A metabolite of Danshen formulae attenuates cardiac fibrosis induced by isoprenaline, via a NOX2/ROS/p38 pathway

Isoproterenol mechanisms in inducing myocardial fibrosis and its application as an experimental model for the evaluation of therapeutic potential of phytochemicals and pharmaceuticals

Cardiac injury initiates repair mechanisms and results in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, which appears to be a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen in the cardiac interstitium. Many experimental studies have demonstrated that fibrotic injury in the heart is reversible; therefore, it is vital to understand different molecular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis to enable the development of antifibrotic agents. Of the many experimental models, one of the recent models that has gained renewed interest is isoproterenol (ISP)-induced cardiac fibrosis. ISP is a synthetic catecholamine, sympathomimetic, and nonselective β-adrenergic receptor agonist. The overstimulated and sustained activation of β-adrenergic receptors has been reported to induce biochemical and physiological alterations and ultimately result in cardiac remodeling. ISP has been used for decades to induce acute myocardial infarction. However, the use of low doses and chronic administration of ISP have been shown to induce cardiac fibrosis; this practice has increased in recent years. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous ISP has been widely used in preclinical studies to induce cardiac remodeling manifested by fibrosis and hypertrophy. The induced oxidative stress with subsequent perturbations in cellular signaling cascades through triggering the release of free radicals is considered the initiating mechanism of myocardial fibrosis. ISP is consistently used to induce fibrosis in laboratory animals and in cardiomyocytes isolated from animals. In recent years, numerous phytochemicals and synthetic molecules have been evaluated in ISP-induced cardiac fibrosis. The present review exclusively provides a comprehensive summary of the pathological biochemical, histological, and molecular mechanisms of ISP in inducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. It also summarizes the application of this experimental model in the therapeutic evaluation of natural as well as synthetic compounds to demonstrate their potential in mitigating myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy.

Phosphorylation-Regulated Dynamic Phase Separation of HIP-55 Protects Against Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF), which is the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases, is associated with low survival rates and a severe financial burden. The mechanisms, especially the molecular mechanism combined with new theories, underlying the pathogenesis of HF remain elusive. We demonstrate that phosphorylation-regulated dynamic liquid-liquid phase separation of HIP-55 (hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1-interacting protein of 55 kDa) protects against HF.

METHODS

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assay, differential interference contrast analysis, pull-down assay, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis were used to investigate the liquid-liquid phase separation capacity of HIP-55 and its dynamic regulation in vivo and in vitro. Mice with genetic deletion of HIP-55 and mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of HIP-55 were used to examine the role of HIP-55 on β-adrenergic receptor hyperactivation-induced HF. Mutation analysis and mice with specific phospho-resistant site mutagenesis were used to identify the role of phosphorylation-regulated dynamic liquid-liquid phase separation of HIP-55 in HF.

RESULTS

Genetic deletion of HIP-55 aggravated HF, whereas cardiac-specific overexpression of HIP-55 significantly alleviated HF in vivo. HIP-55 possesses a strong capacity for phase separation. Phase separation of HIP-55 is dynamically regulated by AKT-mediated phosphorylation at S269 and T291 sites, failure of which leads to impairment of HIP-55 dynamic phase separation by formation of abnormal aggregation. Prolonged sympathetic hyperactivation stress induced decreased phosphorylation of HIP-55 S269 and T291, dysregulated phase separation, and subsequent aggregate formation of HIP55. Moreover, we demonstrated the important role of dynamic phase separation of HIP-55 in inhibiting hyperactivation of the β-adrenergic receptor-mediated P38/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. A phosphorylation-deficient HIP-55 mutation, which undergoes massive phase separation and forms insoluble aggregates, loses the protective activity against HF.

CONCLUSIONS

Our work reveals that the phosphorylation-regulated dynamic phase separation of HIP-55 protects against sympathetic/adrenergic system-mediated heart failure.

