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Rios-Zermeno J, Ballesteros-Herrera D, Dominguez-Vizcayno P, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Moreno-Jimenez S. Dentate nucleus: a review and implications for dentatotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2024; 166:219. [PMID: 38758379 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-024-06104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dentate nucleus (DN) is the largest, most lateral, and phylogenetically most recent of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Its pivotal role encompasses the planning, initiation, and modification of voluntary movement but also spans non-motor functions like executive functioning, visuospatial processing, and linguistic abilities. This review aims to offer a comprehensive description of the DN, detailing its embryology, anatomy, physiology, and clinical relevance, alongside an analysis of dentatotomy. METHODS AND RESULTS We delve into the history, embryology, anatomy, vascular supply, imaging characteristics, and clinical significance of the DN. Furthermore, we thoroughly review the dentatotomy, emphasizing its role in treating spasticity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the intricacies of the anatomy, physiology, vasculature, and projections of the DN has taken on increased importance in current neurosurgical practice. Advances in technology have unveiled previously unknown functions of the deep cerebellar nuclei, predominantly related to non-motor domains. Such discoveries are revitalizing older techniques, like dentatotomy, and applying them to newer, more localized targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rios-Zermeno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Av Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ballesteros-Herrera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Av Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pamela Dominguez-Vizcayno
- Department of Radioneurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz
- Research Direction & Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Mexico General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
- Neuroscience CoordinationPschycology Faculty, Mexico Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Moreno-Jimenez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Av Insurgentes Sur 3877, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Neurological Center, American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Ai X, Yu H, Cai Y, Guan Y. Interactions Between Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Neuroimmune Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01183-5. [PMID: 38421513 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, are characterized by the dysfunction of both the immune system and the nervous system. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles and autophagy are closely associated with the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the interactions between extracellular vesicles and autophagy in neuroimmune disorders and discuss their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these disorders, and to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Ai
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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3
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Al-kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES, Klionsky DJ. The beneficial role of autophagy in multiple sclerosis: Yes or No? Autophagy 2024; 20:259-274. [PMID: 37712858 PMCID: PMC10813579 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) due to an increase of abnormal peripherally auto-reactive T lymphocytes which elicit autoimmunity. The main pathophysiology of MS is myelin sheath damage by immune cells and a defect in the generation of myelin by oligodendrocytes. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a critical degradation process that eliminates dysfunctional or superfluous cellular components. Autophagy has the property of a double-edged sword in MS in that it may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on MS neuropathology. Therefore, this review illustrates the protective and harmful effects of autophagy with regard to this disease. Autophagy prevents the progression of MS by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders. In contrast, over-activated autophagy is associated with the progression of MS neuropathology and in this case the use of autophagy inhibitors may alleviate the pathogenesis of MS. Furthermore, autophagy provokes the activation of different immune and supporting cells that play an intricate role in the pathogenesis of MS. Autophagy functions in the modulation of MS neuropathology by regulating cell proliferation related to demyelination and remyelination. Autophagy enhances remyelination by increasing the activity of oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, autophagy induces demyelination by activating microglia and T cells. In conclusion, specific autophagic activators of oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, and specific autophagic inhibitors of dendritic cells (DCs), microglia and T cells induce protective effects against the pathogenesis of MS.Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; APCs: antigen-presenting cells; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CNS: central nervous system; DCs: dendritic cells; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MS: multiple sclerosis; NCA: non-canonical autophagy; OCBs: oligoclonal bands; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD: Parkinson disease; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UPR: unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, Baghdad
| | - Majid S. Jabir
- Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, Baghdad
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira, Egypt
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4
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Maxwell DL, Orian JM. Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15:11795735231211508. [PMID: 37942276 PMCID: PMC10629308 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231211508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain L. Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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5
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Thümmler K, Wrzos C, Franz J, McElroy D, Cole JJ, Hayden L, Arseni D, Schwarz F, Junker A, Edgar JM, Kügler S, Neef A, Wolf F, Stadelmann C, Linington C. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9)-mediated neurodegeneration: Implications for progressive multiple sclerosis? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12935. [PMID: 37705188 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is dysregulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological and psychiatric conditions, but there is little or no consensus as to how individual FGF family members contribute to disease pathogenesis. Lesion development in MS is associated with increased expression of FGF1, FGF2 and FGF9, all of which modulate remyelination in a variety of experimental settings. However, FGF9 is also selectively upregulated in major depressive disorder (MDD), prompting us to speculate it may also have a direct effect on neuronal function and survival. METHODS Transcriptional profiling of myelinating cultures treated with FGF1, FGF2 or FGF9 was performed, and the effects of FGF9 on cortical neurons investigated using a combination of transcriptional, electrophysiological and immunofluorescence microscopic techniques. The in vivo effects of FGF9 were explored by stereotactic injection of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding either FGF9 or EGFP into the rat motor cortex. RESULTS Transcriptional profiling of myelinating cultures after FGF9 treatment revealed a distinct neuronal response with a pronounced downregulation of gene networks associated with axonal transport and synaptic function. In cortical neuronal cultures, FGF9 also rapidly downregulated expression of genes associated with synaptic function. This was associated with a complete block in the development of photo-inducible spiking activity, as demonstrated using multi-electrode recordings of channel rhodopsin-transfected rat cortical neurons in vitro and, ultimately, neuronal cell death. Overexpression of FGF9 in vivo resulted in rapid loss of neurons and subsequent development of chronic grey matter lesions with neuroaxonal reduction and ensuing myelin loss. CONCLUSIONS These observations identify overexpression of FGF9 as a mechanism by which neuroaxonal pathology could develop independently of immune-mediated demyelination in MS. We suggest targeting neuronal FGF9-dependent pathways may provide a novel strategy to slow if not halt neuroaxonal atrophy and loss in MS, MDD and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Thümmler
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claudia Wrzos
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Franz
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel McElroy
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J Cole
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorna Hayden
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diana Arseni
