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Dore R, Sentis SC, Johann K, Lopez-Alcantara N, Resch J, Chandrasekar A, Müller-Fielitz H, Moeller LC, Fuehrer D, Schwaninger M, Obermayer B, Opitz R, Mittag J. Partial Resistance to Thyroid Hormone-Induced Tachycardia and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice Lacking Thyroid Hormone Receptor β. Thyroid 2024; 34:796-805. [PMID: 38526409 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones regulate cardiac functions mainly through direct actions in the heart and by binding to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms α1 and β. While the role of the most abundantly expressed isoform, TRα1, is widely studied and well characterized, the role of TRβ in regulating heart functions is still poorly understood, primarily due to the accompanying elevation of circulating thyroid hormone in TRβ knockout mice (TRβ-KO). However, their hyperthyroidism is ameliorated at thermoneutrality, which allows studying the role of TRβ without this confounding factor. Methods: Here, we noninvasively monitored heart rate in TRβ-KO mice over several days using radiotelemetry at different housing temperatures (22°C and 30°C) and upon 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) administration in comparison to wild-type animals. Results: TRβ-KO mice displayed normal average heart rate at both 22°C and 30°C with only minor changes in heart rate frequency distribution, which was confirmed by independent electrocardiogram recordings in freely-moving conscious mice. Parasympathetic nerve activity was, however, impaired in TRβ-KO mice at 22°C, and only partly rescued at 30°C. As expected, oral treatment with pharmacological doses of T3 at 30°C led to tachycardia in wild-types, accompanied by broader heart rate frequency distribution and increased heart weight. The TRβ-KO mice, in contrast, showed blunted tachycardia, as well as resistance to changes in heart rate frequency distribution and heart weight. At the molecular level, these observations were paralleled by a blunted cardiac mRNA induction of several important genes, including the pacemaker channels Hcn2 and Hcn4, as well as Kcna7. Conclusions: The phenotyping of TRβ-KO mice conducted at thermoneutrality allows novel insights on the role of TRβ in cardiac functions in the absence of the usual confounding hyperthyroidism. Even though TRβ is expressed at lower levels than TRα1 in the heart, our findings demonstrate an important role for this isoform in the cardiac response to thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dore
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Christine Sentis
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kornelia Johann
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nuria Lopez-Alcantara
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Resch
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Akila Chandrasekar
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fuehrer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Laboratory Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Opitz
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Martin JV, Sarkar PK. Nongenomic roles of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in adult brain: are these compounds putative neurotransmitters? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210540. [PMID: 37701902 PMCID: PMC10494427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence regarding the nongenomic (or non-canonical) actions of thyroid hormones (thyronines) and their derivatives (including thyronamines and thyroacetic acids) in the adult brain. The paper seeks to evaluate these compounds for consideration as candidate neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are defined by their (a) presence in the neural tissue, (b) release from neural tissue or cell, (c) binding to high-affinity and saturable recognition sites, (d) triggering of a specific effector mechanism and (e) inactivation mechanism. Thyronines and thyronamines are concentrated in brain tissue and show distinctive patterns of distribution within the brain. Nerve terminals accumulate a large amount of thyroid hormones in mature brain, suggesting a synaptic function. However, surprisingly little is known about the potential release of thyroid hormones at synapses. There are specific binding sites for thyroid hormones in nerve-terminal fractions (synaptosomes). A notable cell-membrane binding site for thyroid hormones is integrin αvβ3. Furthermore, thyronines bind specifically to other defined neurotransmitter receptors, including GABAergic, catecholaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic and cholinergic systems. Here, the thyronines tend to bind to sites other than the primary sites and have allosteric effects. Thyronamines also bind to specific membrane receptors, including the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAAR1. The thyronines and thyronamines activate specific effector mechanisms that are short in latency and often occur in subcellular fractions lacking nuclei, suggesting nongenomic actions. Some of the effector mechanisms for thyronines include effects on protein phosphorylation, Na+/K+ ATPase, and behavioral measures such as sleep regulation and measures of memory retention. Thyronamines promptly regulate body temperature. Lastly, there are numerous inactivation mechanisms for the hormones, including decarboxylation, deiodination, oxidative deamination, glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation. Therefore, at the current state of the research field, thyroid hormones and their derivatives satisfy most, but not all, of the criteria for definition as neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V. Martin
