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Giron C, Hélie P, Parent J, Boutin M, St-Jean G. Clinical, imaging and histopathological characterization of a series of three cats with cerebellar cortical degeneration. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:263. [PMID: 38890680 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological inherited disorders are rare in domestic animals. Cerebellar cortical degeneration remains amongst the most common of these disorders. The condition is defined as the premature loss of fully differentiated cerebellar components due to genetic or metabolic defects. It has been studied in dogs and cats, and various genetic defects and diagnostic tests (including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) have been refined in these species. Cases in cats remain rare and mostly individual, and few diagnostic criteria, other than post-mortem exam, have been evaluated in reports with multiple cases. Here, we report three feline cases of cerebellar cortical degeneration with detailed clinical, diagnostic imaging and post-mortem findings. CASE PRESENTATION The three cases were directly (siblings, case #1 and #2) or indirectly related (same farm, case #3) and showed early-onset of the disease, with clinical signs including cerebellar ataxia and tremors. Brain MRI was highly suggestive of cerebellar cortical degeneration on all three cases. The relative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space, relative cerebellum size, brainstem: cerebellum area ratio, and cerebellum: total brain area ratio, were measured and compared to a control group of cats and reference cut-offs for dogs in the literature. For the relative cerebellum size and cerebellum: total brain area ratio, all affected cases had a lower value than the control group. For the relative CSF space and brainstem: cerebellum area ratio, the more affected cases (#2 and #3) had higher values than the control group, while the least affected case (#3) had values within the ranges of the control group, but a progression was visible over time. Post-mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar cortical degeneration, with marked to complete loss of Purkinje cells and associated granular layer depletion and proliferation of Bergmann glia. One case also had Wallerian-like degeneration in the spinal cord, suggestive of spinocerebellar degeneration. CONCLUSION Our report further supports a potential genetic component for the disease in cats. For the MRI examination, the relative cerebellum size and cerebellum: total brain area ratio seem promising, but further studies are needed to establish specific feline cut-offs. Post-mortem evaluation of the cerebellum remains the gold standard for the final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Giron
- Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joane Parent
- Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mathieu Boutin
- Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Guillaume St-Jean
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Maxwell DL, Orian JM. Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15:11795735231211508. [PMID: 37942276 PMCID: PMC10629308 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231211508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain L. Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Rasmussen CLM, Thomsen LB, Heegaard CW, Moos T, Burkhart A. The Npc2 Gt(LST105)BygNya mouse signifies pathological changes comparable to human Niemann-Pick type C2 disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103880. [PMID: 37454976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick type C2 disease (NP-C2) is a fatal neurovisceral disorder caused by defects in the lysosomal cholesterol transporter protein NPC2. Consequently, cholesterol and other lipids accumulate within the lysosomes, causing a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical manifestations. Murine models are essential for increasing the understanding of the complex pathology of NP-C2. This study, therefore, aims to describe the neurovisceral pathology in the NPC2-deficient mouse model to evaluate its correlation to human NP-C2. METHODS Npc2-/- mice holding the LST105 mutation were used in the present study (Npc2Gt(LST105)BygNya). Body and organ weight and histopathological evaluations were carried out in six and 12-week-old Npc2-/- mice, with a special emphasis on neuropathology. The Purkinje cell (PC) marker calbindin, the astrocytic marker GFAP, and the microglia marker IBA1 were included to assess PC degeneration and neuroinflammation, respectively. In addition, the pathology of the liver, lungs, and spleen was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Six weeks old pre-symptomatic Npc2-/- mice showed splenomegaly and obvious neuropathological changes, especially in the cerebellum, where initial PC loss and neuroinflammation were evident. The Npc2-/- mice developed neurological symptoms at eight weeks of age, severely progressing until the end-stage of the disease at 12 weeks. At the end-stage of the disease, Npc2-/- mice were characterized by growth retardation, tremor, cerebellar ataxia, splenomegaly, foam cell accumulation in the lungs, liver, and spleen, brain atrophy, pronounced PC degeneration, and severe neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The Npc2Gt(LST105)BygNya mouse model resembles the pathology seen in NP-C2 patients and denotes a valuable model for increasing the understanding of the complex disease manifestation and is relevant for testing the efficacies of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark.