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Friedrich Schwarz
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Junker
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Institute for Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Neef
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Network of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Network of Excitable Cells (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Chandrasekaran V, Hediyal TA, Anand N, Kendaganna PH, Gorantla VR, Mahalakshmi AM, Ghanekar RK, Yang J, Sakharkar MK, Chidambaram SB. Polyphenols, Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1196. [PMID: 37627261 PMCID: PMC10452370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites from plant origin and are shown to possess a wide range of therapeutic benefits. They are also reported as regulators of autophagy, inflammation and neurodegeneration. The autophagy pathway is vital in degrading outdated organelles, proteins and other cellular wastes. The dysregulation of autophagy causes proteinopathies, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. Evidence reveals that polyphenols improve autophagy by clearing misfolded proteins in the neurons, suppress neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and also protect from neurodegeneration. This review is an attempt to summarize the mechanism of action of polyphenols in modulating autophagy and their involvement in pathways such as mTOR, AMPK, SIRT-1 and ERK. It is evident that polyphenols cause an increase in the levels of autophagic proteins such as beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3 I and II), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), etc. Although it is apparent that polyphenols regulate autophagy, the exact interaction of polyphenols with autophagy markers is not known. These data require further research and will be beneficial in supporting polyphenol supplementation as a potential alternative treatment for regulating autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichitra Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.C.); (T.A.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Tousif Ahmed Hediyal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.C.); (T.A.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Nikhilesh Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, American University of Antigua, Saint John’s P.O. Box W-1451, Antigua and Barbuda;
| | - Pavan Heggadadevanakote Kendaganna
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | | | - Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.C.); (T.A.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Ruchika Kaul Ghanekar
- Symbiosis Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India;
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.C.); (T.A.H.); (A.M.M.)
- Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
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7
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Burgetova A, Dusek P, Uher T, Vaneckova M, Vejrazka M, Burgetova R, Horakova D, Srpova B, Kalousova M, Noskova L, Levova K, Krasensky J, Lambert L. CSF Markers of Oxidative Stress Are Associated with Brain Atrophy and Iron Accumulation in a 2-Year Longitudinal Cohort of Early MS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10048. [PMID: 37373196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this prospective longitudinal study, we quantified regional brain volume and susceptibility changes during the first two years after the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and identified their association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers at baseline. Seventy patients underwent MRI (T1 and susceptibility weighted images processed to quantitative susceptibility maps, QSM) with neurological examination at the diagnosis and after two years. In CSF obtained at baseline, the levels of oxidative stress, products of lipid peroxidation, and neurofilaments light chain (NfL) were determined. Brain volumetry and QSM were compared with a group of 58 healthy controls. In MS patients, regional atrophy was identified in the striatum, thalamus, and substantia nigra. Magnetic susceptibility increased in the striatum, globus pallidus, and dentate and decreased in the thalamus. Compared to controls, MS patients developed greater atrophy of the thalamus, and a greater increase in susceptibility in the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and a decrease in the thalamus. Of the multiple calculated correlations, only the decrease in brain parenchymal fraction, total white matter, and thalamic volume in MS patients negatively correlated with increased NfL in CSF. Additionally, negative correlation was found between QSM value in the substantia nigra and peroxiredoxin-2, and QSM value in the dentate and lipid peroxidation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Burgetova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dusek
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Uher
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vejrazka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Burgetova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Srpova
- Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kalousova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Noskova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Levova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krasensky
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lambert
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Frost J, Schmitzer B, Töpperwien M, Eckermann M, Franz J, Stadelmann C, Salditt T. 3d virtual histology reveals pathological alterations of cerebellar granule cells in multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2023; 520:18-38. [PMID: 37061161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate structural properties of neurons in the granular layer of human cerebellum with respect to their involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS). To this end we analyze data recorded by X-ray phase contrast tomography from tissue samples collected post mortem from a MS and a healthy control group. Using automated segmentation and histogram analysis based on optimal transport theory (OT) we find that the distributions representing nuclear structure in the granular layer move to a more compact nuclear state, i.e. smaller, denser and more heterogeneous nuclei in MS. We have previously made a similar observation for neurons of the dentate gyrus in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that more compact structure of neuronal nuclei which we attributed to increased levels of heterochromatin, may possibly represent a more general phenomenon of cellular senescence associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Frost
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmitzer
- Institute of Computer Science, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Töpperwien
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Present address: ESRF, Grenoble, France; Present adress: YXLON GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Eckermann
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Present address: ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonas Franz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universical Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universical Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Keller CW, Adamopoulos IE, Lünemann JD. Autophagy pathways in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103030. [PMID: 37001435 PMCID: PMC10709713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy comprises a growing range of cellular pathways, which occupy central roles in response to energy deprivation, organelle turnover and proteostasis. Over the years, autophagy has been increasingly linked to governing several aspects of immunity, including host defence against various pathogens, unconventional secretion of cytokines and antigen presentation. While canonical autophagy-mediated antigen processing in thymic epithelial cells supports the generation of a self-tolerant CD4+ T cell repertoire, mounting evidence suggests that deregulated autophagy pathways contribute to or sustain autoimmune responses. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), non-canonical autophagy pathways such as microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis can contribute to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of autoantigen, thereby amplifying autoreactive CD4+ T cell responses. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased type 1 interferon production is linked to excessive autophagy in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs). In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autophagy proteins contribute to pathological citrullination of autoantigen. Immunotherapies effective in autoimmune diseases modulate autophagy functions, and strategies harnessing autophagy pathways to restrain autoimmune responses have been developed. This review illustrates recent insights in how autophagy, distinct autophagy pathways and autophagy protein functions intersect with the evolution and progression of autoimmune diseases, focusing on MS, SLE and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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10
