of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike A. Versteegh
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Hammers
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
- Aeres University of Applied Sciences, Arboretum West 98, 1325 WB Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
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Moss JB, Moore AJ. Constrained flexibility of parental cooperation limits adaptive responses to harsh conditions. Evolution 2021; 75:1835-1849. [PMID: 34153114 PMCID: PMC8362138 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental care is predicted to evolve to mitigate harsh environments, thus adaptive plasticity of care may be an important response to our climate crisis. In biparental species, fitness costs may be reduced by resolving conflict and enhancing cooperation among partners. We investigated this prediction with the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis, by exposing them to contrasting benign and harsh thermal environments. Despite measurable fitness costs under the harsh environment, sexual conflict persisted in the form of sex-specific social plasticity. That is, females provided equivalent care with or without males, whereas males with partners deserted earlier and reduced provisioning effort. The interaction of social condition and thermal environment did not explain variation in individual behavior, failing to support a temperature-mediated shift from conflict to cooperation. Examining selection gradients and splines on cumulative care revealed a likely explanation for these patterns. Contrary to predictions, increased care did not enhance offspring performance under stress. Rather, different components of care were under different selection regimes, with optimization constrained due to lack of coordination between parents. We suggest that the potential for parenting to ameliorate the effects of our climate crisis may depend on the sex-specific evolutionary drivers of parental care, and that this may be best reflected in components of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette B Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.,Current Address: Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Benowitz KM, Sparks ME, McKinney EC, Moore PJ, Moore AJ. Variation in mandible development and its relationship to dependence on parents across burying beetles. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12832-12840. [PMID: 30619586 PMCID: PMC6308864 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In species with parental care, there is striking variation in offspring dependence at birth, ranging from feeding independence to complete dependency on parents for nutrition. Frequently, highly dependent offspring further evolve reductions or alterations of morphological traits that would otherwise promote self-sufficiency. Here, we examine evidence for morphological evolution associated with dependence in burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.), in which dependence upon parents appears to have several independent origins. In many species, precocial first instar larvae can survive without parenting, but several altricial species die at this stage on their own. We focused specifically on the mandibles, which are expected to be related to feeding ability and therefore independence from parents. RESULTS We find no evidence that the size of the mandible is related to dependence on parents. However, we do find a developmental and phylogenetic correlation between independence and the presence of serrations on the inner edge of the mandible. Mandibles of independent species bear serrations at hatching, whereas dependent species hatch with smooth mandibles, only developing serrations in the second instar when these larvae gain the ability to survive on their own. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that serrations coincide with independence repeatedly. We note a single exception to this trend, a beetle with a serrated mandible that cannot survive without parents. However, this exception occurs in a species that has recently evolved the loss of independence. CONCLUSIONS We argue that the absence of mandible serrations occurs due to alternative selection pressures incurred in larvae dependent upon parents to survive. We suggest that this may have led to a variable function for mandibles, perhaps related to increased competitive ability among siblings or increased efficiency in receiving nutrition from parents. Furthermore, we propose that the phylogenetic pattern we see is consistent with the long-held evolutionary hypothesis that evolutionary change in behavior and physiology precede morphological change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
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Smith AN, Creighton JC, Belk MC. Why does it take two to tango? Lifetime fitness consequences of parental care in a burying beetle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186466. [PMID: 29088220 PMCID: PMC5663378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In species that require parental care, each parent can either care for their offspring or leave them in the care of the other parent. For each parent this creates three possible parental care strategies: biparental care, uniparental (male or female) care, and uniparental desertion by either the male or female. The burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis, typically exhibits biparental care of offspring, and thus provides a unique system that allows us to compare the fitness benefits of these parental care strategies in an unconfounded way. In this study, we assess the lifetime fitness of biparental care, uniparental care, and uniparental desertion strategies in both male and female N. orbicollis. Specifically, we tested for increased fitness of the biparental care strategy compared to uniparental care strategies. Second, we test for equality of fitness between uniparental care and uniparental desertion strategies. Surprisingly, biparental care yields lower lifetime fitness for both parents compared to the other two strategies. Also, uniparental care and uniparental desertion strategies yielded equal fitness. The evolution of biparental care in this system is not consistent with the expectation of a mutual fitness benefit. We discuss other potential explanations for the evolution of biparental care in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N. Smith
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - J. Curtis Creighton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Belk
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Benowitz KM, McKinney EC, Cunningham CB, Moore AJ. Relating quantitative variation within a behavior to variation in transcription. Evolution 2017; 71:1999-2009. [PMID: 28542920 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that variation in transcription is associated with changes in behavioral state, or with variation within a state, but little has been done to address if the same genes are involved in both. Here, we investigate the transcriptional basis of variation in parental provisioning using two species of burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis and Nicrophorus vespilloides. We used RNA-seq to compare transcription in parents that provided high amounts of provisioning behavior versus low amounts in males and females of each species. We found no overarching transcriptional patterns distinguishing high from low caring parents, and no informative transcripts that displayed particularly large expression differences in either sex. However, we did find subtler gene expression differences between high and low provisioning parents that are consistent across both sexes and species. Furthermore, we show that transcripts previously implicated in transitioning into parental care in N. vespilloides had high variance in the levels of transcription and were unusually likely to display differential expression between high and low provisioning parents. Thus, quantitative behavioral variation appears to reflect many transcriptional differences of small effect. Furthermore, the same transcripts required for the transition between behavioral states are also related to variation within a behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Benowitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | | | - Christopher B Cunningham
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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Access to a carcass, but not mating opportunities, influences paternal care in burying beetles. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Benowitz KM, McKinney EC, Moore AJ. Difference in parenting in two species of burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis and Nicrophorus vespilloides. J ETHOL 2016; 34:315-319. [PMID: 27917015 DOI: 10.1007/s10164-016-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Burying beetles (Nicrophorus) are model parents among insects, with all studied species known to regurgitate flesh from vertebrate carcasses to their offspring. However, most studies focus on a very few species, yet the interpretation of the function and importance of care is typically generalized to all burying beetles. Here we characterize subtle variation within and between individuals and sexes, and how this variation differs between two species of burying beetle. We find that Nicrophorus orbicollis exhibits low variance, with a normal distribution of parental care provided during peak care periods. In N. vespilloides, however, the distribution is more uniform as values of care are spread across the possible phenotypic spectrum. This suggests that there is stabilizing selection on care in N. orbicollis, but relaxed or disruptive selection in N. vespilloides. Although repeatability was similar between both species, transitions from other care behaviors into feeding were more common in N. orbicollis than N. vespilloides. Thus, while parenting is coarsely similar across the genus, variation in its expression should not be extrapolated to all Nicrophorus. We suggest that subtle variation both within and among species merits greater attention, and could inform us about the factors that lead to different distributions of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Benowitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth C McKinney
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Allen J Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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