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de Klein N, Tsai EA, Vochteloo M, Baird D, Huang Y, Chen CY, van Dam S, Oelen R, Deelen P, Bakker OB, El Garwany O, Ouyang Z, Marshall EE, Zavodszky MI, van Rheenen W, Bakker MK, Veldink J, Gaunt TR, Runz H, Franke L, Westra HJ. Brain expression quantitative trait locus and network analyses reveal downstream effects and putative drivers for brain-related diseases. Nat Genet 2023; 55:377-388. [PMID: 36823318 PMCID: PMC10011140 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of therapeutic targets from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) requires insights into downstream functional consequences. We harmonized 8,613 RNA-sequencing samples from 14 brain datasets to create the MetaBrain resource and performed cis- and trans-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) meta-analyses in multiple brain region- and ancestry-specific datasets (n ≤ 2,759). Many of the 16,169 cortex cis-eQTLs were tissue-dependent when compared with blood cis-eQTLs. We inferred brain cell types for 3,549 cis-eQTLs by interaction analysis. We prioritized 186 cis-eQTLs for 31 brain-related traits using Mendelian randomization and co-localization including 40 cis-eQTLs with an inferred cell type, such as a neuron-specific cis-eQTL (CYP24A1) for multiple sclerosis. We further describe 737 trans-eQTLs for 526 unique variants and 108 unique genes. We used brain-specific gene-co-regulation networks to link GWAS loci and prioritize additional genes for five central nervous system diseases. This study represents a valuable resource for post-GWAS research on central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martijn Vochteloo
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Life Science and Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Baird
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sipko van Dam
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Ancora Health, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Oelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Omar El Garwany
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Eric E Marshall
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Zavodszky
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sustained Hyperammonemia Activates NF-κB in Purkinje Neurons Through Activation of the TrkB-PI3K-AKT Pathway by Microglia-Derived BDNF in a Rat Model of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3071-3085. [PMID: 36790604 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperammonemia is a main contributor to the cognitive and motor impairment in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Sustained hyperammonemia induces the TNFα expression in Purkinje neurons, mediated by NF-κB activation. The aims were the following: (1) to assess if enhanced TrkB activation by BDNF is responsible for enhanced NF-κB activation in Purkinje neurons in hyperammonemic rats, (2) to assess if this is associated with increased content of NF-κB modulated proteins such as TNFα, HMGB1, or glutaminase I, (3) to assess if these changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway, (4) to analyze if increased activation of NF-κB is mediated by the PI3K-AKT pathway. It is shown that, in the cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats, increased BDNF levels enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons leading to activation of PI3K, which enhances phosphorylation of AKT and of IκB, leading to increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB which enhances TNFα, HMGB1, and glutaminase I content. To assess if the changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2 pathway, we blocked TNFR1 with R7050, S1PR2 with JTE-013, and CCR2 with RS504393. These changes are reversed by blocking TrkB, PI3K, or the TNFR1-SP1PR2-CCL2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway at any step. In hyperammonemic rats, increased levels of BDNF enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT-IκB-NF-κB pathway which increased the content of glutaminase I, HMGB1, and TNFα. Enhanced activation of this TrkB-PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathway would contribute to impairing the function of Purkinje neurons and motor function in hyperammonemic rats and likely in cirrhotic patients with minimal or clinical hepatic encephalopathy.
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Liu X, Yan P, Fu C, Yang Z. The brain-specific upregulation of CARD11 in response to avian brain-neurotropic virus infection serves as a potential biomarker. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102539. [PMID: 36805399 PMCID: PMC9969321 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian neurotropic viruses are critical problems in poultry industry causing severe central nervous system (CNS) damage with neuroinvasive and neurovirulence properties. Biomarker of neurotropic viral intracranial invasion is of great application value for the diagnosis, but that of avian neurotropic viruses remains elusive. Previously, we found that chicken caspase recruitment domain family, member 11 (CARD11) was only upregulated in virulent Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens and in chicken primary neuronal cells. In this study, CARD11 was systemically expressed in chickens and pigeons detected by absolute qPCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) assay. After virus challenging, only avian neurotropic viruses (avian encephalomyelitis virus [AEV] and pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 [PPMV-1]) except Marek's disease virus (MDV) can invade brain and cause pathological changes. The relative mRNA expression of CARD11 was brain-upregulated in AEV- or PPMV-1-infected animals, rather than MDV and non-neurotropic viruses (fowl adenovirus serotype 4 [FAdV-4] and infectious bronchitis virus [IBV]). Similarly, the protein expression of CARD11 was only upregulated in the cerebra and cerebella infected by avian brain-neurotropic virus using IHC assay. And there were no correlations between the change level of CARD11 and viral load. Our preliminary data suggested that avian CARD11 may be a potential brain biomarker for avian brain-neurotropic virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuelan Liu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Peipei Yan
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Vijayan A, Diwakar S. A cerebellum inspired spiking neural network as a multi-model for pattern classification and robotic trajectory prediction. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909146. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiking neural networks were introduced to understand spatiotemporal information processing in neurons and have found their application in pattern encoding, data discrimination, and classification. Bioinspired network architectures are considered for event-driven tasks, and scientists have looked at different theories based on the architecture and functioning. Motor tasks, for example, have networks inspired by cerebellar architecture where the granular layer recodes sparse representations of the mossy fiber (MF) inputs and has more roles in motor learning. Using abstractions from cerebellar connections and learning rules of deep learning network (DLN), patterns were discriminated within datasets, and the same algorithm was used for trajectory optimization. In the current work, a cerebellum-inspired spiking neural network with dynamics of cerebellar neurons and learning mechanisms attributed to the granular layer, Purkinje cell (PC) layer, and cerebellar nuclei interconnected by excitatory and inhibitory synapses was implemented. The model’s pattern discrimination capability was tested for two tasks on standard machine learning (ML) datasets and on following a trajectory of a low-cost sensor-free robotic articulator. Tuned for supervised learning, the pattern classification capability of the cerebellum-inspired network algorithm has produced more generalized models than data-specific precision models on smaller training datasets. The model showed an accuracy of 72%, which was comparable to standard ML algorithms, such as MLP (78%), Dl4jMlpClassifier (64%), RBFNetwork (71.4%), and libSVM-linear (85.7%). The cerebellar model increased the network’s capability and decreased storage, augmenting faster computations. Additionally, the network model could also implicitly reconstruct the trajectory of a 6-degree of freedom (DOF) robotic arm with a low error rate by reconstructing the kinematic parameters. The variability between the actual and predicted trajectory points was noted to be ± 3 cm (while moving to a position in a cuboid space of 25 × 30 × 40 cm). Although a few known learning rules were implemented among known types of plasticity in the cerebellum, the network model showed a generalized processing capability for a range of signals, modulating the data through the interconnected neural populations. In addition to potential use on sensor-free or feed-forward based controllers for robotic arms and as a generalized pattern classification algorithm, this model adds implications to motor learning theory.
