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Noori T, Sahebgharani M, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Fakhri S, Shirooie S. Targeting PI3K by Natural Products: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1564-1578. [PMID: 35043762 PMCID: PMC9881086 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119125040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder. In general, a child with ADHD has significant attention problems with difficulty concentrating on a subject and is generally associated with impulsivity and excessive activity. The etiology of ADHD in most patients is unknown, although it is considered to be a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Diverse factors, such as the existence of mental, nutritional, or general health problems during childhood, as well as smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy, are related to an increased risk of ADHD. Behavioral and psychological characteristics of ADHD include anxiety, mood disorders, behavioral disorders, language disorders, and learning disabilities. These symptoms affect individuals, families, and communities, negatively altering educational and social results, strained parent-child relationships, and increased use of health services. ADHD may be associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal noradrenergic neurons on lower striatal structures that are predominantly driven by dopaminergic neurons. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a conserved family of lipid kinases that control a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, insulin metabolism, and apoptosis. Since PI3K plays an important role in controlling the noradrenergic neuron, it opens up new insights into research on ADHD and other developmental brain diseases. This review presents evidence for the potential usefulness of PI3K and its modulators as a potential treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, Palma de MallorcaE-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain;,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile;,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; E-mail:
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Liu H, Xiong X, Pu F, Wang J, Li Y, Xi Y, Ma S, Bai L, Zhang R, Liang L, Yang C. Stocking density affects transcriptome changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive performance in ducks. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2076621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fajun Pu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yanying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yang Xi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lili Bai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Liang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chaowu Yang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, PR China
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Zhuo MQ, Chen J, Wu ML, Wang WB. Novel insights for PI3KC3 in mediating lipid accumulation in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:571-583. [PMID: 35389126 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the transcriptional regulation of PI3KC3 by three transcription factors (PPARγ, PPARα, and STAT3) and the potential role of PI3KC3 in mediating lipid accumulation were determined in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The 5'-deletion assay, overexpression assay, site-mutation assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that PPARα, PPARγ, and STAT3 negatively regulated the promoter activity of pi3kc3. Moreover, the transcriptional inactivation of pi3kc3 was directly mediated by PPARα and PPARγ under fatty acid (FA) treatment. Using primary hepatocytes from yellow catfish, FA incubation significantly increased triacylglyceride (TG) content, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content, and lipid drops (LDs) content, the mRNA level of pparα, pparγ, stat3, and dnmt3b, the protein level of PPARα, PPARγ, and STAT3, and the methylation level of pi3kc3, but significantly reduced the mRNA and protein level of PI3KC3. Our findings offer new insights into the mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of PI3KC3 and for PI3KC3-mediated lipid accumulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qin Zhuo
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Biao Wang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Apóstol Del Rosal GD, Limón ID, Martínez I, Patricio-Martínez A. The Chronic Oral Administration of Clobenzorex or Amphetamine Decreases Motor Behavior and Induces Glial Activation in the Striatum Without Dopaminergic Degeneration. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1405-1417. [PMID: 34279823 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Described as amphetamine-like due to their structural and stimulant similarities, clobenzorex is one of the five most-commonly used drugs in Mexico for the treatment of obesity. Various studies have shown that amphetamines induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation in the striatum, symptoms which are associated with motor damage. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic clobenzorex administration on motor behaviors, TH immunoreactivity, gliosis, and the neurodegenerative process in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The present research was conducted on three experimental groups of male Wistar rats: the vehicle group, the amphetamine group (2 mg/kg), and the clobenzorex group (30 mg/kg). All groups were subject to oral administration every 24 h for 31 days. Motor activity and motor coordination were evaluated in the open field test and the beam walking test, respectively. The animals were euthanized after the last day of treatment to enable the extraction of their brains for the evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, the immunoreactivity of the glial cells, and the neurodegeneration of both the striatum and SNpc via amino-cupric-silver stain. The results obtained show that amphetamine and clobenzorex administration decrease motor activity and motor coordination in the beam walking test and cause increased gliosis in the striatum, while no significant changes were observed in terms of immunoreactivity to TH and neurodegeneration in both the striatum and SNpc. These results suggest that the chronic administration of clobenzorex may decrease motor function in a manner similar to amphetamine, via the neuroadaptive and non-neurotoxic changes caused to the striatum under this administration scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grego David Apóstol Del Rosal
