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Tzoulis P, Baldeweg SE. Semaglutide for weight loss: unanswered questions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1382814. [PMID: 38904050 PMCID: PMC11188346 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1382814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ploutarchos Tzoulis
- Department of Metabolism & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Duesman SJ, Shetty S, Patel S, Ogale N, Mohamed F, Sparman N, Rajbhandari P, Rajbhandari AK. Sexually dimorphic role of the locus coeruleus PAC1 receptors in regulating acute stress-associated energy metabolism. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:995573. [PMID: 36275856 PMCID: PMC9580361 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.995573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe stress leads to alterations in energy metabolism with sexually dimorphic onset or severity. The locus coeruleus (LC) in the brainstem that mediates fight-or-flight-or-freeze response to stress is sexually dimorphic in morphology, plays a key role in interactions between diet and severe stressors, and has neuronal input to the brown adipose tissue (BAT)-a thermogenic organ important for energy balance. Yet, little is known on how LC coordinates stress-related metabolic adaptations. LC expresses receptors for the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) and PACAP signaling through PAC1 (PACAP receptor) are critical regulators of various types of stressors and energy metabolism. We hypothesized that LC-PAC1 axis is a sex-specific central "gatekeeper" of severe acute stress-driven behavior and energy metabolism. Selective ablation of PAC1 receptors from the LC did not alter stress response in mice of either sex, but enhanced food intake in females and was associated with increased energy expenditure and BAT thermogenesis in male mice. These results show a sexually dimorphic role of the LC-PAC1 in regulating acute stress-related energy metabolism. Thus, by disrupting LC-PAC1 signaling, our studies show a unique and previously unexplored role of LC in adaptive energy metabolism in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Duesman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanutha Shetty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanil Patel
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Neha Ogale
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Farzanna Mohamed
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Njeri Sparman
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Abha Karki Rajbhandari
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Abha Karki Rajbhandari,
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3
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Maunze B, Bruckner KW, Desai NN, Chen C, Chen F, Baker D, Choi S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activation in the hypothalamus recruits unique signaling pathways involved in energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E199-E210. [PMID: 35001657 PMCID: PMC8897015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts pleiotropic effects on ventromedial nuclei (VMN) of the hypothalamus and its control of feeding and energy expenditure through the type I PAC1 receptor (PAC1R). However, the endogenous role of PAC1Rs in the VMN and the downstream signaling responsible for PACAP's effects on energy balance are unknown. Numerous studies have revealed that PAC1Rs are coupled to both Gαs/adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A (Gαs/AC/PKA) and Gαq/phospholipase C/protein kinase C (Gαq/PLC/PKC), while also undergoing trafficking following stimulation. To determine the endogenous role of PAC1Rs and downstream signaling that may explain PACAP's pleiotropic effects, we used RNA interference to knockdown VMN PAC1Rs and pharmacologically inhibited PKA, PKC, and PAC1R trafficking. Knocking down PAC1Rs increased meal sizes, reduced total number of meals, and induced body weight gain. Inhibition of either PKA or PKC alone in awake male Sprague-Dawley rats, attenuated PACAP's hypophagic and anorectic effects during the dark phase. However, PKA or PKC inhibition potentiated PACAP's thermogenic effects during the light phase. Analysis of locomotor activity revealed that PKA inhibition augmented PACAP's locomotor effects, whereas PKC inhibition had no effect. Finally, PACAP administration in the VMN induces surface PAC1R trafficking into the cytosol which was blocked by endocytosis inhibitors. Subsequently, inhibition of PAC1R trafficking into the cytosol attenuated PACAP-induced hypophagia. These results revealed that endogenous PAC1Rs uniquely engage PKA, PKC, and receptor trafficking to mediate PACAP's pleiotropic effects in VMN control of feeding and metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endogenous PAC1 receptors, integral to VMN management of feeding behavior and body weight regulation, uniquely engage PKA, PKC, and receptor trafficking to mediate the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei control of feeding and metabolism. PACAP appears to use different signaling mechanisms to regulate feeding behavior from its effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Maunze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Nikhil Nilesh Desai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Fanghong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - SuJean Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Wölk E, Stengel A, Schaper SJ, Rose M, Hofmann T. Neurotensin and Xenin Show Positive Correlations With Perceived Stress, Anxiety, Depressiveness and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female Obese Patients. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:629729. [PMID: 33664656 PMCID: PMC7921165 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.629729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neurotensin and xenin are two closely related anorexigenic neuropeptides synthesized in the small intestine that exert diverse peripheral and central functions. Both act via the neurotensin-1-receptor. In animal models of obesity reduced central concentrations of these peptides have been found. Dysregulations of the acute and chronic stress response are associated with development and maintenance of obesity. Until now, associations of both peptides with stress, anxiety, depressiveness, and eating disorder symptoms have not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine associations of neurotensin and xenin with these psychological characteristics under conditions of obesity. Materials and Methods From 2010 to 2016 we consecutively enrolled 160 inpatients (63 men and 97 women), admitted due to obesity and its mental and somatic comorbidities. Blood withdrawal und psychometric tests (PSQ-20, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and EDI-2) occurred within one week after admission. We measured levels of neurotensin and xenin in plasma by ELISA. Results Mean body mass index was 47.2 ± 9.5 kg/m2. Concentrations of neurotensin and xenin positively correlated with each other (women: r = 0.788, p < 0.001; men: r = 0.731, p < 0.001) and did not significantly differ between sexes (p > 0.05). Women generally displayed higher psychometric values than men (PSQ-20: 58.2 ± 21.7 vs. 47.0 ± 20.8, p = 0.002; GAD-7: 9.7 ± 5.8 vs. 7.1 ± 5.3, p = 0.004; PHQ-9: 11.6 ± 6.6 vs. 8.8 ± 5.9, p = 0.008; EDI-2: 50.5 ± 12.8 vs. 39.7 ± 11.9, p < 0.001). Only women showed positive correlations of both neuropeptides with stress (neurotensin: r = 0.231, p = 0.023; xenin: r = 0.254, p = 0.013), anxiety (neurotensin: r = 0.265, p = 0.009; xenin: r = 0.257, p = 0.012), depressiveness (neurotensin: r = 0.281, p = 0.006; xenin: r = 0.241, p = 0.019) and eating disorder symptoms (neurotensin: r = 0.276, p = 0.007; xenin: r = 0.26, p = 0.011), whereas, men did not (p > 0.05). Conclusion Neurotensin and xenin plasma levels of female obese patients are positively correlated with perceived stress, anxiety, depressiveness, and eating disorder symptoms. These associations could be influenced by higher prevalence of mental disorders in women and by sex hormones. In men, no correlations were observed, which points toward a sex-dependent regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wölk
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selina Johanna Schaper
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Simoes E, Correia-Lima J, Calfat ELDB, Otani TZDS, Vasques DAC, Otani VHO, Bertolazzi P, Kochi C, Seelaender M, Uchida RR. Sex-Dependent Dyslipidemia and Neuro-Humoral Alterations Leading to Further Cardiovascular Risk in Juvenile Obesity. Front Nutr 2021; 7:613301. [PMID: 33644105 PMCID: PMC7906975 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.613301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Childhood obesity is a growing concern as the World Health Organization (WHO) states that ~10% of adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese. This condition is the reflex of energy imbalance between the calories consumed and those expended. Sex-related responses associated with dyslipidemia, hormonal alterations, and neuro-humoral disruptions in childhood obesity are the focus of the present investigation. Methods: Ninety-two Brazilian adolescents were enrolled and divided between obese and eutrophic groups. Obesity was assessed using body mass index Z-score according to age and weight. Anthropometrical analyses, blood pressure, blood lipids, metabolism-regulating hormones, and neuropeptides were carried out. Results: Systolic blood pressure was higher in female and male patients with obesity. Obese females presented alterations in lipid profile and an augment of cardiovascular disease prediction ratios TC/HDL, TG/HDL, LDL/HDL, and VLDL/HDL. The levels of leptin, GIP, and neuropeptide showed sex-dimorphism in obesity. The obese adolescents presented increased levels of circulating insulin, c-peptide, amylin, glucagon, and GLP-1. Correlation analysis showed significant linearity between body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, hormones, and neuropeptides content. Conclusions: Our data support an existing link associating hypertension, dyslipidemia, and neuro-hormonal imbalance in childhood obesity. We also described a sex-dependent pattern in childhood obesity-associated dyslipidemia and blood pressure in female patients with obesity solely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanna Correia-Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Pamela Bertolazzi
- Mental Health Department, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kochi
- Physiology Department, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratórios de Inventigação Médica 26, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Riyoiti Uchida
