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Yasmeen S, Khan A, Anwar F, Akhtar MF, Yasmeen S, Shah SA. An insight into the hepatoprotective role of Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir per se and in combination against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:95660-95672. [PMID: 37556059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a global health issue. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces fibrosis by redox reactions, which involve the deposition of collagen in extracellular matrix (ECM). This study aimed to examine the antifibrotic effect of direct-acting antivirals; Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir, per se and in combination against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis in rats. Carbon tetrachloride (intraperitoneal; 0.5 ml/kg) twice weekly for six weeks was used to induce hepatic fibrosis in rats. After two weeks of CCl4, oral administration of Sofosbuvir (20 mg/kg/d) and Velpatasvir (10 mg/kg/d) was administered to rats for the last four weeks. Liver function tests (LFTs), renal function tests (RFTs), oxidative stress markers, and the levels of TNF-a, NF-κB, and IL-6 were measured through ELISA and western blotting at the end of the study. CCl4 significantly ameliorated the values of RFTs, LFTs and lipid profiles in the diseased group, which were normalized by the SOF and VEL both alone and in combination. These drugs produced potent antioxidant effects by significantly increasing antioxidant enzymes. From the histopathology of hepatic tissues of rats treated with drugs, the antifibrotic effect was further manifested, which showed suppression of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in treated rats, as compared to the disease control group. The antifibrotic effect was further demonstrated by significantly decreasing the levels of TNF-a, NF-κB and IL-6 in serum and hepatic tissues of treated rats as compared to the disease control group. Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir alone and in combination showed marked inhibition of fibrosis in the CCl4-induced non-HCV rat model, which was mediated by decreased levels of TNF-a/NF-κB and the IL-6 signaling pathway. Thus, it can be concluded that Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir might have an antifibrotic effect that appears to be independent of their antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Yasmeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 13 KM Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 13 KM Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 13 KM Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, 13 KM Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Yasmeen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shafeeq Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Superior University, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ajmal M, Ajmal A, Huang L, Zeng L. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Celastrol in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:725602. [PMID: 34490381 PMCID: PMC8418197 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.725602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction remained at the centre of heart failure research for many years (also known as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). Although more than 50% of all heart failure patients experience a form of heart failure characterised by preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this form of heart failure remain not well-understood. Several evidence-based treatments for HFrEF are in routine use, but there are limited evidence-based therapies for HFpEF. The effects of these remain controversial, with current treatment options being limited to managing the associated symptoms and conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways play key roles in the development and progression of HFpEF, such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Celastrol, derived from medicinal plants, is a bioactive compound with strong anti-inflammatory properties, which could deem it as fruitful in overcoming the effects of such dysregulated UPR. This literature review therefore focuses on Celastrol's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, alongside its other potential therapeutic activities, and its ability to impede the pathways that are thought to be involved in the development of HFpEF, such as the JAK2/STAT pathway, to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of this bioactive compound, in the treatment of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Ajmal
- St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Heart Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shaheen G, Jahan S, Bibi N, Ullah A, Faryal R, Almajwal A, Afsar T, Al-Disi D, Abulmeaty M, Al Khuraif AA, Arshad M, Razak S. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variants with preeclampsia. Reprod Health 2021; 18:163. [PMID: 34321043 PMCID: PMC8320179 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex pregnancy hypertensive disorder with multifaceted etiology. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene and nitric oxide (NO) levels has been reported to be associated with PE predisposition in various populations. Therefore, present study was designed to investigate the role of NO levels and eNOS gene variants in preeclamptic women in Pakistan. Methods A total of 600 women were evaluated, 188 of PE with mild features, 112 of PE with severe features and 300 normotensive pregnant women. NO levels were detected by Greiss reaction method and genotyping following sequencing was conducted for eNOS gene variants. Further insilico studies were performed to get insights into the structural and functional impact of identifies mutation on eNOS protein as well as on protein regulation. Results Reduced concentrations of NO were reported in all PE groups (p < 0.05) as compared to controls. The frequency of c.894 T (p.298Asp) and g.-786C alleles were significantly associated with PE. In addition, novel homozygous variant g.2051G > A was also significantly associated with PE when compared to normotensive women. Dynamic simulation studies revealed that Glu298Asp mutation destabilize the protein molecule and decrease the overall stability of eNOS protein. Molecular docking analysis of mutant promoter with transcription factors STAT3 and STAT6 proposed changes in protein regulation upon these reported mutations in upstream region of the gene. Conclusion Considering the results of current study, the functional alterations induced by these variants may influence the bioavailability of NO and represents a genetic risk factor for increased susceptibility to PE. However, large studies or meta-analysis are necessary to validate these findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-021-01213-9. Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex pregnancy hypertensive disorder with multifaceted etiology characterized by increased hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The present study was directed to determine the role of eNOS in susceptibility to PE and the association of c.894G > T (p.(Glu298Asp), intron 4b/4a, g.-786 T > C and other possible variants of eNOS gene with preeclampsia in Pakistani population. Computational analysis of identified variants in the coding and non-coding region of the eNOS gene was also conducted to determine the change in gene regulation and further protein stability. A total of 600 women were evaluated, 188 with mild and 112 with PE with severe features PE with 300 normotensive pregnant women. NO levels and genotyping following sequencing was conducted for eNOS gene variants. Further insilico studies were performed to get insights into the structural and functional impact of identifies mutation on eNOS protein as well as on protein regulation. Data from the current study suggest that there might be other risk variants of the eNOS gene (g.2051G > A and g.1861G > A) and lower levels of serum NO that confers in an increased risk of PE. The detailed computational investigation further confirmed the deformities and changes in protein flexibility upon Glu298Asp. These structural alterations might be associated with preeclampsia. Variants in the promoter region of the eNOS gene further validate the change in gene regulation for the onset of disease. Identification of key structural and functional features in eNOS protein and gene regulatory region might be used for designing specific drugs for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Shaheen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Bibi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ali Almajwal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dara Al-Disi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abulmeaty
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Al Khuraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Arshad
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Zhu D, Hou J, Qian M, Jin D, Hao T, Pan Y, Wang H, Wu S, Liu S, Wang F, Wu L, Zhong Y, Yang Z, Che Y, Shen J, Kong D, Yin M, Zhao Q. Nitrate-functionalized patch confers cardioprotection and improves heart repair after myocardial infarction via local nitric oxide delivery. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4501. [PMID: 34301958 PMCID: PMC8302626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived signaling molecule that plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular system. Organic nitrates represent a class of NO-donating drugs for treating coronary artery diseases, acting through the vasodilation of systemic vasculature that often leads to adverse effects. Herein, we design a nitrate-functionalized patch, wherein the nitrate pharmacological functional groups are covalently bound to biodegradable polymers, thus transforming small-molecule drugs into therapeutic biomaterials. When implanted onto the myocardium, the patch releases NO locally through a stepwise biotransformation, and NO generation is remarkably enhanced in infarcted myocardium because of the ischemic microenvironment, which gives rise to mitochondrial-targeted cardioprotection as well as enhanced cardiac repair. The therapeutic efficacy is further confirmed in a clinically relevant porcine model of myocardial infarction. All these results support the translational potential of this functional patch for treating ischemic heart disease by therapeutic mechanisms different from conventional organic nitrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Zhu
