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Kase S, Suimon Y, Mitamura M, Kanno-Okada H, Ishida S. Giant conjunctival melanoma with rich vascularization causing persistent bleeding. Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 21:53. [PMID: 38978974 PMCID: PMC11228561 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study reported a rare case of persistent bleeding caused by conjunctival melanoma containing abundant vascular channels. A 44-year-old Japanese woman presented with a left upper eyelid nodule in February 2023. A pigmented conjunctival mass was present in the upper palpebral conjunctiva. Enhanced computed tomography demonstrated marked enhancement in the left eyelid in the artery phase, indicating hemangioma. The patient suffered blunt trauma to the face in May 2023 and continuous bleeding occurred. Doctors in the emergency room attempted hemostasis by diathermy and suture, but the bleeding could not be stopped. The patient eventually underwent emergent orbital exenteration of the left eye. At high magnification of the histology sample of the bleeding site, small-to-large vascular channels with various vascular lumens made up of endothelial cells within the conjunctival melanoma tissue could be observed. The tumor cells were positive for SOX10, Melan A, S100 and HMB45. We herein propose a novel variant of conjunctival melanoma with rich vascularization, clinically causing persistent bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuka Suimon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mizuho Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kanno-Okada
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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2
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Femel J, Hill C, Illa Bochaca I, Booth JL, Asnaashari TG, Steele MM, Moshiri AS, Do H, Zhong J, Osman I, Leachman SA, Tsujikawa T, White KP, Chang YH, Lund AW. Quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry reveals inter-patient lymphovascular and immune heterogeneity in primary cutaneous melanoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328602. [PMID: 38361951 PMCID: PMC10867179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Quantitative, multiplexed imaging is revealing complex spatial relationships between phenotypically diverse tumor infiltrating leukocyte populations and their prognostic implications. The underlying mechanisms and tissue structures that determine leukocyte distribution within and around tumor nests, however, remain poorly understood. While presumed players in metastatic dissemination, new preclinical data demonstrates that blood and lymphatic vessels (lymphovasculature) also dictate leukocyte trafficking within tumor microenvironments and thereby impact anti-tumor immunity. Here we interrogate these relationships in primary human cutaneous melanoma. Methods We established a quantitative, multiplexed imaging platform to simultaneously detect immune infiltrates and tumor-associated vessels in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded patient samples. We performed a discovery, retrospective analysis of 28 treatment-naïve, primary cutaneous melanomas. Results Here we find that the lymphvasculature and immune infiltrate is heterogenous across patients in treatment naïve, primary melanoma. We categorized five lymphovascular subtypes that differ by functionality and morphology and mapped their localization in and around primary tumors. Interestingly, the localization of specific vessel subtypes, but not overall vessel density, significantly associated with the presence of lymphoid aggregates, regional progression, and intratumoral T cell infiltrates. Discussion We describe a quantitative platform to enable simultaneous lymphovascular and immune infiltrate analysis and map their spatial relationships in primary melanoma. Our data indicate that tumor-associated vessels exist in different states and that their localization may determine potential for metastasis or immune infiltration. This platform will support future efforts to map tumor-associated lymphovascular evolution across stage, assess its prognostic value, and stratify patients for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Femel
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cameron Hill
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irineu Illa Bochaca
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamie L. Booth
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tina G. Asnaashari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Maria M. Steele
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ata S. Moshiri
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyungrok Do
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Judy Zhong
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Iman Osman
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sancy A. Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Takahiro Tsujikawa
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kevin P. White
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Young H. Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Ju W, Cai HH, Zheng W, Li DM, Zhang W, Yang XH, Yan ZX. Cross‑talk between lymphangiogenesis and malignant melanoma cells: New opinions on tumour drainage and immunization (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:81. [PMID: 38249813 PMCID: PMC10797314 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive tumour that can easily metastasize through the lymphatic system at the early stages. Lymph node (LN) involvement and lymphatic vessel (LV) density (LVD) represent a harbinger of an adverse prognosis, indicating a strong link between the state of the lymphatic system and the advancement of MM. Permeable capillary lymphatic vessels are the optimal conduits for melanoma cell (MMC) invasion, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) can also release a variety of chemokines that actively attract MMCs expressing chemokine ligands through a gradient orientation. Moreover, due to the lower oxidative stress environment in the lymph compared with the blood circulation, MMCs are more likely to survive and colonize. The number of LVs surrounding MM is associated with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which is crucial for the effectiveness of immunotherapy. On the other hand, MMCs can release various endothelial growth factors such as VEGF-C/D-VEGFR3 to mediate LN education and promote lymphangiogenesis. Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles are also used to promote lymphangiogenesis and create a microenvironment that is more conducive to tumour progression. MM is surrounded by a large number of lymphocytes. However, both LECs and MMCs are highly plastic, playing multiple roles in evading immune surveillance. They achieve this by expressing inhibitory ligands or reducing antigen recognition. In recent years, tertiary lymphoid structures have been shown to be associated with response to anti-immune checkpoint therapy, which is often a positive prognostic feature in MM. The present review discusses the interaction between lymphangiogenesis and MM metastasis, and it was concluded that the relationship between LVD and TILs and patient prognosis is analogous to a dynamically tilted scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ju
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hua Cai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - De-Ming Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Hu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Yan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
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4
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Alve S, Gramolelli S, Jukonen J, Juteau S, Pink A, Manninen AA, Hänninen S, Monto E, Lackman MH, Carpén O, Saharinen P, Karaman S, Vaahtomeri K, Ojala PM. DLL4/Notch3/WNT5B axis mediates bidirectional prometastatic crosstalk between melanoma and lymphatic endothelial cells. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e171821. [PMID: 37971882 PMCID: PMC10906450 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite strong indications that interactions between melanoma and lymphatic vessels actively promote melanoma progression, the molecular mechanisms are not yet completely understood. To characterize molecular factors of this crosstalk, we established human primary lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) cocultures with human melanoma cell lines. Here, we show that coculture with melanoma cells induced transcriptomic changes in LECs and led to multiple changes in their function. WNT5B, a paracrine signaling molecule upregulated in melanoma cells upon LEC interaction, was found to contribute to the functional changes in LECs. Moreover, WNT5B transcription was regulated by Notch3 in melanoma cells following the coculture with LECs, and Notch3 and WNT5B were coexpressed in melanoma patient primary tumor and metastasis samples. Moreover, melanoma cells derived from LEC coculture escaped efficiently from the primary site to the proximal tumor-draining lymph nodes, which was impaired upon WNT5B depletion. This supported the role of WNT5B in promoting the metastatic potential of melanoma cells through its effects on LECs. Finally, DLL4, a Notch ligand expressed in LECs, was identified as an upstream inducer of the Notch3/WNT5B axis in melanoma. This study elucidated WNT5B as a key molecular factor mediating bidirectional crosstalk between melanoma cells and lymphatic endothelium and promoting melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Alve
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silvia Gramolelli
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Joonas Jukonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Juteau
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Pink
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte A. Manninen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Park Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), and
| | - Satu Hänninen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Monto
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Madeleine H. Lackman
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Helsinki Biobank, and
- Department of Pathology and Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Vaahtomeri
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi M. Ojala