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Senol AD, Pinto G, Beau M, Guillemot V, Dupree JL, Stadelmann C, Ranft J, Lubetzki C, Davenne M. Alterations of the axon initial segment in multiple sclerosis grey matter. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac284. [PMID: 36451656 PMCID: PMC9700164 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Grey matter damage has been established as a key contributor to disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Aside from neuronal loss and axonal transections, which predominate in cortical demyelinated lesions, synaptic alterations have been detected in both demyelinated plaques and normal-appearing grey matter, resulting in functional neuronal damage. The axon initial segment is a key element of neuronal function, responsible for action potential initiation and maintenance of neuronal polarity. Despite several reports of profound axon initial segment alterations in different pathological models, among which experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis, whether the axon initial segment is affected in multiple sclerosis is still unknown. Using immunohistochemistry, we analysed axon initial segments from control and multiple sclerosis tissue, focusing on layer 5/6 pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and performed analysis on the parameters known to control neuronal excitability, i.e. axon initial segment length and position. We found that the axon initial segment length was increased only in pyramidal neurons of inactive demyelinated lesions, compared with normal appearing grey matter tissue. In contrast, in both cell types, the axon initial segment position was altered, with an increased soma-axon initial segment gap, in both active and inactive demyelinated lesions. In addition, using a computational model, we show that this increased gap between soma and axon initial segment might increase neuronal excitability. Taken together, these results show, for the first time, changes of axon initial segments in multiple sclerosis, in active as well as inactive grey matter lesions in both neocortex and cerebellum, which might alter neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Dilsizoglu Senol
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Pinto
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Beau
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jonas Ranft
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute—ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Marc Davenne
- Correspondence to: Dr Marc Davenne Paris Brain Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital 47, bd de l’hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France E-mail:
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11
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Transcriptomic changes in autophagy-related genes are inversely correlated with inflammation and are associated with multiple sclerosis lesion pathology. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 25:100510. [PMID: 36120103 PMCID: PMC9478930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is also implicated in multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Neuroinflammation, along with demyelination and axonal loss, is an important component of multiple sclerosis (MS). Induction of autophagy ameliorated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS, underlying a possible link between autophagy and MS pathology. However, it is still unclear how autophagy is affected during different stages of MS. Here, we show a decreased expression of the autophagy-related (ATG) genes during the acute phase of EAE development in mice as well as in mixed active/inactive lesions of post-mortem human MS brain tissues. Using spatial transcriptomics, we observed that this decreased ATG gene expression is most prominent in the core of mixed active/inactive lesions. Furthermore, we observed a hyper-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in lesions, which could inhibit both the initiation of autophagy and the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the ATG genes. Thus, based on our data, we propose a negative regulation of autophagy in MS, possibly through persistent mTORC1 activation, which depends on the lesion stage. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of autophagy in different stages of MS pathology and point to the mTORC1 pathway as a potential modulator that likely regulates central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and neuroinflammation in MS. Autophagy is differently regulated in various EAE and MS stages. Expression of ATG genes inversely correlates with inflammation in EAE mice. ATG gene expression is decreased in mixed active/inactive brain lesions. Targeting mTORC1 may be a promising therapeutic target in MS pathology.
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12
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Voskuhl RR, MacKenzie-Graham A. Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an excellent model to study neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1024058. [PMID: 36340686 PMCID: PMC9629273 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1024058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), specifically experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been used extensively to develop anti-inflammatory treatments. However, the similarity between MS and one particular EAE model does not end at inflammation. MS and chronic EAE induced in C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 share many neuropathologies. Beyond both having white matter lesions in spinal cord, both also have widespread neuropathology in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, and retina/optic nerve. In this review, we compare neuropathologies in each of these structures in MS with chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice, and find evidence that this EAE model is well suited to study neuroaxonal degeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R. Voskuhl
- UCLA MS Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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13
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The mTOR Signaling Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis; from Animal Models to Human Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158077. [PMID: 35897651 PMCID: PMC9332053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article recapitulates the evidence on the role of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) complex pathways in multiple sclerosis (MS). Key biological processes that intersect with mTOR signaling cascades include autophagy, inflammasome activation, innate (e.g., microglial) and adaptive (B and T cell) immune responses, and axonal and neuronal toxicity/degeneration. There is robust evidence that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, ameliorate the clinical course of the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). New, evolving data unravel mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect on EAE, which include balance among T-effector and T-regulatory cells, and mTOR effects on myeloid cell function, polarization, and antigen presentation, with relevance to MS pathogenesis. Radiologic and preliminary clinical data from a phase 2 randomized, controlled trial of temsirolimus (a rapamycin analogue) in MS show moderate efficacy, with significant adverse effects. Large clinical trials of indirect mTOR inhibitors (metformin) in MS are lacking; however, a smaller prospective, non-randomized study shows some potentially promising radiological results in combination with ex vivo beneficial effects on immune cells that might warrant further investigation. Importantly, the study of mTOR pathway contributions to autoimmune inflammatory demyelination and multiple sclerosis illustrates the difficulties in the clinical application of animal model results. Nevertheless, it is not inconceivable that targeting metabolism in the future with cell-selective mTOR inhibitors (compared to the broad inhibitors tried to date) could be developed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
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14
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An Update on the Measurement of Motor Cerebellar Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. THE CEREBELLUM 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01435-y. [PMID: 35761144 PMCID: PMC9244122 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease that often affects the cerebellum. It is characterised by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Damage to the cerebellum in MS is associated with increased disability and decreased quality of life. Symptoms include gait and balance problems, motor speech disorder, upper limb dysfunction, and oculomotor difficulties. Monitoring symptoms is crucial for effective management of MS. A combination of clinical, neuroimaging, and task-based measures is generally used to diagnose and monitor MS. This paper reviews the present and new tools used by clinicians and researchers to assess cerebellar impairment in people with MS (pwMS). It also describes recent advances in digital and home-based monitoring for people with MS.