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio Edificio BIO-1 C.U. Col. Jardines de San Manuel A.P, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
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Ueda HH, Naitou K, Nakamori H, Horii K, Shiina T, Masatani T, Shiraishi M, Shimizu Y. α-MSH-induced activation of spinal MC1R but not MC4R enhances colorectal motility in anaesthetised rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:487. [PMID: 33436759 PMCID: PMC7803980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is involved in regulation of defaecation. It is generally considered that supraspinal regions control the spinal defaecation centre. However, signal transmission from supraspinal regions to the spinal defaecation centre is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of an anorexigenic neuropeptide, α-MSH, in the spinal defaecation centre in rats. Intrathecal administration of α-MSH to the L6-S1 spinal cord enhanced colorectal motility. The prokinetic effect of α-MSH was abolished by severing the pelvic nerves. In contrast, severing the colonic nerves or thoracic cord transection at the T4 level had no impact on the effect of α-MSH. RT-PCR analysis revealed MC1R mRNA and MC4R mRNA expression in the L6-S1 spinal cord. Intrathecally administered MC1R agonists, BMS470539 and SHU9119, mimicked the α-MSH effect, but a MC4R agonist, THIQ, had no effect. These results demonstrate that α-MSH binds to MC1R in the spinal defaecation centre and activates pelvic nerves, leading to enhancement of colorectal motility. This is, to our knowledge, the first report showing the functional role of α-MSH in the spinal cord. In conclusion, our findings suggest that α-MSH is a candidate for a neurotransmitter from supraspinal regions to the spinal defaecation centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi H Ueda
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu, Japan.
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Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in regulating oxidative stress and hypothalamic neuropeptides-mediated appetite control. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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He Y, Yang C, Wang P, Yang L, Wu H, Liu H, Qi M, Guo Z, Li J, Shi H, Wu X, Hu Z. Child compound Endothelium corneum attenuates gastrointestinal dysmotility through regulating the homeostasis of brain-gut-microbiota axis in functional dyspepsia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 240:111953. [PMID: 31082513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nowadays, there is no specific effective western medicine for functional dyspepsia (FD), especially in children. Clinically, child compound Endothelium corneum (CCEC) has shown to be effective for the therapy of FD, however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS FD was induced in rats by irregular diet plus dilute hydrochloric acid feeding. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were examined by intragastric gavage with Evans blue. Histopathology was assessed by H&E staining. Gastrointestinal hormones and brain gut peptides were measured by ELISA assay. mRNA expression level was quantified by real-time PCR. Protein expression level was detected by western blotting assay. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA miseq sequencing. RESULTS CCEC significantly enhanced gastric emptying and small intestinal transit of FD rats, and prominently suppressed gastrointestinal microinflammation. At phylum level, CCEC prevented the decrease of Firmicutes and the increase of Bacteroidetes in gut of FD rats. In stomach of FD rats, MTL, CCK and VIP levels were significantly increased, which could be repressed by CCEC; however, the decreased GAS level could not be elevated by CCEC. In small intestine of FD rats, MTL and GAS levels were decreased, while VIP content was increased. These alterations could be effectively reversed by CCEC. NPY levels in serum, small intestine and hypothalamus of FD rats were significantly decreased, which could be rescued by CCEC. Moreover, the over-activated POMC/Stat3/Akt pathway in hypothalamus of FD rats could be suppressed by CCEC. CONCLUSION CCEC enhanced gastrointestinal motility probably through rebalancing the homeostasis of brain-gut-microbiota axis in FD rats. The novel findings may provide insightful theoretical basis for its clinical employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Muge Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhonghua Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jianghua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhibi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:712-746. [PMID: 30087160 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With their ever-growing prevalence, obesity and diabetes represent major health threats of our society. Based on estimations by the World Health Organization, approximately 300 million people will be obese in 2035. In 2015 alone there were more than 1.6 million fatalities attributable to hyperglycemia and diabetes. In addition, treatment of these diseases places an enormous burden on our health care system. As a result, the development of pharmacotherapies to tackle this life-threatening pandemic is of utmost importance. Since the beginning of the 19th century, a variety of drugs have been evaluated for their ability to decrease body weight and/or to improve deranged glycemic control. The list of evaluated drugs includes, among many others, sheep-derived thyroid extracts, mitochondrial uncouplers, amphetamines, serotonergics, lipase inhibitors, and a variety of hormones produced and secreted by the gastrointestinal tract or adipose tissue. Unfortunately, when used as a single hormone therapy, most of these drugs are underwhelming in their efficacy or safety, and placebo-subtracted weight loss attributed to such therapy is typically not more than 10%. In 2009, the generation of a single molecule with agonism at the receptors for glucagon and the glucagon-like peptide 1 broke new ground in obesity pharmacology. This molecule combined the beneficial anorectic and glycemic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 with the thermogenic effect of glucagon into a single molecule with enhanced potency and sustained action. Several other unimolecular dual agonists have subsequently been developed, and, based on their preclinical success, these molecules illuminate the path to a new and more fruitful era in obesity pharmacology. In this review, we focus on the historical pharmacological approaches to treat obesity and glucose intolerance and describe how the knowledge obtained by these studies led to the discovery of unimolecular polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