- Mental Health Department, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ahmad A, Almsned F, Ghazal P, Ahmed MW, Jafri MS, Bokhari H. Neuropeptide S receptor gene Asn107 polymorphism in obese male individuals in Pakistan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243205. [PMID: 33332443 PMCID: PMC7745988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a naturally occurring appetite stimulant, associated with anxiety, stress, and excitement regulation. Neuropeptide S serves as a hypothalamic energy regulator that enhances food intake with a reduced level of satiety. NPS activates fat angiogenesis and the proliferation of new adipocytes in obesity. NPS has an established role in energy regulation by many pre-clinical investigations; however we have limited data available to support this notion in humans. We found significant association of Neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR1) Asn107Ile (rs324981, A>T) polymorphism with obese male participants. The current investigation carried out genotype screening of NPSR1 allele to assess the spectrum of the Asn107Ile polymorphism in obese and healthy Pakistani individuals. We revealed a significant (p = 0.04) difference between AA vs TT + AT genotype distribution of NPSR1 (SNP rs324981,) between obese and healthy individuals (p = 0.04). In this genotype analysis of (SNP rs324981) of the NPSR1 gene, T allele was marked as risk allele with higher frequency in the obese (38%) compared to its frequency in the controls (25%). Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, rs324981) Asn107Ile of NPSR1gene, that switches an amino acid from Asn to Ile, has been found associated with increased susceptibility to obesity in Pakistani individuals. Furthermore, molecular simulation studies predicted a lower binding affinity of NPSR1 Asn107Ile variant to NPS than the wild-type consistent with the genotype studies. These molecular simulation studies predict a possible molecular mechanism of this interaction by defining the key amino acid residues. However, a significantly (p<0.0001) lower concentration of NPS was recorded independent of genotype frequencies in obese subjects compared to healthy controls. We believe that large scale polymorphism data of population for important gene players including NPSR1 will be more useful to understand obesity and its associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Almsned
- School of Systems Biology and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital– Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pasha Ghazal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M. Saleet Jafri
- School of Systems Biology and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Fujitani M, Mizushige T, Bhattarai K, Adhikari S, Ishikawa J, Kishida T. Dietary daidzein induces accumulation of S-equol in enterohepatic circulation to far higher levels than that of daidzein in female rats with and without ovariectomy. Biomed Res 2019; 40:97-105. [PMID: 31231095 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.40.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that daidzein decreased food intake in female rats. To understand the mechanism of anorectic action of dietary daidzein, it is necessary to determine distributions of daidzein and S-equol, a metabolite of intestinal bacterial conversion from daidzein, in the body. In the present study, we measured the concentrations of daidzein and S-equol in serum and bile in sham-operated and ovariectomized female rats fed a diet containing 150 mg/kg daidzein for 7 days. Dietary daidzein increased serum and bile concentrations of S-equol to far higher levels than those of daidzein. S-equol concentration was more than several hundred fold-higher in bile than in serum, regardless of ovariectomy. Moreover, to investigate whether accumulation of S-equol is facilitated by efficient enterohepatic circulation during continuous intake of daidzein and S-equol, female rats were fed diet containing daidzein or S-equol (both 150 mg/kg), or control diet for 1, 2, 3, or 5 days. Dietary daidzein significantly increased serum and bile concentrations of S-equol in a time-dependent manner, but not those of daidzein. These results indicated that substantial proportion of dietary daidzein was converted to S-equol, which underwent efficient enterohepatic circulation and predominantly accumulated there.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University
| | | | - Junji Ishikawa
- Central Research and Development Laboratory, FANCL Co. Ltd
| | - Taro Kishida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University
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9
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Alotibi MN, Alnoury AM, Alhozali AM. Serum nesfatin-1 and galanin concentrations in the adult with metabolic syndrome. Relationships to insulin resistance and obesity. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:19-25. [PMID: 30617376 PMCID: PMC6452611 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.1.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the serum levels of nesfatin-1 and galanin in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and also to show their association with the parameters of the disease. Methods: We performed a case-control study with 84 participants (44 patients with MetS diagnosed according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and International Diabetes Federation criteria and 40 control group) were recruited from King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between October 2014 and June 2015. Anthropometric parameters, biochemical markers as well as nesfatin-1 and galanin were measured. Results: Nesfatin-1 levels were found to be significantly lower and galanin levels significantly higher in MetS group compared to the control group. A significant negative correlation between serum nesfatin-1 and weight, waist circumference, and body mass index were observed. A significant positive correlation between serum galanin and with fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and triglycerides. Conclusion: Our findings indicated a lower level of nesfatin-1 and a higher level of galanin in patients with MetS, suggesting a role of these neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam N Alotibi