- Biology Department, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pradip K. Sarkar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Parker University, Dallas, TX, United States
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Sakanoue W, Yokoyama T, Hirakawa M, Maesawa S, Sato K, Saino T. 3-Iodothyronamine, a trace amine-associated receptor agonist, regulates intracellular Ca2+ increases via CaMK II through Epac2 in rat cerebral arterioles. Biomed Res 2023; 44:219-232. [PMID: 37779034 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace amines (TAs) in the nervous system bind to TA-associated receptors (TAARs) and are involved in the regulation of monoaminergic functions. Among TAAR subtypes, TAAR1 has been implicated in the development of neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia. The present study investigated the effects of the TAAR1 agonist, 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) on cerebral arterioles using fluctuations in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) as an index of contractile responses. In cerebral arterioles, most of the TAAR agonists did not increase [Ca2+]i, while only T1AM elevated [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells. This increase involved extracellular Ca2+ influx through T-type Ca2+ channels and inositol trisphosphate- and ryanodine-receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The inhibition of the cAMP sensor, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) 2, and calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II strongly inhibited Ca2+ elevations. The present study revealed that T1AM acted not only on the TAAR1 receptor as previously suggested, but also on other G-protein coupled receptors and/or signal transduction systems to increase intracellular Ca2+ in cerebral arteriole smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that when using T1AM in clinical practice, attention should be paid to the early rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Sakanoue
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Satsuki Maesawa
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Martínez Brito D, Botrè F, Romanelli F, de la Torre X. Thyroid metabolism and supplementation. A review framed in sports environment. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1176-1186. [PMID: 35315230 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper aimed to consider those features that may suggest a link between thyroid hormones pharmacology and athletes' health based on current consumption trends in a population of athletes. METHODS Methods used were observation, description, and synthesis, mainly. Among the documents reviewed were: books, scientific articles, and review articles peer-reviewed. The review covered sources published in the period 1961 to 2021. Only references with a traceable origin were accepted (DOI numbering, ISSN and ISBN, as well as peer-reviewed journals). The data on the consumption of thyroid hormones derivatives were extracted from the Doping Control Forms of athlete samples received at Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI of Rome from 2017 to 2021. RESULTS An overview of the biosynthesis, pharmacology, and metabolism of thyroid hormones, including thyronamines and thyronacetic acids, was presented. Likewise, a summary is presented on the relationship between thyroid hormones and ethnic and gender differences, their physiology in sport, and the reasons why their use could be considered attractive for athletes. CONCLUSION Today, thyroid hormones are not listed as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, several requests to include levothyroxine on the prohibited list are documented. The observation that the number of athletes taking thyroid hormones is growing, particularly in sports such as cycling, triathlons, and skating, should prompt an update on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,REDs - Research and Expertise on Anti-Doping Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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Gachkar S, Oelkrug R, Herrmann B, Scanlan TS, Sun Q, Biebermann H, Hoefig CS, Schomburg L, Mittag J. N- and O-Acetylated 3-Iodothyronamines Have No Metabolic or Thermogenic Effects in Male Mice. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:57-66. [PMID: 32257954 PMCID: PMC7109410 DOI: 10.1159/000504887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injection of 3-iodothyronamine into experimental animals profoundly affects their metabolism and body temperature. As 3-iodothyronamine is rapidly acetylated in vivo after injection, it was hypothesized that the metabolites N- or O-acetyl-3-iodothyronamines could constitute the active hormones. METHODS Adult male mice were injected once daily with one of the metabolites (5 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally dissolved in 60% DMSO in PBS) or solvent. Metabolism was monitored by indirect calorimetry, body temperature by infrared thermography, and body composition by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Signaling activities in brown fat or liver were assessed by studying target gene transcription by qPCR including uncoupling protein 1 or deiodinase type 1 or 2, and Western blot. RESULTS The markers of metabolism, body composition, or temperature tested were similar in the mice injected with solvent and those injected with one of the acetylated 3-iodothyronamines. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental setup, N- and O-acetyl-3-iodothyronamine do not constitute compounds contributing to the metabolic or temperature effects described for 3-iodothyronamine. The acetylation of 3-iodothyronamine observed in vivo may thus rather serve degradation and elimination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Gachkar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Herrmann
- Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S. Hoefig
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité − Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Prof. Dr. Jens Mittag, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Haus 66, DE–23562 Lübeck (Germany), E-Mail
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Mittag J. More Than Fever - Novel Concepts in the Regulation of Body
Temperature by Thyroid Hormones. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:428-431. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1014-2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThyroid hormone is well known for its profound effects on body temperature. This
minireview summarizes the recent discoveries on the underlying mechanisms,
including the role of the hormone’s central actions in the control of
brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, its effect on browning of white adipose
tissue, the possible involvement of thyroid hormone transporters, and the
potential contribution of its downstream metabolites such as
3-iodothyronamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mittag
- University of Lübeck, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism
(CBBM), Lübeck, Germany
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Köhrle J. The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites. Eur Thyroid J 2019; 8:115-129. [PMID: 31259154 PMCID: PMC6587369 DOI: 10.1159/000497141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of L-thyroxine, the main secretory product of the thyroid gland, and its major metabolite T3, which exerts the majority of thyroid hormone action via ligand-dependent modulation of the function of T3 receptors in nuclei, mitochondria, and other subcellular compartments, various other T4-derived endogenous metabolites have been identified in blood and tissues of humans, animals, and early protochordates. This review addresses major historical milestones and experimental findings resulting in the discovery of the key enzymes of thyroid hormone metabolism, the three selenoprotein deiodinases, as well as the decarboxylases and amine oxidases involved in formation and degradation of recently identified endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, i.e. 3-iodothyronamine and 3-thyroacetic acid. The concerted action of deiodinases 2 and 3 in regulation of local T3 availability is discussed. Special attention is given to the role of the thyromimetic "hot" metabolite 3,5-T2 and the "cool" 3-iodothyronamine, especially after administration of pharmacological doses of these endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites in various animal experimental models. In addition, available information on the biological roles of the two major acetic acid derivatives of thyroid hormones, i.e. Tetrac and Triac, as well as sulfated metabolites of thyroid hormones is reviewed. This review addresses the consequences of the existence of this broad spectrum of endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, the "thyronome," beyond the classical thyroid hormone profile comprising T4, T3, and rT3 for appropriate analytical coverage and clinical diagnostics using mass spectrometry versus immunoassays for determination of total and free concentrations of thyroid hormone metabolites in blood and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- *Josef Köhrle, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, DE–13353 Berlin (Germany), E-Mail
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Bräunig J, Mergler S, Jyrch S, Hoefig CS, Rosowski M, Mittag J, Biebermann H, Khajavi N. 3-Iodothyronamine Activates a Set of Membrane Proteins in Murine Hypothalamic Cell Lines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:523. [PMID: 30298050 PMCID: PMC6161562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone metabolite. The profound pharmacological effects of 3-T1AM on energy metabolism and thermal homeostasis have raised interest to elucidate its signaling properties in tissues that pertain to metabolic regulation and thermogenesis. Previous studies identified G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) as targets of 3-T1AM in different cell types. These two superfamilies of membrane proteins are largely expressed in tissue which influences energy balance and metabolism. As the first indication that 3-T1AM virtually modulates the function of the neurons in hypothalamus, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of 3-T1AM significantly increased the c-FOS activation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of C57BL/6 mice. To elucidate the underlying mechanism behind this 3-T1AM-induced signalosome, we used three different murine hypothalamic cell lines, which are all known to express PVN markers, GT1-7, mHypoE-N39 (N39) and mHypoE-N41 (N41). Various aminergic GPCRs, which are the known targets of 3-T1AM, as well as numerous members of TRP channel superfamily, are expressed in these cell lines. Effects of 3-T1AM on activation of GPCRs were tested for the two major signaling pathways, the action of Gαs/adenylyl cyclase and Gi/o. Here, we demonstrated that this thyroid hormone metabolite has no significant effect on Gi/o signaling and only a minor effect on the Gαs/adenylyl cyclase pathway, despite the expression of known GPCR targets of 3-T1AM. Next, to test for other potential mechanisms involved in 3-T1AM-induced c-FOS activation in PVN, we evaluated the effect of 3-T1AM on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and whole-cell currents. The fluorescence-optic measurements showed a significant increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the three cell lines in the presence of 10 μM 3-T1AM. Furthermore, this thyroid hormone metabolite led to an increase of whole-cell currents in N41 cells. Interestingly, the TRPM8 selective inhibitor (10 μM AMTB) reduced the 3-T1AM stimulatory effects on cytosolic Ca2+ and whole-cell currents. Our results suggest that the profound pharmacological effects of 3-T1AM on selected brain nuclei of murine hypothalamus, which are known to be involved in energy metabolism and thermoregulation, might be partially attributable to TRP channel activation in hypothalamic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bräunig
