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Prediction of Cyclosporin-Mediated Drug Interaction Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing Interplay of Drug Transporters and Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197023. [PMID: 32987693 PMCID: PMC7582433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake transporter organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP and MRP2) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) are widely expressed in the liver, intestine or kidney. They coordinately work to control drug disposition, termed as "interplay of transporters and enzymes". Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an inhibitor of OATPs, P-gp, MRP2, BCRP and CYP3As. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) of CsA with victim drugs occurs via disordering interplay of transporters and enzymes. We aimed to establish a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model which predicts disposition of CsA and nine victim drugs including atorvastatin, cerivastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, repaglinide and bosentan, as well as drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of CsA with nine victim drugs to investigate the integrated effect of enzymes and transporters in liver, intestinal and kidney on drug disposition. Predictions were compared with observations. Most of the predictions were within 0.5-2.0 folds of observations. Atorvastatin was represented to investigate individual contributions of transporters and CYP3As to atorvastatin disposition and their integrated effect. The contributions to atorvastatin disposition were hepatic OATPs >> hepatic CYP3A > intestinal CYP3As ≈ efflux transporters (P-gp/BCRP/MRP2). The results got the conclusion that the developed PBPK model characterizing the interplay of enzymes and transporters was successfully applied to predict the pharmacokinetics of 10 OATP substrates and DDIs of CsA with 9 victim drugs.
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Jang KJ, Otieno MA, Ronxhi J, Lim HK, Ewart L, Kodella KR, Petropolis DB, Kulkarni G, Rubins JE, Conegliano D, Nawroth J, Simic D, Lam W, Singer M, Barale E, Singh B, Sonee M, Streeter AJ, Manthey C, Jones B, Srivastava A, Andersson LC, Williams D, Park H, Barrile R, Sliz J, Herland A, Haney S, Karalis K, Ingber DE, Hamilton GA. Reproducing human and cross-species drug toxicities using a Liver-Chip. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/517/eaax5516. [PMID: 31694927 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical rodent and nonrodent toxicity models used to support clinical trials of candidate drugs may produce discordant results or fail to predict complications in humans, contributing to drug failures in the clinic. Here, we applied microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology to design a rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip containing species-specific primary hepatocytes interfaced with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, with or without Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, cultured under physiological fluid flow. The Liver-Chip detected diverse phenotypes of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular injury, steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and species-specific toxicities when treated with tool compounds. A multispecies Liver-Chip may provide a useful platform for prediction of liver toxicity and inform human relevance of liver toxicities detected in animal studies to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Janey Ronxhi
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Janna Nawroth
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Damir Simic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Monica Singer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Manisha Sonee
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony J Streeter
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Carl Manthey
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, IPD Biology, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Barry Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Dominic Williams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | - Josiah Sliz
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Villanueva S, Zhang W, Zecchinati F, Mottino A, Vore M. ABC Transporters in Extrahepatic Tissues: Pharmacological Regulation in Heart and Intestine. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1155-1184. [PMID: 29589524 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180327092639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are transmembrane proteins expressed in secretory epithelia like the liver, kidneys and intestine, in the epithelia exhibiting barrier function such as the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and to a much lesser extent, in tissues like reproductive organs, lungs, heart and pancreas, among others. They regulate internal distribution of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics including drugs of therapeutic use and also participate in their elimination from the body. We here describe the function and regulation of ABC transporters in the heart and small intestine, as examples of extrahepatic tissues, in which ABC proteins play clearly different roles. In the heart, they are involved in tissue pathogenesis as well as in protecting this organ against toxic compounds and druginduced oxidative stress. The small intestine is highly exposed to therapeutic drugs taken orally and, consequently, ABC transporters localized on its surface strongly influence drug absorption and pharmacokinetics. Examples of the ABC proteins currently described are Multidrug Resistance-associated Proteins 1 and 2 (MRP1 and 2) for heart and small intestine, respectively, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) for both organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Villanueva
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, CONICET-UNR. 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, United States
| | - Felipe Zecchinati
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, CONICET-UNR. 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Aldo Mottino
- Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, CONICET-UNR. 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mary Vore
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, United States