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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10
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Poulimeneas D, Yannakoulia M, Anastasiou CA, Scarmeas N. Weight Loss Maintenance: Have We Missed the Brain? Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090174. [PMID: 30208568 PMCID: PMC6162665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though obese individuals often succeed with weight loss, long-term weight loss maintenance remains elusive. Dietary, lifestyle and psychosocial correlates of weight loss maintenance have been researched, yet the nature of maintenance is still poorly understood. Studying the neural processing of weight loss maintainers may provide a much-needed insight towards sustained obesity management. In this narrative review, we evaluate and critically discuss available evidence regarding the food-related neural responses of weight loss maintainers, as opposed to those of obese or lean persons. While research is still ongoing, available data indicate that following weight loss, maintainers exhibit persistent reward related feeling over food, similar to that of obese persons. However, unlike in obese persons, in maintainers, reward-related brain activity appears to be counteracted by subsequently heightened inhibition. These findings suggest that post-dieting, maintainers acquire a certain level of cognitive control which possibly protects them from weight regaining. The prefrontal cortex, as well as the limbic system, encompass key regions of interest for weight loss maintenance, and their contributions to long term successful weight loss should be further explored. Future possibilities and supportive theories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Poulimeneas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas A Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, GR 17676 Athens, Greece.
- Eginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 15772 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Eginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR 15772 Athens, Greece.
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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11
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Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism is not associated with risk of developing obesity in Pakistani population. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Suh JH, Wang Y, Ho CT. Natural Dietary Products and Their Effects on Appetite Control. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:36-39. [PMID: 29237125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural dietary products have been thoroughly studied for their effects of antiadipogenesis to prevent and treat obesity for decades. Nevertheless, in the past few years appetite control for the treatment of obesity has attracted much attention as a new target. Homeostatic control of energy intake involves a complex system that conveys peripheral signals to the central nervous system where multiple signals are integrated and then provide feedback to regulate satiation. This perspective aims at elucidating the neuronal mechanisms of food intake and energy balance as well as providing an alternative pathway of controlling weight using natural dietary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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13
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da Fonseca ACP, Mastronardi C, Johar A, Arcos-Burgos M, Paz-Filho G. Genetics of non-syndromic childhood obesity and the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1549-1561. [PMID: 28735903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem associated with the development of several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The elevated prevalence of obesity is mostly due to inadequate diet and lifestyle, but it is also influenced by genetic factors. OBJECTIVES To review recent advances in the field of the genetics of obesity. We summarize the list of genes associated with the rare non-syndromic forms of obesity, and explain their function. Furthermore, we discuss the technologies that are available for the genetic diagnosis of obesity. RESULTS Several studies reported that single gene variants cause Mendelian forms of obesity, determined by mutations of major effect in single genes. Rare, non-syndromic forms of obesity are a result of loss-of-function mutations in genes that act on the development and function of the hypothalamus or the leptin-melanocortin pathway. These variants disrupt enzymes and receptors that play a role in energy homeostasis, resulting in severe early-onset obesity and endocrine dysfunctions. Different approaches and technologies have been used to understand the genetic background of obesity. Currently, whole genome and whole exome sequencing are important diagnostic tools to identify new genes and variants associated with severe obesity, but other approaches are also useful at individual or population levels, such as linkage analysis, candidate gene sequencing, chromosomal microarray analysis, and genome-wide association studies. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of the genetic causes of obesity and the usefulness and limitations of the genetic diagnostic approaches can contribute to the development of new personalized therapeutic targets against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Mastronardi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Angad Johar
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australia.
| | | | - Gilberto Paz-Filho
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australia.
