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Li L, Zhao L, Yang J, Zhou L. Multifaceted effects of LRP6 in cancer: exploring tumor development, immune modulation and targeted therapies. Med Oncol 2024; 41:180. [PMID: 38898247 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6), a member of the LDLR superfamily of cell surface receptors, is most widely known as a crucial co-receptor in the activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This signaling pathway is implicated in multiple biological processes, such as lipoprotein metabolism, protease regulation, cell differentiation, and migration. LRP6 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, and is generally considered an oncogene that promotes tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, there are exceptions; some studies have reported that LRP6 inhibits lung metastasis of breast cancer through its ectodomain (LRP6N), and patients with low LRP6 expression tend to have a poor prognosis. Thus, the role of LRP6 in tumors remains controversial. Although limited studies have shown that LRP6 is associated with the expression and roles of a variety of immune cells in tumors, the interaction of LRP6 with the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not fully understood. Furthermore, it is crucial to acknowledge that LRP6 can engage with alternative pathways, including the mTORC1, CXCL12/CXCR4, and KRAS signaling pathways mentioned earlier, resulting in the regulation of biological functions independent of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Due to the potential of LRP6 as a molecular target for cancer therapy, various treatment modalities have been developed to directly or indirectly inhibit LRP6 function, demonstrating promising anti-cancer effects across multiple cancer types. This review will concentrate on exploring the expression, function, and potential therapeutic applications of LRP6 in different cancer types, along with its influence on the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxia Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Al‐Kali A, Aldoss I, Atherton PJ, Strand CA, Shah B, Webster J, Bhatnagar B, Flatten KS, Peterson KL, Schneider PA, Buhrow SA, Kong J, Reid JM, Adjei AA, Kaufmann SH. A phase 2 and pharmacological study of sapanisertib in patients with relapsed and/or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Med 2023; 12:21229-21239. [PMID: 37960985 PMCID: PMC10726920 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent approval of several new agents, relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains challenging to treat. Sapanisertib (MLN0128/TAK-228) is an oral TORC1/2 inhibitor that exhibited preclinical activity against ALL. METHODS We conducted a single-arm multi-center Phase II study of sapanisertib monotherapy (3 mg orally daily of the milled formulation for 21 days every 28 days) in patients with ALL through the Experimental Therapeutics Clinical Trials Network (NCI-9775). RESULTS Sixteen patients, 15 of whom were previously treated (median 3 prior lines of therapy), were enrolled. Major grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicities included mucositis (3 patients) and hyperglycemia (2 patients) as well as hepatic failure, seizures, confusion, pneumonitis, and anorexia (1 patient each). Grade >2 hematological toxicity included leukopenia (3), lymphopenia (2), thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia (1). The best response was stable disease in 2 patients (12.5%), while only 3 patients (19%) were able to proceed to Cycle 2. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated drug exposures similar to those observed in solid tumor patients. Immunoblotting in serially collected samples indicated limited impact of treatment on phosphorylation of mTOR pathway substrates such as 4EBP1, S6, and AKT. CONCLUSION In summary, single-agent sapanisertib had a good safety profile but limited target inhibition or efficacy in ALL as a single agent. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02484430.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Al‐Kali
- Division of HematologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell TransplantationCity of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Bijal Shah
- Division of HematologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Jonathan Webster
- Division of Hematological MalignanciesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bhavana Bhatnagar
- Section of Hematology and Medical OncologyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah A. Buhrow
- Division of Oncology ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jianping Kong
- Division of Oncology ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Division of Oncology ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Alex A. Adjei
- Division of Medical OncologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Tausig Cancer Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of HematologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Oncology ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Li L, Zeng P, Yu L, Yang J, Man J, Zhou L, Zhao L. Salinomycin sodium exerts anti diffuse large B-cell lymphoma activity through inhibition of LRP6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling. Leuk Lymphoma 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37092573 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2202291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is overexpressed in various cancers. The small molecule salinomycin sodium inhibits LRP6. We observed a higher proportion of subjects with non-germinal center B (non-GCB) subtypes having high LRP6 expression than those with GCB subtypes by immunohistochemistry. The PCR and Western blot assays demonstrated increased LRP6 expression in non-GCB subtype cells. In addition, CCK-8 assays and transwell cell migration assays revealed that salinomycin sodium exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation and migration in non-GCB subtype cells. Furthermore, Western blot assays showed that salinomycin sodium decreased the expression of Bcl2, while increasing the expression of Bax. Additionally, salinomycin sodium suppressed LRP6 expression, blocked LRP6 phosphorylation, and inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling pathways. Our results suggest that LRP6 is highly expressed in non-GCB subtype. Furthermore, salinomycin sodium inhibited LRP6 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in non-GCB subtype cells, and displayed potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Pengyun Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Lili Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Jincai Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Man
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Lanxia Zhou
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
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4
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Wilson C, Murnane JP. High-throughput screen to identify compounds that prevent or target telomere loss in human cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac029. [PMID: 36196242 PMCID: PMC9527662 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an early step in carcinogenesis that promotes tumor cell progression and resistance to therapy. Using plasmids integrated adjacent to telomeres, we have previously demonstrated that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) contributes to telomere loss and CIN in cancer. A high-throughput screen was created to identify compounds that affect telomere loss due to subtelomeric DSBs introduced by I-SceI endonuclease, as detected by cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). A screen of a library of 1832 biologically-active compounds identified a variety of compounds that increase or decrease the number of GFP-positive cells following activation of I-SceI. A curated screen done in triplicate at various concentrations found that inhibition of classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) increased DSB-induced telomere loss, demonstrating that C-NHEJ is functional in subtelomeric regions. Compounds that decreased DSB-induced telomere loss included inhibitors of mTOR, p38 and tankyrase, consistent with our earlier hypothesis that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DSBs is a result of inappropriate resection during repair. Although this assay was also designed to identify compounds that selectively target cells experiencing telomere loss and/or chromosome instability, no compounds of this type were identified in the current screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John P Murnane
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 415 680 4434;
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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Chrienova Z, Musilek K, Patocka J, Kuca K. Contemporary mTOR inhibitor scaffolds to diseases breakdown: A patent review (2015–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cha BH, Jung M, Kim AS, Lepak VC, Colson BA, Bull DA, Won Y. AZD2014, a dual mTOR inhibitor, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:24. [PMID: 34674743 PMCID: PMC8529824 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the most common genetic heart disorders and considered a risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a key regulatory function in cardiovascular physiology and pathology in hypertrophy. AZD2014 is a small-molecule ATP competitive mTOR inhibitor working on both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes. Little is known about the therapeutic effects of AZD2014 in cardiac hypertrophy and its underlying mechanism. Here, AZD2014 is examined in in vitro model of phenylephrine (PE)-induced human cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and a myosin-binding protein-C (Mybpc3)-targeted knockout (KO) mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy. Our results demonstrate that cardiomyocytes treated with AZD2014 retain the normal phenotype and AZD2014 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in the Mybpc3-KO mouse model through inhibition of dual mTORC1 and mTORC2, which in turn results in the down-regulation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Cha
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Minjin Jung
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Angela S Kim
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Victoria C Lepak
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Brett A Colson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - David A Bull