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15
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Wang F, Cai YJ, Ma X, Wang N, Wu ZB, Sun Y, Xu YX, Yang H, Liu TT, Xia Q, Yu Z, Zhu DF. Synaptic loss in a mouse model of euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: possible involvement of the microglia. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35468730 PMCID: PMC9036731 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune illness that renders individuals vulnerable to neuropsychopathology even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that activated microglia might disrupt synapses, resulting in cognitive disturbance in the context of euthyroid HT, and designed the present study to test this hypothesis. Methods Experimental HT model was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Morris Water Maze was measured to determine mice spatial learning and memory. The synaptic parameters such as the synaptic density, synaptic ultrastructure and synaptic-markers (SYN and PSD95) as well as the interactions of microglia with synapses were also determined. Results HT mice had poorer performance in Morris Water Maze than controls. Concurrently, HT resulted in a significant reduction in synapse density and ultrastructure damage, along with decreased synaptic puncta visualized by immunostaining with synaptophysin and PSD-95. In parallel, frontal activated microglia in euthyroid HT mice showed increased engulfment of PSD95 and EM revealed that the synaptic structures were visible within the microglia. These functional alterations in microglia corresponded to structural increases in their attachment to neuronal perikarya and a reduction in presynaptic terminals covering the neurons. Conclusion Our results provide initial evidence that HT can induce synaptic loss in the euthyroid state with deficits might be attributable to activated microglia, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT on spatial learning and memory. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yao-Jun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Respiratoration, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Bi Wu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong-Xia Xu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Fa Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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16
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Möck EEA, Honkonen E, Airas L. Synaptic Loss in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Human Post-mortem Studies. Front Neurol 2021; 12:782599. [PMID: 34912290 PMCID: PMC8666414 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.782599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gray matter pathology plays a central role in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). The occurrence of synaptic loss appears to be important but, to date, still poorly investigated aspect of MS pathology. In this systematic review, we drew from the recent knowledge about synaptic loss in human post-mortem studies. Methods: We conducted a systematic search with PubMed to identify relevant publications. Publications available from15 June 2021 were taken into account. We selected human post-mortem studies that quantitatively assessed the synapse number in MS tissue. Results: We identified 14 relevant publications out of which 9 reported synaptic loss in at least one investigated subregion. The most commonly used synaptic marker was synaptophysin; non-etheless, we found substantial differences in the methodology and the selection of reference tissue. Investigated regions included the cortex, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the spinal cord. Conclusion: Synaptic loss seems to take place throughout the entire central nervous system. However, the results are inconsistent, probably due to differences in the methodology. Moreover, synaptic loss appears to be a dynamic process, and thus the nature of this pathology might be captured using in vivo synaptic density measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Amelie Möck
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Honkonen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Airas
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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17
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Groppa S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Eshaghi A, Meuth SG, Ciccarelli O. Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help? Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab237. [PMID: 34729480 PMCID: PMC8557667 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination characterizes the initial stages of multiple sclerosis, while progressive axonal and neuronal loss are coexisting and significantly contribute to the long-term physical and cognitive impairment. There is an unmet need for a conceptual shift from a dualistic view of multiple sclerosis pathology, involving either inflammatory demyelination or neurodegeneration, to integrative dynamic models of brain reorganization, where, glia-neuron interactions, synaptic alterations and grey matter pathology are longitudinally envisaged at the whole-brain level. Functional and structural MRI can delineate network hallmarks for relapses, remissions or disease progression, which can be linked to the pathophysiology behind inflammatory attacks, repair and neurodegeneration. Here, we aim to unify recent findings of grey matter circuits dynamics in multiple sclerosis within the framework of molecular and pathophysiological hallmarks combined with disease-related network reorganization, while highlighting advances from animal models (in vivo and ex vivo) and human clinical data (imaging and histological). We propose that MRI-based brain networks characterization is essential for better delineating ongoing pathology and elaboration of particular mechanisms that may serve for accurate modelling and prediction of disease courses throughout disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Groppa
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Arman Eshaghi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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18