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14
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Role of the area postrema in the hypophagic effects of oleoylethanolamide. Pharmacol Res 2017; 122:20-34. [PMID: 28535974 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The satiety-promoting action of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) has been associated to the indirect activation of selected brain areas, such as the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the brainstem and the tuberomammillary (TMN) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei in the hypothalamus, where noradrenergic, histaminergic and oxytocinergic neurons play a necessary role. Visceral ascending fibers were hypothesized to mediate such effects. However, our previous findings demonstrated that the hypophagic action of peripherally administered OEA does not require intact vagal afferents and is associated to a strong activation of the area postrema (AP). Therefore, we hypothesized that OEA may exert its central effects through the direct activation of this circumventricular organ. To test this hypothesis, we subjected rats to the surgical ablation of the AP (APX rats) and evaluated the effects of OEA (10mgkg-1 i.p.) on food intake, Fos expression, hypothalamic oxytocin (OXY) immunoreactivity and on the expression of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in the brainstem and hypothalamus. We found that the AP lesion completely prevented OEA's behavioral and neurochemical effects in the brainstem and the hypothalamus. Moreover OEA increased DBH expression in AP and NST neurons of SHAM rats while the effect in the NST was absent in APX rats, thus suggesting the possible involvement of noradrenergic AP neurons. These results support the hypothesis of a necessary role of the AP in mediating OEA's central effects that sustain its pro-satiety action.
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Functional μ-Opioid-Galanin Receptor Heteromers in the Ventral Tegmental Area. J Neurosci 2016; 37:1176-1186. [PMID: 28007761 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2442-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to interact with the opioid system. More specifically, galanin counteracts the behavioral effects of the systemic administration of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. Yet the mechanism responsible for this galanin-opioid interaction has remained elusive. Using biophysical techniques in mammalian transfected cells, we found evidence for selective heteromerization of MOR and the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R). Also in transfected cells, a synthetic peptide selectively disrupted MOR-Gal1R heteromerization as well as specific interactions between MOR and Gal1R ligands: a negative cross talk, by which galanin counteracted MAPK activation induced by the endogenous MOR agonist endomorphin-1, and a cross-antagonism, by which a MOR antagonist counteracted MAPK activation induced by galanin. These specific interactions, which represented biochemical properties of the MOR-Gal1R heteromer, could then be identified in situ in slices of rat ventral tegmental area (VTA) with MAPK activation and two additional cell signaling pathways, AKT and CREB phosphorylation. Furthermore, in vivo microdialysis experiments showed that the disruptive peptide selectively counteracted the ability of galanin to block the dendritic dopamine release in the rat VTA induced by local infusion of endomorphin-1, demonstrating a key role of MOR-Gal1R heteromers localized in the VTA in the direct control of dopamine cell function and their ability to mediate antagonistic interactions between MOR and Gal1R ligands. The results also indicate that MOR-Gal1R heteromers should be viewed as targets for the treatment of opioid use disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) localized in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and addictive properties of opioids. With parallel in vitro experiments in mammalian transfected cells and in situ and in vivo experiments in rat VTA, we demonstrate that a significant population of these MORs form functional heteromers with the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R), which modulate the activity of the VTA dopaminergic neurons. The MOR-Gal1R heteromer can explain previous results showing antagonistic galanin-opioid interactions and offers a new therapeutic target for the treatment of opioid use disorder.