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SAĞKAN ÖZTÜRK A, ARPACI A. Obezite ve Ghrelin/Leptin İlişkisi. MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.328412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Wang W, Ma X, Luo L, Huang M, Dong J, Zhang X, Jiang W, Xu T. Exchange factor directly activated by cAMP-PKCε signalling mediates chronic morphine-induced expression of purine P2X3 receptor in rat dorsal root ganglia. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1760-1769. [PMID: 29500928 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The P2X3 receptor is a major receptor in the processing of nociceptive information in dorsal root ganglia. We investigated the role of the P2X3 receptor and the detailed mechanisms underlying chronic morphine-induced analgesic tolerance in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Repeated i.t. morphine treatment was used to induce anti-nociceptive tolerance. The expression of spinal P2X3 receptor, phosphorylated PKCε and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (Epac) were evaluated. Effects of A-317491 (P2X3 antagonist), ε-V1-2 (PKCε inhibitor) and ESI-09 (Epac inhibitor) on mechanical pain thresholds and tail-flick latency after chronic morphine treatment were determined. Co-localization of P2X3 receptor with NeuNs (marker of neuron), IB4 (marker of small DRG neurons), peripherin, PKCε and Epac were performed by double immunofluorescence staining. KEY RESULTS Chronic morphine time-dependently increased the expression of P2X3 receptor, phosphorylated PKCε and Epac in DRGs. ε-V1-2 prevented chronic morphine-induced expression of P2X3 receptor. ESI-09 decreased the phosphorylation of PKCε and up-regulated expression of Epac after chronic morphine exposure. Mechanical pain thresholds and tail-flick latency showed that A317491, ε-V1-2 and ESI-09 significantly attenuated the loss of morphine's analgesic potency. Morphine-induced P2X3 receptor expression mainly occurred in neurons staining for IB4 and peripherin. Co-localization of P2X3 receptor with PKCε and Epac was demonstrated in the same neurons. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic morphine exposure increased the expression of P2X3 receptor, and i.t. P2X3 receptor antagonists attenuated the loss of morphine's analgesic effect. Inhibiting Epac/PKCε signalling was shown to play a significant inhibitory role in chronic morphine-induced P2X3 receptor expression and attenuate morphine-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Limin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong, China
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11
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Liu H, Wang J, Li L, Han C, He H, Xu H. Transcriptome analysis revealed the possible regulatory pathways initiating female geese broodiness within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191213. [PMID: 29408859 PMCID: PMC5800542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geese have the strongest tendency toward broodiness among all poultry. The mechanisms initiating broodiness within the goose hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) are still unclear. Here, we reported the transcriptome differences between laying and initial nesting within the HPGA tissues of geese. We constructed a unigene database based on HPGA tissues and identified 128,148 unigenes, 100% of which have been annotated. By using Digital Gene Expression (DGE) sequencing, we screened 19, 110, 289, and 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, stroma ovarii, and follicles, respectively, between laying and nesting geese. Expression changes of hypocretin (HCRT) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus of nesting geese may cause appetite reduction, which is possibly the first step and a prerequisite to initiate broodiness. In addition to prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), genes including oxytocin-neurophysin (OXT), chordin-like protein 1 (CHRDL1) and growth hormone (GH), expressed in the pituitary gland, are new candidate molecules that may be involved in broodiness in geese. Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) in the pituitary gland, the proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS), heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90AA), and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in the ovary that may consolidate and transduce signals regulating the HPGA during broodiness in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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12
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Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Chen JR, Kuo DY. Knockdown of the transcript of ERK in the brain modulates hypothalamic neuropeptide-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:726-739. [PMID: 29215157 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Amphetamine is a releaser of dopamine stored in synaptic terminals, which can suppress appetite by changing the expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. This study explored whether ERKs are involved in appetite control mediated by cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), NPY and POMC in amphetamine-treated rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given amphetamine for 4 days, and changes in feeding behaviour and expression levels of phosphorylated-ERK (pERK), pCREB, NPY and melanocortin MC3 receptors were examined and compared. KEY RESULTS Following amphetamine treatment, food intake, body weight and NPY expression decreased, whereas the expression of pERK, pCREB, MC3 receptors and pCREB/DNA binding activity increased. In amphetamine-treated rats, both cerebral ERK knockdown and pretreatment with a peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist decreased NPY but increased pERK, pCREB and MC3 receptor