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Leichner GS, Schweitzer I, Dror S, Levin L, Geva P, Golan T, Zaremba L, Shapira G, Parikh R, Shomron N, Barzilai A, Hoheisel JD, Levy C, Greenberger S. Primary Melanoma miRNA Trafficking Induces Lymphangiogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1788-1798.e7. [PMID: 36934839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma, the deadliest cutaneous tumor, initiates within the epidermis; during progression, cells invade into the dermis and become metastatic through the lymphatic and blood system. Before melanoma cell invasion into the dermis, an increased density of dermal lymphatic vessels is observed, generated by a mechanism which is not fully understood. In this study, we show that, while at the primary epidermal stage (in situ), melanoma cells secrete extracellular vesicles termed melanosomes, which are uptaken by dermal lymphatic cells, leading to transcriptional and phenotypic pro-lymphangiogenic changes. Mechanistically, melanoma-derived melanosomes traffic mature let-7i to lymphatic endothelial cells, which mediate pro-lymphangiogenic phenotypic changes by the induction of type I IFN signaling. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis upon treatment with melanosomes or let-7i reveals the enhancement of IFI6 expression in lymphatic cells. Because melanoma cells metastasize primarily via lymphatic vessels, our data suggest that blocking lymphangiogenesis by repressing either melanosome release or type I IFN signaling will prevent melanoma progression to the deadly metastatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil S Leichner
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbal Schweitzer
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shani Dror
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lotan Levin
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Polina Geva
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laureen Zaremba
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guy Shapira
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roma Parikh
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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6
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Salavati H, Debbaut C, Pullens P, Ceelen W. Interstitial fluid pressure as an emerging biomarker in solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188792. [PMID: 36084861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physical microenvironment of cancer is characterized by elevated stiffness and tissue pressure, the main component of which is the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Elevated IFP is an established negative predictive and prognostic parameter, directly affecting malignant behavior and therapy response. As such, measurement of the IFP would allow to develop strategies aimed at engineering the physical microenvironment of cancer. Traditionally, IFP measurement required the use of invasive methods. Recent progress in dynamic and functional imaging methods such as dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging and elastography, combined with numerical models and simulation, allows to comprehensively assess the biomechanical landscape of cancer, and may help to overcome physical barriers to drug delivery and immune cell infiltration. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the origin of elevated IFP, and its role in the malignant phenotype. Also, we review the methods used to measure IFP using invasive and imaging based methods, and highlight remaining obstacles and potential areas of progress in order to implement IFP measurement in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Salavati
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; IBitech- Biommeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Debbaut
- IBitech- Biommeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pim Pullens
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Institute of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (GIFMI), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; IBitech- Medisip, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Induction of potassium channel regulator KCNE4 in a submandibular lymph node metastasis model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13208. [PMID: 35915077 PMCID: PMC9343410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often metastasize to the lymph nodes (LNs) before disseminating throughout the body. Clinically, LN metastasis correlates with poor prognosis and influences treatment options. Many studies have shown that cancer cells communicate with immune and stromal cells to prepare a suitable niche for metastasis. In this study, mice were injected with B16–F10 murine melanoma cells to generate a tongue submandibular lymph node (SLN) metastasis model in which genes of interest could be investigated. Microarray analyses were performed on SLNs, identifying 162 upregulated genes, some of which are known metastasis genes. Among these upregulated genes, Kcne4, Slc7a11, Fscn1, and Gadd45b were not associated with metastasis, and increased expression of Kcne4 and Slc7a11 was confirmed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The roles of KCNE4 in chemokine production and cell adhesion were examined using primary lymphatic endothelial cells, and demonstrated that Ccl17 and Ccl19, which are involved in melanoma metastasis, were upregulated by KCNE4, as well as Mmp3 matrix metalloproteinase. Expression of KCNE4 was detected in human LNs with metastatic melanoma. In conclusion, we found that LN metastatic melanoma induces KCNE4 expression in the endothelium of LNs.
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8
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Fast raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy enables assessment of human melanoma microvasculature in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2803. [PMID: 35589757 PMCID: PMC9120110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is associated with angiogenesis and vascular changes that may extend through the entire skin depth. Three-dimensional imaging of vascular characteristics in skin lesions could therefore allow diagnostic insights not available by conventional visual inspection. Raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) images microvasculature through the entire skin depth with resolutions of tens of micrometers; however, current RSOM implementations are too slow to overcome the strong breathing motions on the upper torso where melanoma lesions commonly occur. To enable high-resolution imaging of melanoma vasculature in humans, we accelerate RSOM scanning using an illumination scheme that is coaxial with a high-sensitivity ultrasound detector path, yielding 15 s single-breath-hold scans that minimize motion artifacts. We apply this Fast RSOM to image 10 melanomas and 10 benign nevi in vivo, showing marked differences between malignant and benign lesions, supporting the possibility to use biomarkers extracted from RSOM imaging of vasculature for lesion characterization to improve diagnostics. Raster-Scanning-Optoacoustic Mesoscopy can be used to image the vasculature in skin cancer lesions but is limited by a long exposure time. Here; the authors increase the speed of the imaging using co-axial illumination and a high-sensitivity ultrasound detector path.
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10
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García-Silva S, Benito-Martín A, Nogués L, Hernández-Barranco A, Mazariegos MS, Santos V, Hergueta-Redondo M, Ximénez-Embún P, Kataru RP, Lopez AA, Merino C, Sánchez-Redondo S, Graña-Castro O, Matei I, Nicolás-Avila JÁ, Torres-Ruiz R, Rodríguez-Perales S, Martínez L, Pérez-Martínez M, Mata G, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Kalinowska I, Saltari A, Martínez-Gómez JM, Hogan SA, Saragovi HU, Ortega S, Garcia-Martin C, Boskovic J, Levesque MP, Rutkowski P, Hidalgo A, Muñoz J, Megías D, Mehrara BJ, Lyden D, Peinado H. Melanoma-derived small extracellular vesicles induce lymphangiogenesis and metastasis through an NGFR-dependent mechanism. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:1387-1405. [PMID: 34957415 PMCID: PMC8697753 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) influence the tumor microenvironment and promote distal metastasis. Here, we analyzed the involvement of melanoma-secreted EVs in lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation in murine models. We found that small EVs (sEVs) derived from metastatic melanoma cell lines were enriched in nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, p75NTR), spread through the lymphatic system and were taken up by lymphatic endothelial cells, reinforcing lymph node metastasis. Remarkably, sEVs enhanced lymphangiogenesis and tumor cell adhesion by inducing ERK kinase, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Importantly, ablation or inhibition of NGFR in sEVs reversed the lymphangiogenic phenotype, decreased lymph node metastasis and extended survival in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, NGFR expression was augmented in human lymph node metastases relative to that in matched primary tumors, and the frequency of NGFR+ metastatic melanoma cells in lymph nodes correlated with patient survival. In summary, we found that NGFR is secreted in melanoma-derived sEVs, reinforcing lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benito-Martín
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Nogués
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Hernández-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S Mazariegos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hergueta-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Amor Lopez
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Merino
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - José Ángel Nicolás-Avila
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Torres-Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Martínez
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez-Martínez
- Cofocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gadea Mata
- Cofocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Diagnostic Hematology Department, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kalinowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia M Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina A Hogan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Transgenic Mice Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Martin
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megías
- Cofocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Salgüero I, Roustán G, Requena L, Suárez D, García-Fresnadillo D, Redondo JI, Nájera L. Immunophenotypic Differences in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Neovascularization Between Primary Cutaneous Melanoma With and Without Metastasis: An Immunohistochemical Study of 80 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:811-818. [PMID: 33534211 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The prognostic implications of the immunophenotype of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in primary cutaneous melanoma are well known. In recent years, the study of this immunophenotype has also resulted in immunotherapeutic consequences. The aims of this study were to characterize the subpopulations of TILs in primary cutaneous melanoma, in cases with and without metastasis, as well as the neovascularization associated with the primary neoplasm, and its influence on the development of metastasis. To this end, the immunophenotype of TILs and the neovascularization of 80 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma (40 each with metastatic and non-metastatic melanoma) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, PD-1, CD31, and D2-40 antibodies. We found that higher frequencies of TILs with brisk pattern, and CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells in TILs, and a lower frequency of CD31+ vessels were histopathological features associated with better prognosis in primary cutaneous melanoma. Our results support the notion that the immunohistochemical study of TILs and neovascularization in primary cutaneous melanoma may be helpful tools for identifying patients at increased risk of metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salgüero
- Department of Dermatology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaston Roustán
- Department of Dermatology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Suárez
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | - Diego García-Fresnadillo
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | | | - Laura Nájera
- Department of Pathology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain ; and
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12
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Fujimoto N, Dieterich LC. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Tumor Lymphatic Invasion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102585. [PMID: 34685565 PMCID: PMC8533989 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels play an important role in tumor progression, mediating lymphatic dissemination of malignant cells to tumor-draining lymph nodes and regulating tumor immunity. An early, necessary step in the lymphatic metastasis cascade is the invasion of lymphatic vessels by tumor cell clusters or single tumor cells. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, which include tumor-specific as well as normal, developmental and immunological processes “hijacked” by tumor cells to gain access to the lymphatic system. Furthermore, we summarize the prognostic value of lymphatic invasion, discuss its relationship with local recurrence, lymph node and distant metastasis, and highlight potential therapeutic options and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Lothar C. Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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13
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PEDF inhibits lymphatic metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a new lymphangiogenesis inhibitor. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:295. [PMID: 33731707 PMCID: PMC7969934 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most malignant tumors in southern China and Asia, and lymph node metastasis is an important cause for treatment failure. Lymphangiogenesis is a crucial step in lymphatic metastasis of NPC, while little is known about lymphangiogenesis in NPC. Similar to angiogenesis, lymphangitic neovascularization is a process of balance between pro-lymphangiogenesis and anti-lymphangiogenesis factors, but there are few studies on endogenous lymphangiogenesis inhibitors. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a well-known effective endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor. However, the relationship between PEDF and lymphangiogenesis remains unknown. Our present study reveals that PEDF is lowly expressed in human NPC tissues with poor prognosis and is negatively correlated with lymphatic vessel density (LVD). Consistently, PEDF inhibits lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of NPC in vivo experiments. Mechanistically, PEDF inhibits the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells and promotes cell apoptosis. On the other hand, PEDF reduces the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) of NPC cells through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that PEDF plays a vital role in lymphatic metastasis by targeting both lymphatic endothelial cells and NPC cells, and PEDF may represent a novel therapeutic target for NPC.
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14
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Predictors of Nonsentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Surg Res 2020; 260:506-515. [PMID: 33358194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although completion lymph node dissection (CLND) is not routinely performed for a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) anymore, adjuvant therapy depends on the risk factors available from SLN biopsy, including the risk of nonsentinel node metastases (NSNM). A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in an attempt to identify risk factors that could be used to predict the risk of NSNM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for articles discussing predictive factors for NSNM. PRISMA guidelines were followed, and RevMan software was used to calculate pooled odds ratios (OR) using the Mantel-Haenszel test. RESULTS Fifty publications were suitable for additional analysis. The clinical and primary tumor factors that were consistently identified as risk factors for NSNMs were: age >50, T stage 3 or 4, Clark level IV/V, ulceration, microsatellitosis, lymphovascular invasion, nodular histology, and extremity versus trunk primary tumor location. SLN factors that predicted NSNMs were >1 positive SLN, SLN micrometastatic tumor burden, diameter >2 mm, extracapsular extension, nonsubcapsular location (Dewar), and Rotterdam > 1 mm or ≥ 0.1 mm. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study support that many clinical and pathologic risk factors that can be assessed with SLN biopsy alone can be used to predict the risk of NSNMs. The factors identified in this review should be evaluated in clinical prediction models to predict the risk of NSNMS, a prediction that may be used to select patients for adjuvant therapy in high-risk melanoma.
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15
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Suresh R, Ziemys A, Holder AM. Dissecting the Lymphatic System to Predict Melanoma Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:576190. [PMID: 33330052 PMCID: PMC7729077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.576190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer in the United States. Current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging uses Breslow depth and ulceration as the two primary tumor factors that predict metastatic risk in cutaneous melanoma. Early disease stages are generally associated with high survival rates. However, in some cases, patients with thin melanomas develop advanced disease, suggesting other factors may contribute to the metastatic potential of an individual patient’s melanoma. This review focuses on the role of the lymphatic system in the metastasis of cutaneous melanoma, from recent discoveries in mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis to elements of the lymphatic system that ultimately may aid clinicians in determining which patients are at highest risk. Ultimately, this review highlights the need to integrate pathological, morphological, and molecular characteristics of lymphatics into a “biomarker” for metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Suresh
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Arturas Ziemys
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ashley M Holder
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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16
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Prevention of Melanoma Extravasation as a New Treatment Option Exemplified by p38/MK2 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218344. [PMID: 33172202 PMCID: PMC7664432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma releases numerous tumor cells into the circulation; however, only a very small fraction of these cells is able to establish distant metastasis. Intravascular survival of circulating tumor cells is limited through hemodynamic forces and by the lack of matrix interactions. The extravasation step is, thus, of unique importance to establish metastasis. Similar to leukocyte extravasation, this process is under the control of adhesion molecule pairs expressed on melanoma and endothelial cells, and as for leukocytes, ligands need to be adequately presented on cell surfaces. Based on melanoma plasticity, there is considerable heterogeneity even within one tumor and one patient resulting in a mixture of invasive or proliferative cells. The molecular control for this switch is still ill-defined. Recently, the balance between two kinase pathways, p38 and JNK, has been shown to determine growth characteristics of melanoma. While an active JNK pathway induces a proliferative phenotype with reduced invasive features, an active p38/MK2 pathway results in an invasive phenotype and supports the extravasation step via the expression of molecules capable of binding to endothelial integrins. Therapeutic targeting of MK2 to prevent extravasation might reduce metastatic spread.