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Voskuhl RR, MacKenzie-Graham A. Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an excellent model to study neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1024058. [PMID: 36340686 PMCID: PMC9629273 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1024058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), specifically experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been used extensively to develop anti-inflammatory treatments. However, the similarity between MS and one particular EAE model does not end at inflammation. MS and chronic EAE induced in C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 share many neuropathologies. Beyond both having white matter lesions in spinal cord, both also have widespread neuropathology in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, and retina/optic nerve. In this review, we compare neuropathologies in each of these structures in MS with chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice, and find evidence that this EAE model is well suited to study neuroaxonal degeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R. Voskuhl
- UCLA MS Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Rise HH, Brune S, Chien C, Berge T, Bos SD, Andorrà M, Valdeolivas IP, Beyer MK, Sowa P, Scheel M, Brandt AU, Asseyer S, Blennow K, Pedersen ML, Zetterberg H, de Schotten MT, Cellerino M, Uccelli A, Paul F, Villoslada P, Harbo HF, Westlye LT, Høgestøl EA. Brain disconnectome mapping derived from white matter lesions and serum neurofilament light levels in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal multicenter study. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103099. [PMID: 35772194 PMCID: PMC9253471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Individual disconnectome maps generated using a template of 7T MRI data. Disconnectome maps conceptualize distal brain network aberrations. Using lesions maps from our MS cohort, we produced individual disconnectome maps. Serum neurofilament light levels were associated with disconnectome maps. Voxel-wise analyses revealed interesting association with serum neurofilament light levels.
Background and Objectives Connectivity-based approaches incorporating the distribution and magnitude of the extended brain network aberrations caused by lesions may offer higher sensitivity for axonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than conventional lesion characteristics. Using individual brain disconnectome mapping, we tested the longitudinal associations between putative imaging-based brain network aberrations and levels of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a neuroaxonal injury biomarker. Methods MS patients (n = 312, mean age 42.9 years, 71 % female) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 59, mean age 39.9 years, 78 % female) were prospectively enrolled at four European MS centres, and reassessed after two years (MS, n = 242; HC, n = 30). Post-processing of 3 Tesla (3 T) MRI data was performed at one centre using a harmonized pipeline, and disconnectome maps were calculated using BCBtoolkit based on individual lesion maps. Global disconnectivity (GD) was defined as the average disconnectome probability in each patient’s white matter. Serum NfL concentrations were measured by single molecule array (Simoa). Robust linear mixed models (rLMM) with GD or T2-lesion volume (T2LV) as dependent variables, patient as a random factor, serum NfL, age, sex, timepoint for visit, diagnosis, treatment, and center as fixed factors were run. Results rLMM revealed significant associations between GD and serum NfL (t = 2.94, p = 0.003), age (t = 4.21, p = 2.5 × 10−5), and longitudinal changes in NfL (t = -2.29, p = 0.02), but not for sex (t = 0.63, p = 0.53) or treatments (t = 0.80–0.83, p = 0.41–0.42). Voxel-wise analyses revealed significant associations between dysconnectivity in cerebellar and brainstem regions and serum NfL (t = 7.03, p < 0.001). Discussion In our prospective multi-site MS cohort, rLMMs demonstrated that the extent of global and regional brain disconnectivity is sensitive to a systemic biomarker of axonal damage, serum NfL, in patients with MS. These findings provide a neuroaxonal correlate of advanced disconnectome mapping and provide a platform for further investigations of the functional and potential clinical relevance of brain disconnectome mapping in patients with brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning H Rise
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Brune
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Chien
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Tone Berge
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffan D Bos
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magí Andorrà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mona K Beyer
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Piotr Sowa
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Scheel
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuroradiology, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mads L Pedersen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives- UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Cellerino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar A Høgestøl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Miyamoto K, Nakamura M, Ohtaki H, Suzuki K, Yamaga H, Yanagisawa K, Maeda A, Yagi M, Hayashi M, Honda K, Dohi K. Heatstroke-induced late-onset neurological deficits in mice caused by white matter demyelination, Purkinje cell degeneration, and synaptic impairment in the cerebellum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10598. [PMID: 35732789 PMCID: PMC9217968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming increases heatstroke incidence. After heatstroke, patients exhibit neurological symptoms, suggesting cerebellar damage. However, the potential long-term adverse outcomes are poorly understood. We studied the cerebellum after heatstroke in mouse heatstroke models. In this study, motor coordination disorder significantly appeared 3 weeks after heatstroke and gradually improved to some extent. Although white matter demyelination was detected at 1 and 3 weeks after heatstroke in the cerebellum, it was not found in the corpus callosum. The Purkinje cell numbers significantly decreased at 1, 3, and 9 weeks after heatstroke. The intensity of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 temporarily appeared to attenuate at 3 weeks after heatstroke; however, both appeared to intensify at 9 weeks after heatstroke. Motor coordination loss occurred a few weeks after heatstroke and recovered to some extent. Late-onset motor impairment was suggested to be caused by cerebellar dysfunctions morphologically assessed by myelin staining of cerebellar white matter and immunostaining of Purkinje cells with pre- and postsynaptic markers. Purkinje cell number did not recover for 9 weeks; other factors, including motor coordination, partially recovered, probably by synaptic reconstruction, residual Purkinje cells, and other cerebellar white matter remyelination. These phenomena were associated with late-onset neurological deficits and recovery after heatstroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Miyamoto
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Motoyasu Nakamura
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohtaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Functional Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, School of Pharmacy, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaga
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yanagisawa
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuo Maeda
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yagi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hayashi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuho Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Dohi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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11
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Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Impairments in People with Multiple Sclerosis. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:1052-1060. [PMID: 34657272 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Charcot characterized classic cerebellar symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) in 1877, the impact of cerebellar dysfunction on MS symptoms has predominately been evaluated in the last two decades. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the association between cerebellar pathology, including atrophy and reduced fractional anisotropy in the peduncles, and motor impairments, such as reduced gait velocity and time to complete walking tasks. However, future studies using novel imaging techniques are needed to elucidate all potential pathophysiology that is associated with disability in PwMS. Additionally, future studies are required to determine the most effective treatments for motor impairments in PwMS, including the specific type and duration of exercise interventions, and potential means to amplify their effects, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). This mini-review critically discusses the distinct role of cerebellar dysfunction in motor impairments in PwMS, potential treatments, and directions for future studies.