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingli Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Qian
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Hao
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Pan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wang
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanping Wu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumin Zhong
- Diagnostic Imaging Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongzhe Che
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Zhengzhou Cardiovascular Hospital and 7th People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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Kobayashi J. Nitrite in breast milk: roles in neonatal pathophysiology. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:30-36. [PMID: 33173179 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate has beneficial effects on health maintenance and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases in adulthood by serving as an alternative source of nitric oxide (NO) through the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, particularly when endogenous NO generation is lacking due to vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, this pathway is not developed in the early postnatal period due to a lack of oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria and less saliva production than in adults. To compensate for the decrease in nitrite during this period, colostrum contains the highest amount of nitrite compared with transitional, mature, and even artificial milk, suggesting that colostrum plays an important role in tentatively replenishing nitrite, in addition to involving a nutritional aspect, until the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is established. Increasing evidence demonstrates that breast milk rich in nitrite can be effective in the prevention of neonatal infections and gastrointestinal diseases such as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and necrotizing enterocolitis, suggesting that breastfeeding is advantageous for newborns at risk, given the physiological role of nitrite in the early postnatal period. IMPACT: The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological roles of nitrite in breast milk and its implications for neonates. Nitrite in breast milk may compensate for the decrease in nitrite during the early neonatal period until the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is established. Breast milk rich in nitrite may be effective in the prevention of neonatal infections and gastrointestinal diseases by providing nitric oxide bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
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Pinky PD, Majrashi M, Fujihashi A, Bloemer J, Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Reed MN, Moore T, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Effects of prenatal synthetic cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum of adolescent rat offspring. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06730. [PMID: 33912711 PMCID: PMC8066425 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Recently, cannabis use among young pregnant women has greatly increased. However, prenatal cannabinoid exposure leads to long-lasting cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits in the offspring and alterations in neural circuitry through various mechanisms. Although these effects have been studied in the hippocampus, the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum are not well elucidated. The cerebellum plays an important role in balance and motor control, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, language, and procedural memories. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum of adolescent offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2, and the offspring were evaluated for various cerebellar markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. Additionally, signaling proteins associated with glutamate dependent synaptic plasticity were examined. Administration of WIN55,212-2 during pregnancy altered markers of oxidative stress by significantly reducing oxidative stress and nitrite content. Mitochondrial Complex I and Complex IV activities were also enhanced following prenatal cannabinoid exposure. With regard to apoptosis, pP38 levels were significantly increased, and proapoptotic factor caspase-3 activity, pERK, and pJNK levels were significantly decreased. CB1R and GluA1 levels remained unchanged; however, GluN2A was significantly reduced. There was a significant decrease in MAO activity although tyrosine hydroxylase activity was unaltered. Our study indicates that the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum are unique compared to other brain regions by enhancing mitochondrial function and promoting neuronal survival. Further studies are required to evaluate the mechanisms by which prenatal cannabinoid exposure alters cerebellar processes and the impact of these alterations on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka D. Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ayaka Fujihashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Miranda N. Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Ghasemi A. Impaired Cardiovascular Function in Male Rats with Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism: Involvement of Imbalanced Nitric Oxide Synthase Levels. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:526-533. [PMID: 32384042 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200508115543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE All three isoforms of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) are targets for thyroid hormones in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and neural (nNOS) NOS levels in aorta and heart tissues of male rats. METHODS Rats were divided into control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid groups; hypo- and hyperthyroidism were induced by adding propylthiouracil (500 mg/L) and L-thyroxine (12 mg/L) to drinking water for a period of 21 days. On day 21, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), peak rate of positive and negative (±dp/dt) changes in left ventricular pressure as well as NO metabolites (NOx) and iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS protein levels in aorta and heart, were all measured. RESULTS Compared to controls, LVDP and ±dp/dt were lower in both hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. Compared to controls, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were lower in hypothyroid and higher in hyperthyroid rats. NOx levels in the heart of hypothyroid rats were lower (53%), whereas that in hyperthyroid rats were higher (56% and 40%) than controls. Compared to controls, hypothyroid rats had lower levels of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS in the aorta (16%, 34%, and 15%, respectively) and lower iNOS and higher nNOS in heart tissue (27% and 46%). In hyperthyroid rats, eNOS levels were lower (54% and 30%) and iNOS were higher (63%, and 35%) in the aorta and heart while nNOS was lower in the aorta (18%). CONCLUSION Hypothyroidism increased while hyperthyroidism decreased the ratio of eNOS/iNOS in aorta and heart; these changes of NOS levels were associated with impaired cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Changes in nitric oxide synthase levels are associated with impaired cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats with transient congenital hypothyroidism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1103-1111. [PMID: 31940052 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) has long-lasting consequences on the cardiovascular system during adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) and NO-producing enzymes are involved in impaired cardiac function as well as decreased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in adult male rats with TCH. Pregnant rats were divided into control and hypothyroid groups. Male offspring rats were categorized in control and hypothyroid (TCH) groups at week 16. Levels of NOx (nitrate+nitrite) and neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) were measured in hearts of rats and isolated perfused hearts from both groups were subjected to IR. Levels of NOx and NOSs were also measured in both groups after ischemia. Compared with controls, heart NOx levels were higher at baseline (48.0 ± 4.9 vs. 35.0 ± 2.6 μmol/L; P = 0.034) and following IR (103.6 ± 4.2 vs. 70.2 ± 2.7 μmol/L; P < 0.001) in rat with TCH. At baseline, compared with controls, heart iNOS and nNOS levels were significantly higher in rats with TCH (6.12 ± 0.34 vs. 4.78 ± 0.27 ng/mg protein; P = 0.008 for iNOS and 4.87 ± 0.28 vs. 3.55 ± 0.23 ng/mg protein; P = 0.003 for nNOS). Following IR, in rats with TCH, heart iNOS levels increased (11.75 ± 2.02 vs. 6.12 ± 0.34, ng/mg protein; P = 0.015) whereas nNOS level decreased (4.10 ± 0.25 vs. 4.87 ± 0.28 ng/mg protein; P = 0.063). Adverse effects of TCH on cardiac function are associated with increased ratio of iNOS/eNOS; in addition, increased heart nNOS levels are involved in impaired cardiac function while its decrease is associated with decreased tolerance to IR injury.