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17
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Fane ME, Ecker BL, Kaur A, Marino GE, Alicea GM, Douglass SM, Chhabra Y, Webster MR, Marshall A, Colling R, Espinosa O, Coupe N, Maroo N, Campo L, Middleton MR, Corrie P, Xu X, Karakousis GC, Weeraratna AT. sFRP2 Supersedes VEGF as an Age-related Driver of Angiogenesis in Melanoma, Affecting Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy in Older Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5709-5719. [PMID: 33097493 PMCID: PMC7642114 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is thought to be critical for tumor metastasis. However, inhibiting angiogenesis using antibodies such as bevacizumab (Avastin), has had little impact on melanoma patient survival. We have demonstrated that both angiogenesis and metastasis are increased in older individuals, and therefore sought to investigate whether there was an age-related difference in response to bevacizumab, and if so, what the underlying mechanism could be. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed data from the AVAST-M trial of 1,343 patients with melanoma treated with bevacizumab to determine whether there is an age-dependent response to bevacizumab. We also examined the age-dependent expression of VEGF and its cognate receptors in patients with melanoma, while using syngeneic melanoma animal models to target VEGF in young versus old mice. We also examined the age-related proangiogenic factor secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) and whether it could modulate response to anti-VEGF therapy. RESULTS We show that older patients respond poorly to bevacizumab, whereas younger patients show improvement in both disease-free survival and overall survival. We find that targeting VEGF does not ablate angiogenesis in an aged mouse model, while sFRP2 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in young mice. Targeting sFRP2 in aged mice successfully ablates angiogenesis, while the effects of targeting VEGF in young mice can be overcome by increasing sFRP2. CONCLUSIONS VEGF is decreased during aging, thereby reducing response to bevacizumab. Despite the decrease in VEGF, angiogenesis is increased because of an increase in sFRP2 in the aged tumor microenvironment. These results stress the importance of considering age as a factor for designing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brett L Ecker
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gloria E Marino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Douglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie R Webster
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Colling
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Espinosa
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coupe
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neera Maroo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Campo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pippa Corrie
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Lucarini G, Simonetti O, Lazzarini R, Giantomassi F, Goteri G, Offidani A. Vascular endothelial growth factor/semaphorin-3A ratio and SEMA3A expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:433-442. [PMID: 32516239 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breslow thickness and Clark level are still important factors for cutaneous melanoma, but do not provide a precise prognosis in all cases. It is necessary to find new factors capable of a more accurate prediction of the tumor course. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor development and progression and is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and semaphorins (SEMA), in particular, SEMA3A inhibits angiogenesis by affecting VEGF signaling. However, the prognostic role of angiogenetic factors remains unclear. To date, no information is available on SEMA3A in human melanoma. Microvessel density, immunohistochemical and mRNA VEGF and SEMA3A expression level in 60 thin (Breslow thickness ≤ 1.0 mm), 60 intermediate (1.1-4.0 mm) and 50 thick (>4.0 mm) primary human cutaneous melanomas were investigated and related to clinical/pathological parameters and disease-specific survival. No positive association between Breslow thickness, Clark level, metastasis presence and survival was identified; Clark level was poorly related to survival. VEGF and microvessel density were significantly higher in intermediate and thick melanomas and related to Breslow thickness and Clark level but not to metastasis status and survival. On the contrary, SEMA3A was significantly reduced in intermediate and thick melanomas and associated to metastasis and poor survival. VEGF/SEMA3A ratio was higher in the worst prognosis, resulting the most closely related factor with metastasis and survival. SEMA3A expression and VEGF/SEMA3A ratio turned out to be valuable prognostic biomarkers in patients affected by cutaneous melanoma, in particular with Breslow thickness >1 mm. SEMA3A might serve as a candidate tumor suppressor in cutaneous melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federica Giantomassi
- Unit of Pathologic Anatomy and Histopathology, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, United Ancona Hospitals, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaia Goteri
- Unit of Pathologic Anatomy and Histopathology, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, United Ancona Hospitals, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
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Wu Y, Du K, Guan W, Wu D, Tang H, Wang N, Qi J, Gu Z, Yang J, Ding J. A novel definition of microvessel density in renal cell carcinoma: Angiogenesis plus vasculogenic mimicry. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:192. [PMID: 32952661 PMCID: PMC7479517 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study proposed the novel concept of total microvessel density (TMVD), which is the combination of the MVD and the vasculogenic mimicry (VM) status, and evaluated its clinical significance in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). For that purpose, tumor samples from 183 patients with primary RCC were examined by CD34 single or periodic acid Schiff (PAS)/CD34 dual histology staining. MVD and VM were determined according to previous literature. Clinical information (tumor stage and grade, and duration of survival) was retrieved and analyzed. Survival information and VM-associated gene expression data of patients with RCC were also retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the clinical significance of each individual gene was analyzed. The results indicated that MVD exhibited obvious differences among patients with RCC; however, it was not correlated with the stage/grade or length of survival in patients with RCC. In total, 81 patients (44.3%) were CD34(−)/PAS(+) and defined as VM(+), and they had a significantly shorter survival compared with that of VM(−) patients (P=0.0002). VM was not associated with MVD. TMVD was able to distinguish between patients with high and low MVD in terms of survival, thus TMVD was better compared with MVD alone at distinguishing between patients with different survival prognoses. TCGA data analysis revealed that among the VM-associated genes, nodal growth differentiation factor, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and galectin-3 had a statistically significant impact on the overall/disease-free survival of patients with RCC. In conclusion, the TMVD concept may be more appropriate and sensitive compared with the MVD or VM alone in predicting tumor aggressiveness and patient survival, particularly in RCC, which is a highly vascularized, VM-rich neoplasm, and certain VM formation-associated genes are negatively associated with the survival of patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Kun Du
- Department of Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Guan
- Department of Pathology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Haixiao Tang
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqin Gu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Junyao Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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20
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Wenzina J, Holzner S, Puujalka E, Cheng PF, Forsthuber A, Neumüller K, Schossleitner K, Lichtenberger BM, Levesque MP, Petzelbauer P. Inhibition of p38/MK2 Signaling Prevents Vascular Invasion of Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:878-890.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Wang M, Li B, Sun H, Huang T, Zhang X, Jin K, Wang F, Luo X. Correlation study between dual source CT perfusion imaging and the microvascular composition of solitary pulmonary nodules. Lung Cancer 2019; 130:115-120. [PMID: 30885331 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between dual source computed tomography perfusion imaging (CTPI) and microvascular parameters, and evaluate the value of CTPI in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). METHODS 65 consecutive patients with SPN who successfully underwent pre-operative CT perfusion imaging with dual source CT and received a final diagnosis by postoperative pathology. The cases were divided into malignant, benign and inflammatory groups according to the pathological results. CT perfusion parameters, such as blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability surface (PMB) were obtained by performing CTPI of SPNs. The postoperative specimens of SPNs were immunohistochemically stained for CD34 and SMA to detect microvessel density (MVD) and luminal vascular parameters, such as luminal vascular number (LVN), luminal vascular area (LVA) and luminal vascular perimeter (LVP). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic efficiency of CT perfusion parameter in diagnosing malignant SPNs. RESULTS In these 65 cases, malignant, benign and inflammatory SPNs were respectively 39, 14 and 12 cases. Significant difference was observed in LVN/MVD, LVA and LVP among the three groups (P < 0.05). The correlation between CT perfusion parameters (BF, BV and PMB) and the luminal vascular parameters was stronger than that with MVD (P < 0.05). PMB has the strongest correlation with LVN/MVD. Using BF≥60ml/100ml/min, BV≥6.34ml/100ml and PMB≥13.35ml/100 ml/min for the diagnosis, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve was 0.760, the sensitivity was 82% and the specificity was 61%. CONCLUSIONS The main indicators reflecting blood perfusion of SPN are the degree of lumen or maturity of microvessels (LVN, LVA and LVP), not just the number of microvessels (e.g. MVD). CT perfusion imaging can be used as an important method to non-invasively evaluate tumour angiogenesis and help to distinguish malignant SPNs from benign and inflammatory SPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Xinxiang, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
| | - Bangguo Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Jin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Xianli Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
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22