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Cron L, Allen T, Febbraio MA. The role of gp130 receptor cytokines in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:259-65. [PMID: 26792338 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that obesity is responsible, at least in part, for the increased incidence of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Despite public education programs emphasizing lifestyle modifications to arrest this global pandemic, it is now estimated that 10-15% of the world's population are overweight or obese. As a result, new therapeutic options for the treatment of obesity-related disorders are clearly warranted. Much of the benefit of physical activity has been attributed to several mechanisms including reduced adiposity, increased cardiorespiratory fitness, reduced circulating lipids and the maintenance of muscle mass. However, the observation that the gp130 receptor cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was released from skeletal muscle during exercise to improve metabolic homeostasis altered our understanding of the health benefits of exercise and opened avenues for research into potential novel therapeutics to treat metabolic disease. One gp130 receptor cytokine in particular, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a pluripotent neurocytokine, showed efficacy as a potential anti-obesogenic therapy. This review examines the potential of gp130 receptor ligands, with a focus on IL-6 and CNTF as therapeutic strategies to treat obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cron
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Faculty of Biology & Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,1015 Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Allen
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia Division of Diabetes & Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Xu Y, Kühnlein RP. The obesity-related Adipokinetic hormone controls feeding and expression of neuropeptide regulators ofDrosophilametabolism. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Ronald P. Kühnlein
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
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Huvenne H, Dubern B, Clément K, Poitou C. Rare Genetic Forms of Obesity: Clinical Approach and Current Treatments in 2016. Obes Facts 2016; 9:158-73. [PMID: 27241181 PMCID: PMC5644891 DOI: 10.1159/000445061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from a synergistic relationship between genes and the environment. The phenotypic expression of genetic factors involved in obesity is variable, allowing to distinguish several clinical pictures of obesity. Monogenic obesity is described as rare and severe early-onset obesity with abnormal feeding behavior and endocrine disorders. This is mainly due to autosomal recessive mutations in genes of the leptin-melanocortin pathway which plays a key role in the hypothalamic control of food intake. Melanocortin 4 receptor(MC4R)-linked obesity is characterized by the variable severity of obesity and no notable additional phenotypes. Mutations in the MC4R gene are involved in 2-3% of obese children and adults; the majority of these are heterozygous. Syndromic obesity is associated with mental retardation, dysmorphic features, and organ-specific developmental abnormalities. Additional genes participating in the development of hypothalamus and central nervous system have been regularly identified. But to date, not all involved genes have been identified so far. New diagnostic tools, such as whole-exome sequencing, will probably help to identify other genes. Managing these patients is challenging. Indeed, specific treatments are available only for specific types of monogenic obesity, such as leptin deficiency. Data on bariatric surgery are limited and controversial. New molecules acting on the leptin-melanocortin pathway are currently being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Huvenne
- GHICL, Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Lille, France
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Deletion of Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor-1 disrupts overeating in the presence of food cues. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Apovian CM, Garvey WT, Ryan DH. Challenging obesity: Patient, provider, and expert perspectives on the roles of available and emerging nonsurgical therapies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23 Suppl 2:S1-S26. [PMID: 26154880 PMCID: PMC4699189 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult obesity is recognized as a chronic disease. According to principles of chronic disease management, healthcare professionals should work collaboratively with patients to determine appropriate therapeutic strategies that address overweight and obesity, specifically considering a patient's disease status in addition to their individual needs, preferences, and attitudes regarding treatment. A central role and responsibility of healthcare professionals in this process is to inform and educate patients about their treatment options. Although current recommendations for the management of adult obesity provide general guidance regarding safe and proper implementation of lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical interventions, healthcare professionals need awareness of specific evidence-based information that supports individualized clinical application of these therapies. More specifically, healthcare professionals should be up-to-date on approaches that promote successful lifestyle management and be knowledgeable about newer weight loss pharmacotherapies, so they can offer patients with obesity a wide range of options to personalize their treatment. Accordingly, this educational activity has been developed to provide participants with the latest information on treatment recommendations and therapeutic advances in lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy for adult obesity management. DESIGN AND METHODS This supplement is based on the content presented at a live CME symposium held in conjunction with ObesityWeek 2014. RESULTS This supplement provides an expert summary of current treatment recommendations and recent advances in nonsurgical therapies for the management of adult obesity. Patient and provider perspectives on obesity management are highlighted in embedded video clips available via QR codes, and new evidence will be applied using clinically relevant case studies. CONCLUSIONS This supplement provides a topical update of obesity management, including clinical practice examples, for healthcare professionals who treat or provide care for adults with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Apovian