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Limb Ischemic Conditioning Induces Oxidative Stress Followed by a Correlated Increase of HIF-1α in Healthy Volunteers. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 62:412-419. [PMID: 31449936 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local and remote ischemic preconditioning has been used as a protective intervention against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage in several preclinical and clinical studies. However, its physiological mechanisms are not completely known. I/R increases the production of reactive oxygen species, which also serve as messengers for a variety of functions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is probably the most important transcription factor mediator of hypoxic signaling. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that limb ischemic conditioning (LIC) induces a local oxidative/nitrosative stress and a correlated increase of HIF-1α plasma levels. METHODS An observational, prospective, and single-center study has been conducted in 27 healthy volunteers. LIC was applied: three cycles (5 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion) using an ischemia cuff placed on the upper left arm. Time course of 8-isoprostane, nitrite, and HIF-1α levels was measured in blood plasma. Venous blood was sampled from the left arm before tourniquet inflation (basal) and after LIC: 1 min and 2 hr for 8-isoprostane and nitrite; and 1 min, 2 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr for HIF-1α. RESULTS After LIC, we have found an early increase of 8-isoprostane and nitrite. HIF-1α increased at 2 and 8 hr after LIC. We found a direct correlation between HIF-1α and 8-isoprostane and nitrite plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that LIC induces an early oxidative/nitrosative stress in the arm followed by an increase of HIF-1α plasma levels correlated with 8-isoprostane and nitrite levels, possibly as a local response.
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Jones DA, Rathod KS, Williamson A, Harrington D, Andiapen M, van Eijl S, Westwood M, Antoniou S, Schilling RJ, Ahluwalia A, Mathur A. The effect of intracoronary sodium nitrite on the burden of ventricular arrhythmias following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2019; 266:1-6. [PMID: 29887423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pre-clinical evidence suggests delivery of nitric oxide (NO) through administration of inorganic nitrite suppresses arrhythmias resulting from acute ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). To date no assessment of whether inorganic nitrite might limit reperfusion arrhythmia has occurred in man, therefore we explored the effects on I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmias in the NITRITE-AMI cohort. METHODS In the NITRITE-AMI cohort, Holter analysis was performed prior to and for 24 h after primary PCI in 80 patients who received either intra-coronary sodium nitrite (N = 40) or placebo (N = 40) during primary PCI for AMI. RESULTS Ventricular rhythm disturbance was experienced by 100% patients; however, there was no difference in the number between the groups, p = .2196. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) occurred in 67.5% (27/40) of nitrite-treated patients compared to 89% (35/39) of those treated with placebo (p = .027). There was a significant reduction in both the number of runs (63%, p ≤.0001) and total beats of NSVT (64%, p = .0019) in the nitrite-treated patients compared to placebo. Post-hoc analyses demonstrate a direct correlation of occurrence of NSVT with infarct size, with the correlation stronger in the placebo versus the nitrite group initiating an independent nitrite effect (Nitrite: r = 0.110, p = .499, placebo: r = 0.527, p = .001, p for comparison: 0.004). CONCLUSION Overall no difference in ventricular rhythm disturbance was seen with intra-coronary nitrite treatment during primary PCI in STEMI patients, however nitrite treatment was associated with an important reduction in the incidence and severity of NSVT. In view of the sustained reduction of MACE seen, this effect warrants further study in a large-scale trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jones
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom.
| | - Krishnaraj S Rathod
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Williamson
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre Harrington
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Mervyn Andiapen
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Sven van Eijl
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Westwood
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Sotiris Antoniou
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Schilling
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Mathur
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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11
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Lim YJ, Foo TC, Yeung AWS, Tu X, Ma Y, Hawkins CL, Witting PK, Jameson GNL, Terentis AC, Thomas SR. Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Is an Efficient Mammalian Nitrite Reductase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:974-986. [PMID: 30585477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heme enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first reaction of l-tryptophan oxidation along the kynurenine pathway. IDO1 is a central immunoregulatory enzyme with important implications for inflammation, infectious disease, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Here we demonstrate that IDO1 is a mammalian nitrite reductase capable of chemically reducing nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) under hypoxia. Ultraviolet-visible absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy showed that incubation of dithionite-reduced, ferrous-IDO1 protein (FeII-IDO1) with nitrite under anaerobic conditions resulted in the time-dependent formation of an FeII-nitrosyl IDO1 species, which was inhibited by substrate l-tryptophan, dependent on the concentration of nitrite or IDO1, and independent of the concentration of the reductant, dithionite. The bimolecular rate constant for IDO1 nitrite reductase activity was determined as 5.4 M-1 s-1 (pH 7.4, 23 °C), which was comparable to that measured for myoglobin (3.6 M-1 s-1; pH 7.4, 23 °C), an efficient and biologically important mammalian heme-based nitrite reductase. IDO1 nitrite reductase activity was pH-dependent but differed with myoglobin in that it showed a reduced proton dependency at pH >7. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies measuring NO production showed that the conventional IDO1 dioxygenase reducing cofactors, ascorbate and methylene blue, enhanced IDO1's nitrite reductase activity and the time- and IDO1 concentration-dependent release of NO in a manner inhibited by l-tryptophan or the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-l-tryptophan. These data identify IDO1 as an efficient mammalian nitrite reductase that is capable of generating NO under anaerobic conditions. IDO1's nitrite reductase activity may have important implications for the enzyme's biological actions when expressed within hypoxic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy C Foo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , Florida 33431 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N DK-2200 , Denmark
| | - Paul K Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Guy N L Jameson
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Andrew C Terentis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , Florida 33431 , United States
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12
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Wei Q, Liu T, Sun DW. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in foods and their detecting techniques and methods: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Zhang T, Pan D, Su M, Fu LM, Miao CY, Yan QY, Wang J, Yang LG, Wang SK, Sun GJ. Determination of dietary nitrite in patients with esophageal pre-cancerous lesion and normal people: a duplicate diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2298-2308. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1546906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Su
- Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Department, Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Meng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Yun Miao
- Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Department, Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yang Yan
- Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention Department, Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Ju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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14