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12
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Purkinje cell axonal swellings enhance action potential fidelity and cerebellar function. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4129. [PMID: 34226561 PMCID: PMC8257784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal plasticity allows neurons to control their output, which critically determines the flow of information in the brain. Axon diameter can be regulated by activity, yet how morphological changes in an axon impact its function remains poorly understood. Axonal swellings have been found on Purkinje cell axons in the cerebellum both in healthy development and in neurodegenerative diseases, and computational models predicts that axonal swellings impair axonal function. Here we report that in young Purkinje cells, axons with swellings propagated action potentials with higher fidelity than those without, and that axonal swellings form when axonal failures are high. Furthermore, we observed that healthy young adult mice with more axonal swellings learn better on cerebellar-related tasks than mice with fewer swellings. Our findings suggest that axonal swellings underlie a form of axonal plasticity that optimizes the fidelity of action potential propagation in axons, resulting in enhanced learning.
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13
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López-Cervantes M, Quintanar-Stephano A, Alcauter-Solórzano S, Hernández-Pando R, Aguilar-Roblero R, Gasca-Martínez D, Ortíz JJ, Vázquez-Martínez O, Ximénez-Camilli C, Díaz-Muñoz M. Cerebellar spongiform degeneration is accompanied by metabolic, cellular, and motor disruption in male rats with portacaval anastomosis. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2287-2304. [PMID: 34061383 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The episodes of cerebral dysfunction, known as encephalopathy, are usually coincident with liver failure. The primary metabolic marker of liver diseases is the increase in blood ammonium, which promotes neuronal damage. In the present project, we used an experimental model of hepatic encephalopathy in male rats by portacaval anastomosis (PCA) surgery. Sham rats had a false operation. After 13 weeks of surgery, the most distinctive finding was vacuolar/spongiform neurodegeneration exclusively in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cerebellar damage was further characterized by metabolic, histopathological, and behavioral approaches. The results were as follows: (a) Cellular alterations, namely loss of Purkinje cells, morphological changes, such as swelling of astrocytes and Bergmann glia, and activation of microglia; (b) Cytotoxic edema, shown by an increase in aquaporin-4 and N-acetylaspartate and a reduction in taurine and choline-derivate osmolytes; (c) Metabolic adjustments, noted by the elevation of circulating ammonium, enhanced presence of glutamine synthetase, and increase in glutamine and creatine/phosphocreatine; (d) Inflammasome activation, detected by the elevation of the marker NLRP3 and microglial activation; (e) Locomotor deficits in PCA rats as assessed by the Rotarod and open field tests. These results lead us to suggest that metabolic disturbances associated with PCA can generate the cerebellar damage that is similar to morphophysiological modifications observed in amyloidogenic disorders. In conclusion, we have characterized a distinctive cerebellar multi-disruption accompanied by high levels of ammonium and associated with spongiform neurodegeneration in a model of hepatic hypofunctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra López-Cervantes
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departmento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencia Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Sarael Alcauter-Solórzano
- Laboratorio Nacional de Imagenología por Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Seccion de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Aguilar-Roblero
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martínez
- Unidad de Análisis Conductual, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan J Ortíz
- Laboratorio Nacional de Imagenología por Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Olivia Vázquez-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ximénez-Camilli
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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14
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Hain HS, Pandey R, Bakay M, Strenkowski BP, Harrington D, Romer M, Motley WW, Li J, Lancaster E, Roth L, Grinspan JB, Scherer SS, Hakonarson H. Inducible knockout of Clec16a in mice results in sensory neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9319. [PMID: 33927318 PMCID: PMC8084945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A has been shown to play a role in autophagy/mitophagy processes. Additionally, genetic variants in CLEC16A have been implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases. We generated an inducible whole-body knockout, Clec16aΔUBC mice, to investigate the loss of function of CLEC16A. The mice exhibited a neuronal phenotype including tremors and impaired gait that rapidly progressed to dystonic postures. Nerve conduction studies and pathological analysis revealed loss of sensory axons that are associated with this phenotype. Activated microglia and astrocytes were found in regions of the CNS. Several mitochondrial-related proteins were up- or down-regulated. Upregulation of interferon stimulated gene 15 (IGS15) were observed in neuronal tissues. CLEC16A expression inversely related to IGS15 expression. ISG15 may be the link between CLEC16A and downstream autoimmune, inflammatory processes. Our results demonstrate that a whole-body, inducible knockout of Clec16a in mice results in an inflammatory neurodegenerative phenotype resembling spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Hain
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Rahul Pandey
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marina Bakay
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bryan P Strenkowski
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Harrington
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Micah Romer
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - William W Motley
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eunjoo Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lindsay Roth
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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15