Di-caffeoylquinic acid: a potential inhibitor for amyloid-beta aggregation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenging neurodegenerative disorder with limited therapeutic success. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a promising new source for AD, still requires further exploration to understand its complex components and mechanisms. Here, focused on addressing Aβ (1-40) aggregation, a hallmark of AD pathology, we employed a Thioflavin T fluorescence labeling method for screening the active molecular library of TCM which we established. Among the eight identified, 1,3-di-caffeoylquinic acid emerged as the most promising, exhibiting a robust binding affinity with a KD value of 26.7 nM. This study delves into the molecular intricacies by utilizing advanced techniques, including two-dimensional (2D) 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular docking simulations. These analyses revealed that 1,3-di-caffeoylquinic acid disrupts Aβ (1-40) self-aggregation by interacting with specific phenolic hydroxyl and amino acid residues, particularly at Met-35 in Aβ (1-40). Furthermore, at the cellular level, the identified compounds, especially 1,3-di-caffeoylquinic acid, demonstrated low toxicity and exhibited therapeutic potential by regulating mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing cell apoptosis, and mitigating Aβ (1-40)-induced cellular damage. This study presents a targeted exploration of catechol compounds with implications for effective interventions in AD and sheds light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying Aβ (1-40) aggregation disruption.

Isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2-hydroxypropanoate protects septic myocardial injury via regulating GAS6/Axl-AMPK signaling pathway

In a previous study, we used metabolomic techniques to identify a new metabolite of Danshen Dripping Pills called isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (IDHP), which has potential as a drug candidate for cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of IDHP against septic myocardial injury, as well as its molecular mechanism. Wild type or GAS6 knockout mice injured by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were used to observe the effect of IDHP. Here, we found that a specific concentration of IDHP (60 mg/kg) significantly increased the survival rate of septic mice to about 75 % at 72 h post CLP, and showed improvements in sepsis score, blood biochemistry parameters, cardiac function, and myocardial tissue damage. Furthermore, IDHP inhibited myocardial oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Molecularly, we discovered that IDHP treatment reversed the CLP-induced downregulation of GAS6, Axl, and p-AMPK/AMPK expression. In addition, GAS6 knockout reversed the positive effect of IDHP in septic mice, indicated by more severe myocardial tissue damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction. GAS6 knockout also resulted in decreased levels of GAS6, Axl, and p-AMPK/AMPK. Taken together, our study provides evidence that IDHP has significant cardioprotective effects against sepsis by regulating the GAS6/Axl-AMPK signaling pathway. This finding has important therapeutic potential for treating sepsis.

221S-1a inhibits endothelial proliferation in pathological angiogenesis through ERK/c-Myc signaling

Pathological angiogenesis plays a major role in many disease processes, including cancer and diabetic retinopathy. Antiangiogenic therapy is a potential management for pathologic angiogenesis. The novel synthetic compound 221S-1a, derived from captopril, tanshinol and borneol, may have antiangiogenic properties. On the basis of MS, NMR and HPLC analysis, the structure of 221S-1a was identified. The cellular uptake and metabolism of this compound was also observed. Next, the antiangiogenic properties of 221S-1a were evaluated in tumor-xenograft and OIR models in vivo. The inhibitory properties of 221S-1a on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and sprouting were detected in vitro. Furthermore, 221S-1a induced G1/S phase arrest was detected by PI staining flow cytometry analysis and Cyclin D, Cyclin E expression. 221S-1a inhibited ERK1/2 activation and nuclear translocation, in addition to downregulation of c-Myc, a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression. Molecular docking indicated the interaction of 221S-1a with the ATP-binding site of ERK2, leading to the inhibition of ERK2 phosphorylation and a concomitant inhibition of ERK1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, 221S-1a inhibited the G1/S phase transition by blocking the ERK1/2/c-Myc pathway to reduce tumor and OIR retinal angiogenesis. These novel findings suggest that 221S-1a is a potential pharmacologic candidate for treating pathological angiogenesis.