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Youngwook Won
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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7
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He MY, Kridel R. Treatment resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2021; 35:2151-2165. [PMID: 34017074 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a highly heterogeneous disease and represents the most common subtype of lymphoma. Although 60-70% of all patients can be cured by the current standard of care in the frontline setting, the majority of the remaining patients will experience treatment resistance and have a poor clinical outcome. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the efficacy of the standard regimen by, for example, dose intensification or adding novel agents. However, these results generally failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefits. Hence, understanding treatment resistance is a pressing need to optimize the outcome of those patients. In this Review, we first describe the conceptual sources of treatment resistance in DLBCL and then provide detailed and up-to-date molecular insight into the mechanisms of resistance to the current treatment options in DLBCL. We lastly highlight the potential strategies for rationally managing treatment resistance from both the preventive and interventional perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Kridel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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Martins WK, Silva MDND, Pandey K, Maejima I, Ramalho E, Olivon VC, Diniz SN, Grasso D. Autophagy-targeted therapy to modulate age-related diseases: Success, pitfalls, and new directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34909664 PMCID: PMC8663935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical metabolic process that supports homeostasis at a basal level and is dynamically regulated in response to various physiological and pathological processes. Autophagy has some etiologic implications that support certain pathological processes due to alterations in the lysosomal-degradative pathway. Some of the conditions related to autophagy play key roles in highly relevant human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (15.5%), malignant and other neoplasms (9.4%), and neurodegenerative conditions (3.7%). Despite advances in the discovery of new strategies to treat these age-related diseases, autophagy has emerged as a therapeutic option after preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the pitfalls and success in regulating autophagy initiation and its lysosome-dependent pathway to restore its homeostatic role and mediate therapeutic effects for cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases. The main challenge for the development of autophagy regulators for clinical application is the lack of specificity of the repurposed drugs, due to the low pharmacological uniqueness of their target, including those that target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway. Then, future efforts must be conducted to deal with this scenery, including the disclosure of key components in the autophagy machinery that may intervene in its therapeutic regulation. Among all efforts, those focusing on the development of novel allosteric inhibitors against autophagy inducers, as well as those targeting autolysosomal function, and their integration into therapeutic regimens should remain a priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Maryana do Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Meyer Building, Room 823, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 3718512, Japan
| | - Ercília Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Vania Claudia Olivon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, UNIDERP, Av. Ceará, 333. Vila Miguel Couto, Campo Grande, MS, 79003-010, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 954 p4, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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Mologni L, Marzaro G, Redaelli S, Zambon A. Dual Kinase Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E119. [PMID: 33401428 PMCID: PMC7796318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological cancer therapy is often based on the concurrent inhibition of different survival pathways to improve treatment outcomes and to reduce the risk of relapses. While this strategy is traditionally pursued only through the co-administration of several drugs, the recent development of multi-targeting drugs (i.e., compounds intrinsically able to simultaneously target several macromolecules involved in cancer onset) has had a dramatic impact on cancer treatment. This review focuses on the most recent developments in dual-kinase inhibitors used in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and lymphoid tumors, giving details on preclinical studies as well as ongoing clinical trials. A brief overview of dual-targeting inhibitors (kinase/histone deacetylase (HDAC) and kinase/tubulin polymerization inhibitors) applied to leukemia is also given. Finally, the very recently developed Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC)-based kinase inhibitors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mologni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara Redaelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Bobiński M, Okła K, Łuszczki J, Bednarek W, Wawruszak A, Moreno-Bueno G, Garcia-Sanz P, Dmoszyńska-Graniczka M, Tarkowski R, Kotarski J. Gemcitabine and Selected mTOR Inhibitors in Uterine Sarcomas and Carcinosarcoma Cells- an Isobolographic Analysis. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2987-2997. [PMID: 33173419 PMCID: PMC7646097 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: mTOR inhibitors are anticancer agents affecting mTOR/AKT/PI3K pathway that is one of the most important in human cancer cells. Hyperactivation of mTOR/AKT/PI3K and overexpression of this pathway members are frequently reported in uterine sarcoma and carcinosarcoma. Present study is aimed to assess the activity of the two mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin - RAP and sapanisertib - MLN) as a single agent and combined with gemcitabine (GEM, one of substances commonly used in systemic anticancer treatment) in uterine sarcoma and carcinosarcoma in vitro models. Material and methods: SK-UT-1 and SK-UT1-B (uterine carcinosarcoma), MES-SA (leiomyosarcoma) and ESS-1 (endometrial stromal sarcoma) cell lines were used. An MTT assay was performed to examine the cytotoxicity of RAP, MLN and mixtures: RAP+MLN, RAP+GEM, MLN+GEM against these cells. The interactions between tested compounds were assessed in isobolographic analysis. Results and conclusions: Carcinosarcoma cell lines (both SK-UT-1 and SK-UT-1B) do not respond to RAP and respond relatively weakly to MLN treatment. Additive and supraadditive effects were noted for combined treatment with GEM and MLN. Endometrial stromal sarcoma cell line (ESS-1) occured to be sensitive to both RAP and MLN, but the response was stronger for MLN. Additive effect of all tested drug combinations was observed for ESS-1. Leiomyosarcoma cell line (MES-SA) was found sensitive to both mTOR inhibitors. Additive effects in combinations of GEM, RAP and MLN were observed, what makes them promising for future preclinical and clinical trials. Additivity with slight tendency towards antagonism between GEM and MLN observed in MES-SA cell line is unexpected finding and might prompt the mechanistic research aimed to explain this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bobiński
- Medical University of Lublin, I Chair and Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecology, Poland
| | - Karolina Okła
- Medical University of Lublin, I Chair and Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecology, Poland
| | - Jarogniew Łuszczki
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Pathophisiology, Poland
| | - Wiesława Bednarek
- Medical University of Lublin, I Chair and Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecology, Poland
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- MD Anderson Cancer Centre Madrid, Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Sanz
- MD Anderson Cancer Centre Madrid, Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafał Tarkowski
- Medical University of Lublin, I Chair and Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecology, Poland
| | - Jan Kotarski
- Medical University of Lublin, I Chair and Department of Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecology, Poland
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Bresin A, Cristofoletti C, Caprini E, Cantonetti M, Monopoli A, Russo G, Narducci MG. Preclinical Evidence for Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling with Dual-Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Strategy against Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1045-1053.