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Leak RK, Calabrese EJ, Kozumbo WJ, Gidday JM, Johnson TE, Mitchell JR, Ozaki CK, Wetzker R, Bast A, Belz RG, Bøtker HE, Koch S, Mattson MP, Simon RP, Jirtle RL, Andersen ME. Enhancing and Extending Biological Performance and Resilience. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818784501. [PMID: 30140178 PMCID: PMC6096685 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818784501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human performance, endurance, and resilience have biological limits that are genetically and epigenetically predetermined but perhaps not yet optimized. There are few systematic, rigorous studies on how to raise these limits and reach the true maxima. Achieving this goal might accelerate translation of the theoretical concepts of conditioning, hormesis, and stress adaptation into technological advancements. In 2017, an Air Force-sponsored conference was held at the University of Massachusetts for discipline experts to display data showing that the amplitude and duration of biological performance might be magnified and to discuss whether there might be harmful consequences of exceeding typical maxima. The charge of the workshop was "to examine and discuss and, if possible, recommend approaches to control and exploit endogenous defense mechanisms to enhance the structure and function of biological tissues." The goal of this white paper is to fulfill and extend this workshop charge. First, a few of the established methods to exploit endogenous defense mechanisms are described, based on workshop presentations. Next, the white paper accomplishes the following goals to provide: (1) synthesis and critical analysis of concepts across some of the published work on endogenous defenses, (2) generation of new ideas on augmenting biological performance and resilience, and (3) specific recommendations for researchers to not only examine a wider range of stimulus doses but to also systematically modify the temporal dimension in stimulus inputs (timing, number, frequency, and duration of exposures) and in measurement outputs (interval until assay end point, and lifespan). Thus, a path forward is proposed for researchers hoping to optimize protocols that support human health and longevity, whether in civilians, soldiers, athletes, or the elderly patients. The long-term goal of these specific recommendations is to accelerate the discovery of practical methods to conquer what were once considered intractable constraints on performance maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Gidday
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, and Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James R. Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C. Keith Ozaki
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regina G. Belz
- Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute, Agroecology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans E. Bøtker
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger P. Simon
- Departments of Medicine and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Randy L. Jirtle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Buerk DG, Barbee KA, Jaron D. A dynamic computational network model for the role of nitric oxide and the myogenic response in microvascular flow regulation. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12465. [PMID: 29885064 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of NO on smooth muscle cell contractility is crucial in regulating vascular tone, blood flow, and O2 delivery. Quantitative predictions for interactions between the NO production rate and the myogenic response for microcirculatory blood vessels are lacking. METHODS We developed a computational model of a branching microcirculatory network with four representative classes of resistance vessels to predict the effect of endothelium-derived NO on the microvascular pressure-flow response. Our model links vessel scale biotransport simulations of NO and O2 delivery to a mechanistic model of autoregulation and myogenic tone in a simplified microcirculatory network. RESULTS The model predicts that smooth muscle cell NO bioavailability significantly contributes to resting vascular tone of resistance vessels. Deficiencies in NO seen during hypoxia or ischemia lead to a decreased vessel diameter for all classes at a given intravascular pressure. At the network level, NO deficiencies lead to an increase in pressure drop across the vessels studied, a downward shift in the pressure-flow curve, and a decrease in the effective range of the autoregulatory response. CONCLUSIONS Our model predicts the steady state and transient behavior of resistance vessels to perturbations in blood pressure, including effects of NO bioavailability on vascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald G Buerk
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Barbee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dov Jaron
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Protecting the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury: an update on remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Curr Opin Cardiol 2018; 32:784-790. [PMID: 28902715 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most effective strategy for reducing acute myocardial ischemic injury is timely and effective reperfusion. However, myocardial reperfusion can induce further cardiomyocyte death (reperfusion injury). Interventions that protect the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing infarct size, can involve remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. These interventions have a promising potential clinical application, and have been the focus of recent research. In this review, we provide an update of remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Remote ischemic preconditioning cardioprotection can occur via a humoral pathway and/or a neural pathway. These two pathways have been described as mechanistically different, but it has been suggested that they could be interdependent. However, remote ischemic postconditioning mainly involves the humoral pathway. In this review, we will discuss the different pathways and mechanisms involved in remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. SUMMARY Remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning is possible to perform in a clinical setting by intermittent ischemia of an upper or lower limb. Furthermore, clinical trials using this procedure in the context of predictable ischemia-reperfusion have produced promising results, and other studies to define the potential clinical use of these strategies are ongoing.
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17
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Hauerslev M, Mørk SR, Pryds K, Contractor H, Hansen J, Jespersen NR, Johnsen J, Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Kharbanda R, Bøtker HE, Schmidt MR. Influence of long-term treatment with glyceryl trinitrate on remote ischemic conditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H150-H158. [PMID: 29569958 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00114.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) protects against sustained myocardial ischemia. Because of overlapping mechanisms, this protection may be altered by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), which is commonly used in the treatment of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. We investigated whether long-term GTN treatment modifies the protection by RIC in the rat myocardium and human endothelium. We studied infarct size (IS) in rat hearts subjected to global ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in vitro and endothelial function in healthy volunteers subjected to I/R of the upper arm. In addition to allocated treatment, rats were coadministered with reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) scavengers. Rats and humans were randomized to 1) control, 2) RIC, 3) GTN, and 4) GTN + RIC. In protocols 3 and 4, rats and humans underwent long-term GTN treatment for 7 consecutive days, applied subcutaneously or 2 h daily transdermally. In rats, RIC and long-term GTN treatment reduced mean IS (18 ± 12%, P = 0.007 and 15 ± 5%, P = 0.002) compared with control (35 ± 13%). RIC and long-term GTN treatment in combination did not reduce IS (29 ± 12%, P = 0.55 vs. control). ROS and NO scavengers both attenuated IS reduction by RIC and long-term GTN treatment. In humans, I/R reduced endothelial function ( P = 0.01 vs. baseline). Separately, RIC and long-term GTN prevented the reduction in endothelial function caused by I/R; given in combination, prevention was lost. RIC and long-term GTN treatment both protect against rat myocardial and human endothelial I/R injury through ROS and NO-dependent mechanisms. However, when given in combination, RIC and long-term GTN treatment fail to confer protection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) and long-term glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) treatment protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in both human endothelium and rat myocardium. However, combined application of RIC and long-term GTN treatment abolishes the individual protective effects of RIC and GTN treatment on ischemia-reperfusion injury, suggesting an interaction of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hauerslev
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Sivagowry Rasalingam Mørk
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Kasper Pryds
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Hussain Contractor
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Johnsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University School of Medicine Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University School of Medicine Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Rajesh Kharbanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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18