Efficient production of salvianic acid A from L-dihydroxyphenylalanine through a tri-enzyme cascade

Salvianic acid A (SAA), used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, possesses several pharmacological properties. However, the current methods for the enzymatic synthesis of SAA show low efficiency. Here, we constructed a three-enzyme cascade pathway in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to produce SAA from L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967 is a rate-limiting enzyme in this process. Therefore, we employed a mechanism-guided protein engineering strategy to shorten the transfer distances of protons and hydrides, generating an optimal LaPPR mutant, LaPPRMu2 (H89M/H143D/P256C), with a 2.8-fold increase in specific activity and 9.3-time increase in kcat/Km value compared to that of the wild type. Introduction of the mutant LaPPRMu2 into the cascade pathway and the optimization of enzyme levels and transformation conditions allowed the obtainment of the highest SAA titer (82.6 g L-1) ever reported in vivo, good conversion rate (91.3%), excellent ee value (99%) and the highest productivity (6.9 g L-1 h-1) from 90 g L-1 L-DOPA in 12 h. This successful strategy provides a potential new method for the industrial production of SAA.

Isopropyl 3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate protects lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by attenuating pyroptosis

Isopropyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (IDHP) is one of the main bioactive metabolites of the Chinese medicinal herb Danshen, which can be absorbed into blood compounds by oral administration of Compound Danshen dripping pills (CDDPs). Previous study showed that IDHP exerted anti-inflammatory effects by abolishing the secretion of proinflammatory factors stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the effects of IDHP on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) are not fully understood. In the present study, we observed the effects of IDHP on mortality and lung injury in LPS-treated mice and on LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages. Pretreatment with high dose of IDHP was found to reduce the mortality of ALI mice, significantly improve LPS-induced pathological changes, and reduce protein leakage and inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue. IDHP also inhibited the release of inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. Meanwhile, IDHP treatment significantly reduced the expression of active-caspase1, Nlrp3, Asc speck formation, Gsdmd (part of the canonical pyroptosis pathway), caspase4 (part of the non-canonical pyroptosis pathway), therefore decreasing IL-1β, IL-18, and ROS secretion in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, after co-culturing endothelial/epithelial cells with conditioned medium (CM) from LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages, we found that the protein levels of occludin and Zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1) were increased in IDHP CM-treated endothelial cells compared to those that were LPS CM-treated. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assay shows that IDHP also alleviated LPS-induced endothelial/epithelial cell injury. These findings indicate that the protective effect of IDHP on LPS-induced lung injury may be partly due to the inhibition of pyroptosis pathways.

Calcitriol Suppressed Isoproterenol-induced Proliferation of Cardiac Fibroblasts via Integrin β3/FAK/Akt Pathway

OBJECTIVE

Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition are important features of cardiac fibrosis. Various studies have indicated that vitamin D displays an anti-fibrotic property in chronic heart diseases. This study explored the role of vitamin D in the growth of CFs via an integrin signaling pathway.

METHODS

MTT and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were performed to determine cell viability. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and integrin signaling pathway. The fibronectin was observed by ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to evaluate the expression of integrin β3.

RESULTS

The PCNA expression in the CFs was enhanced after isoproterenol (ISO) stimulation accompanied by an elevated expression of integrin beta-3 (β3). The blockade of the integrin β3 with a specific integrin β3 antibody reduced the PCNA expression induced by the ISO. Decreasing the integrin β3 by siRNA reduced the ISO-triggered phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Both the FAK inhibitor and Akt inhibitor suppressed the PCNA expression induced by the ISO in the CFs. Calcitriol (CAL), an active form of vitamin D, attenuated the ISO-induced CFs proliferation by downregulating the integrin β3 expression, and phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Moreover, CAL reduced the increased levels of fibronectin and hydroxyproline in the CFs culture medium triggered by the ISO. The administration of calcitriol decreased the integrin β3 expression in the ISO-induced myocardial injury model.

CONCLUSION

These findings revealed a novel role for CAL in suppressing the CFs growth by the downregulation of the integrin β3/FAK/Akt pathway.