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Nutrition and Weight Management Center and Nutrition Support Service, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, The UAB Diabetes Research Center and the Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Donna H. Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
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Huvenne H, Le Beyec J, Pépin D, Alili R, Kherchiche PP, Jeannic E, Frelut ML, Lacorte JM, Nicolino M, Viard A, Laville M, Ledoux S, Tounian P, Poitou C, Dubern B, Clément K. Seven novel deleterious LEPR mutations found in early-onset obesity: a ΔExon6-8 shared by subjects from Reunion Island, France, suggests a founder effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E757-66. [PMID: 25751111 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Infrequent mutations have been reported in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene in humans with morbid obesity and endocrine disorders. However LEPR mutations are rarely examined in large populations from different ethnicities in a given country. OBJECTIVE We estimated the prevalence of LEPR mutations in French patients with severe obesity and evaluated mutated patients' phenotype. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We sequenced the LEPR gene in 535 morbidly obese French participants. We conducted clinical investigations to determine whether individuals with a novel shared mutation display particular characteristics relative to obesity history, body composition, hormonal functions, and the outcome of bariatric surgery. RESULTS We identified 12 patients with a novel LEPR mutation (p.C604G, p.L786P, p.H800_N831del, p.Y422H, p.T711NfsX18, p.535-1G>A, p.P166CfsX7). Six unrelated subjects were carriers of the p.P166CfsX7 mutation leading to deletion overlapping exons 6 to 8. All subjects originated from Reunion Island (France). Their clinical features (severe early-onset obesity, food impulsivity, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) did not differ from other new LEPR mutation carriers. Results concerning weight loss surgery were inconsistent in homozygous LEPR mutation carriers. Heterozygous LEPR mutation carriers exhibited variable severity of obesity and no endocrine abnormality. CONCLUSION Among seven newly discovered LEPR mutations in this French obese population, we identified a LEPR frameshift mutation shared by six subjects from Reunion Island. This observation suggests a founder effect in this Indian Ocean island with high prevalence of obesity and supports a recommendation for systematic screening for this mutation in morbidly obese subjects in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Huvenne
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (H.H., R.A., J.-M.L., P.T., C.P., B.D., K.C.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris F-75013, France; Sorbonne Universities (H.H., J.L.B., J.-M.L., C.P., K.C.), University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France; INSERM (H.H., R.A., P.T., C.P., B.D., K.C.), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)_S U1166, Nutriomics, Paris F-75013, France; Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (H.H.), St-Vincent de Paul Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Lille F-59000, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (J.L.B., D.P., J.-M.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Biochemical Endocrinology and Oncology, Nutrigénétique, Paris F-75013, France; INSERM (J.L.B.), UMR_S U1149, Université François-Rabelais de Médecine Paris Diderot, Paris F-75018, France; Félix-Guyon-Bellepierre Hospital (P.P.K.), Department of Pediatrics, St-Denis F-97405, Reunion, France; St François d'Assise Association (E.J.), Department of Pediatric Nutrition, St-Denis F-97405, Reunion, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-L.F.), Bicêtre Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94270, France; INSERM (J.-M.L.), Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis, UMR_S U1166, Paris F-75013, France; Mother and Child Hospital (M.N.), Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Lyon F-69000, France; Robert Debré Hospital (A.V.), Department of Endocrinology, Reims F-51100, France; Lyon-Sud Hospital (M.L.), Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nutrition, Lyon F-69000, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (S.L.), Functional Explorations, Louis Mourier Hospital, Obesity Center, Colombes F-92700, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (P.T., B.D.), Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris F-75571, France
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Fernando HA, Zibellini J, Hsu MS, Seimon RV, Nguyen AD, Sainsbury A. The neuropeptide Y-ergic system: potential therapeutic target against bone loss with obesity treatments. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:177-191. [PMID: 30293515 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is no longer considered to provide protection against osteoporosis. Moreover, treatments for obesity are now suspected of reducing bone mass. With the escalating incidence of obesity, combined with increases in the frequency, duration and intensity of interventions used to combat it, we face a potential increase in health burden due to osteoporotic fractures. The neuropeptide Y-ergic system offers a potential target for the prevention and anabolic treatment of bone loss in obesity, due to its dual role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and bone mass. Although the strongest stimulation of bone mass by this system appears to occur via indirect hypothalamic pathways involving Y2 receptors (one of the five types of receptors for neuropeptide Y), Y1 receptors on osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) induce direct effects to enhance bone mass. This latter pathway may offer a suitable target for anti-osteoporotic treatment while also minimizing the risk of adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A Fernando
- a 1 The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Zibellini
- a 1 The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Sh Hsu
- a 1 The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Radhika V Seimon
- a 1 The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amy D Nguyen
- b 2 Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- a 1 The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