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Candadai AA, Liu F, Fouda AY, Alfarhan M, Palani CD, Xu Z, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Deletion of arginase 2 attenuates neuroinflammation in an experimental model of optic neuritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247901. [PMID: 33735314 PMCID: PMC7971528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision impairment due to optic neuritis (ON) is one of the major clinical presentations in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the optic nerve and retina. Currently available treatments are only partially effective and have a limited impact on the neuroinflammatory pathology of the disease. A recent study from our laboratory highlighted the beneficial effect of arginase 2 (A2) deletion in suppressing retinal neurodegeneration and inflammation in an experimental model of MS. Utilizing the same model, the present study investigated the impact of A2 deficiency on MS-induced optic neuritis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in wild-type (WT) and A2 knockout (A2-/-) mice. EAE-induced cellular infiltration, as well as activation of microglia and macrophages, were reduced in A2-/- optic nerves. Axonal degeneration and demyelination seen in EAE optic nerves were observed to be reduced with A2 deletion. Further, the lack of A2 significantly ameliorated astrogliosis induced by EAE. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a critical involvement of arginase 2 in mediating neuroinflammation in optic neuritis and suggest the potential of A2 blockade as a targeted therapy for MS-induced optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha A. Candadai
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Abdelrahman Y. Fouda
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Moaddey Alfarhan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Chithra D. Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
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16
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Buckner N, Kemp KC, Scott HL, Shi G, Rivers C, Gialeli A, Wong LF, Cordero-LLana O, Allen N, Wilkins A, Uney JB. Abnormal scaffold attachment factor 1 expression and localization in spinocerebellar ataxias and Huntington's chorea. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:1041-1055. [PMID: 32580238 PMCID: PMC8018166 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SAFB1 is a DNA and RNA binding protein that is highly expressed in the cerebellum and hippocampus and is involved in the processing of coding and non-coding RNAs, splicing and dendritic function. We analyzed SAFB1 expression in the post-mortem brain tissue of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Huntington's disease (HD), Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease patients and controls. In SCA cases, the expression of SAFB1 in the nucleus was increased and there was abnormal and extensive expression in the cytoplasm where it co-localized with the markers of Purkinje cell injury. Significantly, no SAFB1 expression was found in the cerebellar neurons of the dentate nucleus in control or MS patients; however, in SCA patients, SAFB1 expression was increased significantly in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of dentate neurons. In HD, we found that SAFB1 expression was increased in the nucleus and cytoplasm of striatal neurons; however, there was no SAFB1 staining in the striatal neurons of controls. In PD substantia nigra, we did not see any changes in neuronal SAFB1 expression. iCLIP analysis found that SAFB1 crosslink sites within ATXN1 RNA were adjacent to the start and within the glutamine repeat sequence. Further investigation found increased binding of SAFB1 to pathogenic ATXN1-85Q mRNA. These novel data strongly suggest SAFB1 contributes to the etiology of SCA and Huntington's chorea and that it may be a pathological marker of polyglutamine repeat expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Buckner
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin C Kemp
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L Scott
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gongyu Shi
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Rivers
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andriana Gialeli
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar Cordero-LLana
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Alastair Wilkins
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James B Uney
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Muthuraman M, Fleischer V, Kroth J, Ciolac D, Radetz A, Koirala N, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Zipp F, Groppa S. Covarying patterns of white matter lesions and cortical atrophy predict progression in early MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/3/e681. [PMID: 32024782 PMCID: PMC7051213 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective We applied longitudinal 3T MRI and advanced computational models in 2 independent cohorts of patients with early MS to investigate how white matter (WM) lesion distribution and cortical atrophy topographically interrelate and affect functional disability. Methods Clinical disability was measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale Score at baseline and at 1-year follow-up in a cohort of 119 patients with early relapsing-remitting MS and in a replication cohort of 81 patients. Covarying patterns of cortical atrophy and baseline lesion distribution were extracted by parallel independent component analysis. Predictive power of covarying patterns for disability progression was tested by receiver operating characteristic analysis at the group level and support vector machine for individual patient outcome. Results In the study cohort, we identified 3 distinct distribution types of WM lesions (cerebellar, bihemispheric, and left lateralized) that were associated with characteristic cortical atrophy distributions. The cerebellar and left-lateralized patterns were reproducibly detected in the second cohort. Each of the patterns predicted to different extents, short-term disability progression, whereas the cerebellar pattern was associated with the highest risk of clinical worsening, predicting individual disability progression with an accuracy of 88% (study cohort) and 89% (replication cohort), respectively. Conclusion These findings highlight the role of distinct spatial distribution of cortical atrophy and WM lesions predicting disability. The cerebellar involvement is shown as a key determinant of rapid clinical deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraman Muthuraman
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Fleischer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Julia Kroth
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Dumitru Ciolac
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Angela Radetz
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Nabin Koirala
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- From the Department of Neurology (M.M., V.F., J.K., D.C., A.R., N.K., G.G.-E., F.Z., S.G.), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; and Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W., S.G.M.), University of Munster, Germany.