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Serra N, Velte EK, Niedenberger BA, Kirsanov O, Geyer CB. The mTORC1 component RPTOR is required for maintenance of the foundational spermatogonial stem cell pool in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:429-439. [PMID: 30202948 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of the spermatogonial populations must be finely coordinated in the mammalian testis, as dysregulation of these processes can lead to subfertility, infertility, or the formation of tumors. There are wide gaps in our understanding of how these spermatogonial populations are formed and maintained, and our laboratory has focused on identifying the molecular and cellular pathways that direct their development. Others and we have shown, using a combination of pharmacologic inhibitors and genetic models, that activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is important for spermatogonial differentiation in vivo. Here, we extend those studies to directly test the germ cell-autonomous requirement for mTORC1 in spermatogonial differentiation. We created germ cell conditional knockout mice for "regulatory associated protein of MTOR, complex 1" (Rptor), which encodes an essential component of mTORC1. While germ cell KO mice were viable and healthy, they had smaller testes than littermate controls, and no sperm were present in their cauda epididymides. We found that an initial cohort of Rptor KO spermatogonia proliferated, differentiated, and entered meiosis (which they were unable to complete). However, no self-renewing spermatogonia were formed, and thus the entire germline was lost by adulthood, resulting in Sertoli cell-only testes. These results reveal the cell autonomous requirement for RPTOR in the formation or maintenance of the foundational self-renewing spermatogonial stem cell pool in the mouse testis and underscore complex roles for mTORC1 and its constituent proteins in male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Serra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen K Velte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan A Niedenberger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oleksander Kirsanov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Geyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Malone T, Schäfer L, Simon N, Heavey S, Cuffe S, Finn S, Moore G, Gately K. Current perspectives on targeting PIM kinases to overcome mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107454. [PMID: 31836451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PIM kinases are a class of serine/threonine kinases that play a role in several of the hallmarks of cancer including cell cycle progression, metabolism, inflammation and immune evasion. Their constitutively active nature and unique catalytic structure has led them to be an attractive anticancer target through the use of small molecule inhibitors. This review highlights the enhanced activity of PIM kinases in cancer that can be driven by hypoxia in the tumour microenvironment and the important role that aberrant PIM kinase activity plays in resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapies and targeted therapies. We highlight an interaction of PIM kinases with numerous major oncogenic players, including but not limited to, stabilisation of p53, synergism with c-Myc, and notable parallel signalling with PI3K/Akt. We provide a comprehensive overview of PIM kinase's role as an escape mechanism to targeted therapies including PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, MET inhibitors, anti-HER2/EGFR treatments and the immunosuppressant rapamycin, providing a rationale for co-targeting treatment strategies for a more durable patient response. The current status of PIM kinase inhibitors and their use as a combination therapy with other targeted agents, in addition to the development of novel multi-molecularly targeted single therapeutic agents containing a PIM kinase targeting moiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Malone
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lea Schäfer
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathalie Simon
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian Moore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy Gately
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Synergistic Anti-Tumor Effect of mTOR Inhibitors with Irinotecan on Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101581. [PMID: 31627299 PMCID: PMC6826690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis because of metastasis formation and resistance to combined therapies. Downstream of PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK pathways, the mTOR kinase plays a decisive role in treatment failure. We previously established that irinotecan has antiangiogenic properties and it is known that new mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) catalytic AZD inhibitors, unlike rapamycin, target both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Thus, we hypothesized that the complete inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α axis with mTOR catalytic inhibitors and low doses of irinotecan may have antitumor effects. We showed that the AZD8055 and AZD2014 inhibitors were much more potent than rapamycin to reduce cell viability of four colon cell lines. On the other hand, whereas AZD2014 alone inhibits migration by 40%, the drug combination led to 70% inhibition. Similarly, neither irinotecan nor AZD2014 significantly reduced cell invasion, whereas a combination of the two inhibits invasion by 70%. In vivo, irinotecan and AZD2014 combination drastically reduced ectopic patient-derived colon tumor growth and this combination was more potent than Folfox or Folfiri. Finally, the combination totally inhibited liver and lung metastases developed from orthotopic implantation of SW480 cells. Thus, the use of mTOR catalytic inhibitors, in association with other chemotherapeutic agents like irinotecan at low doses, is potentially a hope for colon cancer treatment.
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15
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Eyre TA, Hildyard C, Hamblin A, Ali AS, Houlton A, Hopkins L, Royston D, Linton KM, Pettitt A, Rule S, Cwynarski K, Barrington SF, Warbey V, Wrench D, Barrans S, Hirst CS, Panchal A, Roudier MP, Harrington EA, Davies A, Collins GP. A phase II study to assess the safety and efficacy of the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in relapsed, refractory DLBCL. Hematol Oncol 2019; 37:352-359. [PMID: 31385336 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who are unfit for or relapsed postautologous stem-cell transplantation have poor outcomes. Historically, mTORC1 inhibitors have produced responses in approximately 30% of patients in this setting. mTORC1 inhibitor efficacy may be limited by resistance mechanisms including AKT activation by mTORC2. To date, dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors targeting both the TORC1 and TORC2 complexes have not been investigated in DLBCL. This phase II trial investigated the oral dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in an intermittent dosing schedule of 125 mg b.d. for 2 days per week. Thirty patients received vistusertib and six received vistusertib-rituximab for up to six cycles (28-day cycles). Two partial responses were achieved on monotherapy. Durations of response were 57 and 62 days, respectively, for these patients. 19% had stable disease within six cycles. In the monotherapy arm, the median progression-free survival was1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-2.14) months and median overall survival was 6.58 (95% CI 3.81-not reached) months, respectively. The median duration of response or stable disease across the trial duration was 153 days (95% CI 112-not reached). Tumour responses according to positron emission tomography/computed tomography versus computed tomography were concordant. There were no differences noted in tumour volume response according to cell of origin by either gene expression profiling or immunohistochemistry. Vistusertib ± rituximab was well tolerated; across 36 patients 86% of adverse events were grade (G) 1-2. Common vistusertib-related adverse events were similar to those described with mTORC1 inhibitors: nausea (47% G1-2), diarrhoea (27% G1-2, 6% G3), fatigue (30% G1-2, 3% G3), mucositis (25% G1-2, 6% G3), vomiting (17% G1-2), and dyspepsia (14% G1-2). Dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors do not clearly confer an advantage over mTORC1 inhibitors in relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Potential resistance mechanisms are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Hildyard
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Hamblin
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ayesha S Ali
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aimee Houlton
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise Hopkins
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Royston
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim M Linton
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Pettitt
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Rule
- Department of Haematology, University of Plymouth Medical School, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kate Cwynarski
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Wrench
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Caroline S Hirst
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anesh Panchal
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martine P Roudier
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Harrington
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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16
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De Martino MC, Feelders RA, Pivonello C, Simeoli C, Papa F, Colao A, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. The role of mTOR pathway as target for treatment in adrenocortical cancer. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R144-R156. [PMID: 31398711 PMCID: PMC6733361 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare tumors with scant treatment options for which new treatments are required. The mTOR pathway mediates the intracellular signals of several growth factors, including the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and therefore represents a potential attractive pathway for the treatment of several malignancies including ACCs. Several mTOR inhibitors, including sirolimus, temsirolimus and everolimus, have been clinically developed. This review summarizes the results of the studies evaluating the expression of the mTOR pathway components in ACCs, the effects of the mTOR inhibitors alone or in combination with other drugs in preclinical models of ACCs and the early experience with the use of these compounds in the clinical setting. The mTOR pathway seems a potential target for treatment of patients with ACC, but further investigation is still required to define the potential role of mTOR inhibitors alone or in combination with other drugs in the treatment of ACC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortuna Papa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Tarantelli C, Gaudio E, Hillmann P, Spriano F, Sartori G, Aresu L, Cascione L, Rageot D, Kwee I, Beaufils F, Zucca E, Stathis A, Wymann MP, Cmiljanovic V, Fabbro D, Bertoni F. The Novel TORC1/2 Kinase Inhibitor PQR620 Has Anti-Tumor Activity in Lymphomas as a Single Agent and in Combination with Venetoclax. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E775. [PMID: 31167506 PMCID: PMC6627883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade is an important therapeutic target for lymphomas. Rapamycin-derivates as allosteric mTOR complex 1 (TORC1) inhibitors have shown moderate preclinical and clinical anti-lymphoma activity. Here, we assessed the anti-tumor activity of PQR620, a novel brain penetrant dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, in 56 lymphoma cell lines. We observed anti-tumor activity across 56 lymphoma models with a median IC50 value of 250 nM after 72 h of exposure. PQR620 was largely cytostatic, but the combination with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax led to cytotoxicity. Both the single agent and the combination data were validated in xenograft models. The data support further evaluation of PQR620 as a single agent or in combination with venetoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | | | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Aresu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Denise Rageot