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Jyrch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S. Hoefig
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Rosowski
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Lübeck – Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Lehmphul I, Hoefig CS, Köhrle J. 3-Iodothyronamine reduces insulin secretion in vitro via a mitochondrial mechanism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:219-228. [PMID: 28754352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM), a decarboxylated and deiodinated thyroid hormone metabolite, leads at pharmacological doses to hypoinsulinemia, hyperglucagonemia and hyperglycemia in vivo. As the pancreatic Langerhans islets express thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTT), we tested the hypothesis that not only plasma membrane-mediated 3-T1AM binding to and activation of G-protein coupled receptors, but also 3-T1AM metabolite(s) generated by 3-T1AM uptake and metabolism might decrease glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). METHODS Murine pancreatic β-cells MIN6 were characterized for gene expression of THTT, deiodinases and monoamine oxidases. 3-T1AM uptake and intracellular metabolism to the corresponding 3-iodothyroacetic acid were analysed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at different time points in cells as well as the conditioned medium. Mitochondrial activity, especially ATP-production, was monitored real-time after 3-T1AM application using Seahorse Bioanalyzer technique. Effect of 3-T1AM on GSIS into the culture medium was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS MIN6 cells express classical THTT, proposed to transport 3-T1AM, as well as 3-T1AM metabolizing enzymes comparable to murine primary pancreatic islets. 3-T1AM accumulates in MIN6 cells and is metabolized by intracellular MaoB to 3-iodothyroacetic, which in turn is rapidly exported. 3-T1AM decreases mitochondrial ATP-production concentration dependently. GSIS is diminished by 3-T1AM treatment. Using LC-MS/MS, no further 3-T1AM metabolites except 3-iodothyroacetic were detectable. CONCLUSIONS This data provides a first link between cellular 3-T1AM uptake and regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in ß-cells, resulting in reduced insulin secretion. We conclude that MIN6 is an appropriate cell model to study 3-T1AM-dependent (intra-)cellular biochemical mechanisms affecting insulin production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lehmphul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
More than a century after the discovery of L-Thyroxine, the main thyroid hormone secreted solely by the thyroid gland, several metabolites of this iodinated, tyrosine-derived ancestral hormone have been identified. These are utilized as hormones during development, differentiation, metamorphosis, and regulation of most biochemical reactions in vertebrates and their precursor species. Among those metabolites are the thyromimetically active 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and 3,5-Diiodo-L-thronine, reverse-T3 (3,3',5'-Triiodo-L-thyronine) with still unclear function, the recently re-discovered thyronamines (e.g., 3-Iodo-thyronamine), which exert in part T3-antagonistic functions, the thyroacetic acids (e.g., Tetrac and Triac), as well as various sulfated or glucuronidated metabolites of this panel of iodinated signaling compounds. In the blood most of these hydrophobic metabolites are tightly bound to the serum distributor proteins thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (TTR), albumin or apolipoprotein B100. Cellular import and export of these charged, highly hydrophobic amino acid derivatives requires a number of cell-membrane transporters or facilitators such as MCT8 or MCT10 and members of the OATP and LAT families of transporters. Depending on their structure, the thyroid hormone metabolites exert their cellular action by binding and thus modulating the function of various receptors systems (e.g., ανβ3 integrin receptor and transient receptor potential channels (TRPM8) of the cell membrane), in part linked to intracellular downstream kinase signaling cascades, and several isoforms of membrane-associated, mitochondrial or nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TR), which are members of the c-erbA family of ligand-modulated transcription factors. Intracellular deiodinase selenoenzymes, which obligatory are membrane integrated enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase and monoamine oxidases control local availability of biologically active thyroid hormone metabolites. Inactivation of thyroid hormone metabolites occurs mainly by deiodination, sulfation or glucuronidation, reactions which favor their renal or fecal elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zuBerlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Laurino A, Landucci E, Raimondi L. Central Effects of 3-Iodothyronamine Reveal a Novel Role for Mitochondrial Monoamine Oxidases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:290. [PMID: 29928258 PMCID: PMC5998184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is the last iodinated