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Filippi M, Brück W, Chard D, Fazekas F, Geurts JJG, Enzinger C, Hametner S, Kuhlmann T, Preziosa P, Rovira À, Schmierer K, Stadelmann C, Rocca MA. Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:198-210. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Petracca M, Margoni M, Bommarito G, Inglese M. Monitoring Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Novel Imaging Techniques. Neurol Ther 2018; 7:265-285. [PMID: 29956263 PMCID: PMC6283788 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-018-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging markers for monitoring disease progression in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) are scarce, thereby limiting the possibility to monitor disease evolution and to test effective treatments in clinical trials. Advanced imaging techniques that have the advantage of metrics with increased sensitivity to short-term tissue changes and increased specificity to the structural abnormalities characteristic of PMS have recently been applied in clinical trials of PMS. In this review, we (1) provide an overview of the pathological features of PMS, (2) summarize the findings of research and clinical trials conducted in PMS which have applied conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques and (3) discuss recent advancements and future perspectives in monitoring PMS with imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Margoni
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurosciences DNS, University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Bommarito
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal and Perinatal Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal and Perinatal Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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The role of the cerebellum in multiple sclerosis—150 years after Charcot. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Kemp KC, Dey R, Verhagen J, Scolding NJ, Usowicz MM, Wilkins A. Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell function repaired in vivo by fusion with infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells. Acta Neuropathol 2018. [PMID: 29541917 PMCID: PMC5954067 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells are known to infiltrate the adult brain and fuse with cerebellar Purkinje cells. Histological observations that such heterotypic cell fusion events are substantially more frequent following cerebellar injury suggest they could have a role in the protection of mature brain neurons. To date, the possibility that cell fusion can preserve or restore the structure and function of adult brain neurons has not been directly addressed; indeed, though frequently suggested, the possibility of benefit has always been rather speculative. Here we report, for the first time, that fusion of a bone marrow-derived cell with a neuron in vivo, in the mature brain, results in the formation of a spontaneously firing neuron. Notably, we also provide evidence supporting the concept that heterotypic cell fusion acts as a biological mechanism to repair pathological changes in Purkinje cell structure and electrophysiology. We induced chronic central nervous system inflammation in chimeric mice expressing bone marrow cells tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein. Subsequent in-depth histological analysis revealed significant Purkinje cell injury. In addition, there was an increased incidence of cell fusion between bone marrow-derived cells and Purkinje cells, revealed as enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing binucleate heterokaryons. These fused cells resembled healthy Purkinje cells in their morphology, soma size, ability to synthesize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, and synaptic innervation from neighbouring cells. Extracellular recording of spontaneous firing ex vivo revealed a shift in the predominant mode of firing of non-fused Purkinje cells in the context of cerebellar inflammation. By contrast, the firing patterns of fused Purkinje cells were the same as in healthy control cerebellum, indicating that fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with Purkinje cells mitigated the effects of cell injury on electrical activity. Together, our histological and electrophysiological results provide novel fundamental insights into physiological processes by which nerve cells are protected in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Rimi Dey
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johan Verhagen
- Infection and Immunity, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neil J Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria M Usowicz
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Doussau F, Dupont JL, Neel D, Schneider A, Poulain B, Bossu JL. Organotypic cultures of cerebellar slices as a model to investigate demyelinating disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1011-1022. [PMID: 28712329 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1356285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demyelinating disorders, characterized by a chronic or episodic destruction of the myelin sheath, are a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults in western countries. Studying the complex mechanisms involved in axon myelination, demyelination and remyelination requires an experimental model preserving the neuronal networks and neuro-glial interactions. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures appear to be the best alternative to in vivo experiments and the most commonly used model for investigating etiology or novel therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis. Areas covered: This review gives an overview of slice culture techniques and focuses on the use of organotypic cerebellar slice cultures on semi-permeable membranes for studying many aspects of axon myelination and cerebellar functions. Expert opinion: Cerebellar slice cultures are probably the easiest way to faithfully reproduce all stages of axon myelination/demyelination/remyelination in a three-dimensional neuronal network. However, in the cerebellum, neurological disability in multiple sclerosis also results from channelopathies which induce changes in Purkinje cell excitability. Cerebellar cultures offer easy access to electrophysiological approaches which are largely untapped and we believe that these cultures might be of great interest when studying changes in neuronal excitability, axonal conduction or synaptic properties that likely occur during multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Doussau
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean-Luc Dupont
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Dorine Neel
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Aline Schneider
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Bernard Poulain
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean Louis Bossu
- a Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR 3212 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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23
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly affects the cerebellum causing acute and chronic symptoms. Cerebellar signs contribute significantly to clinical disability, and symptoms such as tremor, ataxia, and dysarthria are particularly difficult to treat. Increasing knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of cerebellar disease in MS from human postmortem studies, experimental models, and clinical trials has raised the hope that cerebellar symptoms will be better treated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Wilkins
- MS and Stem Cell Group, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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24
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Cerebellar volume as imaging outcome in progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176519. [PMID: 28437430 PMCID: PMC5402974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose To assess whether cerebellar volumes changes could represent a sensitive outcome measure in primary-progressive MS. Material and methods Changes in cerebellar volumes over one-year follow-up, estimated in 26 primary-progressive MS patients and 20 controls with Freesurfer longitudinal pipeline, were assessed using Wilcoxon test and tested for their correlation with disability worsening by a logistic regression. Clinical worsening was defined as EDSS score increase or change of >20% for 25-foot walk test or 9-hole peg test scores at follow-up. Sample sizes for given treatment effects and power were calculated. The findings were validated in an independent cohort of 20 primary-progressive MS patients. Results Significant changes were detected in brain T1 lesion volume (p<0.01), cerebellar T2 and T1 lesion volume (p<0.01 and p<0.05), cerebellar volume, cerebellar cortex volume, and cerebellar WM volume (p<0.001). Only cerebellar volume and cerebellar cortex volume percentage change were significantly reduced in clinically progressed patients when compared to patients who did not progress (p<0.01; respectively AUC of 0.91 and 0.96). Cerebellar volume percentage changes were consistent in the exploration and validation cohorts (cerebellar volume -1.90±1.11% vs -1.47±2.30%; cerebellar cortex volume -1.68±1.41% vs -1.56±2.23%). Based on our results the numbers of patients required to detect a 30% effect are 81 per arm for cerebellar volume and 162 per arm for cerebellar cortex volume (90% power, type 1 error alpha = 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest a role for cerebellar cortex volume and cerebellar volume as potential short-term imaging metrics to monitor treatment effect in primary-progressive MS clinical trials.