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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18
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Xie Y, Li B, Bu W, Gao L, Zhang Y, Lan X, Hou J, Xu Z, Chang S, Yu D, Xie B, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhu W, Shi J. Dihydrocelastrol exerts potent antitumor activity in mantle cell lymphoma cells via dual inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:823-834. [PMID: 29901111 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct and highly aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Dihydrocelastrol (DHCE) is a dihydro-analog of celastrol, which is isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of DHCE treatment on MCL cells, and to determine the mechanism underlying its potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo using the Cell Counting kit-8 assay, clonogenic assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and tumor xenograft models. The results demonstrated that DHCE treatment exerted minimal cytotoxic effects on normal cells, but markedly suppressed MCL cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and inhibited MCL cell viability by stimulating apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In addition, the results revealed that DHCE suppressed cell growth and proliferation by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1-mediated phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein. Simultaneously, DHCE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell survival by suppressing mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B and nuclear factor-κB activity. In addition to in vitro findings, DHCE treatment reduced the MCL tumor burden in a xenograft mouse model, without indications of toxicity. Furthermore, combined treatment with DHCE and bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, induced a synergistic cytotoxic effect on MCL cells. These findings indicated that DHCE may have the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of MCL through dually inhibiting mTORC1 and mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wenxuan Bu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiucai Lan
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shuaikang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Bingqian Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yingcong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Houcai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jumei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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19
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Serra ND, Velte EK, Niedenberger BA, Kirsanov O, Geyer CB. Cell-autonomous requirement for mammalian target of rapamycin (Mtor) in spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation in the mouse†. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:816-828. [PMID: 28379293 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells must balance self-renewal with production of transit-amplifying progenitors that differentiate in response to retinoic acid (RA) before entering meiosis. This self-renewal vs. differentiation fate decision is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, as imbalances cause defects that can lead to human testicular cancer or infertility. Little is currently known about the program of differentiation initiated by RA, and the pathways and proteins involved are poorly defined. We recently found that RA stimulation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase signaling pathway is required for differentiation, and that short-term inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) by rapamycin blocked spermatogonial differentiation in vivo and prevented RA-induced translational activation. Since this phenotype resulted from global inhibition of mTORC1, we created conditional germ cell knockout mice to investigate the germ cell-autonomous role of MTOR in spermatogonial differentiation. MTOR germ cell KO mice were viable and healthy, but testes from neonatal (postnatal day (P)8), juvenile (P18), and adult (P > 60) KO mice were smaller than littermate controls, and no sperm were produced in adult testes. Histological and immunostaining analyses revealed that spermatogonial differentiation was blocked, and no spermatocytes were formed at any of the ages examined. Although spermatogonial proliferation was reduced in the neonatal testis, it was blocked altogether in the juvenile and adult testis. Importantly, a small population of self-renewing undifferentiated spermatogonia remained in adult testes. Taken together, these results reveal that MTOR is dispensable for the maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonia, but is cell autonomously required for their proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Serra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen K Velte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan A Niedenberger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oleksander Kirsanov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Geyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Sakre N, Wildey G, Behtaj M, Kresak A, Yang M, Fu P, Dowlati A. RICTOR amplification identifies a subgroup in small cell lung cancer and predicts response to drugs targeting mTOR. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5992-6002. [PMID: 27863413 PMCID: PMC5351607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer that represents ~15% of all lung cancers. Currently there are no targeted therapies to treat SCLC. Our genomic analysis of a metastatic SCLC cohort identified recurrent RICTOR amplification. Here, we examine the translational potential of this observation. RICTOR was the most frequently amplified gene observed (~14% patients), and co-amplified with FGF10 and IL7R on chromosome 5p13. RICTOR copy number variation correlated with RICTOR protein expression in SCLC cells. In parallel, cells with RICTOR copy number (CN) gain showed increased sensitivity to three mTOR inhibitors, AZD8055, AZD2014 and INK128 in cell growth assays, with AZD2014 demonstrating the best inhibition of downstream signaling. SCLC cells with RICTOR CN gain also migrated more rapidly in chemotaxis and scratch wound assays and were again more sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. The overall survival in SCLC patients with RICTOR amplification was significantly decreased (p = 0.021). Taken together, our results suggest that SCLC patients with RICTOR amplification may constitute a clinically important subgroup because of their potential response to mTORC1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneha Sakre
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Gary Wildey
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Mohadese Behtaj
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Adam Kresak
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Michael Yang
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
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21
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Sekihara K, Saitoh K, Han L, Ciurea S, Yamamoto S, Kikkawa M, Kazuno S, Taka H, Kaga N, Arai H, Miida T, Andreeff M, Konopleva M, Tabe Y. Targeting mantle cell lymphoma metabolism and survival through simultaneous blockade of mTOR and nuclear transporter exportin-1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:34552-34564. [PMID: 28388555 PMCID: PMC5470990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis, characterized by aberrant expression of growth-regulating and oncogenic effectors and requiring novel anticancer strategies. The nuclear transporter exportin-1 (XPO1) is highly expressed in MCL and is associated with its pathogenesis. mTOR signaling, a central regulator of cell metabolism, is frequently activated in MCL and is also an important therapeutic target in this cancer. This study investigated the antitumor effects and molecular/metabolic changes induced by the combination of the small-molecule selective inhibitor XPO1 inhibitor KPT-185 and the dual mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor AZD-2014 on MCL cells. AZD-2014 enhanced the KPT-185-induced inhibition of cell growth and repression of cell viability. The combination of KPT-185 and AZD-2014 downregulated c-Myc and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) with its target heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). As a consequence, the combination caused repression of ribosomal biogenesis demonstrated by iTRAQ proteomic analyses. Metabolite assay by CETOF-MS showed that AZD-2014 enhanced the KPT-185-induced repression of MCL cellular energy metabolism through the TCA (Krebs) cycle, and further repressed KPT-185-caused upregulation of glycolysis.Thus the simultaneous inhibition of XPO1 and mTOR signaling is a novel and promising strategy targeting prosurvival metabolism in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Sekihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Saitoh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lina Han
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan Ciurea
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shinichi Yamamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Kikkawa
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Taka
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Arai