Sodium Danshensu protects against oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced astrocytes injury through regulating NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a serious condition with high incidence, mortality, and associated disability. Currently, effective therapeutic options are available for ischemic stroke are limited. Accumulating evidence indicates that sodium Danshensu, mono sodium compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza, plays protective roles in ischemic stroke. However, the underlying protective mechanism of sodium Danshensu in cerebral ischemic stroke remains unknown.

METHODS

In the current study, we explored the role and mechanism of sodium Danshensu on astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), which mimics the process of ischemia-reperfusion. The impact of sodium Danshensu on cell viability and apoptosis after OGD/R were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dophenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect the expression of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins associated with apoptosis and autophagy. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

RESULTS

It was found that sodium Danshensu could significantly increase cell viability and decrease LDH release and apoptosis. Besides, it inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Sodium Danshensu also dose-dependently decreased protein and mRNA levels of nucleotide binding oligomerization NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which play a crucial role in promoting ischemic stroke-induced cell injury. Moreover, sodium Danshensu dose-dependently upregulated Beclin 1 expression, downregulated P62 protein expression, and further increased LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio through inducing autophagy in astrocytes. Additionally, we noticed that sodium Danshensu dose-dependently increased tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) protein expression, while significantly reduced the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the presence of OGD/R insult.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that sodium Danshensu protects against OGD/R-induced injury by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and TSC2/mTOR pathways.

Discovery and therapeutic implications of bioactive dihydroxylated phenolic acids in patients with severe heart disease and conditions associated with inflammation and hypoxia

Our initial studies detected elevated levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid (DHPLA) in urine samples of patients with severe heart disease when compared with healthy subjects. Given the reported anti-inflammatory properties of DHPLA and related dihydroxylated phenolic acids (DPAs), we embarked on an exploratory multi-centre investigation in patients with no urinary tract infections to establish the possible pathophysiological significance and therapeutic implications of these findings. Chinese and Caucasian patients being treated for severe heart disease or those conditions associated with inflammation (WBC ≥ 10×10⁹/L or hsCRP ≥ 3.0mg/L) and/or hypoxia (PaO₂ ≤ 75mmHg) were enrolled; their urine samples were analyzed by HPLC, HPLC-MS, GC-MS and biotransformation assays. DHPLA was detected in urine samples of patients, but undetectable in healthy volunteers. Dynamic monitoring of inpatients undergoing treatment showed their DHPLA levels declined in proportion to their clinical improvement. In DHPLA-positive patients' fecal samples, Proteus vulgaris and P. mirabilis were more abundant than healthy volunteers. In culture, these gut bacteria were capable of reversible interconversion between DOPA and DHPLA. Furthermore, porcine and rodent organs were able to metabolize DOPA to DHPLA and related phenolic acids. The elevated levels of DHPLA in these patients suggest bioactive DPAs are generated de novo as part of a human's defense mechanism against disease. Because DHPLA isolated from Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae has a multitude of pharmacological activities, these data underpin the scientific basis of this medicinal plant's ethnopharmacological applications as well as highlighting the therapeutic potential of endogenous, natural or synthetic DPAs and their derivatives in humans.

Salvia miltiorrhiza in thorax and abdomainal organ fibrosis: A review of its pharmacology

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological change that finally results in organ failure, which involves the destruction of parenchyma cells, the activation of mesenchymal cells and the imbalance of immunological cells. In recent years, although some breakthroughs have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutics of organ fibrosis, no registered drugs could directly target the fibrotic process, which constitutes a major biomedical challenge. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a well-known medicinal plant in China, which has been widely applied because of its pharmacological effects on anti-oxidative, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Accumulated evidence suggested that SM played critical roles against organ fibrosis in vivo and in vitro experiments by its multiple biological compounds. In this review, we discussed the recent advances on the phytochemistry and pharmacological mechanisms of SM and its active ingredients in liver, lung, kidney, and heart fibrosis, which might help to promote the treatment of fibrotic diseases in thorax and abdomainal viscera in clinic.