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Tsouki F, Williams A. Multifaceted involvement of microglia in gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells 2021; 39:993-1007. [PMID: 33754376 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS), there is increasing interest in gray matter pathology, as neuronal loss and cortical atrophy correlate with disability and disease progression, and MS therapeutics fail to significantly slow or stop neurodegeneration. Microglia, the central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages, are extensively involved in white matter MS pathology, but are also implicated in gray matter pathology, similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is synaptic, axonal, and neuronal degeneration. Microglia display regional heterogeneity within the CNS, which reflects their highly plastic nature and their ability to deliver context-dependent responses tailored to the demands of their microenvironment. Therefore, microglial roles in the MS gray matter in part reflect and in part diverge from those in the white matter. The present review summarizes current knowledge of microglial involvement in gray matter changes in MS, in demyelination, synaptic damage, and neurodegeneration, with evidence implicating microglia in pathology, neuroprotection, and repair. As our understanding of microglial physiology and pathophysiology increases, we describe how we are moving toward potential therapeutic applications in MS, harnessing microglia to protect and regenerate the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Tsouki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Vercellino M, Marasciulo S, Grifoni S, Vallino-Costassa E, Bosa C, Pasanisi MB, Crociara P, Casalone C, Chiò A, Giordana MT, Corona C, Cavalla P. Acute and chronic synaptic pathology in multiple sclerosis gray matter. Mult Scler 2021; 28:369-382. [PMID: 34124960 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211022174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the extent of synaptic loss, and the contribution of gray matter (GM) inflammation and demyelination to synaptic loss, in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain tissue. METHODS This study was performed on two different post-mortem series of MS and control brains, including deep GM and cortical GM. MS brain samples had been specifically selected for the presence of active demyelinating GM lesions. Over 1,000,000 individual synapses were identified and counted using confocal microscopy, and further characterized as glutamatergic/GABAergic. Synaptic counts were also correlated with neuronal/axonal loss. RESULTS Important synaptic loss was observed in active demyelinating GM lesions (-58.9%), while in chronic inactive GM lesions, synaptic density was only mildly reduced compared to adjacent non-lesional gray matter (NLGM) (-12.6%). Synaptic loss equally affected glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Diffuse synaptic loss was observed in MS NLGM compared to control GM (-21.2% overall). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence, in MS brain tissue, of acute synaptic damage/loss during active GM inflammatory demyelination and of synaptic reorganization in chronically demyelinated GM, affecting equally glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Furthermore, this study provides a strong indication of widespread synaptic loss in MS NLGM also independently from focal GM demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vercellino
- I Division of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stella Marasciulo
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Grifoni
- S.S. Neurobiologia Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Vallino-Costassa
- S.S. Neurobiologia Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bosa
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paola Crociara
- S.S. Neurobiologia Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- S.S. Neurobiologia Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- I Division of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy/"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy/Neuroscience Institute of Torino (NIT), Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giordana
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- S.S. Neurobiologia Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cavalla
- I Division of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
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20
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Antipsychotic drugs counteract autophagy and mitophagy in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020078118. [PMID: 34099564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020078118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease characterized by myelin damage followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss. The etiology and physiopathology of MS are still elusive, and no fully effective therapy is yet available. We investigated the role in MS of autophagy (physiologically, a controlled intracellular pathway regulating the degradation of cellular components) and of mitophagy (a specific form of autophagy that removes dysfunctional mitochondria). We found that the levels of autophagy and mitophagy markers are significantly increased in the biofluids of MS patients during the active phase of the disease, indicating activation of these processes. In keeping with this idea, in vitro and in vivo MS models (induced by proinflammatory cytokines, lysolecithin, and cuprizone) are associated with strongly impaired mitochondrial activity, inducing a lactic acid metabolism and prompting an increase in the autophagic flux and in mitophagy. Multiple structurally and mechanistically unrelated inhibitors of autophagy improved myelin production and normalized axonal myelination, and two such inhibitors, the widely used antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine, also significantly improved cuprizone-induced motor impairment. These data suggest that autophagy has a causal role in MS; its inhibition strongly attenuates behavioral signs in an experimental model of the disease. Therefore, haloperidol and clozapine may represent additional therapeutic tools against MS.