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Daiber A, Steven S, Weber A, Shuvaev VV, Muzykantov VR, Laher I, Li H, Lamas S, Münzel T. Targeting vascular (endothelial) dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1591-1619. [PMID: 27187006 PMCID: PMC5446575 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are major contributors to global deaths and disability-adjusted life years, with hypertension a significant risk factor for all causes of death. The endothelium that lines the inner wall of the vasculature regulates essential haemostatic functions, such as vascular tone, circulation of blood cells, inflammation and platelet activity. Endothelial dysfunction is an early predictor of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events. We review the prognostic value of obtaining measurements of endothelial function, the clinical techniques for its determination, the mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction and the therapeutic treatment of endothelial dysfunction. Since vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are major determinants of endothelial function, we have also addressed current antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies. In the light of recent data that dispute the prognostic value of endothelial function in healthy human cohorts, we also discuss alternative diagnostic parameters such as vascular stiffness index and intima/media thickness ratio. We also suggest that assessing vascular function, including that of smooth muscle and even perivascular adipose tissue, may be an appropriate parameter for clinical investigations. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Center of CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Center of CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
- Center of Thrombosis and HemostasisMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Alina Weber
- Center of CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Huige Li
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMainzGermany
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCentro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center of CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMainzGermany
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Liu Y, Buerk DG, Barbee KA, Jaron D. Nitric oxide release by deoxymyoglobin nitrite reduction during cardiac ischemia: A mathematical model. Microvasc Res 2017; 112:79-86. [PMID: 28363495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cardiac myoglobin (Mb), nitrite, and nitric oxide (NO) are vital in regulating O2 storage, transport, and NO homeostasis. Production of NO through the reduction of endogenous myocardial nitrite by deoxygenated myoglobin has been shown to significantly reduce myocardial infarction damage and ischemic injury. We developed a mathematical model for a cardiac arteriole and surrounding myocardium to examine the hypothesis that myoglobin switches functions from being a strong NO scavenger to an NO producer via the deoxymyoglobin nitrite reductase pathway. Our results predict that under ischemic conditions of flow, blood oxygen level, and tissue pH, deoxyMb nitrite reduction significantly elevates tissue and smooth muscle cell NO. The size of the effect is consistent at different flow rates, increases with decreasing blood oxygen and tissue pH and, in extreme pathophysiological conditions, NO can even be elevated above the normoxic levels. Our simulations suggest that cardiac deoxyMb nitrite reduction is a plausible mechanism for preserving or enhancing NO levels using endogenous nitrite despite the rate-limiting O2 levels for endothelial NO production. This NO could then be responsible for mitigating deleterious effects under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald G Buerk
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Barbee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dov Jaron
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3140 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Cherif-Sayadi A, Hadj Ayed-Tka K, Zaouali MA, Bejaoui M, Hadj-Abdallah N, Bouhlel A, Ben Abdennebi H. Nitrite enhances liver graft protection against cold ischemia reperfusion injury through a NOS independent pathway. Libyan J Med 2017; 12:1308780. [PMID: 28357909 PMCID: PMC5418943 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2017.1308780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nitrite has been found to protect liver graft from cold preservation injury. However, the cell signaling pathway involved in this protection remains unclear. Here, we attempt to clarify if the NOS pathway by using the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester). Animals and methods: Rat livers were conserved for 24 h at 4°C in (IGL-1) solution enriched or not with nitrite at 50 nM. In a third group, rats were pretreated with 50 mg/kg of L-NAME before their liver procurement and preservation in IGL-1 supplemented with nitrite (50 nM) and L-NAME (1 mM). After 24 h of cold storage, rat livers were ex-vivo perfused at 37°C during 2 h. Control livers were perfused without cold storage. Results: Nitrite effectively protected the rat liver grafts from the onset of cold I/R injury. L-NAME treatment did not abolish the beneficial effects of nitrite. Liver damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation remained at low levels in both nitrite-treated groups when compared to IGL-1 group. Antioxidant enzyme activities and functional parameters were unchanged after NOS inhibition. Conclusion: Despite NOS inhibition by L-NAME, nitrite can still provide hepatic protection during cold I/R preservation. This suggests that nitrite acts through a NOS-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Cherif-Sayadi
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Hadj Ayed-Tka
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Zaouali
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Bejaoui
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Najet Hadj-Abdallah
- b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Bouhlel
- b High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Abdennebi
- a Research Unit of Biology and Molecular Anthropology Applied to Development and Health (UR12ES11), Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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Cardioprotection by remote ischemic conditioning and its signal transduction. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:159-181. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Effect of fetal hypothyroidism on tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion injury in aged male rats: Role of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2016; 55-56:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Changes in plasma and urinary nitrite after birth in premature infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:432-7. [PMID: 26539663 PMCID: PMC5219926 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma nitrite serves as a reservoir of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. Because nitrite ingestion is markedly lower in newborns than adults, we hypothesized plasma nitrite levels would be lower in newborns than in adults, and that infants diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a disease characterized by ischemia and bacterial invasion of intestinal walls, would have lower levels of circulating nitrite in the days prior to diagnosis. METHODS Single blood and urine samples were collected from 9 term infants and 12 adults, 72 preterm infants every 5 d for 3 wk, and from 13 lambs before and after cord occlusion. RESULTS Nitrite fell 50% relative to cord levels in the first day after birth; and within 15 min after cord occlusion in lambs. Urinary nitrite was higher in infants than adults. Plasma and urinary nitrite levels in infants who developed NEC were similar to those of preterm control infants on days 1 and 5, but significantly elevated at 15 and 20 d after birth. CONCLUSION Plasma nitrite falls dramatically at birth while newborn urinary nitrite levels are significantly greater than adults. Acute NEC is associated with elevated plasma and urinary nitrite levels.
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Nitric oxide treatments as adjuncts to reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of experimental and clinical studies. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:23. [PMID: 26912064 PMCID: PMC4766230 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Unmodified reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with irreversible myocardial injury beyond that sustained during ischemia. Studies in experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion and in humans undergoing reperfusion therapy for AMI have examined potential beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) supplemented at the time of reperfusion. Using a rigorous systematic search approach, we have identified and critically evaluated all the relevant experimental and clinical literature to assess whether exogenous NO given at reperfusion can limit infarct size. An inclusive search strategy was undertaken to identify all in vivo experimental animal and clinical human studies published in the period 1990–2014 where NO gas, nitrite, nitrate or NO donors were given to ameliorate reperfusion injury. Articles were screened at title and subsequently at abstract level, followed by objective full text analysis using a critical appraisal tool. In twenty-one animal studies, all NO treatments except nitroglycerin afforded protection against measures of reperfusion injury, including infarct size, creatinine kinase release, neutrophil accumulation and cardiac dysfunction. In three human AMI RCT’s, there was no consistent evidence of infarct limitation associated with NO treatment as an adjunct to reperfusion. Despite experimental evidence that most NO treatments can reduce infarct size when given as adjuncts to reperfusion, the value of these interventions in clinical AMI is unproven. Our study raises issues for the design of further clinical studies and emphasises the need for improved design of animal studies to reflect more accurately the comorbidities and other confounding factors seen in clinical AMI.