thyronamine generated from thyroid hormone alternative metabolism found circulating in rodents and in humans. So far, the physiopathological meaning of T1AM tissue levels is unknown. Much is instead known on T1AM pharmacological effects in rodents. Such evidence indicates that T1AM acutely modifies, with high potency and effectiveness, rodents' metabolism and behavior, often showing inverted U-shaped dose-response curves. Although several possible targets for T1AM were identified, the mechanism underlying T1AM behavioral effects remains still elusive. T1AM pharmacokinetic features clearly indicate the central nervous system is not a preferential site for T1AM distribution but it is a site where T1AM levels are critically regulated, as it occurs for neuromodulators or neurotransmitters. We here summarize and discuss evidence supporting the hypothesis that central effects of T1AM derive from activation of intracellular and possibly extracellular pathways. In this respect, consisting evidence indicates the intracellular pathway is mediated by the product of T1AM phase-I non-microsomal oxidation, the 3-iodothryoacetic acid, while other data indicate a role for the trace amine-associated receptor, isoform 1, as membrane target of T1AM (extracellular pathway). Overall, these evidence might sustain the non-linear dose-effect curves typically observed when increasing T1AM doses are administered and reveal an interesting and yet unexplored link between thyroid, monoamine oxidases activity and histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziatina Laurino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Raimondi,
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Harder L, Schanze N, Sarsenbayeva A, Kugel F, Köhrle J, Schomburg L, Mittag J, Hoefig CS. In vivo Effects of Repeated Thyronamine Administration in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Eur Thyroid J 2018; 7:3-12. [PMID: 29594048 PMCID: PMC5836237 DOI: 10.1159/000481856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thyronamines are decarboxylated and deiodinated metabolites of thyroid hormones (THs). Of all possible thyronamine variants, only 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) and iodine-free thyronamine (T0AM) have been detected in vivo. While intensive research has been done on the (patho-)physiological action of 3-T1AM, the role of T0AM has been studied less intensively. STUDY DESIGN We determined whether a single pharmacological dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or repeated administration (5 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 7 days) of T0AM affects metabolism, cardiovascular function, or thermoregulation in male C57BL/6J mice. Since selenium (Se) is important for proper TH function and Se metabolism is affected by TH, we additionally analyzed Se concentrations in liver, serum, and kidney using total reflection X-ray analysis. RESULTS A single injection of T0AM had no effect on heart rate, temperature, or activity as assessed by radio telemetry. Likewise, daily administration of T0AM did not alter body weight, food or water intake, heart rate, blood pressure, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, or body temperature, and no significant differences in hepatic glycogen content or mRNA expression of genes involved in cardiovascular function or metabolic control were determined. Also, the X-ray analysis of Se concentrations revealed no significant changes. However, hepatic T0AM was significantly increased in the treated animals. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrate that T0AM elicits no obvious metabolic, cardiovascular, or thermoregulatory activities in mice. As T0AM does also not interfere with TH or Se metabolism, we conclude that the deiodination of 3-T1AM to T0AM constitutes an efficient inactivation mechanism, terminating the actions of the more powerful precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Harder
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM)/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nancy Schanze
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Kugel
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM)/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Prof. Dr. Jens Mittag, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM)/Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, DE-23562 Lübeck (Germany), E-Mail
| | - Carolin S. Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Rutigliano G, Zucchi R. Cardiac actions of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:76-81. [PMID: 28069537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have a major role in regulating cardiac function. Their classical mechanism of action is genomic. Recent findings have broadened our knowledge about the (patho)physiology of cardiac regulation by THs, to include non-genomic actions of THs and their metabolites (THM). This review provides an overview of classical and non-classical cardiac effects controlled by: i) iodothyronines (thyroxine, T4; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine,T3; 3, 5-diiodothyronine, T2); ii) thyronamines (thyronamine, T0AM; 3-iodothyronamine, T1AM); and iii) iodothyroacetic acids (3, 5, 3', 5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid, tetrac; 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, triac; 3-iodothyroacetic acid, TA1). Whereas iodothyronines enhance both diastolic and systolic function and heart rate, thyronamines were observed to have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and might function as a brake with respect to THs, although their physiological role is unclear. Moreover, thyronamines showed a cardioprotective effect at physiological concentrations. The cardiac effects of iodothyroacetic acids seem to