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21
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Zoupi L, Booker SA, Eigel D, Werner C, Kind PC, Spires-Jones TL, Newland B, Williams AC. Selective vulnerability of inhibitory networks in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:415-429. [PMID: 33449171 PMCID: PMC7882577 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, neurodegeneration is detected early in the disease course and is associated with the long-term disability of patients. Neurodegeneration is linked to both inflammation and demyelination, but its exact cause remains unknown. This gap in knowledge contributes to the current lack of treatments for the neurodegenerative phase of MS. Here we ask if neurodegeneration in MS affects specific neuronal components and if it is the result of demyelination. Neuropathological examination of secondary progressive MS motor cortices revealed a selective vulnerability of inhibitory interneurons in MS. The generation of a rodent model of focal subpial cortical demyelination reproduces this selective neurodegeneration providing a new preclinical model for the study of neuroprotective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Zoupi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sam A Booker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre for Autism Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Dimitri Eigel
- Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre for Autism Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Anna C Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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22
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Schirmer L, Schafer DP, Bartels T, Rowitch DH, Calabresi PA. Diversity and Function of Glial Cell Types in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:228-247. [PMID: 33593693 PMCID: PMC7914214 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial subtype diversity is an emerging topic in neurobiology and immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss recent conceptual and technological advances that allow a better understanding of the transcriptomic and functional heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes (OLs), astrocytes, and microglial cells under inflammatory-demyelinating conditions. Recent single cell transcriptomic studies suggest the occurrence of novel homeostatic and reactive glial subtypes and provide insight into the molecular events during disease progression. Multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization has enabled 'mapping back' dysregulated gene expression to glial subtypes within the MS lesion microenvironment. These findings suggest novel homeostatic and reactive glial-cell-type functions both in immune-related processes and neuroprotection relevant to understanding the pathology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Jafari M, Schumacher AM, Snaidero N, Ullrich Gavilanes EM, Neziraj T, Kocsis-Jutka V, Engels D, Jürgens T, Wagner I, Weidinger JDF, Schmidt SS, Beltrán E, Hagan N, Woodworth L, Ofengeim D, Gans J, Wolf F, Kreutzfeldt M, Portugues R, Merkler D, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M. Phagocyte-mediated synapse removal in cortical neuroinflammation is promoted by local calcium accumulation. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:355-367. [PMID: 33495636 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cortical pathology contributes to chronic cognitive impairment of patients suffering from the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). How such gray matter inflammation affects neuronal structure and function is not well understood. In the present study, we use functional and structural in vivo imaging in a mouse model of cortical MS to demonstrate that bouts of cortical inflammation disrupt cortical circuit activity coincident with a widespread, but transient, loss of dendritic spines. Spines destined for removal show local calcium accumulations and are subsequently removed by invading macrophages or activated microglia. Targeting phagocyte activation with a new antagonist of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor prevents cortical synapse loss. Overall, our study identifies synapse loss as a key pathological feature of inflammatory gray matter lesions that is amenable to immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Jafari
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian-Minh Schumacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Snaidero
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily M Ullrich Gavilanes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tradite Neziraj
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Virág Kocsis-Jutka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Engels
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Jürgens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Daniel Flórez Weidinger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie S Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nellwyn Hagan
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Woodworth
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neurological Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Gans
- Translational Sciences Genomics, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Portugues
- Sensorimotor Control, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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24
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Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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25
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Lottes EN, Cox DN. Homeostatic Roles of the Proteostasis Network in Dendrites. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:264. [PMID: 33013325 PMCID: PMC7461941 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is indispensable to the survival and function of all cells. Distinct from other cell types, neurons are long-lived, exhibiting architecturally complex and diverse multipolar projection morphologies that can span great distances. These properties present unique demands on proteostatic machinery to dynamically regulate the neuronal proteome in both space and time. Proteostasis is regulated by a distributed network of cellular processes, the proteostasis network (PN), which ensures precise control of protein synthesis, native conformational folding and maintenance, and protein turnover and degradation, collectively safeguarding proteome integrity both under homeostatic conditions and in the contexts of cellular stress, aging, and disease. Dendrites are equipped with distributed cellular machinery for protein synthesis and turnover, including dendritically trafficked ribosomes, chaperones, and autophagosomes. The PN can be subdivided into an adaptive network of three major functional pathways that synergistically govern protein quality control through the action of (1) protein synthesis machinery; (2) maintenance mechanisms including molecular chaperones involved in protein folding; and (3) degradative pathways (e.g., Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS), endolysosomal pathway, and autophagy. Perturbations in any of the three arms of proteostasis can have dramatic effects on neurons, especially on their dendrites, which require tightly controlled homeostasis for proper development and maintenance. Moreover, the critical importance of the PN as a cell surveillance system against protein dyshomeostasis has been highlighted by extensive work demonstrating that the aggregation and/or failure to clear aggregated proteins figures centrally in many neurological disorders. While these studies demonstrate the relevance of derangements in proteostasis to human neurological disease, here we mainly review recent literature on homeostatic developmental roles the PN machinery plays in the establishment, maintenance, and plasticity of stable and dynamic dendritic arbors. Beyond basic housekeeping functions, we consider roles of PN machinery in protein quality control mechanisms linked to dendritic plasticity (e.g., dendritic spine remodeling during LTP); cell-type specificity; dendritic morphogenesis; and dendritic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Lottes
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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26
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Petrova N, Nutma E, Carassiti D, Rs Newman J, Amor S, Altmann DR, Baker D, Schmierer K. Synaptic Loss in Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cord. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:619-625. [PMID: 32608018 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered primarily a result of axonal loss. However, correlation with spinal cord cross-sectional area-a predictor of disability-is poor, questioning the unique role of axonal loss. We investigated the degree of synaptic loss in postmortem spinal cords (18 chronic MS, 8 healthy controls) using immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin and synapsin. Substantial (58-96%) loss of synapses throughout the spinal cord was detected, along with moderate (47%) loss of anterior horn neurons, notably in demyelinating MS lesions. We conclude that synaptic loss is significant in chronic MS, likely contributing to disability accrual. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:619-625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petrova
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Nutma
- Pathology Department, Amsterdam University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Carassiti
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Rs Newman
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Amor