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Schroeder HJ, Kanda E, Power GG, Blood AB. Fetal-maternal nitrite exchange in sheep: Experimental data, a computational model and an estimate of placental nitrite permeability. Placenta 2016; 38:67-75. [PMID: 26907384 PMCID: PMC4768312 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitrite conveys NO-bioactivity that may contribute to the high-flow, low-resistance character of the fetal circulation. Fetal blood nitrite concentrations depend partly on placental permeability which has not been determined experimentally. We aimed to extract the placental permeability-surface (PS) product for nitrite in sheep from a computational model. METHODS An eight-compartment computational model of the fetal-maternal unit was constructed (Matlab(®) (R2013b (8.2.0.701), MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA). Taking into account fetal and maternal body weights, four variables (PS, the rate of nitrite metabolism within red cells, and two nitrite distribution volumes, one with and one without nitrite metabolism), were varied to obtain optimal fits to the experimental plasma nitrite profiles observed following the infusion of nitrite into either the fetus (n = 7) or the ewe (n = 8). RESULTS The model was able to replicate the average and individual nitrite-time profiles (r(2) > 0.93) following both fetal and maternal nitrite infusions with reasonable variation of the four fitting parameters. Simulated transplacental nitrite fluxes were able to predict umbilical arterial-venous nitrite concentration differences that agreed with experimental values. The predicted PS values for a 3 kg sheep fetus were 0.024 ± 0.005 l∙min(-1) in the fetal-maternal direction and 0.025 ± 0.003 l∙min(-1) in the maternal-fetal direction (mean ± SEM). These values are many-fold higher than the reported PS product for chloride anions across the sheep placenta. CONCLUSION The result suggests a transfer of nitrite across the sheep placenta that is not exclusively by simple diffusion through water-filled channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hobe J Schroeder
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Eriko Kanda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gordon G Power
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Ferdinandy P, Hausenloy DJ, Heusch G, Baxter GF, Schulz R. Interaction of risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications with ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by preconditioning, postconditioning, and remote conditioning. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1142-74. [PMID: 25261534 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-, post-, and remote conditioning of the myocardium are well described adaptive responses that markedly enhance the ability of the heart to withstand a prolonged ischemia/reperfusion insult and provide therapeutic paradigms for cardioprotection. Nevertheless, more than 25 years after the discovery of ischemic preconditioning, we still do not have established cardioprotective drugs on the market. Most experimental studies on cardioprotection are still undertaken in animal models, in which ischemia/reperfusion is imposed in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors. However, ischemic heart disease in humans is a complex disorder caused by, or associated with, cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, heart failure, altered coronary circulation, and aging. These risk factors induce fundamental alterations in cellular signaling cascades that affect the development of ischemia/reperfusion injury per se and responses to cardioprotective interventions. Moreover, some of the medications used to treat these risk factors, including statins, nitrates, and antidiabetic drugs, may impact cardioprotection by modifying cellular signaling. The aim of this article is to review the recent evidence that cardiovascular risk factors and their medication may modify the response to cardioprotective interventions. We emphasize the critical need to take into account the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant medications when designing preclinical studies for the identification and validation of cardioprotective drug targets and clinical studies. This will hopefully maximize the success rate of developing rational approaches to effective cardioprotective therapies for the majority of patients with multiple risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (G.F.B.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (G.F.B.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (G.F.B.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Gary F Baxter
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (G.F.B.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged and Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.); Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany (G.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (G.F.B.); and Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
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27
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Rassaf T, Schulz R. Mitochondrias' sense of SNO: pathway to cardioprotection in ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:182-183. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Rohrbach S, Troidl C, Hamm C, Schulz R. Ischemia and reperfusion related myocardial inflammation: A network of cells and mediators targeting the cardiomyocyte. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:110-9. [PMID: 25850820 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Occlusion of a coronary artery if maintained for longer period of time results in damage of the cardiac tissue. However, restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissue can itself induce further cardiac damage, a phenomenon known as myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiac homoeostasis is supported by a network of direct and indirect interactions between cardiomyocytes and resident cell types such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells or invading blood cells. This review will discuss the role of the cellular interplay in ischemia-reperfusion injury from a cardiomyocyte-centered view, although we are aware that other cellular interactions are equally important. We will try to work out currently unresolved questions and potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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29
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Pechánová O, Varga ZV, Cebová M, Giricz Z, Pacher P, Ferdinandy P. Cardiac NO signalling in the metabolic syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1415-33. [PMID: 25297560 PMCID: PMC4369254 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that metabolic syndrome (i.e. a group of risk factors, such as abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides and low cholesterol level in high-density lipoprotein), which raises the risk for heart disease and diabetes, is associated with increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation. ROS/RNS can modulate cardiac NO signalling and trigger various adaptive changes in NOS and antioxidant enzyme expressions/activities. While initially these changes may represent protective mechanisms in metabolic syndrome, later with more prolonged oxidative, nitrosative and nitrative stress, these are often exhausted, eventually favouring myocardial RNS generation and decreased NO bioavailability. The increased oxidative and nitrative stress also impairs the NO-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) signalling pathway, limiting the ability of NO to exert its fundamental signalling roles in the heart. Enhanced ROS/RNS generation in the presence of risk factors also facilitates activation of redox-dependent transcriptional factors such as NF-κB, promoting myocardial expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators, and eventually the development of cardiac dysfunction and remodelling. While the dysregulation of NO signalling may interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of conventional drugs used in the management of metabolic syndrome, the modulation of NO signalling may also be responsible for the therapeutic benefits of already proven or recently developed treatment approaches, such as ACE inhibitors, certain β-blockers, and sGC activators. Better understanding of the above-mentioned pathological processes may ultimately lead to more successful therapeutic approaches to overcome metabolic syndrome and its pathological consequences in cardiac NO signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pechánová
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology and Centre of Excellence for Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius UniversityBratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Z V Varga
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - M Cebová
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology and Centre of Excellence for Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Z Giricz
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - P Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAABethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary GroupSzeged, Hungary
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Blood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA,
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31
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Papapetropoulos A, Hobbs AJ, Topouzis S. Extending the translational potential of targeting NO/cGMP-regulated pathways in the CVS. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1397-414. [PMID: 25302549 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of NO as both an endogenous signalling molecule and as a mediator of the cardiovascular effects of organic nitrates was acknowledged in 1998 by the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine. The characterization of its downstream signalling, mediated through stimulation of soluble GC (sGC) and cGMP generation, initiated significant translational interest, but until recently this was almost exclusively embodied by the use of PDE5 inhibitors in erectile dysfunction. Since then, research progress in two areas has contributed to an impressive expansion of the therapeutic targeting of the NO-sGC-cGMP axis: first, an increased understanding of the molecular events operating within this complex pathway and second, a better insight into its dys-regulation and uncoupling in human disease. Already-approved PDE5 inhibitors and novel, first-in-class molecules, which up-regulate the activity of sGC independently of NO and/or of the enzyme's haem prosthetic group, are undergoing clinical evaluation to treat pulmonary hypertension and myocardial failure. These molecules, as well as combinations or second-generation compounds, are also being assessed in additional experimental disease models and in patients in a wide spectrum of novel indications, such as endotoxic shock, diabetic cardiomyopathy and Becker's muscular dystrophy. There is well-founded optimism that the modulation of the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway will sustain the development of an increasing number of successful clinical candidates for years to come.