Suppression of NADPH oxidase 4 inhibits PM2.5-induced cardiac fibrosis through ROS-P38 MAPK pathway

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been consistently linked to cardiovascular diseases, and cardiac fibrosis plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of heart diseases. It is reported that NOX4-dependent redox signaling are responsible for TGFβ-mediated profibrotic responses. The current study was designed to explore the possible mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis by PM_2.5 both in vitro and in vivo. Female C57BL/6 mice received PM_2.5 (3 mg/kg b.w.) exposure with/without NOX4 inhibitor (apocynin, 25 mg/kg b.w.) or ROS scavenger (NALC, 50 mg/kg b.w.), every other day, for 4 weeks. H9C2 cells were incubated with PM_2.5 (3 μg/mL) with/without 5 mM NALC, TGFβ inhibitor (SB431542, 10 μM), or siRNA-NOX4 for 24 h. The results demonstrated that PM_2.5 induced evident collagen deposition and elevated expression of fibrosis biomarkers (Col1a1 & Col3a1). Significant systemic inflammatory response and cardiac oxidative stress were triggered by PM_2.5. PM_2.5 increased the protein expression of TGFβ1, NOX4, and P38 MAPK. Notably, the increased effects of PM_2.5 could be suppressed by SB431542, siRNA-NOX4 in vitro or apocynin in vivo, and NALC. The reverse verification experiments further supported the involvement of the TGFβ/NOX4/ROS/P38 MAPK signaling pathway in the myocardial fibrosis induced by PM_2.5. In summary, the current study provided evidence that PM_2.5 challenge led to cardiac fibrosis through oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and subsequent TGFβ/NOX4/ROS/P38 MAPK pathway and may offer new therapeutic targets in cardiac fibrosis.

[Applications of chromatography in giant complex drug-organism system]

Chromatography is an important branch of analytical chemistry that focuses on the separation and analysis of complex structures. Following more than 100 years of development and improvement, chromatography theory and technology have gradually become sophisticated. It has become a coalition of science, technology, and art. Recently, chromatography has been successfully used in combination with mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic emission spectroscopy. Chromatography and the combination with other techniques has significantly improved the analysis of complex systems, such as the environment, food, petrochemicals, biological specimens, and medicine. As one of the oldest healing systems, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has served to maintain the health of people in China and worldwide for thousands of years. Therefore, it has become a core representative of traditional Chinese culture. In the past two years, TCM has been widely used to treat COVID-19, especially in patients with mild symptoms. Recently, Chinese government emphasized the inheritance and innovation of TCM and stepped up efforts to promote its modernization. TCM includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion, massage, food therapy, and physical exercise, such as Tai Chi. In most cases, the patients are administered a mixture of TCM formulas containing more than two herbal medicines, resulting in a highly complicated compound mixture. There is no doubt that long-term clinical practices have demonstrated the safety and therapeutic effect of TCM. However, the compound mixture must be simplified to identify the active compounds. This is mainly because of the existence of carcinogenic compounds, pesticides, and heavy metal residues introduced through plantation and production processes. Moreover, enzymes within the human system generate further new compounds in response to the entry of the TCM containing thousands of components. Consequently, the complex TCM and organism systems interact with each other, constituting a giant complex drug-organism system. The analysis of this giant complex system is acknowledged as a key aspect in the modernization process of TCM. In the last 20 years, many studies have been conducted to screen and identify effective compounds in TCM. These effective compounds can be either the original compounds or new metabolic components generated in vivo. All these efforts are aimed at simplifying the components of TCM and elucidating the therapeutic mechanism. It is well known that chromatography can provide technical support for complex systems owing to its unique advantage of outstanding separation and analysis capabilities. Therefore, chromatography and its combination with other technologies have become mainstream technologies for promoting the compilation of molecular structure, information, digitalization, and modernization of TCM. This paper reviews the research and application of chromatography and combination technologies in a giant complex TCM formula-organism system. Furthermore, the authors briefly introduce and summarize the understanding, research ideas, and activities of the authors' team on the modernization of TCM. "Liang Guanxi" and "He strategy" are proposed as novel strategies for studying the giant complex drug-organism system. A distinguished technology integrated with mathematical model of causal relation, combined receptor chromatography, identification of chemical molecular structure and evaluating of pharmacological activities was established. It was successfully employed to determine the core effector-response substances of "Liang Guanxi" herb pairs in a giant complex drug-organism system. Subsequently, utilizing the proposed technology of Combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine Molecular Chemistry, the author's team designed and developed four series of innovative drugs. Inspired by the hundred years of chromatography history and thousands of years of TCM culture, the future development of chromatographic technology is expected. Furthermore, the mechanisms of TCM in medical healthcare, prevention, and treatment of diseases are likely be explained through chromatography, leading to a new strategy to realize the molecularization and digitalization of TCM, which is beneficial to the development of original new drugs.