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Schineis P, Runge P, Halin C. Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:31-41. [PMID: 30092362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been known to serve as a highway for migrating leukocytes from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and back to circulation, thereby contributing to the induction of adaptive immunity and immunesurveillance. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) present in peripheral tissues upstream of a first dLN are generally referred to as afferent LVs. In contrast to migration through blood vessels (BVs), the detailed molecular and cellular requirements of cellular traffic through afferent LVs have only recently started to be unraveled. Progress in our ability to track the migration of lymph-borne cell populations, in combination with cutting-edge imaging technologies, nowadays allows the investigation and visualization of lymphatic migration of endogenous leukocytes, both at the population and at the single-cell level. These studies have revealed that leukocyte trafficking through afferent LVs generally follows a step-wise migration pattern, relying on the active interplay of numerous molecules. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of cellular traffic through afferent LVs. We will first outline how the structure of the afferent LV network supports leukocyte migration and highlight important molecules involved in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and neutrophils, i.e. the most prominent cell types trafficking through afferent LVs. Additionally, we will describe how tumor cells hijack the lymphatic system for their dissemination to draining LNs. Finally, we will summarize and discuss our current understanding of the functional significance as well as the therapeutic implications of cell traffic through afferent LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Runge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Bordry N, Broggi MAS, de Jonge K, Schaeuble K, Gannon PO, Foukas PG, Danenberg E, Romano E, Baumgaertner P, Fankhauser M, Wald N, Cagnon L, Abed-Maillard S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Murray T, Ioannidou K, Letovanec I, Yan P, Michielin O, Matter M, Swartz MA, Speiser DE. Lymphatic vessel density is associated with CD8 + T cell infiltration and immunosuppressive factors in human melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1462878. [PMID: 30221058 PMCID: PMC6136869 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1462878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased density of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels correlates with poor patient survival in melanoma and other cancers, yet lymphatic drainage is essential for initiating an immune response. Here we asked whether and how lymphatic vessel density (LVD) correlates with immune cell infiltration in primary tumors and lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with cutaneous melanoma. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis, we found significant positive correlations between LVD and CD8+ T cell infiltration as well as expression of the immunosuppressive molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO). Interestingly, similar associations were seen in tumor-free LNs adjacent to metastatic ones, indicating loco-regional effects of tumors. Our data suggest that lymphatic vessels play multiple roles at tumor sites and LNs, promoting both T cell infiltration and adaptive immunosuppressive mechanisms. Lymph vessel associated T cell infiltration may increase immunotherapy success rates provided that the treatment overcomes adaptive immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria A. S. Broggi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaat de Jonge
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Periklis G. Foukas
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Danenberg
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, FRANCE
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Fankhauser
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Wald
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pu Yan
- Department of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Matter
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Soler-Cardona A, Forsthuber A, Lipp K, Ebersberger S, Heinz M, Schossleitner K, Buchberger E, Gröger M, Petzelbauer P, Hoeller C, Wagner E, Loewe R. CXCL5 Facilitates Melanoma Cell-Neutrophil Interaction and Lymph Node Metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1627-1635. [PMID: 29474942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines influence tumor metastasis by targeting tumor, stromal, and hematopoietic cells. Characterizing the chemokine mRNA expression profile of human primary melanoma samples, we found CXCL5 significantly up-regulated in stage T4 primary melanomas when compared to thin melanomas (T1 stage). To characterize the role of CXCL5 in melanoma progression, we established a metastasizing murine xenograft model using CXCL5-overexpressing human melanoma cells. CXCL5 had no effect on melanoma proliferation in vitro and on primary tumor growth in vivo, but CXCL5-overexpressing tumors recruited high amounts of neutrophils and exhibited significantly increased lymphangiogenesis in our severe combined immune-deficient mouse model. Recruited neutrophils were found in close proximity to or within lymphatic vessels, often in direct contact with melanoma cells. Clinically, CXCL5-overexpressing melanomas had significantly increased lymph node metastases. We were able to translate these findings to human patient samples and found a positive correlation between CXCL5 expression, numbers of neutrophils in stage T4 primary melanoma, and the occurrence of subsequent locoregional metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soler-Cardona
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of General Dermatology and Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Forsthuber
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Lipp
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Magdalena Heinz
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudia Schossleitner
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marion Gröger
- Core Facility Imaging, Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of General Dermatology and Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Division of General Dermatology and Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Loewe
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of General Dermatology and Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Steinskog ESS, Sagstad SJ, Wagner M, Karlsen TV, Yang N, Markhus CE, Yndestad S, Wiig H, Eikesdal HP. Impaired lymphatic function accelerates cancer growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45789-45802. [PMID: 27329584 PMCID: PMC5216761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased lymphangiogenesis is a common feature of cancer development and progression, yet the influence of impaired lymphangiogenesis on tumor growth is elusive. C3HBA breast cancer and KHT-1 sarcoma cell lines were implanted orthotopically in Chy mice, harboring a heterozygous inactivating mutation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, resulting in impaired dermal lymphangiogenesis. Accelerated tumor growth was observed in both cancer models in Chy mice, coinciding with reduced peritumoral lymphangiogenesis. An impaired lymphatic washout was observed from the peritumoral area in Chy mice with C3HBA tumors, and the number of macrophages was significantly reduced. While fewer macrophages were detected, the fraction of CD163+ M2 macrophages remained constant, causing a shift towards a higher M2/M1 ratio in Chy mice. No difference in adaptive immune cells was observed between wt and Chy mice. Interestingly, levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage-associated cytokines were reduced in C3HBA tumors, pointing to an impaired innate immune response. However, IL-6 was profoundly elevated in the C3HBA tumor interstitial fluid, and treatment with the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab inhibited breast cancer growth. Collectively, our data indicate that impaired lymphangiogenesis weakens anti-tumor immunity and favors tumor growth at an early stage of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marek Wagner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ning Yang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Synnøve Yndestad
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Petter Eikesdal
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Microvessel Density in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Skin Cancer 2017; 2017:2049140. [PMID: 29441208 PMCID: PMC5758941 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2049140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a meta-analysis, in order to appraise the effect of microvessel density (MVD) on the survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Methods This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A systematic literature search in electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials) was performed. Fixed Effects or Random Effects model was used, based on the Cochran Q test. Results In total 9 studies (903 patients) were included. Pooled HR for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 2.62 (95% CI: 0.71–9.60, p = 0.15) and 2.64 (95% CI: 0.82–8.47, p = 0.10), respectively. Odds ratios of overall survival between high and low MVD groups, at 12 (1.45, 95% CI: 0.16–13.24), 36 (2.93, 95% CI: 0.63–13.59), and 60 (4.09, 95% CI: 0.85–19.77) months did not reach statistical significance. Significant superiority of low MVD group, in terms of DFS, at all time intervals (OR: 4.69, p < 0.0001; OR: 2.18, p = 0.004; OR: 7.46, p = 0.01, resp.) was documented. Discussion MVD does not affect the HR of OS and DFS. A strong correlation with DFS rates at 12, 36, and 60 months was recorded.
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27
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A meta-analysis of the lymphatic microvessel density and survival in gastric cancer with 1809 cases. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5406-5415. [PMID: 29435188 PMCID: PMC5797059 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis commonly occurs in gastric cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that the overexpression of lymphatic microvessel density (LVD) is correlated with various malignancies. To evaluate the potential role of LVD in various malignancies, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to thoroughly investigate the association of LVD expression with tumor progression and survival in gastric cancer. We performed a comprehensive search of common databases and selected studies demonstrating the relationship between LVD expression and gastric cancer prognosis. Hazard ratios (HR) were used to determine the value of LVD for predicting gastric cancer metastasis and prognosis. The data were extracted from the included studies and pooled with the appropriate effects model using STATA 12.0. The results showed that high LVD expression obviously impacted the prognosis of gastric cancer, based on an overall survival (OS) HR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.91–3.48, P < 0.001) and a disease-free survival (DFS) HR of 2.51 (95% CI: 1.35–4.68, P = 0.004) in the univariate analysis. In addition, the results of the multivariate analysis indicated a remarkable relationship between high LVD expression and gastric neoplasm prognosis. The pooled OS HR was 4.12 (95% CI: 3.45–4.91, P < 0.001). The current meta-analysis shows that high LVD is closely related to tumor metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric malignancy. LVD could be a key factor in tumor lymphatic metastasis. Moreover, LVD is likely a potential index and an effective biomarker for the prediction of patient prognosis.