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25
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Albert M, Barrantes-Freer A, Lohrberg M, Antel JP, Prineas JW, Palkovits M, Wolff JR, Brück W, Stadelmann C. Synaptic pathology in the cerebellar dentate nucleus in chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:737-747. [PMID: 27706868 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, cerebellar symptoms are associated with clinical impairment and an increased likelihood of progressive course. Cortical atrophy and synaptic dysfunction play a prominent role in cerebellar pathology and although the dentate nucleus is a predilection site for lesion development, structural synaptic changes in this region remain largely unexplored. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to synaptic dysfunction have not yet been investigated at an ultrastructural level in multiple sclerosis. Here, we report on synaptic changes of dentate nuclei in post-mortem cerebella of 16 multiple sclerosis patients and eight controls at the histological level as well as an electron microscopy evaluation of afferent synapses of the cerebellar dentate and pontine nuclei of one multiple sclerosis patient and one control. We found a significant reduction of afferent dentate synapses in multiple sclerosis, irrespective of the presence of demyelination, and a close relationship between glial processes and dentate synapses. Ultrastructurally, we show autophagosomes containing degradation products of synaptic vesicles within dendrites, residual bodies within intact-appearing axons and free postsynaptic densities opposed to astrocytic appendages. Our study demonstrates loss of dentate afferent synapses and provides, for the first time, ultrastructural evidence pointing towards neuron-autonomous and neuroglia-mediated mechanisms of synaptic degradation in chronic multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Albert
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Melanie Lohrberg
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology unit, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
| | - John W Prineas
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Tüzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joachim R Wolff
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
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26
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Oyinbo CA, Igbigbi PS, Avwioro GO. Landolphia owariensis Attenuates Alcohol-induced Cerebellar Neurodegeneration: Significance of Neurofilament Protein Alteration in the Purkinje Cells. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2016; 58:241-249. [DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2016-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Alcohol-induced cerebellar neurodegeneration is a neuroadaptation that is associated with chronic alcohol abuse. Conventional drugs have been largely unsatisfactory in preventing neurodegeneration. Yet, multimodal neuro-protective therapeutic agents have been hypothesised to have high therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNS conditions; there is yet a dilemma of how this would be achieved. Contrarily, medicinal botanicals are naturally multimodal in their mechanism of action.
Aim: The effect of L. owariensis was therefore assessed in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration of the cerebellar cortex in rats.
Materials and methods: Two groups of rats were oro-gastrically fed thrice daily with 5 g/kg ethanol (25% w/v), and 5 g/kg ethanol (25% w/v) plus L. owariensis (100 mg/kg body weight) respectively in diluted nutritionally complete diet (50% v/v). A control group was correspondingly fed a nutritionally complete diet (50% v/v) made isocaloric with glucose. Cytoarchitectural study of the cerebellar cortex was examined with H&E. Immunocytochemical analysis was carried out with the use of monoclonal antibody anti-NF in order to detect alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Results: After 4 days of binge alcohol treatment, we observed that L. owariensis supplementation significantly lowered the levels of histologic and biochemical indices of neurodegeneration. The level of neurodegeneration and cytoarchitecture distortion of the cerebellar cortex of rats exposed to ethanol was reduced by L. owariensis. Neurofilament-immunoreactivity (NF-IR) was evoked in the Purkinje cells of rats that received L. owariensis supplement.
Conclusions: L. owariensis attenuates alcohol-induced cerebellar degeneration in the rat by alleviating oxidative stress and alteration of NF protein expression in the Purkinje cells.