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Pathology Department, Amsterdam University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel R Altmann
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Baker
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- The Blizard Institute (Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma), Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Board Medicine (Neurosciences), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Tavazzi E, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Jakimovski D, Singhal T, Weinstock-Guttman B, Bergsland N. MRI biomarkers of disease progression and conversion to secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:821-834. [PMID: 32306772 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1757435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conventional imaging measures remain a key clinical tool for the diagnosis multiple sclerosis (MS) and monitoring of patients. However, most measures used in the clinic show unsatisfactory performance in predicting disease progression and conversion to secondary progressive MS. AREAS COVERED Sophisticated imaging techniques have facilitated the identification of imaging biomarkers associated with disease progression, such as global and regional brain volume measures, and with conversion to secondary progressive MS, such as leptomeningeal contrast enhancement and chronic inflammation. The relevance of emerging imaging approaches partially overcoming intrinsic limitations of traditional techniques is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Imaging biomarkers capable of detecting tissue damage early on in the disease, with the potential to be applied in multicenter trials and at an individual level in clinical settings, are strongly needed. Several measures have been proposed, which exploit advanced imaging acquisitions and/or incorporate sophisticated post-processing, can quantify irreversible tissue damage. The progressively wider use of high-strength field MRI and the development of more advanced imaging techniques will help capture the missing pieces of the MS puzzle. The ability to more reliably identify those at risk for disability progression will allow for earlier intervention with the aim to favorably alter the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tavazzi
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA.,Translational Imaging Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tarun Singhal
- PET Imaging Program in Neurologic Diseases and Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA.,IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milan, Italy
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28
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Hassanpour M, Hajihassani F, Hiradfar A, Aghamohammadzadeh N, Rahbarghazi R, Safaie N, Nouri M, Panahi Y. Real-state of autophagy signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disease; focus on multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 32082082 PMCID: PMC7014934 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of neurodegenerative disease is increasingly raised. From physiopathological aspect, the emergence of auto-reactive antibodies against the nervous system antigens contributes to de-myelination in Multiple sclerosis (MS). These features cause the nervous system dysfunction. The follow-up of molecular alterations could give us a real-state vision about intracellular status during pathological circumstances. In this review, we focus on the autophagic response during MS progression and further understand the relationship between autophagy and MS and its modulatory effect on the MS evolution. The authors reviewed studies published on the autophagy status in neurodegenerative disease and on the autophagy modulation in MS prognosis, diagnosis, and possible therapies. The inevitable role of autophagy was shown in the early-stage progression of MS. Due to critical role of autophagy in different stage of cell activity in nervous system, the distinct role of autophagy should not be neglected in the development, pathogenesis, and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.,2Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,3Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
| | - Fateme Hajihassani
- 4Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirataollah Hiradfar
- 5Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- 7Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,8Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Safaie
- 9Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614756, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran.,2Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- 3Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
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29
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Bay HH, Özkan M, Onat F, Çavdar S. Do the Dento-Thalamic Connections of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg Differ from Those of Control Wistar Rats? Brain Connect 2019; 9:703-710. [PMID: 31591912 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamo-cortical circuit is important in the genesis of absence epilepsy. This circuit can be influenced by connecting pathways from various parts of central nervous system. The aim of the present study is to define the dento-thalamic connections in Wistar animals and compare the results with genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) using the biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracer. We injected BDA into the dentate nucleus of 13 (n = 6 Wistar and n = 7 GAERS) animals. The dento-thalamic connections in the Wistar animals were denser and were connected to a wider range of thalamic nuclei compared with GAERS. The dentate nucleus was bilaterally connected to the central (central medial [CM], paracentral [PC]), ventral (ventral medial [VM], ventral lateral [VL], and ventral posterior lateral [VPL]), and posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. The majority of these connections were dense contralaterally and scarce ipsilaterally. Contralateral connections were present with the parafascicular (PF), ventral posterior medial, ventral anterior (VA), and central lateral (CL) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. Whereas in GAERS, bilateral connections were observed with the VL and CM. Contralateral connections were present with the PC, VM, VA, and PF thalamic nuclei in GAERS. The CL, VPL, and Po thalamic nucleus connections were not observed in GAERS. The present study showed weak/deficit dento-thalamic connections in GAERS compared with control Wistar animals. The scarce information flow from the dentate nucleus to thalamus in GAERS may have a deficient modulatory role on the thalamus and thus may affect modulation of the thalamo-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazhar Özkan
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinic Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Stadelmann C, Timmler S, Barrantes-Freer A, Simons M. Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1381-1431. [PMID: 31066630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
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31
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Jin J, Smith MD, Kersbergen CJ, Kam TI, Viswanathan M, Martin K, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Zack DJ, Whartenby K, Calabresi PA. Glial pathology and retinal neurotoxicity in the anterior visual pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:125. [PMID: 31366377 PMCID: PMC6670238 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used extensively in the past to test mechanisms that target peripheral immune cells for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). While there have been some notable successes in relapsing MS, the development of therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) has been hampered by lack of an appropriate animal model. Further, the mechanisms underlying CNS inflammation and neuronal injury remain incompletely elucidated. It is known that the MOG 35-55 EAE mouse model does not have insidious behavioral progression as occurs in people with MS, but there is significant neuronal and axonal injury in EAE, as a result of the inflammation. In the present study, we describe the time course of glial activation and retinal neurodegeneration in the EAE model, and highlight the utility of studying the anterior visual pathway for modeling mechanisms of neuronal injury that may recapitulate critical aspects of the pathology described in people with MS following optic neuritis and subclinical optic neuropathy. We show that A1 neurotoxic astrocytes are prevalent in optic nerve tissue and retina, and are associated with subsequent RGC loss in the most commonly used form of the EAE model induced by MOG 35-55 peptide in C57/B6 mice. We developed a semi-automatic method to quantify retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and show that RGCs remain intact at peak EAE (PID 16) but are significantly reduced in late EAE (PID 42). Postsynaptic proteins and neurites were also compromised in the retina of late EAE mice. The retinal pathology manifests weeks after the microglial and astrocyte activation, which were prominent in optic nerve tissues at PID 16. Microglia expressed iNOS and had increased gene expression of C1q, TNF-α, and IL-1α. Astrocytes expressed high levels of complement component 3 and other genes associated with A1 neurotoxic astrocytes. Our data suggest that EAE can be used to study the pathobiology of optic neuropathy and to examine the preclinical neuroprotective effects of drugs that target activation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes.