be limited and need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Laurino A, Landucci E, Resta F, De Siena G, Matucci R, Masi A, Raimondi L. 3-Iodothyroacetic acid (TA 1), a by-product of thyroid hormone metabolism, reduces the hypnotic effect of ethanol without interacting at GABA-A receptors. Neurochem Int 2017; 115:31-36. [PMID: 29032008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) is among the by-products of thyroid hormone metabolism suspected to mediate the non-genomic effects of the hormone (T3). We aim to investigate whether TA1 systemically administered to mice stimulated mice wakefulness, an effect already described for T3 and for another T3 metabolite (i.e. 3-iodothryonamine; T1AM), and whether TA1 interacted at GABA-A receptors (GABA-AR). Mice were pre-treated with either saline (vehicle) or TA1 (1.32, 4 and 11 μg/kg) and, after 10 min, they received ethanol (3.5 g/kg, i.p.). In another set of experiments, TA1 was administered 5 min after ethanol. The latency of sleep onset and the time of sleep duration were recorded. Voltage-clamp experiments to evaluate the effect of 1 μM TA1 on bicuculline-sensitive currents in acute rat hippocampal slice neurons and binding experiments evaluating the capacity of 1, 10, 100 μM TA1 to displace [3H]flumazenil from mice brain membranes were also performed. 4 μg/kg TA1 increases the latency of onset and at 1.32 and 4 μg/kg it reduces the duration of ethanol-induced sleep only if administered before ethanol. TA1 does not functionally interact at GABA-AR. Overall these results indicate a further similarity between the pharmacological profile of TA1 and that of T1AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziatina Laurino
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Resta
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gaetano De Siena
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Rosanna Matucci
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychology, Drug Sciences and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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Meyer CW, Ootsuka Y, Romanovsky AA. Body Temperature Measurements for Metabolic Phenotyping in Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:520. [PMID: 28824441 PMCID: PMC5534453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points Rectal probing is subject to procedural bias. This method is suitable for first-line phenotyping, provided probe depth and measurement duration are standardized. It is also useful for detecting individuals with out-of-range body temperatures (during hypothermia, torpor).The colonic temperature attained by inserting the probe >2 cm deep is a measure of deep (core) body temperature.IR imaging of the skin is useful for detecting heat leaks and autonomous thermoregulatory alterations, but it does not measure body temperature.Temperature of the hairy or shaved skin covering the inter-scapular brown adipose tissue can be used as a measure of BAT thermogenesis. However, obtaining such measurements of sufficient quality is very difficult, and interpreting them can be tricky. Temperature differences between the inter-scapular and lumbar areas can be a better measure of the thermogenic activity of inter-scapular brown adipose tissue.Implanted probes for precise determination of BAT temperature (changes) should be fixed close to the Sulzer's vein. For measurement of BAT thermogenesis, core body temperature and BAT temperature should be recorded simultaneously.Tail temperature is suitable to compare the presence or absence of vasoconstriction or vasodilation.Continuous, longitudinal monitoring of core body temperature is preferred over single probing, as the readings are taken in a non-invasive, physiological context.Combining core body temperature measurements with metabolic rate measurements yields insights into the interplay between heat production and heat loss (thermal conductance), potentially revealing novel thermoregulatory phenotypes. Endothermic organisms rely on tightly balanced energy budgets to maintain a regulated body temperature and body mass. Metabolic phenotyping of mice, therefore, often includes the recording of body temperature. Thermometry in mice is conducted at various sites, using various devices and measurement practices, ranging from single-time probing to continuous temperature imaging. Whilst there is broad agreement that body temperature data is of value, procedural considerations of body temperature measurements in the context of metabolic phenotyping are missing. Here, we provide an overview of the various methods currently available for gathering body temperature data from mice. We explore the scope and limitations of thermometry in mice, with the hope of assisting researchers in the selection of appropriate approaches, and conditions, for comprehensive mouse phenotypic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola W Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- FeverLab, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