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Next Genertion Hematology Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Zeng Q, Qin S, Zhang H, Liu B, Qin J, Wang X, Zhang R, Liu C, Dong X, Zhang S, Huang S, Chen L. Rapamycin attenuates BAFF-extended proliferation and survival via disruption of mTORC1/2 signaling in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:516-529. [PMID: 28300280 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B cell activating factor from the TNF family (BAFF) stimulates B-cell proliferation and survival, but excessive BAFF promotes the development of aggressive B cells leading to malignant and autoimmune diseases. Recently, we have reported that rapamycin, a macrocyclic lactone, attenuates human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF)-stimulated B-cell proliferation/survival by suppressing mTOR-mediated PP2A-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Here, we show that the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on hsBAFF-promoted B cell proliferation/survival is also related to blocking hsBAFF-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, S6K1, and 4E-BP1, as well as expression of survivin in normal and B-lymphoid (Raji and Daudi) cells. It appeared that both mTORC1 and mTORC2 were involved in the inhibitory activity of rapamycin, as silencing raptor or rictor enhanced rapamycin's suppression of hsBAFF-induced survivin expression and proliferation/viability in B cells. Also, PP242, an mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor, repressed survivin expression, and cell proliferation/viability more potently than rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor) in B cells in response to hsBAFF. Of interest, ectopic expression of constitutively active Akt (myr-Akt) or constitutively active S6K1 (S6K1-ca), or downregulation of 4E-BP1 conferred resistance to rapamycin's attenuation of hsBAFF-induced survivin expression and B-cell proliferation/viability, whereas overexpression of dominant negative Akt (dn-Akt) or constitutively hypophosphorylated 4E-BP1 (4EBP1-5A), or downregulation of S6K1, or co-treatment with Akt inhibitor potentiated the inhibitory effects of rapamycin. The findings indicate that rapamycin attenuates excessive hsBAFF-induced cell proliferation/survival via blocking mTORC1/2 signaling in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Our data underscore that rapamycin may be a potential agent for preventing excessive BAFF-evoked aggressive B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiamin Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
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23
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Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Contemporary Diagnostic and Treatment Perspectives in the Age of Personalized Medicine. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2017; 10:99-115. [PMID: 28404221 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous disease occurring within a heterogeneous patient population, highlighting a need for personalized therapy to ensure optimal outcomes. It is therefore critical to understand the benefits and risks associated with both intensive and deintensified approaches. In the following review we provide a therapeutic roadmap to strategically guide treatment for newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients highlighting pivotal and recently published results involving known and novel therapies.
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24
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Bouska A, Zhang W, Gong Q, Iqbal J, Scuto A, Vose J, Ludvigsen M, Fu K, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, Gascoyne RD, Rosenwald A, Ott G, Campo E, Rimsza LM, Delabie J, Jaffe ES, Braziel RM, Connors JM, Wu CI, Staudt LM, D'Amore F, McKeithan TW, Chan WC. Combined copy number and mutation analysis identifies oncogenic pathways associated with transformation of follicular lymphoma. Leukemia 2017; 31:83-91. [PMID: 27389057 PMCID: PMC5214175 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is typically an indolent disease, but 30-40% of FL cases transform into an aggressive lymphoma (tFL) with a poor prognosis. To identify the genetic changes that drive this transformation, we sequenced the exomes of 12 cases with paired FL and tFL biopsies and identified 45 recurrently mutated genes in the FL-tFL data set and 39 in the tFL cases. We selected 496 genes of potential importance in transformation and sequenced them in 23 additional tFL cases. Integration of the mutation data with copy-number abnormality (CNA) data provided complementary information. We found recurrent mutations of miR-142, which has not been previously been reported to be mutated in FL/tFL. The genes most frequently mutated in tFL included KMT2D (MLL2), CREBBP, EZH2, BCL2 and MEF2B. Many recurrently mutated genes are involved in epigenetic regulation, the Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) or the nuclear factor-κB pathways, immune surveillance and cell cycle regulation or are TFs involved in B-cell development. Of particular interest are mutations and CNAs affecting S1P-activated pathways through S1PR1 or S1PR2, which likely regulate lymphoma cell migration and survival outside of follicles. Our custom gene enrichment panel provides high depth of coverage for the study of clonal evolution or divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Bouska
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Anna Scuto
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Julie Vose
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Kai Fu
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Timothy C. Greiner
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- Center for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, and Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elias Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa M. Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jan Delabie
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Joseph M. Connors
- Division of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chung-I Wu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Wing C. Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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25
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Harada M, Benito J, Yamamoto S, Kaur S, Arslan D, Ramirez S, Jacamo R, Platanias L, Matsushita H, Fujimura T, Kazuno S, Kojima K, Tabe Y, Konopleva M. The novel combination of dual mTOR inhibitor AZD2014 and pan-PIM inhibitor AZD1208 inhibits growth in acute myeloid leukemia via HSF pathway suppression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37930-47. [PMID: 26473447 PMCID: PMC4741975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a critical pathway in the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Proviral integration site for moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) serine/threonine kinase signaling takes part in various pathways exerting tumorigenic properties. We hypothesized that the combination of a PIM kinase inhibitor with an mTOR inhibitor might have complementary growth-inhibitory effects against AML. The simultaneous inhibition of the PIM kinase by pan-PIM inhibitor AZD1208 and of mTOR by selective mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD2014 exerted anticancer properties in AML cell lines and in cells derived from primary AML samples with or without supportive stromal cell co-culture, leading to suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis. The combination of AZD1208 and AZD2014 rapidly activated AMPKα, a negative regulator of translation machinery through mTORC1/2 signaling in AML cells; profoundly inhibited AKT and 4EBP1 activation; and suppressed polysome formation. Inhibition of both mTOR and PIM counteracted induction of heat-shock family proteins, uncovering the master negative regulation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the dominant transcription factor controlling cellular stress responses. The novel combination of the dual mTOR inhibitor and pan-PIM inhibitor synergistically inhibited AML growth by effectively reducing protein synthesis through heat shock factor pathway suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Harada
- Research Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juliana Benito
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shinichi Yamamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dirim Arslan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Santiago Ramirez
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jacamo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leonidas Platanias
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hiromichi Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- BioMedical Research Center, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Alternative splicing of S6K1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer survival. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13369-13376. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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27
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Targeting Translation Control with p70 S6 Kinase 1 Inhibitors to Reverse Phenotypes in Fragile X Syndrome Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1991-2000. [PMID: 26708105 PMCID: PMC4908636 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal translation is implicated in the etiology of numerous brain disorders. Although mTORC1-p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling is critical for translational control, pharmacological manipulation in vivo has targeted exclusively mTORC1 due to the paucity of specific inhibitors to S6K1. However, small molecule inhibitors of S6K1 could potentially ameliorate pathological phenotypes of diseases, which are based on aberrant translation and protein expression. One such condition is fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is considered to be caused by exaggerated neuronal translation and is the most frequent heritable cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, potential therapeutic interventions in FXS have focused largely on targets upstream of translational control to normalize FXS-related phenotypes. Here we test the ability of two S6K1 inhibitors, PF-4708671 and FS-115, to normalize translational homeostasis and other phenotypes exhibited by FXS model mice. We found that although the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two S6K1 inhibitors differed, they overlapped in reversing multiple disease-associated phenotypes in FXS model mice including exaggerated protein synthesis, inappropriate social behavior, behavioral inflexibility, altered dendritic spine morphology, and macroorchidism. In contrast, the two inhibitors differed in their ability to rescue stereotypic marble-burying behavior and weight gain. These findings provide an initial pharmacological characterization of the impact of S6K1 inhibitors in vivo for FXS, and have therapeutic implications for other neuropsychiatric conditions involving aberrant mTORC1-S6K1 signaling.