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27
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Vanderstuyft E, Malheiro AR, Brites P, Gall D, Schiffmann SN, Baes M. Early-onset Purkinje cell dysfunction underlies cerebellar ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:157-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Hieber SE, Bikis C, Khimchenko A, Schweighauser G, Hench J, Chicherova N, Schulz G, Müller B. Tomographic brain imaging with nucleolar detail and automatic cell counting. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32156. [PMID: 27581254 PMCID: PMC5007499 DOI: 10.1038/srep32156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue evaluation is essential for gaining in-depth insight into its diseases and disorders. Imaging the human brain in three dimensions has always been a challenge on the cell level. In vivo methods lack spatial resolution, and optical microscopy has a limited penetration depth. Herein, we show that hard X-ray phase tomography can visualise a volume of up to 43 mm3 of human post mortem or biopsy brain samples, by demonstrating the method on the cerebellum. We automatically identified 5,000 Purkinje cells with an error of less than 5% at their layer and determined the local surface density to 165 cells per mm2 on average. Moreover, we highlight that three-dimensional data allows for the segmentation of sub-cellular structures, including dendritic tree and Purkinje cell nucleoli, without dedicated staining. The method suggests that automatic cell feature quantification of human tissues is feasible in phase tomograms obtained with isotropic resolution in a label-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E Hieber
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christos Bikis
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Anna Khimchenko
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schweighauser
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Chicherova
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.,Medical Image Analysis Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schulz
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bert Müller
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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29
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Kemp KC, Cook AJ, Redondo J, Kurian KM, Scolding NJ, Wilkins A. Purkinje cell injury, structural plasticity and fusion in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:53. [PMID: 27215193 PMCID: PMC4877974 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell pathology is a common finding in a range of inherited and acquired cerebellar disorders, with the degree of Purkinje cell injury dependent on the underlying aetiology. Purkinje cells have an unparalleled resistance to insult and display unique regenerative capabilities within the central nervous system. Their response to cell injury is not typical of most neurons and likely represents both degenerative, compensatory and regenerative mechanisms. Here we present a pathological study showing novel and fundamental insights into Purkinje cell injury, remodelling and repair in Friedreich’s ataxia; the most common inherited ataxia. Analysing post-mortem cerebellum tissue from patients who had Friedreich's ataxia, we provide evidence of significant injury to the Purkinje cell axonal compartment with relative preservation of both the perikaryon and its extensive dendritic arborisation. Axonal remodelling of Purkinje cells was clearly elevated in the disease. For the first time in a genetic condition, we have also shown a disease-related increase in the frequency of Purkinje cell fusion and heterokaryon formation in Friedreich's ataxia cases; with evidence that underlying levels of cerebellar inflammation influence heterokaryon formation. Our results together further demonstrate the Purkinje cell’s unique plasticity and regenerative potential. Elucidating the biological mechanisms behind these phenomena could have significant clinical implications for manipulating neuronal repair in response to neurological injury.
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30
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Crowley T, Cryan JF, Downer EJ, O'Leary OF. Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:260-277. [PMID: 26851553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, once thought to be a site of immunological privilege, has since been found to harbour immunocompetent cells and to communicate with the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells display immunological responses to pathological and physiological stimuli through pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and the clearing of cellular debris through phagocytosis. While this neuroinflammatory signalling can act to reduce neuronal damage and comprises a key facet of CNS homeostasis, persistent inflammation or auto-antigen-mediated immunoreactivity can induce a positive feedback cycle of neuroinflammation that ultimately results in necrosis of glia and neurons. Persistent neuroinflammation has been recognised as a major pathological component of virtually all neurodegenerative diseases and has also been a focus of research into the pathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Thus, pharmacological strategies to curb the pathological effects of persistent neuroinflammation are of interest for many disorders of the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that GABAergic activities are closely bound to immune processes and signals, and thus the GABAergic neurotransmitter system might represent an important therapeutic target in modulating neuroinflammation. Here, we review evidence that inflammation induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system in the CNS and that GABAergic signalling exerts a reciprocal influence over neuroinflammatory processes. Together, the data support the hypothesis that the GABA system is a potential therapeutic target in the modulation of central inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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31
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Hares K, Redondo J, Kemp K, Rice C, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Axonal motor protein KIF5A and associated cargo deficits in multiple sclerosis lesional and normal-appearing white matter. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:227-241. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Hares
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - J. Redondo
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - K. Kemp
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - C. Rice
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - N. Scolding
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - A. Wilkins
- MS and Stem Cell Group; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
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32
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Crowley T, Fitzpatrick JM, Kuijper T, Cryan JF, O'Toole O, O'Leary OF, Downer EJ. Modulation of TLR3/TLR4 inflammatory signaling by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen in glia and immune cells: relevance to therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:284. [PMID: 26283920 PMCID: PMC4516894 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, is used to treat muscle tightness and cramping caused by spasticity in a number of disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), but its precise mechanism of action is unknown. Neuroinflammation drives the central pathology in MS and is mediated by both immunoreactive glial cells and invading lymphocytes. Furthermore, a body of data indicates that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of innate immune receptors is implicated in MS progression. In the present study we investigated whether modulation of GABAB receptors using baclofen can exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting TLR3 and(or) TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in murine glial cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy control individuals and patients with the relapse-remitting (RR) form of MS. TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation promoted the nuclear sequestration of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in murine glia, while TLR4, but not TLR3, promoted pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBMCs isolated from both healthy donors and RR-MS patients. Importantly, this effect was exacerbated in RR-MS patient immune cells. We present further evidence that baclofen dose-dependently attenuated TLR3- and TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling in primary glial cells. Pre-exposure of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors to baclofen attenuated TLR4-induced TNF-α expression, but did not affect TLR4-induced TNF-α expression in RR-MS patient PBMCs. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the GABAB receptor was reduced in PBMCs from RR-MS donors when compared to healthy controls, an effect that might contribute to the differential sensitivity to baclofen seen in healthy and RR-MS patient cells. Overall these findings indicate that baclofen differentially regulates TLR3 and TLR4 signaling in glia and immune cells, and offers insight on the role of baclofen in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disease states including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Teun Kuijper
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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