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Gachkar S, Oelkrug R, Martinez-Sanchez N, Rial-Pensado E, Warner A, Hoefig CS, López M, Mittag J. 3-Iodothyronamine Induces Tail Vasodilation Through Central Action in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1977-1984. [PMID: 28368510 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone (TH)-derived metabolite that induces severe hypothermia in mice after systemic administration; however, the underlying mechanisms have remained enigmatic. We show here that the rapid 3-T1AM-induced loss in body temperature is a consequence of peripheral vasodilation and subsequent heat loss (e.g., over the tail surface). The condition is subsequently intensified by hypomotility and a lack of brown adipose tissue activation. Although the possible 3-T1AM targets trace amine-associated receptor 1 or α2a-adrenergic receptor were detected in tail artery and aorta respectively, myograph studies did not show any direct effect of 3-T1AM on vasodilation, suggesting that its actions are likely indirect. Intracerebroventricular application of 3-T1AM, however, replicated the phenotype of tail vasodilation and body temperature decline and led to neuronal activation in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the metabolite causes tail vasodilation through a hypothalamic signaling pathway. Consequently, the 3-T1AM response constitutes anapyrexia rather than hypothermia and closely resembles the heat-stress response mediated by hypothalamic temperature-sensitive neurons. Our results thus underline the well-known role of the hypothalamus as the body's thermostat and suggest an additional molecular link between TH signaling and the central control of body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Gachkar
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Noelia Martinez-Sanchez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Rial-Pensado
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amy Warner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jens Mittag
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Medizinische Klinik I, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Schanze N, Jacobi SF, Rijntjes E, Mergler S, Del Olmo M, Hoefig CS, Khajavi N, Lehmphul I, Biebermann H, Mittag J, Köhrle J. 3-Iodothyronamine Decreases Expression of Genes Involved in Iodide Metabolism in Mouse Thyroids and Inhibits Iodide Uptake in PCCL3 Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2017; 27:11-22. [PMID: 27788620 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) is an endogenous decarboxylated thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite. Pharmacological doses of 3-T1AM decrease heart rate, body temperature, and metabolic rate in rodents-effects that are contrary to classic TH excess. Furthermore, a single dose of 3-T1AM was shown to suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in rats. It was hypothesized that 3-T1AM might play a role in the fine-tuning of TH action and might have a direct regulatory effect on the thyroid gland. METHODS This study tested whether repeated 3-T1AM treatment interfered with thyroid function and the HPT axis in mice. Therefore, male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg of 3-T1AM or vehicle daily for seven days. Additionally, the effects of 3-T1AM on the differentiated rat thyrocyte cell line PCCL3 were analyzed. RESULTS Repeated administration of 3-T1AM decreased thyroidal mRNA content of the sodium iodide symporter (Nis), thyroglobulin, and pendrin in mice. No interference with the HPT axis was observed, as determined by unaltered pituitary mRNA levels of triiodothyronine-responsive genes, including thyrotropin subunit β. Furthermore, 3-T1AM treatment did not change transcript levels of hepatic triiodothyronine-responsive genes, such as deiodinase 1. In line with this, serum TH concentrations were not changed after the treatment period of seven days. In concordance with the in vivo findings, 3-T1AM decreased the thyrotropin-dependent expression of Nis and functional iodide uptake in PCCL3 cells in vitro. Additionally, uptake and metabolism of 3-T1AM by PCCL3 cells was observed, as well as 3-T1AM-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that might be involved in mediating the reported effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, 3-T1AM application decreased expression of selected TH synthesis genes by acting directly on the thyroid gland, and it might therefore affect TH synthesis without involvement of the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Schanze
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Friedrich Jacobi
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
- 3 Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- 4 Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Del Olmo
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Stephanie Hoefig
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- 3 Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- 3 Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
- 5 Molecular Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein , Medizinische Klinik I/CBBM, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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19
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Hoefig CS, Zucchi R, Köhrle J. Thyronamines and Derivatives: Physiological Relevance, Pharmacological Actions, and Future Research Directions. Thyroid 2016; 26:1656-1673. [PMID: 27650974 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyronamines (3-T1AM, T0AM) are endogenous compounds probably derived from L-thyroxine or its intermediate metabolites. Combined activities of intestinal deiodinases and ornithine decarboxylase generate 3-T1AM in vitro. Alternatively, 3-T1AM might be formed by the thyroid gland and secreted into the blood. 