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28
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Huang R, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Metastatic pathway and the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of human melanoma xenografts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:203. [PMID: 29017512 PMCID: PMC5634823 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma of the skin can metastasize through blood vessels and lymphatics. The primary tumor develops a vascular microenvironment characterized by abnormal blood vessels and lymphatics and a physicochemical microenvironment characterized by low oxygen tension, regions with hypoxic tissue, and high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This study aimed at identifying relationships between the metastatic route of melanomas and characteristic features of the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor. METHODS Two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models (E-13, N-15) and four cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) models (C-10, D-12, R-18, T-22) of human melanoma were included in the study. Tumors were transplanted to an orthotopic site in BALB/c-nu/nu mice, and when the tumors had grown to a volume of 500-600 mm3, the IFP of the primary tumor was measured and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole was administered before the host mouse was euthanized. The primary tumor, lungs, and six pairs of lymph nodes were evaluated by examining hematoxylin/eosin-stained and immunostained histological preparations. The expression of angiogenesis-related genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS C-10, D-12, and E-13 tumors disseminated primarily by the hematogenous route and developed pulmonary metastases. These tumors showed high angiogenic activity and high expression of the F3 gene as well as ANGPT2 and TIE1, genes encoding proteins of the angiopoietin-tie system. N-15, R-18, and T-22 tumors disseminated mainly by the lymphogenous route and developed metastases in draining lymph nodes. These tumors had highly elevated IFP and showed high expression of NRP2, a gene encoding neuropilin-2. CONCLUSION The primary metastatic route of orthotopic human melanoma xenografts and the development of lung and lymph node metastases are influenced significantly by the microvascular and physicochemical microenvironments of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Huang
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K. Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K. Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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29
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Moy AP, Mochel MC, Muzikansky A, Duncan LM, Kraft S. Lymphatic invasion predicts sentinel lymph node metastasis and adverse outcome in primary cutaneous melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:734-739. [PMID: 28555886 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis is a powerful predictor of survival in primary cutaneous melanoma. Lymphatic invasion (LI) may correlate with increased risk of SLN metastasis. Intralymphatic metastases, often difficult to detect on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections, are readily identified with dual immunohistochemistry for melanocytic and lymphatic markers. METHODS We used dual S100/D240 immunohistochemistry to detect LI in 125 melanomas from patients who underwent SLN biopsy and correlated LI with melanoma staging parameters and disease status. RESULTS Dual immunohistochemistry allowed for the identification of LI in 33 cases (26%), compared to only 2% on H&E stained sections. Melanomas with LI showed greater thickness, higher mitotic rate and more frequent ulceration. Eleven of 33 cases with LI (33%) and 10 of 92 cases without LI (11%) were associated with a positive SLN (P = .006). More patients without LI were disease-free at last follow-up (80%) than patients with LI (50%; P = .002); LI was significantly associated with decreased progression-free survival. CONCLUSION The detection of LI is improved by dual immunohistochemistry and predicts SLN metastasis. The presence of LI may impact therapeutic planning in melanoma, such as the decision to perform a SLN biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Moy
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark C Mochel
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan Kraft
- Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Increased Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Metastatic Sentinel Lymph Nodes Is Associated With Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement and Distant Metastasis in Patients With Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 38:338-46. [PMID: 26909582 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node angio- and lymphangio-genesis have been shown to play an important role in the premetastatic niche of sentinel lymph nodes. In the current study we have investigated the association of angio- and lympangio-genesis related parameters in metastatic sentinel lymph nodes of patients with melanoma with the presence of nonsentinel and distant organ metastasis. Peritumoral and intratumoral relative blood and lymphatic vessel areas (evaluated by Chalkley method), blood and lymphatic microvessel densities, and the rates of blood and lymphatic vessel proliferation were assessed in primary tumors and sentinel lymph node metastasis of 44 patients with melanoma using CD34/Ki-67 and D240/Ki-67 immunohistochemical double staining. Primary melanoma exhibited significantly higher rate of lymphatic proliferation compared with its lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), while lymph node metastasis showed significantly higher rate of blood vessel proliferation (P < 0.05). Using multivariate logistic regression model, the rate of peritumoral lymphatic proliferation was inversely associated with positive nonsentinel lymph node status (P < 0.05), whereas the rate of intratumoral blood vessel proliferation was associated with distant organ metastasis (P < 0.05). Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, the rate of intratumoral blood vessel proliferation was also inversely associated with overall survival of patients with melanoma (P < 0.05).
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31
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Guo Q, Jin Z, Yuan Y, Liu R, Xu T, Wei H, Xu X, He S, Chen S, Shi Z, Hou W, Hua B. New Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophages on Promoting Tumor Progression: Recent Research Advances and Potential Targets for Tumor Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9720912. [PMID: 27975071 PMCID: PMC5128713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9720912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of basic and clinical studies have shown a protumor function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which represent a large proportion of matrix cells. TAMs promote tumorigenesis, and their number is related to the malignancy degree and poor prognosis of many kinds of tumors. Macrophage plasticity makes it possible to change the tumor microenvironment and remodel antitumor immunity during cancer immunotherapy. Increasing numbers of studies have revealed the effects of TAMs on the tumor microenvironment, for example, via promotion of tumor growth and tumorigenesis and through an increase in the number of cancer stem cells or via facilitation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Investigators also proposed tumor-immunological treatments targeting TAMs by inhibiting TAM recruitment and differentiation, by regulating TAM polarization, and by blocking factors and pathways associated with the protumor function of TAMs. This comprehensive review presents recent research on TAMs in relation to prediction of poor outcomes, remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment, and immunological targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 1 Playground Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Huamin Wei
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinyao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shulin He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuntai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine (IBRCM), China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 16 Dongzhimen Nanxiaojie, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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Tang C, Gong L, Zou W, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu X, Lu F, Ouyang C, Liu X. Multivariate analysis of metastasis‑related risk factors for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors based on clinicopathological and endoscopic features. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3343-3352. [PMID: 27748940 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP‑NETs) are relatively uncommon. Unfortunately, epidemiological studies on the incidence of GEP‑NETs worldwide have reported a marked increase in the detection of these tumors. Although they often exhibit relatively indolent clinical courses, GEP‑NETs have the potential for lethal progression, especially in patients who present with advanced disease. Early detection and surgical removal is currently the only reliable curative treatment for GEP‑NET patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of GEP‑NETs and explore the metastasis‑related risk factors of patients with GEP‑NETs. One hundred and forty‑six patients diagnosed pathologically with GEP‑NETs from January 2001 to January 2015 at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively evaluated. We retrieved and analyzed information concerning clinical characteristics and metastasis‑related risk factors, and used Chi‑square test and logistic regression analysis to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of GEP‑NETs and explore the association between tumor metastasis and possible related risk factors. The results revealed that the most common clinical manifestations were abdominal pain (n=88), alteration in the character of stool (n=58) and melaena (n=33). Rectum (91/146, 62.3%) and stomach (19/146, 13.0%) were the main sites of metastasis. Both Chi‑square test and logistic regression analysis showed that tumor size (P<0.05), tumor type (P=0.008) and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) (P=0.004) were significantly correlated with tumor metastasis. Neither Chi‑square test nor logistic regression analysis indicated that gender (P>0.05), age (P>0.05), tumor location (P>0.05), tumor number (P>0.05), chromaffin granule protein A [chromogranin A (CgA), P>0.05], synaptophysin (Syn, P>0.05) or intratumoral LVD (P>0.05) had a significant correlation with tumor metastasis. Chi‑square test revealed that tumor grade was significantly correlated with tumor metastasis. In conclusion, GEP‑NETs may occur in multiple sites of the digestive system and lack specific clinical manifestations. Tumor size, tumor type, peritumoral LVD, total LVD and tumor grade are metastasis‑related risk factors for GEP‑NET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lingqi Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fanggen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in cancer patients. Two major routes of cancer cell spread are currently being recognized: dissemination via blood vessels (hematogenous spread) and dissemination via the lymphatic system (lymphogenous spread). Here, our current knowledge on the role of both blood and lymphatic vessels in cancer cell metastasis is summarized. In addition, I will discuss why cancer cells select one or both of the two routes to disseminate and I will provide a short description of the passive and active models of intravasation. Finally, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), blood vessel density (BVD), interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and tumor hypoxia, as well as regional lymph node metastasis and the recently discovered primo vascular system (PVS) will be highlighted as important factors influencing tumor cell motility and spread and, ultimately, clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis are important phenomena involved in the spread of cancer cells and they are associated with a poor prognosis. It is anticipated that new discoveries and advancing knowledge on these phenomena will allow an improvement in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079, Lublin, Poland.