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Blaurock-Möller N, Gröger M, Siwczak F, Dinger J, Schmerler D, Mosig AS, Kiehntopf M. CAAP48, a New Sepsis Biomarker, Induces Hepatic Dysfunction in an in vitro Liver-on-Chip Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:273. [PMID: 30873161 PMCID: PMC6401602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality in the critically ill, characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunctions due to dysregulation of the host response to infection. Using mass spectrometry, we identified a C-terminal fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin, designated CAAP48, as a new sepsis biomarker that actively participates in the pathophysiology of sepsis. It is well-known that liver dysfunction is an early event in sepsis-associated multi-organ failure, thus we analyzed the pathophysiological function of CAAP48 in a microfluidic-supported in vitro liver-on-chip model. Hepatocytes were stimulated with synthetic CAAP48 and several control peptides. CAAP48-treatment resulted in an accumulation of the hepatocyte-specific intracellular enzymes aspartate- and alanine-transaminase and impaired the activity of the hepatic multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 and cytochrome P450 3A4. Moreover, CAAP48 reduced hepatic expression of the multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 and disrupted the endothelial structural integrity as demonstrated by reduced expression of VE-cadherin, F-actin and alteration of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1, which resulted in a loss of the endothelial barrier function. Furthermore, CAAP48 induced the release of adhesion molecules and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results show that CAAP48 triggers inflammation-related endothelial barrier disruption as well as hepatocellular dysfunction in a liver-on-chip model emulating the pathophysiological conditions of inflammation. Besides its function as new sepsis biomarker, CAAP48 thus might play an important role in the development of liver dysfunction as a consequence of the dysregulated host immune-inflammatory response in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Blaurock-Möller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marko Gröger
- Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fatina Siwczak
- Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Dinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Schmerler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Centre for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Current Research Method in Transporter Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:203-240. [PMID: 31571166 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. In recent years, various in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo methods have been established for studying transporter function and drug-transporter interaction. In this chapter, the major types of in vitro models for drug transport studies comprise membrane-based assays, cell-based assays (such as primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines), and transporter-transfected cell lines with single transporters or multiple transporters. In situ/ex vivo models comprise isolated and perfused organs or tissues. In vivo models comprise transporter gene knockout models, natural mutant animal models, and humanized animal models. This chapter would be focused on the methods for the study of drug transporters in vitro, in situ/ex vivo, and in vivo. The applications, advantages, or limitations of each model and emerging technologies are also mentioned in this chapter.
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Karlgren M, Simoff I, Keiser M, Oswald S, Artursson P. CRISPR-Cas9: A New Addition to the Drug Metabolism and Disposition Tool Box. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1776-1786. [PMID: 30126863 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), i.e., CRISPR-Cas9, has been extensively used as a gene-editing technology during recent years. Unlike earlier technologies for gene editing or gene knockdown, such as zinc finger nucleases and RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 is comparably easy to use, affordable, and versatile. Recently, CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in studies of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and for ADME model generation. To date, about 50 papers have been published describing in vitro or in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of ADME and ADME-related genes. Twenty of these papers describe gene editing of clinically relevant genes, such as ATP-binding cassette drug transporters and cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes. With CRISPR-Cas9, the ADME tool box has been substantially expanded. This new technology allows us to develop better and more predictive in vitro and in vivo ADME models and map previously underexplored ADME genes and gene families. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and summarize recent applications of CRISPR-Cas9 within the ADME field. We also speculate about future applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in ADME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - I Simoff
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - M Keiser
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - S Oswald
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
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Vriend J, Nieskens TTG, Vormann MK, van den Berge BT, van den Heuvel A, Russel FGM, Suter-Dick L, Lanz HL, Vulto P, Masereeuw R, Wilmer MJ. Screening of Drug-Transporter Interactions in a 3D Microfluidic Renal Proximal Tubule on a Chip. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:87. [PMID: 30051196 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-transporter interactions could impact renal drug clearance and should ideally be detected in early stages of drug development to avoid toxicity-related withdrawals in later stages. This requires reliable and robust assays for which current high-throughput screenings have, however, poor predictability. Kidney-on-a-chip platforms have the potential to improve predictability, but often lack compatibility with high-content detection platforms. Here, we combined conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing organic anion transporter 1 (ciPTEC-OAT1) with the microfluidic titer plate OrganoPlate to develop a screenings assay for renal drug-transporter interactions. In this platform, apical localization of F-actin and intracellular tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated appropriate cell polarization. Gene expression levels of the drug transporters organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1; SLC22A6), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2; SLC22A2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4 (MRP2/4; ABCC2/4) were