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Erdos B, Backes I, McCowan ML, Hayward LF, Scheuer DA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates angiotensin signaling in the hypothalamus to increase blood pressure in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H612-22. [PMID: 25576628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00776.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression increases in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in response to hypertensive stimuli including stress and hyperosmolarity. However, it is unclear whether BDNF in the PVN contributes to increases in blood pressure (BP). We tested the hypothesis that increased BDNF levels within the PVN would elevate baseline BP and heart rate (HR) and cardiovascular stress responses by altering central angiotensin signaling. BP was recorded using radiotelemetry in male Sprague-Dawley rats after bilateral PVN injections of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or myc epitope-tagged BDNF fusion protein. Cardiovascular responses to acute stress were evaluated 3 to 4 wk after injections. Additional GFP and BDNF-treated animals were equipped with osmotic pumps for intracerebroventricular infusion of saline or the angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1R) inhibitor losartan (15 μg·0.5 μl(-1)·h(-1)). BDNF treatment significantly increased baseline BP (121 ± 3 mmHg vs. 99 ± 2 mmHg in GFP), HR (394 ± 9 beats/min vs. 314 ± 4 beats/min in GFP), and sympathetic tone indicated by HR- and BP-variability analysis and adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression. In contrast, body weight and BP elevations to acute stressors decreased. BDNF upregulated AT1R mRNA by ∼80% and downregulated Mas receptor mRNA by ∼50% in the PVN, and losartan infusion partially inhibited weight loss and increases in BP and HR in BDNF-treated animals without any effect in GFP rats. Our results demonstrate that BDNF overexpression in the PVN results in sympathoexcitation, BP and HR elevations, and weight loss that are mediated, at least in part, by modulating angiotensin signaling in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Erdos
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; and
| | - Iara Backes
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael L McCowan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Linda F Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Deborah A Scheuer
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract
UNLABELLED A meeting of the British Pharmacological Society in association with the European Neuropeptide Club and Americal Summer Neuropeptide Conference in June 2012 led to this themed issue on neuropetides. A wide range of neuropeptides are discussed, in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, with respect to their upstream and downstream pathways. It is clear, at this point in time, that targeting neuropeptides has therapeutic potential in pathologies ranging from migraine to obesity. It is also clear from the reviews in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology that there is still so much to learn. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Keeble
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Merlino DJ, Blomain ES, Aing AS, Waldman SA. Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy. J Clin Med 2014; 3:763-94. [PMID: 26237477 PMCID: PMC4449653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the obesity epidemic has developed into a major health crisis both in the United States as well as throughout the developed world. With current treatments limited to expensive, high-risk surgery and minimally efficacious pharmacotherapy, new therapeutic options are urgently needed to combat this alarming trend. This review focuses on the endogenous gut-brain signaling axes that regulate appetite under physiological conditions, and discusses their clinical relevance by summarizing the clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated manipulation of these pathways to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Erik S Blomain
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Amanda S Aing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Yi X, Kabanov AV. Brain delivery of proteins via their fatty acid and block copolymer modifications. J Drug Target 2014; 21:940-55. [PMID: 24160902 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.847098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that hydrophobic small molecules penetrate cell membranes better than hydrophilic molecules. Amphiphilic molecules that dissolve both in lipid and aqueous phases are best suited for membrane transport. Transport of biomacromolecules across physiological barriers, e.g. the blood-brain barrier, is greatly complicated by the unique structure and function of such barriers. Two decades ago we adopted a simple philosophy that to increase protein delivery to the brain one needs to modify this protein with hydrophobic moieties. With this general idea we began modifying proteins (antibodies, enzymes, hormones, etc.) with either hydrophobic fatty acid residues or amphiphilic block copolymer moieties, such as poy(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (pluronics or poloxamers) and more recently, poly(2-oxasolines). This simple approach has resulted in impressive successes in CNS drug delivery. We present a retrospective overview of these works initiated in the Soviet Union in 1980s, and then continued in the United States and other countries. Notably some of the early findings were later corroborated by brain pharmacokinetic data. Industrial development of several drug candidates employing these strategies has followed. Overall modification by hydrophobic fatty acids residues or amphiphilic block copolymers represents a promising and relatively safe strategy to deliver proteins to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA and
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Carvajal F, Sanchez-Amate MDC, Lerma-Cabrera JM, Cubero I. Effects of a single high dose of Chlorpyrifos in long-term feeding, ethanol consumption and ethanol preference in male Wistar rats with a previous history of continued ethanol drinking. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:425-35. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Carvajal
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Almería
| | | | - José Manuel Lerma-Cabrera
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Almería
| | - Inmaculada Cubero
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Almería
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