expression. Moreover, the immunofluorescence of hypothalamic pERK increased following amphetamine treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that ERK/CREB signalling participates in the effects mediated by dopamine receptor/NPY/POMC on appetite control in rats treated with amphetamine. These findings advance the knowledge on the involvement of ERK/CREB signalling in the reciprocal regulation by NPY and POMC of appetite after amphetamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Hypertriglyceridemia in female rats during pregnancy induces obesity in male offspring via altering hypothalamic leptin signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53450-53464. [PMID: 28881823 PMCID: PMC5581122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity influence the child's long-term development and health. Though, the mechanism concerned in this process is still uncertain. In the present study, we explored whether overfeeding of a high-fat diet during pregnancy in female rats altered metabolic phenotypes in an F1 generation and authenticated the contribution of hypothalamic leptin signaling. Leptin responsiveness and the number of immunopositive neurons for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator transcription 3 (pSTAT3) were analyzed. Neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and in nucleus tractus solitaries was examined. Triglycerides and leptin levels were increased in the high-fat diet mother. The number of neuropeptide Y positive cell bodies and neurons was significantly increased in the high-fat diet-F1 offspring (HDF-F1) as compared to Chow-F1. Leptin administration significantly decreased the food intake and increased the pSTAT3 expression levels in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of Chow-F1. However, leptin did not show any effect on food intake and had a reduced effect on pSTAT3 expression levels in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of HDF-F1. From the present domino effect, we conclude that mothers exposed to high-fat diet during pregnancy may pass the obese phenotype to the succeeding generation via altering hypothalamic leptin signaling.
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Yu CH, Chu SC, Chen PN, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Participation of ghrelin signalling in the reciprocal regulation of hypothalamic NPY/POMC-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Appetite 2017; 113:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Caputi FF, Palmisano M, Carboni L, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Opioid gene expression changes and post-translational histone modifications at promoter regions in the rat nucleus accumbens after acute and repeated 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) exposure. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:209-218. [PMID: 27989838 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recreational drug of abuse 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to produce neurotoxic damage and long-lasting changes in several brain areas. In addition to the involvement of serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems, little information exists about the contribution of nociceptin/orphaninFQ (N/OFQ)-NOP and dynorphin (DYN)-KOP systems in neuronal adaptations evoked by MDMA. Here we investigated the behavioral and molecular effects induced by acute (8mg/kg) or repeated (8mg/kg twice daily for seven days) MDMA exposure. MDMA exposure affected body weight gain and induced hyperlocomotion; this latter effect progressively decreased after repeated administration. Gene expression analysis indicated a down-regulation of the N/OFQ system and an up-regulation of the DYN system in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), highlighting an opposite systems regulation in response to MDMA exposure. Since histone modifications have been strongly associated to the addiction-related maladaptive changes, we examined two permissive (acH3K9 and me3H3K4) and two repressive transcription marks (me3H3K27 and me2H3K9) at the pertinent opioid gene promoter regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that acute MDMA increased me3H3K4 at the pN/OFQ, pDYN and NOP promoters. Following acute and repeated treatment a significant decrease of acH3K9 at the pN/OFQ promoter was observed, which correlated with gene expression results. Acute treatment caused an acH3K9 increase and a me2H3K9 decrease at the pDYN promoter which matched its mRNA up-regulation. Our data indicate that the activation of the DYNergic stress system together with the inactivation of the N/OFQergic anti-stress system contribute to the neuroadaptive actions of MDMA and offer novel epigenetic information associated with MDMA abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Palmisano
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Role of oxidative stress in disrupting the function of negative glucocorticoid response element in daily amphetamine-treated rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:1-11. [PMID: 27235634 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression is associated with changes in hypothalamic reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, neuropeptides, and plasma glucocorticoid. This study explored whether ROS and glucocorticoid response element (GRE), which is the promoter site of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene, participated in neuropeptides-mediated appetite control. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days, and changes in food intake, plasma glucocorticoid and expression levels of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), CRH, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were examined and compared. Results showed that food intake decreased and NPY gene down-regulated, while POMC, SOD, and CRH gene up-regulated during AMPH treatment. GR and GRE-DNA bindings were disrupted on Day 1 and Day 2 when glucocorticoid levels were still high. Pretreatment with GR inhibitor or ROS scavenger modulated mRNA levels in NPY, POMC, SOD and CRH in AMPH-treated rats. We suggest that disruptions of negative GRE (nGRE) on Day 1 and Day 2 are associated with an increase in oxidative stress during the regulation of NPY/POMC-mediated appetite control in AMPH-treated rats. These results advance the understanding of molecular mechanism in regulating AMPH-mediated appetite suppression.