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32
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Dorofeyeva NA, Kotsuruba AV, Mogilnitskaya LA, Malyna AE, Kornelyuk AI, Sagach VF. [ENDOTHELIAL MONOCYTEACTIVATING FACTOR II CANCELS OXIDATIVE STRESS, CONSTITUTIVE NOS UNCOUPLING AND INDUCED VIOLATIONS OF CARDIAC HEMODYNAMICS IN HYPERTENSION (PART II)]. FIZIOLOHICHNYI ZHURNAL (KIEV, UKRAINE : 1994) 2015; 61:11-18. [PMID: 26495731 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EMAP II on free radical state of the heart and blood vessels, to restore cNOS coupling and cardiac hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It was found that, due to the combined inhibition of oxidative and nitrosative stress, EMAP I quickly restores impaired in hypertension constitutive de novo synthesis of NO by restoring cNOS coupling. Restoration by EMAP II of constitutive de novo synthesis NO abolished cardiac and endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In hypertension, the introduction of EMAP II helped to improve the performance of the pumping function of the heart (stroke volume increased by 18.2 %, cardiac output -22 %), an arterial stiffness decreased by 23.2 %, process of relaxation of the left ventricle improved, due to decreased in 4,7 times myocardial end-diastolic stiffness.
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Schmidt MR, Redington A, Bøtker HE. Remote conditioning the heart overview: translatability and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1947-60. [PMID: 25219984 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditioning the heart to resist predictable and unpredictable ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the fastest growing areas of bench to bedside research within cardiology. Basic science has provided important insights into signalling pathways and protective mechanisms in the heart, and a growing number of clinical studies have, with important exceptions, shown the potential applicability and beneficial effect of various mechanical conditioning strategies achieved by intermittent short-lasting-induced ischaemia of the heart itself or a remote tissue. Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) in particular has been utilized in a number of clinical settings with promising results. However, while many novel 'downstream' mechanisms of RIC have been discovered, translation to pharmacological conditioning has not yet been convincingly demonstrated in clinical studies. One explanation for this apparent failure may be that most pharmacological approaches mimic a single instrument in a complex orchestra activated by mechanical conditioning. Recent studies, however, provide important insights into upstream events occurring in RIC, which may allow for development of drugs activating more complex systems of biological organ protection. With this review, we will systematically examine the first generation of pharmacological cardioprotection studies and then provide a summary of the recent discoveries in basic science that could illuminate the path towards more advanced approaches in the next generation of pharmacological agents that may work by reproducing the diverse effects of RIC, thereby providing protection against IR injury.
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34
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Bice JS, Baxter GF. Postconditioning signalling in the heart: mechanisms and translatability. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1933-46. [PMID: 25303373 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of ischaemic postconditioning (short cycles of reperfusion and reocclusion of a previously occluded vessel) was identified over a decade ago commanding intense interest as an approach for modifying reperfusion injury which contributes to infarct size in acute myocardial infarction. Elucidation of the major mechanisms of postconditioning has identified potential pharmacological targets for limitation of reperfusion injury. These include ligands for membrane-associated receptors, activators of phosphokinase survival signalling pathways and inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In experimental models, numerous agents that target these mechanisms have shown promise as postconditioning mimetics. Nevertheless, clinical studies of ischaemic postconditioning and pharmacological postconditioning mimetics are equivocal. The majority of experimental research is conducted in animal models which do not fully portray the complexity of risk factors and comorbidities with which patients present and which we now know modify the signalling pathways recruited in postconditioning. Cohort size and power, patient selection, and deficiencies in clinical infarct size estimation may all represent major obstacles to assessing the therapeutic efficacy of postconditioning. Furthermore, chronic treatment of these patients with drugs like ACE inhibitors, statins and nitrates may modify signalling, inhibiting the protective effect of postconditioning mimetics, or conversely induce a maximally protected state wherein no further benefit can be demonstrated. Arguably, successful translation of postconditioning cannot occur until all of these issues are addressed, that is, experimental investigation requires more complex models that better reflect the clinical setting, while clinical investigation requires bigger trials with appropriate patient selection and standardization of clinical infarct size measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bice
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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35
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Pickard JMJ, Bøtker HE, Crimi G, Davidson B, Davidson SM, Dutka D, Ferdinandy P, Ganske R, Garcia-Dorado D, Giricz Z, Gourine AV, Heusch G, Kharbanda R, Kleinbongard P, MacAllister R, McIntyre C, Meybohm P, Prunier F, Redington A, Robertson NJ, Suleiman MS, Vanezis A, Walsh S, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Remote ischemic conditioning: from experimental observation to clinical application: report from the 8th Biennial Hatter Cardiovascular Institute Workshop. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 110:453. [PMID: 25449895 PMCID: PMC4250562 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1993, Przyklenk and colleagues made the intriguing experimental observation that ‘brief ischemia in one vascular bed also protects remote, virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary artery occlusion’ and that this effect ‘…. may be mediated by factor(s) activated, produced, or transported throughout the heart during brief ischemia/reperfusion’. This seminal study laid the foundation for the discovery of ‘remote ischemic conditioning’ (RIC), a phenomenon in which the heart is protected from the detrimental effects of acute ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), by applying cycles of brief ischemia and reperfusion to an organ or tissue remote from the heart. The concept of RIC quickly evolved to extend beyond the heart, encompassing inter-organ protection against acute IRI. The crucial discovery that the protective RIC stimulus could be applied non-invasively, by simply inflating and deflating a blood pressure cuff placed on the upper arm to induce cycles of brief ischemia and reperfusion, has facilitated the translation of RIC into the clinical setting. Despite intensive investigation over the last 20 years, the underlying mechanisms continue to elude researchers. In the 8th Biennial Hatter Cardiovascular Institute Workshop, recent developments in the field of RIC were discussed with a focus on new insights into the underlying mechanisms, the diversity of non-cardiac protection, new clinical applications, and large outcome studies. The scientific advances made in this field of research highlight the journey that RIC has made from being an intriguing experimental observation to a clinical application with patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. J. Pickard
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Crimi
- Cardiology Department, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Sean M. Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - David Dutka
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zoltan Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher McIntyre
- SchulichSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Cardiology Department, L’UNAM Université, University of Angers, EA3860 Cardioprotection, Remodelage et Thrombose, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Andrew Redington
- The Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicola J. Robertson
- Neonatology, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - M. Saadeh Suleiman
- Bristol Heart Institute Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Vanezis
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Derek M. Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Rassaf T, Schulz R, Papapetropoulos A, Ferdinandy P. The role of gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1587-606. [PMID: 24923364 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of cardioprotective therapeutic agents remains a partly unmet need and a challenge for both medicine and industry, with significant financial and social implications. Protection of the myocardium can be achieved by mechanical vascular occlusions such as preconditioning (PC), when brief episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) are experienced prior to ischaemia; postconditioning (PostC), when the brief episodes are experienced at the immediate onset of reperfusion; and remote conditioning (RC), when the brief episodes are experienced in another vascular territory. The elucidation of the signalling pathways, which underlie the protective effects of PC, PostC and RC, would be expected to reveal novel molecular targets for cardioprotection that could be modulated by pharmacological agents to prevent reperfusion injury. Gasotransmitters including NO, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) are a growing family of regulatory molecules that affect physiological and pathological functions. NO, H2S and CO share several common properties; they are beneficial at low concentrations but hazardous in higher amounts; they relax smooth muscle cells, inhibit apoptosis and exert anti-inflammatory effects. In the cardiovascular system, NO, H2S and CO induce vasorelaxation and promote cardioprotection. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on the role of the gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial I/R injury and cardioprotection provided by conditioning strategies and highlight future perspectives in cardioprotection by NO, H2S, CO, as well as their donor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Csonka C, Páli T, Bencsik P, Görbe A, Ferdinandy P, Csont T. Measurement of NO in biological samples. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1620-32. [PMID: 24990201 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological regulatory function of the gasotransmitter NO (a diatomic free radical) was discovered decades ago, NO is still in the frontline research in biomedicine. NO has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes; therefore, pharmacological modulation of NO levels in various tissues may have significant therapeutic value. NO is generated by NOS in most of cell types and by non-enzymatic reactions. Measurement of NO is technically difficult due to its rapid chemical reactions with a wide range of molecules, such as, for example, free radicals, metals, thiols, etc. Therefore, there are still several contradictory findings on the role of NO in different biological processes. In this review, we briefly discuss the major techniques suitable for measurement of NO (electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemistry, fluorometry) and its derivatives in biological samples (nitrite/nitrate, NOS, cGMP, nitrosothiols) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We conclude that to obtain a meaningful insight into the role of NO and NO modulator compounds in physiological or pathological processes, concomitant assessment of NO synthesis, NO content, as well as molecular targets and reaction products of NO is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Csonka
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Sindler AL, Devan AE, Fleenor BS, Seals DR. Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:463-77. [PMID: 24408999 PMCID: PMC3949212 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01100.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This is attributable primarily to adverse changes in arteries, notably, increases in large elastic artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction mediated by inadequate concentrations of the vascular-protective molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Inorganic nitrite is a promising precursor molecule for augmenting circulating and tissue NO bioavailability because it requires only a one-step reduction to NO. Nitrite also acts as an independent signaling molecule, exerting many of the effects previously attributed to NO. Results of recent studies indicate that nitrite may be effective in the treatment of vascular aging. In old mice, short-term oral sodium nitrite supplementation reduces aortic pulse wave velocity, the gold-standard measure of large elastic artery stiffness, and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by normalization of NO-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation. These improvements in age-related vascular dysfunction with nitrite are mediated by reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation, and may be linked to increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and health. Increasing nitrite levels via dietary intake of nitrate appears to have similarly beneficial effects in many of the same physiological and clinical settings. Several clinical trials are being performed to determine the broad therapeutic potential of increasing nitrite bioavailability on human health and disease, including studies related to vascular aging. In summary, inorganic nitrite, as well as dietary nitrate supplementation, represents a promising therapy for treatment of arterial aging and prevention of age-associated CVD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Sindler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Bice JS, Burley DS, Baxter GF. Novel approaches and opportunities for cardioprotective signaling through 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate manipulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:269-82. [PMID: 24572031 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413518971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Limiting the injurious effects of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion is a desirable therapeutic target, which has been investigated extensively over the last three decades. Here we provide an up to date review of the literature documenting the experimental and clinical research demonstrating the effects of manipulating cGMP for the therapeutic targeting of the injurious effects of ischemic heart disease. Augmentation of the cyclic nucleotide cGMP plays a crucial role in many cardioprotective signaling pathways. There is an extensive body of literature which supports pharmacological targeting of cGMP or upstream activators in models of ischemia-reperfusion to limit injury. NO donors have long been utilised to manipulate cGMP, and more recently non-NO synthase derived NOx species have been investigated, resulting in their evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Encouraging results demonstrate that natriuretic peptides are worthy candidates in manipulating cGMP and its downstream effectors to afford cytoprotection. Synthetic ligands have been designed which co-activate natriuretic peptide receptors to improve targeting this pathway. Advances have been made in targeting the soluble guanylyl cyclase which catalyzes the production of cGMP independently of the endogenous ligand NO using NO-independent stimulators and activators of sGC. These novel compounds show promise as a new class of drugs that target this signaling cascade specifically under pathological conditions when endogenous NO production may be compromised. Regulating the degradation of cGMP via phosphodiesterase inhibition also shows therapeutic potential. It is clear that production and regulation of cGMP is complex, indeed its spatial production and cellular distribution are only just emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bice
- 1School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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