3-T1AM and T0AM concentrations have been determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) in tissues, serum, and cell lines. However, large variations of 3-T1AM concentrations in human serum were reported by LC-MS/MS compared with a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. These differences might be caused by strong binding of the highly hydrophobic 3-T1AM to apolipoprotein B100. Pharmacological administration of 3-T1AM results in dose-dependent reversible effects on body temperature, cardiac function, energy metabolism, and neurological functions. The physiological relevance of these actions is unclear, but may occur at tissue concentrations close to the estimated endogenous concentrations of 3-T1AM or its metabolites T0AM or thyroacetic acid (TA1). A number of putative receptors, binding sites, and cellular target molecules mediating actions of the multi-target ligand 3-T1AM have been proposed. Among those are members of the trace amine associated receptor family, the adrenergic receptor ADRα2a, and the thermosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel. Preclinical studies employing various animal experimental models are in progress, and more stable receptor-selective agonistic and antagonistic analogues of 3-T1AM are now available for testing. The potent endogenous thyroid hormone-derived biogenic amine 3-T1AM exerts marked cryogenic, metabolic, cardiac and central actions and represents a valuable lead compound linking endocrine, metabolic, and neuroscience research to advance development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Stephanie Hoefig
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Josef Köhrle
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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20
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Gnocchi D, Steffensen KR, Bruscalupi G, Parini P. Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:184-216. [PMID: 26748938 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. THs produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short-term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short-term-activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short-term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of THs, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - P. Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
- Metabolism Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
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Hoefig CS, Harder L, Oelkrug R, Meusel M, Vennström B, Brabant G, Mittag J. Thermoregulatory and Cardiovascular Consequences of a Transient Thyrotoxicosis and Recovery in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2957-67. [PMID: 27145010 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a major role in body homeostasis, regulating energy expenditure and cardiovascular function. Given that obese people or athletes might consider rapid weight loss as beneficial, voluntary intoxication with T4 preparations is a growing cause for thyrotoxicosis. However, the long-lasting effects of transient thyrotoxicosis are poorly understood. Here we examined metabolic, thermoregulatory, and cardiovascular function upon induction and recovery from a 2-week thyrotoxicosis in male C57BL/6J mice. Our results showed that T4 treatment caused tachycardia, decreased hepatic glycogen stores, and higher body temperature as expected; however, we did not observe an increase in brown fat thermogenesis or decreased tail heat loss, suggesting that these tissues do not contribute to the hyperthermia induced by thyroid hormone. Most interestingly, when the T4 treatment was ended, a pronounced bradycardia was observed in the animals, which was likely caused by a rapid decline of T3 even below baseline levels. On the molecular level, this was accompanied by an overexpression of cardiac phospholamban and Serca2a mRNA, supporting the hypothesis that the heart depends more on T3 than T4. Our findings therefore demonstrate that a transient thyrotoxicosis can have pathological effects that even persist beyond the recovery of serum T4 levels, and in particular the observed bradycardia could be of clinical relevance when treating hyperthyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Lisbeth Harder
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Moritz Meusel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Björn Vennström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.S.H., L.H., M.M., B.V., J.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 17177; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (C.S.H.), Charité-University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism CBBM/Medizinische Klinik I (L.H., R.O., G.B., J.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562; and Medizinische Klinik II (M.M.), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 23562
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Fischer AW, Hoefig CS, Abreu-Vieira G, de Jong JMA, Petrovic N, Mittag J, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Leptin Raises Defended Body Temperature without Activating Thermogenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1621-1631. [PMID: 26876182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been believed to exert its weight-reducing action not only by inducing hypophagia but also by increasing energy expenditure/thermogenesis. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have correspondingly been thought to be thermogenically limited and to show hypothermia, mainly due to atrophied brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast to these established views, we found that BAT is fully functional and that leptin treatment did not increase thermogenesis in wild-type or in ob/ob mice. Rather, ob/ob mice showed a decreased but defended body temperature (i.e., were anapyrexic, not hypothermic) that was normalized to wild-type levels after leptin treatment. This was not accompanied by increased energy expenditure or BAT recruitment but, instead, was mediated by decreased tail heat loss. The weight-reducing hypophagic effects of leptin are, therefore, not augmented through a thermogenic effect of leptin; leptin is, however, pyrexic, i.e., it alters centrally regulated thresholds of thermoregulatory mechanisms, in parallel to effects of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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