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Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective pharmacological therapies to help tackle the growing obesity epidemic and the healthcare crisis it poses. The past 3 years have seen approval of a number of novel anti-obesity drugs. The majority of these influence hypothalamic appetite pathways via dopaminergic or serotoninergic signalling. Some are combination therapies, allowing lower doses to minimize the potential for off-target effects. An alternative approach is to mimic endogenous satiety signals using long-lasting forms of peripheral appetite-suppressing hormones. There is also considerable interest in targeting thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue to increase resting energy expenditure. Obesity pharmacotherapy has seen several false dawns, but improved understanding of the pathways regulating energy balance, and better-designed trials, give many greater confidence that recently approved agents will be both efficacious and safe. Nevertheless, a number of issues from preclinical and clinical development continue to attract debate, and additional large-scale trials are still required to address areas of uncertainty.
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Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Yu CH, Chen CH, Tsai TT, Kuo DY. Involvement of oxidative stress in the regulation of NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:131-41. [PMID: 25825358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) treatment can suppress appetite and increase oxidative stress in the brain. AMPH-induced appetite suppression is associated with the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus. The present study explored whether antioxidants, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GP), were involved in this NPY/CART-mediated appetite control. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days. Changes in food intake and expression levels of hypothalamic NPY, CART, GST, and GP were examined and compared. Results showed that, in AMPH-treated rats, (1) food intake and NPY expression decreased, while CART, GST, and GP expression increased; (2) NPY knockdown in the brain enhanced the decrease in NPY and the increases in CART, GST, and GP expression; and (3) central inhibition of reactive oxygen species production decreased GST and GP and modulated AMPH anorexia and the expression levels of NPY and CART. The present results suggest that oxidative stress in the brain participates in regulating NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in AMPH-treated rats. These results may advance the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of AMPH-evoked or NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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19
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Ho YJ, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Both neuropeptide Y knockdown and Y1 receptor inhibition modulate CART-mediated appetite control. Horm Behav 2015; 67:38-47. [PMID: 25461972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression has been attributed to its inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-containing neurons and NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) were involved in the action of AMPH. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days, and changes in feeding behavior and expression levels of NPY, CART, and POMC were assessed and compared. The results showed that both feeding behavior and NPY expression decreased during AMPH treatment, with the biggest reduction occurring on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of CART and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), a member of the POMC neurotransmission, increased with the maximum response on Day 2, directly opposite to the NPY expression results. The intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense or Y1R inhibitor both modulated AMPH-induced anorexia and the expression levels of MC3R and CART. The results suggest that in the hypothalamus both POMC- and CART-containing neurons participate in regulating NPY-mediated appetite control during AMPH treatment. These results may advance the knowledge of molecular mechanism of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Stein JS, Renda CR, Hinnenkamp JE, Madden GJ. Impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and pre-exposure to delayed rewards: II. Potential mechanisms. J Exp Anal Behav 2015; 103:33-49. [PMID: 25418607 PMCID: PMC4314314 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a prior study (Stein et al., 2013), we reported that rats pre-exposed to delayed rewards made fewer impulsive choices, but consumed more alcohol (12% wt/vol), than rats pre-exposed to immediate rewards. To understand the mechanisms that produced these findings, we again pre-exposed rats to either delayed (17.5 s; n=32) or immediate (n=30) rewards. In posttests, delay-exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices at 15- and 30-s delays to a larger, later food reward than the immediacy-exposed comparison group. Behavior in an open-field test provided little evidence of differential stress exposure between groups. Further, consumption of either 12% alcohol or isocaloric sucrose in subsequent tests did not differ between groups. Because Stein et al. introduced alcohol concentration gradually (3-12%), we speculate that their group differences in 12% alcohol consumption were not determined by alcohol's pharmacological effects, but by another variable (e.g., taste) that was preserved as an artifact from lower concentrations. We conclude that pre-exposure to delayed rewards generalizes beyond the pre-exposure delay; however, this same experimental variable does not robustly influence alcohol consumption.
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