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Bgatova NP, Lomakin AI, Fursov SA, Kachesov IV, Chepko SA, Isakova NB, Borodin YI, Voytsitsky VE, Konenkov VI. Expression of Molecular Markers of Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and Proliferation Depending on the Stage of Skin Melanoma. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:542-6. [PMID: 27590758 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of molecular markers characterizing activity of the tumor process and metastases (proliferation marker Ki-67, angiogenesis marker CD34, and lymphangiogenesis markers podoplanin and LYVE-1) was assessed by immunohictochemical method in the primary tumor specimens collected during surgery for cutaneous melanoma (40 patients). Proliferative activity of the tumor tissue and volume density of peritumoral blood and lymph vessels increased with increasing tumor malignancy, which could indicate the risk of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Bgatova
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - A I Lomakin
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S A Fursov
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I V Kachesov
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S A Chepko
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N B Isakova
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu I Borodin
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V E Voytsitsky
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V I Konenkov
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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35
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Rowe CJ, Khosrotehrani K. Clinical and biological determinants of melanoma progression: Should all be considered for clinical management? Australas J Dermatol 2016; 57:175-81. [PMID: 26010424 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a heterogeneous disease affecting the regulation of multiple genes and proteins that contribute to melanoma progression. Survival for patients with locally invasive disease varies greatly, even within tumour stages based on current prognostic criteria. This has prompted investigations into the value of additional clinical or biological parameters predicting survival. In particular, the improved knowledge of tumour biology has fed the hope that the outcome may be predicted at the molecular level. The prognostic value of numerous potential biomarkers has therefore been evaluated in protein and gene expression studies, and genomic associations with melanoma prognosis are beginning to emerge. These potential biomarkers interrogate key tumour and host processes important for tumour development and progression, such as proliferation, invasion and migration through epithelial mesenchymal transition or the host immune or vascular responses. This research may allow more individualised information on prognosis if the challenges regarding the quality and validation of studies are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Rowe
- Translational Research Institute, UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Translational Research Institute, UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Dieterich LC, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and new drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:148-160. [PMID: 26705849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have been regarded as passive by-standers, serving simply as a drainage system for interstitial fluid generated within the tumor. However, with growing evidence that tumors actively induce lymphangiogenesis, and that the number of lymphatic vessels closely correlates with metastasis and clinical outcome in various types of cancer, this picture has changed dramatically in recent years. Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have now emerged as a valid therapeutic target to control metastatic disease, and the first specific anti-lymphangiogenic drugs have recently entered clinical testing. Furthermore, we are just beginning to understand the whole functional spectrum of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which not only concerns transport of fluid and metastatic cells, but also includes the regulation of cancer stemness and specific inhibition of immune responses, opening new venues for therapeutic applications. Therefore, we predict that specific targeting of lymphatic vessels and their function will become an important tool for future cancer treatment.
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37
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Jour G, Ivan D, Aung PP. Angiogenesis in melanoma: an update with a focus on current targeted therapies. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:472-83. [PMID: 26865640 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in melanoma metastasis and progression. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the prognostic and clinical significance of this phenomenon, and the development of molecular techniques has enabled us to achieve a better understanding of angiogenesis in melanoma. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge regarding angiogenesis in melanoma, including the pathophysiological, histological and immunohistochemical aspects of this phenomenon. We also review the molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis and the interplay between different components that might be manipulated in the future development of efficient targeted therapies. Recently developed targeted antiangiogenic therapies in clinical trials and included in the treatment of advanced-stage melanoma are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jour
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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38
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Puujalka E, Heinz M, Hoesel B, Friedl P, Schweighofer B, Wenzina J, Pirker C, Schmid JA, Loewe R, Wagner EF, Berger W, Petzelbauer P. Opposing Roles of JNK and p38 in Lymphangiogenesis in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:967-977. [PMID: 26829032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In primary melanoma, the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) expression and lymphangiogenesis predicts the probability of metastasis to sentinel nodes, but conditions boosting VEGF-C expression in melanoma are poorly characterized. By comparative mRNA expression analysis of a set of 22 human melanoma cell lines, we found a striking negative correlation between VEGF-C and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, which was confirmed by data mining in GEO databases of human melanoma Affymetrix arrays. Moreover, in human patients, high VEGF-C and low MITF levels in primary melanoma significantly correlated with the chance of metastasis. Pathway analysis disclosed the respective c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase activities as being responsible for the inverse regulation of VEGF-C and MITF. Predominant c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling results in a VEGF-C(low)/MITF(high) phenotype; these melanoma cells are highly proliferative, show low mobility, and are poorly lymphangiogenic. Predominant p38 signaling results in a VEGF-C(high)/MITF(low) phenotype, corresponding to a slowly cycling, highly mobile, lymphangiogenic, and metastatic melanoma. In conclusion, the relative c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activities determine the biological behavior of melanoma. VEGF-C and MITF levels serve as surrogate markers for the respective c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activities and may be used to predict the risk of metastasis in primary melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Puujalka
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Heinz
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastian Hoesel
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schweighofer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wenzina
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Loewe
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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39
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40
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Vicente-Arregui S, Van den Eynden GG, Alvarez-Alegret R, Querol I, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Peritumoral D2-40 Chalkley score independently predicts metastases and survival in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:699-711. [PMID: 26264662 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many observational studies investigated the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in patients with melanoma. However, the obtained results are rather contradictory, probably due to the lack of the consensus methodology. METHODS To investigate the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related parameters in patients with melanoma, we performed a retrospective investigation following the consensus recommendations for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis quantification in solid tumors and reporting recommendations for tumor marker (REMARK) criteria for reporting the results. Blood and lymphatic vessel Chalkley scores, endothelial cell proliferation fractions and microvessel densities were quantified using a double immunostaining for endothelial marker CD34 or lymphendothelial marker D240 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 in 196 patients with melanoma. These parameters were evaluated separately for peritumoral (PT) and intratumoral areas and were correlated with outcome. RESULTS In multivariate analysis PT D240 Chalkley score was identified as a strongest predictor for sentinel lymph node metastases, non-sentinel lymph node metastases, distant metastases, disease free survival and overall survival in patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS If additional studies corroborate our findings, we believe that the inclusion of PT D240 Chalkley counts to the routine pathology examination of melanoma samples would provide additional information for identifying high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital 'Clínico Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Gert G Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Ignacio Querol
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Annemie Rutten
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco J Carapeto
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Zidlik V, Brychtova S, Uvirova M, Ziak D, Dvorackova J. The changes of angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration in the intra- and peri-tumoral melanoma microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7876-89. [PMID: 25913374 PMCID: PMC4425055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) urgently needs identification of new markers with better predictive value than currently-used clinical and histological parameters. Cancer cells stimulate the formation of a specialized tumor microenvironment, which reciprocally affects uncontrolled proliferation and migration. However, this microenvironment is heterogeneous with different sub-compartments defined by their access to oxygen and nutrients. This study evaluated microvascular density (MVD), CD3+ lymphocytes (TILs) and FOXP3+ T-regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using light microscopy. We analyzed 82 malignant melanomas, divided according to the AJCC TNM classification into four groups--pT1 (35), pT2 (17), pT3 (18) and pT4 (12)--and 25 benign pigmented nevi. All parameters were measured in both the central areas of tumors (C) and at their periphery (P). A marked increase in all parameters was found in melanomas compared to nevi (p = 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between MVD, TILs, FOXP3+ Tregs and the vertical growth phase. The results show that MVD, TILs and FOXP3+ Tregs substantially influence cutaneous melanoma microenvironment. We found significant topographic differences of the parameters between central areas of tumors and their boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zidlik
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Svetlana Brychtova
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Uvirova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Dusan Ziak
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Dvorackova
- CGB Laboratory, a.s., Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, AGEL Research and Training Institute-Ostrava-Vitkovice Branch, Korenskeho 10, Ostrava 71000, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, Ostrava 70300, Czech Republic.