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28
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Wang Y, Wei J, Li L, Fan C, Sun Y. Combined Use of Metformin and Everolimus Is Synergistic in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 22:193-201. [PMID: 26351208 PMCID: PMC7838426 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14348950540999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and leads to decreased protein synthesis and decreased cancer cell proliferation in many experimental systems. Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators such as metformin have similar actions in keeping with the TSC2/1 pathway linking activation of AMPK to inhibition of mTOR. Histopathological and biochemical studies of breast cancer show frequent dysregulation of the AMPK and the mTOR pathway. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and metformin in the treatment of breast cancer cells. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of everolimus alone or in combination with metformin on breast cancer cells. MTT assay was used to quantify the inhibitory effect of the drugs on breast cancer cells in vitro. SCID mice injected with HCC1428 cells followed by different treatments were used to assess the in vivo efficacy of different agents. Data showed that the combination of everolimus and metformin exerted synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of breast cancer cells both in culture and in a mouse xenograft model. Further, this combination abrogated S6 and 4EBP1phosphorylation. Collectively, we suggest that the combination of everolimus and metformin may be an effective regimen for treatment of breast cancer, hence warranting further evaluation of the combination in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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29
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Simioni C, Cani A, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Alameen AAM, Ultimo S, Tabellini G, McCubrey JA, Capitani S, Neri LM. The novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BGT226 displays cytotoxic activity in both normoxic and hypoxic hepatocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17147-60. [PMID: 26003166 PMCID: PMC4627298 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common lethal human malignancies worldwide and its advanced status is frequently resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of the orally bioavailable dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, NVP-BGT226, on a panel of HCC cell lines, since hyperactivated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway could represent a biomolecular target for Small Inhibitor Molecules in this neoplasia. We analyzed the drug activity in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions, the latter playing often a relevant role in the induction of chemoresistance and angiogenesis.In normoxia NVP-BGT226 caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, induced apoptosis and autophagy at low concentrations. Interestingly the drug inactivated p-Akt and p-S6 at < 10 nM concentration.In hypoxia NVP-BGT226 maintained its cytotoxic efficacy at the same concentration as documented by MTT assays and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the drug showed in hypoxia inhibitory properties against angiogenesis by lowering the expression of the transcription factor HIF-1α and of VEGF.Our results indicate that NVP-BGT226 has a potent cytotoxic effect on HCC cell lines also in hypoxia condition, thus emerging as a potential candidate for cancer treatment in HCC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Cani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ayman A M Alameen
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Simona Ultimo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Akhenblit PJ, Hanke NT, Gill A, Persky DO, Howison CM, Pagel MD, Baker AF. Assessing Metabolic Changes in Response to mTOR Inhibition in a Mantle Cell Lymphoma Xenograft Model Using AcidoCEST MRI. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012116645439. [PMID: 27140422 PMCID: PMC4878391 DOI: 10.1177/1536012116645439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AcidoCEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has previously been shown to measure tumor extracellular pH (pHe) with excellent accuracy and precision. This study investigated the ability of acidoCEST MRI to monitor changes in tumor pHe in response to therapy. To perform this study, we used the Granta 519 human mantle cell lymphoma cell line, which is an aggressive B-cell malignancy that demonstrates activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies using the Granta 519 cell line to investigate the efficacy and associated changes induced by the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus (RAD001). AcidoCEST MRI studies showed a statistically significant increase in tumor pHe of 0.10 pH unit within 1 day of initiating treatment, which foreshadowed a decrease in tumor growth of the Granta 519 xenograft model. AcidoCEST MRI then measured a decrease in tumor pHe 7 days after initiating treatment, which foreshadowed a return to normal tumor growth rate. Therefore, this study is a strong example that acidoCEST MRI can be used to measure tumor pHe that may serve as a marker for therapeutic efficacy of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Akhenblit
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neale T Hanke
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander Gill
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel O Persky
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda F Baker
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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31
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4EBP1/c-MYC/PUMA and NF-κB/EGR1/BIM pathways underlie cytotoxicity of mTOR dual inhibitors in malignant lymphoid cells. Blood 2016; 127:2711-22. [PMID: 26917778 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that regulates proliferation and apoptosis, has been extensively evaluated as a therapeutic target in multiple malignancies. Rapamycin analogs, which partially inhibit mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), exhibit immunosuppressive and limited antitumor activity, but sometimes activate survival pathways through feedback mechanisms involving mTORC2. Thus, attention has turned to agents targeting both mTOR complexes by binding the mTOR active site. Here we show that disruption of either mTOR-containing complex is toxic to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells and identify 2 previously unrecognized pathways leading to this cell death. Inhibition of mTORC1-mediated 4EBP1 phosphorylation leads to decreased expression of c-MYC and subsequent upregulation of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member PUMA, whereas inhibition of mTORC2 results in nuclear factor-κB-mediated expression of the Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1) gene, which encodes a transcription factor that binds and transactivates the proapoptotic BCL2L11 locus encoding BIM. Importantly, 1 or both pathways contribute to death of malignant lymphoid cells after treatment with dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors. Collectively, these observations not only provide new insight into the survival roles of mTOR in lymphoid malignancies, but also identify alterations that potentially modulate the action of mTOR dual inhibitors in ALL.