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32
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Imaging the execution phase of neuroinflammatory disease models. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112968. [PMID: 31152743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of the rodent spinal cord has advanced our understanding of how resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) respond to neuroinflammation. By combining two-photon imaging and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), it has been possible, for example, to study how axons degenerate when confronted with inflammatory cells, how oligodendrocytes get damaged in inflammatory lesions, and how immune cells themselves adapt their phenotype and functionality to the changing lesion environment. Similar approaches are now increasingly used to study other forms of neuroinflammation, such as antibody/complement-mediated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD). To tackle the most pressing open questions in the field, new biosensors and indicator mice that report the metabolic state and interaction of cells in neuroinflammatory lesions are being developed. Moreover, the field is moving towards new anatomical sites of inflammation, such as the cortical gray matter, but also towards longer observation intervals to reveal the chronic perturbations and adaptations that characterize advanced stages of MS.
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33
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Henstridge CM, Tzioras M, Paolicelli RC. Glial Contribution to Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapse Loss in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:63. [PMID: 30863284 PMCID: PMC6399113 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss is an early feature shared by many neurodegenerative diseases, and it represents the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Recent studies reveal that microglia and astrocytes play a major role in synapse elimination, contributing to network dysfunction associated with neurodegeneration. Excitatory and inhibitory activity can be affected by glia-mediated synapse loss, resulting in imbalanced synaptic transmission and subsequent synaptic dysfunction. Here, we review the recent literature on the contribution of glia to excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, in the context of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathological synapse loss will be instrumental to design targeted therapeutic interventions, taking in account the emerging roles of microglia and astrocytes in synapse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Henstridge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Dementia Research Institute UK, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Dementia Research Institute UK, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Filippi M, Brück W, Chard D, Fazekas F, Geurts JJG, Enzinger C, Hametner S, Kuhlmann T, Preziosa P, Rovira À, Schmierer K, Stadelmann C, Rocca MA. Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:198-210. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Di Liberto G, Pantelyushin S, Kreutzfeldt M, Page N, Musardo S, Coras R, Steinbach K, Vincenti I, Klimek B, Lingner T, Salinas G, Lin-Marq N, Staszewski O, Costa Jordão MJ, Wagner I, Egervari K, Mack M, Bellone C, Blümcke I, Prinz M, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Neurons under T Cell Attack Coordinate Phagocyte-Mediated Synaptic Stripping. Cell 2018; 175:458-471.e19. [PMID: 30173917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders of the CNS are frequently accompanied by synaptic loss, which is thought to involve phagocytic microglia and complement components. However, the mechanisms accounting for aberrant synaptic connectivity in the context of CD8+ T cell-driven neuronal damage are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the neuronal translatome in a murine model of encephalitis caused by CD8+ T cells targeting antigenic neurons. Neuronal STAT1 signaling and downstream CCL2 expression were essential for apposition of phagocytes, ensuing synaptic loss and neurological disease. Analogous observations were made in the brains of Rasmussen's encephalitis patients. In this devastating CD8+ T cell-driven autoimmune disease, neuronal STAT1 phosphorylation and CCL2 expression co-clustered with infiltrating CD8+ T cells as well as phagocytes. Taken together, our findings uncover an active role of neurons in coordinating phagocyte-mediated synaptic loss and highlight neuronal STAT1 and CCL2 as critical steps in this process that are amenable to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Musardo
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lin-Marq
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Nephrology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Bellone
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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Mormina E, Petracca M, Bommarito G, Piaggio N, Cocozza S, Inglese M. Cerebellum and neurodegenerative diseases: Beyond conventional magnetic resonance imaging. World J Radiol 2017; 9:371-388. [PMID: 29104740 PMCID: PMC5661166 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i10.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a key role in movement control and in cognition and cerebellar involvement is described in several neurodegenerative diseases. While conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for brain and cerebellar morphologic evaluation, advanced MRI techniques allow the investigation of cerebellar microstructural and functional characteristics. Volumetry, voxel-based morphometry, diffusion MRI based fiber tractography, resting state and task related functional MRI, perfusion, and proton MR spectroscopy are among the most common techniques applied to the study of cerebellum. In the present review, after providing a brief description of each technique’s advantages and limitations, we focus on their application to the study of cerebellar injury in major neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease and hereditary ataxia. A brief introduction to the pathological substrate of cerebellar involvement is provided for each disease, followed by the review of MRI studies exploring structural and functional cerebellar abnormalities and by a discussion of the clinical relevance of MRI measures of cerebellar damage in terms of both clinical status and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enricomaria Mormina
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bommarito
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Piaggio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroradiology, San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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37
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Carassiti D, Altmann DR, Petrova N, Pakkenberg B, Scaravilli F, Schmierer K. Neuronal loss, demyelination and volume change in the multiple sclerosis neocortex. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:377-390. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Carassiti
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - D. R. Altmann
- Department of Medical Statistics; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - N. Petrova
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - B. Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Scaravilli
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - K. Schmierer
- Blizard Institute (Neuroscience); Queen Mary University of London; London UK
- Neurosciences Clinical Academic Group; The Royal London Hospital; Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
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38
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Hollingsworth E, Khouri J, Imitola J. Endogenous repair and development inspired therapy of neurodegeneration in progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:611-629. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1287564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hollingsworth
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamil Khouri
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The Ohio State, University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, USA
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