similar levels to 2D static cultures. Functionality of the efflux transporters P-gp and MRP2/4 was studied as proof-of-concept for 3D assays using calcein-AM and 5-chloromethylfluorescein-diacetate (CMFDA), respectively. Confocal imaging demonstrated a 4.4 ± 0.2-fold increase in calcein accumulation upon P-gp inhibition using PSC833. For MRP2/4, a 3.0 ± 0.2-fold increased accumulation of glutathione-methylfluorescein (GS-MF) was observed upon inhibition with a combination of PSC833, MK571, and KO143. Semi-quantitative image processing methods for P-gp and MRP2/4 was demonstrated with corresponding Z'-factors of 0.1 ± 0.3 and 0.4 ± 0.1, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate a 3D microfluidic PTEC model valuable for screening of drug-transporter interactions that further allows multiplexing of endpoint read-outs for drug-transporter interactions and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vriend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom T G Nieskens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bartholomeus T van den Berge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Wilmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sato M, Toshimoto K, Tomaru A, Yoshikado T, Tanaka Y, Hisaka A, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Bosentan Identifies the Saturable Hepatic Uptake As a Major Contributor to Its Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:740-748. [PMID: 29475833 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bosentan is a substrate of hepatic uptake transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450), namely, CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Several clinical investigations have reported a nonlinear relationship between bosentan doses and its systemic exposure, which likely involves the saturation of OATP-mediated uptake, P450-mediated metabolism, or both in the liver. Yet, the underlying causes for the nonlinear bosentan pharmacokinetics are not fully delineated. To address this, we performed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling analyses for bosentan after its intravenous administration at different doses. As a bottom-up approach, PBPK modeling analyses were performed using in vitro kinetic parameters, other relevant parameters, and scaling factors. As top-down approaches, three different types of PBPK models that incorporate the saturation of hepatic uptake, metabolism, or both were compared. The prediction from the bottom-up approach (models 1 and 2) yielded blood bosentan concentration-time profiles and their systemic clearance values that were not in good agreement with the clinically observed data. From top-down approaches (models 3, 4, 5-1, and 5-2), the prediction accuracy was best only with the incorporation of the saturable hepatic uptake for bosentan. Taken together, the PBPK models for bosentan were successfully established, and the comparison of different PBPK models identified the saturation of the hepatic uptake process as a major contributing factor for the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of bosentan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Sato
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Atsuko Tomaru
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Takashi Yoshikado
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Yuta Tanaka
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Akihiro Hisaka
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Wooin Lee
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Advanced Review with Electronic Data Promotion Group, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan (M.S.); Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., A.T., T.Y., Y.S.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan (Y.T); Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan (A.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (W.L.)
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9
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Kisser B, Mangelsen E, Wingolf C, Partecke LI, Heidecke CD, Tannergren C, Oswald S, Keiser M. The Ussing Chamber Assay to Study Drug Metabolism and Transport in the Human Intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28640954 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ussing chamber is an old but still powerful technique originally designed to study the vectorial transport of ions through frog skin. This technique is also used to investigate the transport of chemical agents through the intestinal barrier as well as drug metabolism in enterocytes, both of which are key determinants for the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. More contemporary model systems, such as Caco-2 cell monolayers or stably transfected cells, are more limited in their use compared to the Ussing chamber because of differences in expression rates of transporter proteins and/or metabolizing enzymes. While there are limitations to the Ussing chamber assay, the use of human intestinal tissue remains the best laboratory test for characterizing the transport and metabolism of compounds following oral administration. Detailed in this unit is a step-by-step protocol for preparing human intestinal tissue, for designing Ussing chamber experiments, and for analyzing and interpreting the findings. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kisser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva Mangelsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lars Ivo Partecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Heidecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Model Systems for Studying the Role of Canalicular Efflux Transporters in Drug-Induced Cholestatic Liver Disease. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2295-2301. [PMID: 28385542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is a key function of the liver. Disturbance of bile flow may lead to liver disease and is called cholestasis. Cholestasis may be inherited, for example, in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis or acquired, for example, by drug-mediated inhibition of bile salt export from hepatocytes into the canaliculi. The key transport system for exporting bile salts into the canaliculi is the bile salt export pump. Inhibition of the bile salt export pump by drugs is a well-established cause of drug-induced cholestasis. Investigation of the role of the multidrug resistance protein 3, essential for biliary phospholipid secretion, is emerging now. This overview summarizes current concepts and methods with an emphasis on in vitro model systems for the investigation of drug-induced cholestasis in the general context of drug-induced liver injury.