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32
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Cani A, Simioni C, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Tabellini G, Ultimo S, McCubrey JA, Capitani S, Neri LM. Triple Akt inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6597-610. [PMID: 25788264 PMCID: PMC4466637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive neoplastic disorder in which chemotherapy resistance and refractory relapses occur, with a poorer prognostic outcome. Constitutively active PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a common feature of T-ALL upregulating cell proliferation, survival and drug resistance. This pathway is currently under clinical trials with small molecules inhibitors (SMI). To verify whether a multi-inhibition treatment against Akt protein could enhance the efficacy of individual drug administration and overcome drug resistance as well as to obtain a decrease in single drug concentration, we tested on T-ALL cell lines the effects of combined treatments with three Akt inhibitors with different mode of action, GSK690693, MK-2206 and Perifosine. In cells with hyperactivated Akt, combined administration of the drugs displayed a significant synergistic and cytotoxic effect and affected PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway at much lower concentration than single drug use. Highest synergistic effect for full inhibition of Akt was also related to the timing of every drug administration. Furthermore the triple treatment had greater efficacy in inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and both apoptosis and autophagy. Targeting Akt as a key protein of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway with multiple drugs might represent a new and promising pharmacological strategy for treatment of T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Ultimo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Horvilleur E, Wilson LA, Bastide A, Piñeiro D, Pöyry TAA, Willis AE. Cap-Independent Translation in Hematological Malignancies. Front Oncol 2015; 5:293. [PMID: 26734574 PMCID: PMC4685420 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of diseases deriving from blood cells progenitors. Although many genes involved in blood cancers contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), there has been only few studies focusing on the role of cap-independent translation in leukemia and lymphomas. Expression of IRES trans-acting factors can also be altered, and interestingly, BCL-ABL1 fusion protein expressed from “Philadelphia” chromosome, found in some types of leukemia, regulates several of them. A mechanism involving c-Myc IRES and cap-independent translation and leading to resistance to chemotherapy in multiple myeloma emphasize the contribution of cap-independent translation in blood cancers and the need for more work to be done to clarify the roles of known IRESes in pathology and response to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Piñeiro
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit , Leicester , UK
| | | | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit , Leicester , UK
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Tebay LE, Robertson H, Durant ST, Vitale SR, Penning TM, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Mechanisms of activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 by redox stressors, nutrient cues, and energy status and the pathways through which it attenuates degenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:108-146. [PMID: 26122708 PMCID: PMC4659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the basal and stress-inducible expression of a battery of genes encoding key components of the glutathione-based and thioredoxin-based antioxidant systems, as well as aldo-keto reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 drug-metabolizing isoenzymes along with multidrug-resistance-associated efflux pumps. It therefore plays a pivotal role in both intrinsic resistance and cellular adaptation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and xenobiotics. Activation of Nrf2 can, however, serve as a double-edged sword because some of the genes it induces may contribute to chemical carcinogenesis by promoting futile redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites or confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs by increasing the expression of efflux pumps, suggesting its cytoprotective effects will vary in a context-specific fashion. In addition to cytoprotection, Nrf2 also controls genes involved in intermediary metabolism, positively regulating those involved in NADPH generation, purine biosynthesis, and the β-oxidation of fatty acids, while suppressing those involved in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Nrf2 is subject to regulation at multiple levels. Its ability to orchestrate adaptation to oxidants and electrophiles is due principally to stress-stimulated modification of thiols within one of its repressors, the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which is present in the cullin-3 RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex CRLKeap1. Thus modification of Cys residues in Keap1 blocks CRLKeap1 activity, allowing newly translated Nrf2 to accumulate rapidly and induce its target genes. The ability of Keap1 to repress Nrf2 can be attenuated by p62/sequestosome-1 in a mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent manner, thereby allowing refeeding after fasting to increase Nrf2-target gene expression. In parallel with repression by Keap1, Nrf2 is also repressed by β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), present in the Skp1-cullin-1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex SCFβ-TrCP. The ability of SCFβ-TrCP to suppress Nrf2 activity is itself enhanced by prior phosphorylation of the transcription factor by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) through formation of a DSGIS-containing phosphodegron. However, formation of the phosphodegron in Nrf2 by GSK-3 is inhibited by stimuli that activate protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. In particular, PKB/Akt activity can be increased by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mTORC2, thereby providing an explanation of why antioxidant-responsive element-driven genes are induced by growth factors and nutrients. Thus Nrf2 activity is tightly controlled via CRLKeap1 and SCFβ-TrCP by oxidative stress and energy-based signals, allowing it to mediate adaptive responses that restore redox homeostasis and modulate intermediary metabolism. Based on the fact that Nrf2 influences multiple biochemical pathways in both positive and negative ways, it is likely its dose-response curve, in terms of susceptibility to certain degenerative disease, is U-shaped. Specifically, too little Nrf2 activity will lead to loss of cytoprotection, diminished antioxidant capacity, and lowered β-oxidation of fatty acids, while conversely also exhibiting heightened sensitivity to ROS-based signaling that involves receptor tyrosine kinases and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1. By contrast, too much Nrf2 activity disturbs the homeostatic balance in favor of reduction, and so may have deleterious consequences including overproduction of reduced glutathione and NADPH, the blunting of ROS-based signal transduction, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and failure of certain cell types to differentiate correctly. We discuss the basis of a putative U-shaped Nrf2 dose-response curve in terms of potentially competing processes relevant to different stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Tebay
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen T Durant
- AstraZeneca Oncology Innovative Medicines, Bioscience, 33F197 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Steven R Vitale
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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Sabbatini M, Ruggiero G, Palatucci AT, Rubino V, Federico S, Giovazzino A, Apicella L, Santopaolo M, Matarese G, Galgani M, Terrazzano G. Oscillatory mTOR inhibition and Treg increase in kidney transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:230-40. [PMID: 26077103 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular metabolic pathways dependent upon the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) play a key role in immune-tolerance control. In this study, we focused on long-term mTOR-dependent immune-modulating effects in kidney transplant recipients undergoing conversion from calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) to mTOR inhibitors (everolimus) in a 1-year follow-up. The conversion to everolimus is associated with a decrease of neutrophils and of CD8(+) T cells. In addition, we observed a reduced production of interferon (IFN)-γ by CD8(+) T cells and of interleukin (IL)-17 by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. An increase in CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) [regulatory T cell [(Treg)] numbers was also seen. Treg increase correlated with a higher proliferation rate of this regulatory subpopulation when compared with the CD4(+) FoxP3(-) effector counterpart. Basal phosphorylation level of S6 kinase, a major mTOR-dependent molecular target, was substantially maintained in patients treated with everolimus. Moreover, oscillations in serum concentration of everolimus were associated with changes in basal and activation-dependent S6 kinase phosphorylation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Indeed, T cell receptor (TCR) triggering was observed to induce significantly higher S6 kinase phosphorylation in the presence of lower everolimus serum concentrations. These results unveil the complex mTOR-dependent immune-metabolic network leading to long-term immune-modulation and might have relevance for novel therapeutic settings in kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, DH di Nefrologia e Trapianto di Rene, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - G Ruggiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - A T Palatucci