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42
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Lymphangiogenesis: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis in Patients With Melanoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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43
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Dadras SS, Lin RJ, Razavi G, Kawakami A, Du J, Feige E, Milner DA, Loda MF, Granter SR, Detmar M, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Fisher DE. A novel role for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-regulated pigment epithelium-derived factor during melanoma progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:252-65. [PMID: 25447045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) acts via pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), an antiangiogenic protein, to regulate retinal pigment epithelium migration. PEDF expression and/or regulation during melanoma development have not been investigated previously. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined expression of PEDF in common and dysplastic melanocytic nevi, melanoma in situ, invasive melanoma, and metastatic melanoma (n = 102). PEDF expression was consistently decreased in invasive and metastatic melanoma, compared with nevi and melanoma in situ (P < 0.0001). PEDF was lost in thicker melanomas (P = 0.003), and correlated with depth of invasion (P = 0.003) and distant metastasis (P = 0.0331), but only marginally with mitotic index, AJCC stage, nodal metastasis, or blood vascular density (0.05 < P < 0.10). Quantitative real-time PCR and microarray analyses confirmed PEDF down-regulation at the mRNA level in several melanoma lines, compared with melanocytes. MITF positively correlated with PEDF expression in invasive melanomas (P = 0.0003). Searching for PEDF regulatory mechanisms revealed two occupied conserved E-boxes (DNA recognition elements) in the first intron of the human and mouse PEDF promoter regions, confirmed by binding assays. Dominant-negative and siRNA approaches in vivo demonstrated direct transcriptional influence of MITF on PEDF, establishing the PEDF gene (SERPINF1) as a MITF target in melanocytes and melanoma cells. These findings suggest that loss of PEDF expression promotes early invasive melanoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil S Dadras
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
| | - Richard J Lin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gita Razavi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jinyan Du
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Erez Feige
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A Milner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Scott R Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Detmar
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hans R Widlund
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
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44
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Mechanisms of tumour vascularization in cutaneous malignant melanoma: clinical implications. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:220-33. [PMID: 24641095 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents < 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths. Metastatic melanoma has historically been considered as one of the most therapeutically challenging malignancies. Fortunately, for the first time after decades of basic research and clinical investigation, new drugs have produced major clinical responses. Angiogenesis has been considered an important target for cancer treatment. Initial efforts have focused primarily on targeting endothelial and tumour-related vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Here, we review different mechanisms of tumour vascularization described in melanoma and discuss the potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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45
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Pastushenko I, Conejero C, Carapeto FJ. Lymphangiogenesis: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in patients with melanoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014; 106:7-16. [PMID: 24890812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease course in melanoma often cannot be accurately predicted by means of the prognostic factors usually considered in patients with melanoma; therefore, new factors are clearly needed. Increasingly robust scientific evidence shows that tumor lymph vessels play a key role in melanoma that metastasizes by lymphatic and hematogenous pathways. We review current knowledge and examine the implications of lymphangiogenesis in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastushenko
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España.
| | - C Conejero
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - F J Carapeto
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
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46
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Pastushenko I, Gracia-Cazaña T, Vicente-Arregui S, Van den Eynden GG, Ara M, Vermeulen PB, Carapeto FJ, Van Laere SJ. Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin explore angiogenesis-independent mechanisms of tumour vascularization. J Skin Cancer 2014; 2014:651501. [PMID: 24891955 PMCID: PMC4033430 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. To evaluate the vascularization in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Methods. We performed CD31 (i.e., panendothelial marker) and CD105 (i.e., proliferating endothelium marker) immunostaining on samples of 70 SCCs and 70 BCCs of the skin. We evaluated the relative blood vessel area using the Chalkley counting method in each histologic subtype of these tumours. We calculated the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium dividing CD105-Chalkley score by CD31-Chalkley score. Results. We found significantly higher peritumoral and intratumoral blood vessel area in SCC when compared to BCC (both with CD31 and CD105). Chalkley counts differed significantly between groups with different BCC histologic subtypes and SCC with different grade of differentiation. Surprisingly, the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium was higher in BCC when compared to SCC. Conclusions. While SCC exhibited significantly higher intratumoral and peritumoral blood vessel areas compared to BCC, the relatively low rate of proliferating endothelium in this tumour type suggests the existence of endothelial-sprouting-independent mechanisms of vascularization in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Vicente-Arregui
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “Miguel Servet,” Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gert G. Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mariano Ara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter B. Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Franciso José Carapeto
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Steven J. Van Laere
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “Miguel Servet,” Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Oncology, KU of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Niemiec JA, Adamczyk A, Ambicka A, Mucha-Małecka A, Wysocki WM, Ryś J. Distribution of podoplanin-positive tumor vessels predicts disease-specific survival of node-positive breast cancer patients treated with anthracyclines and/or taxanes. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:168-77. [PMID: 24605901 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.889704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed survival of 102 invasive ductal, node positive breast cancer patients, treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (anthracyclines and/or taxanes) with relation to: (a) well-known clinicopathological parameters, (b) MIB-1 labeling index (LI), (c) the distribution of podoplanin-positive vessels (DPV), expression of: (d) basal markers, and (e) fascin. Lower progression risk was found for patients with tumors characterized by (i) pN1 + pN2, (ii) MIB-1LI ≤ 28%, (iii) lack of lymphatic vessels or high tumor DPV than for patients with pN3, MIB-1LI > 28%, low DPV, respectively. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that both pN3 and low DPV were negative prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Niemiec
- Department of Applied Radiobiology,1 Department of Tumor Pathology,2 Department of Head and Neck Cancers,3 Department of Surgical Oncology,4 Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Centre of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Krakow, Poland
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