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12
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Riede J, Poller B, Huwyler J, Camenisch G. Assessing the Risk of Drug-Induced Cholestasis Using Unbound Intrahepatic Concentrations. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:523-531. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Modulation of expression and activity of intestinal multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 by xenobiotics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 303:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Caetano-Pinto P, Janssen MJ, Gijzen L, Verscheijden L, Wilmer MJ, Masereeuw R. Fluorescence-Based Transport Assays Revisited in a Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Line. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:933-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Caetano-Pinto
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manoe J. Janssen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Gijzen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens Verscheijden
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J.G. Wilmer
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division
of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Lee HH, Leake BF, Teft W, Tirona RG, Kim RB, Ho RH. Contribution of hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptides to docetaxel uptake and clearance. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:994-1003. [PMID: 25695959 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrotubular agent docetaxel is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of multiple solid tumors and is predominantly dependent on hepatic disposition. In this study, we evaluated drug uptake transporters capable of transporting radiolabeled docetaxel. By screening an array of drug uptake transporters in HeLa cells using a recombinant vaccinia-based method, five organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) capable of docetaxel uptake were identified: OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1C1, and Oatp1b2. Kinetic analysis of docetaxel transport revealed similar kinetic parameters among hepatic OATP1B/1b transporters. An assessment of polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 revealed that a number of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 variants were associated with impaired docetaxel transport. A Transwell-based vectorial transport assay using MDCKII stable cells showed that docetaxel was transported significantly into the apical compartment of double-transfected (MDCKII-OATP1B1/MDR1 and MDCKII-OATP1B3/MDR1) cells compared with single-transfected (MDCKII-OATP1B1 and MDCKII-OATP1B3) cells (P < 0.05) or control (MDCKII-Co) cells (P < 0.001). In vivo docetaxel transport studies in Slco1b2(-/-) mice showed approximately >5.5-fold higher plasma concentrations (P < 0.01) and approximately 3-fold decreased liver-to-plasma ratio (P < 0.05) of docetaxel compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The plasma clearance of docetaxel in Slco1b2(-/-) mice was 83% lower than WT mice (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important roles of OATP1B transporters to the hepatic disposition and clearance of docetaxel, and supporting roles of these transporters for docetaxel pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brenda F Leake
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wendy Teft
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University/University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University/University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University/University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H Ho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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16
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Abstract
Numerous drugs have been shown to inhibit the activity of the Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP in humans, Bsep in animals), and this is now considered to be one of several mechanisms by which idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) may be initiated in susceptible patients. The potential importance of BSEP inhibition by drugs has been recognized by the European Medicines Agency and the International Transporter Consortium, who have recommended that it should be evaluated during drug development when evidence of cholestatic liver injury has been observed in nonclinical safety studies or in human clinical trials. In addition, some pharmaceutical companies have proposed evaluation and minimization of BSEP inhibition during drug discovery, when there is a chemical choice, to help reduce DILI risk. The methods that can be used to assess and quantify BSEP inhibition, and key gaps in our current understanding of the relationship between this process and DILI, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Safety Science Consultant, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Roustit M, Fonrose X, Montani D, Girerd B, Stanke-Labesque F, Gonnet N, Humbert M, Cracowski JL. CYP2C9, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and ABCB11 Polymorphisms in Patients With Bosentan-Induced Liver Toxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 95:583-5. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Döring B, Petzinger E. Phase 0 and phase III transport in various organs: combined concept of phases in xenobiotic transport and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:261-82. [PMID: 24483608 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and hydrolyses, and phase II metabolism for synthesis. With this concept, biological membrane barriers obstructing the accessibility of metabolism sites in the cells for drugs were not considered. The concept of two phases was extended to a concept of four phases when drug transporters were detected that guided drugs and drug metabolites in and out of the cells. In particular, water soluble or charged drugs are virtually not able to overcome the phospholipid membrane barrier. Drug transporters belong to two main clusters of transporter families: the solute carrier (SLC) families and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) carriers. The ABC transporters comprise seven families with about 20 carriers involved in drug transport. All of them operate as pumps at the expense of ATP splitting. Embedded in the former phase concept, the term "phase III" was introduced by Ishikawa in 1992 for drug export by ABC efflux pumps. SLC comprise 52 families, from which many carriers are drug uptake transporters. Later on, this uptake process was referred to as the "phase 0 transport" of drugs. Transporters for xenobiotics in man and animal are most expressed in liver, but they are also present in extra-hepatic tissues such as in the kidney, the adrenal gland and lung. This review deals with the function of drug carriers in various organs and their impact on drug metabolism and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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19
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Neve EPA, Artursson P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Karlgren M. An Integrated in Vitro Model for Simultaneous Assessment of Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Efflux. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3152-63. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P. A. Neve
- Section of Pharmacogenetics,
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics,
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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König J, Müller F, Fromm MF. Transporters and drug-drug interactions: important determinants of drug disposition and effects. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:944-66. [PMID: 23686349 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake and efflux transporters determine plasma and tissue concentrations of a broad variety of drugs. They are localized in organs such as small intestine, liver, and kidney, which are critical for drug absorption and elimination. Moreover, they can be found in important blood-tissue barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. Inhibition or induction of drug transporters by coadministered drugs can alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the victim drugs. This review will summarize in particular clinically observed drug-drug interactions attributable to inhibition or induction of intestinal export transporters [P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)], to inhibition of hepatic uptake transporters [organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)], or to inhibition of transporter-mediated [organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), P-gp] renal secretion of xenobiotics. Available data on the impact of nutrition on transport processes as well as genotype-dependent, transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions will be discussed. We will also present and discuss data on the variable extent to which information on the impact of transporters on drug disposition is included in summaries of product characteristics of selected countries (SPCs). Further work is required regarding a better understanding of the role of the drug metabolism-drug transport interplay for drug-drug interactions and on the extrapolation of in vitro findings to the in vivo (human) situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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