- Dottorato di Scienze.,Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - V Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - S Federico
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, DH di Nefrologia e Trapianto di Rene, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - A Giovazzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - L Apicella
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, DH di Nefrologia e Trapianto di Rene, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - M Santopaolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli Italy
| | - G Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - M Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - G Terrazzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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36
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Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) Is required for mouse spermatogonial differentiation in vivo. Dev Biol 2015; 407:90-102. [PMID: 26254600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) must balance self-renewal with production of transit-amplifying progenitors that differentiate in response to retinoic acid (RA) before entering meiosis. This self-renewal vs. differentiation spermatogonial fate decision is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, as imbalances cause spermatogenesis defects that can lead to human testicular cancer or infertility. A great deal of effort has been exerted to understand how the SSC population is maintained. In contrast, little is known about the essential program of differentiation initiated by retinoic acid (RA) that precedes meiosis, and the pathways and proteins involved are poorly defined. We recently reported a novel role for RA in stimulating the PI3/AKT/mTOR kinase signaling pathway to activate translation of repressed mRNAs such as Kit. Here, we examined the requirement for mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in mediating the RA signal to direct spermatogonial differentiation in the neonatal testis. We found that in vivo inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin blocked spermatogonial differentiation, which led to an accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia. In addition, rapamycin also blocked the RA-induced translational activation of mRNAs encoding KIT, SOHLH1, and SOHLH2 without affecting expression of STRA8. These findings highlight dual roles for RA in germ cell development - transcriptional activation of genes, and kinase signaling to stimulate translation of repressed messages required for spermatogonial differentiation.
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37
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Owonikoko TK. Inhibitors of mTOR pathway for cancer therapy, moving on from rapalogs to TORKinibs. Cancer 2015; 121:3390-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Ezell SA, Mayo M, Bihani T, Tepsuporn S, Wang S, Passino M, Grosskurth SE, Collins M, Parmentier J, Reimer C, Byth KF. Synergistic induction of apoptosis by combination of BTK and dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4990-5001. [PMID: 24970801 PMCID: PMC4148116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is generally treated by chemotherapy and there is an unmet medical need for novel targeted therapies or combination therapies. Using in vitro screening, we have identified the combination of ibrutinib, an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase BTK, and AZD2014, an mTOR catalytic inhibitor, as being highly synergistic in killing ABC-subtype DLBCL cell lines. Simultaneous inhibition of BTK and mTOR causes apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo and results in tumor regression in a xenograft model. We identify two parallel mechanisms that underlie apoptosis in this setting: cooperative inhibition of cap-dependent translation, and the inhibition of an NF-κB/IL10/STAT3 autocrine loop. Combined disruption of these pathways is required for apoptosis. These data represent a rational basis for the dual inhibition of BTK and mTOR as a potential treatment for ABC-subtype DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suping Wang
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate F Byth
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts
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39
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Klein SR, Piya S, Lu Z, Xia Y, Alonso MM, White EJ, Wei J, Gomez-Manzano C, Jiang H, Fueyo J. C-Jun N-terminal kinases are required for oncolytic adenovirus-mediated autophagy. Oncogene 2015; 34:5295-301. [PMID: 25619840 PMCID: PMC4515398 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses, such as Delta-24-RGD, are replication-competent
viruses that are genetically engineered to induce selective cancer cell lysis.
In cancer cells, Delta-24-RGD induces massive autophagy, which is required for
efficient cell lysis and adenoviral spread. Understanding the cellular
mechanisms underlying the regulation of autophagy in cells treated with
oncolytic adenoviruses may provide new avenues to improve the therapeutic
effect. In this work, we showed that cancer cells infected with Delta-24-RGD
undergo autophagy despite the concurrent activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway.
Moreover, adenovirus replication induced sustained activation of JNK proteins
in vitro. ERK1/1 phosphorylation remained unchanged during
adenoviral infection, suggesting specificity of JNK activation. Using genetic
ablation and pharmacological inactivation of JNK, we unequivocally demonstrated
that cells infected with Delta-24-RGD required JNK activation. Thus, genetic
co-ablation of JNK1 and JNK2 genes or
inhibition of JNK kinase function rendered Delta-24-RGD–treated cells
resistant to autophagy. Accordingly, JNK activation induced phosphorylation of
Bcl-2 and prevented the formation of Bcl-2/Beclin 1 autophagy suppressor
complexes. Using an orthotopic model of human glioma xenograft, we showed that
treatment with Delta-24-RGD induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of
JNK, as well as phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Collectively, our data identified JNK
proteins as an essential mechanistic link between Delta-24-RGD infection and
autophagy in cancer cells. Activation of JNK without inactivation of the
AKT/mTOR pathway constitutes a distinct molecular signature of autophagy
regulation that differentiates Delta-24-RGD adenovirus from the mechanism used
by other oncolytic viruses to induce autophagy and provides a new rationale for
the combination of oncolytic viruses and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Klein
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Piya
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Lu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Xia
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M M Alonso
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - E J White
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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40
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Simioni C, Cani A, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Tabellini G, McCubrey J, Capitani S, Neri LM. Activity of the novel mTOR inhibitor Torin-2 in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its therapeutic potential to prevent Akt reactivation. Oncotarget 2014; 5:10034-47. [PMID: 25296981 PMCID: PMC4259403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is a key regulatory pathway controlling cell growth and survival, and its dysregulation is a reported feature of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-pre ALL). Torin-2 is a novel, second-generation ATP-competitive inhibitor that is potent and selective for mTOR with a superior pharmacokinetic profile to previous inhibitors. It has been shown that Torin-2 displayed dramatic antiproliferative activity across a panel of cancer cell lines. To investigate if Torin-2 could represent a new option for the treatment of B-pre ALL, we tested its activity on a panel of B-pre ALL cell lines. In all of them Torin-2 showed a powerful cytotoxic activity, inhibiting the growth of each cell line in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ in the nanomolar range. Torin-2 caused both apoptosis and autophagy, induced cell cycle arrest in G₀/G₁ phase and affected both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities as assessed by their specific substrate dephosphorylation. Torin-2 alone suppressed feedback activation of PI3K/Akt, whereas the mTORC1 inhibitor RAD001 required the addition of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 to achieve the same effect. These pharmacological strategies targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR at different points of the signaling pathway cascade might represent a new promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of B-pre ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Cani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M. Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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