CTRP12 Alleviates Isoproterenol Induced Cardiac Fibrosis via Inhibiting the Activation of P38 Pathway

C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein 12 (CTRP12) plays a crucial part in cardiovascular diseases especially the coronary artery disease. Nonetheless, it is unrevealed that whether the CTRP12 participates in the progress of cardiac fibrosis. In this study, we investigated whether CTRP12 regulates pathological myocardial fibrosis. We isolated neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured with recombination CTRP12 followed by stimulating with Isoproterenol (ISO, 100 µM) for 24 h. Then the adenovirus were used to achieve the CTRP12-overexpressed fibroblasts. In vivo, the C57/B6 mice were subjected to recombinant human CTRP12 (0.2 µg/g/d) for 2 weeks after injected with Isoproterenol (ISO, 10 mg/kg/d for 3 d then 5 mg/kg/d for 11 d, subcutaneously (s.c.), 2 weeks) and mice were also subjected to adenovirus with P38 overexpressing system to explore the mechanism. As a result, CTRP12 significantly inhibit the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the transcription of cardiac fibrosis-related proteins induced by ISO in vitro. The administration of CTRP12 can effectively reduce the cardiac fibrosis and enhance the cardiac function in mice hearts. The treatment with CTRP12 did not change the expression level of phosphorylated (p)-smad2, smad4, p-extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, but it suppressed the activation of p38. Cardiac overexpression of p38 could abolish this kind of cardioprotective effects by CTRP12. In summary, the CTRP12 protect against the ISO induced cardiac fibrosis via suppressing the p38 signal pathway.

Nuciferine from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats

The study explored the cardioprotective role of the methanolic leaf extract of Nelumbo nucifera and nuciferine against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in Wistar rats. Pretreatment with leaf extract and nuciferine (200 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively) against MI induced by isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) significantly decreased heart weight; levels of cardiac markers such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB were similar to those in controls. The treatment significantly increased the content of endogenous antioxidants and decreased lipid peroxidation in all treated groups. Treated groups showed a significant reduction in heartbeats per minute as compared with the MI-induced positive control. The MI-induced group showed pathological implications such as tachycardia, left atrial enlargement, and anterolateral ST-elevated MI, which were absent in treated groups. Histology confirmed that the leaf extract and nuciferine prevented structural abnormality and inflammation in heart and liver tissues of treated groups. On in silico analysis, nuciferine showed stronger binding interaction with both β₁ and β₂ adrenergic receptors than isoproterenol. Hence, the leaf extract of N. nucifera and nuciferine could be used as plant-based cardioprotective agents.

Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of the compound Danshen tablet: roles of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, and anti-apoptosis

Background

Hyperlipidemia could cause some serious harm to human health diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease. This study sought to investigate the effects of the compound Danshen tablet (CDT) on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet in ApoE^-/- mice and related antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, and anti-apoptosis mechanisms.

Methods

The control group (Group 1) comprised 15 male C57BL/6N mice, and the other 5 groups (Groups 2-6) comprised 75 male ApoE^-/- mice. These 75 mice were randomly divided into 1 of the following 5 groups: Group 2, a model group; Groups 3-5, the CDT groups, each of which was administered 375, 750, or 1,500 mg/kg of CDT; and Group 6, an atorvastatin group, which was administered 5.2 mg/kg of atorvastatin. All the mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and intragastrically administered with CDT or atorvastatin once a day according to their body weight. After 16 weeks, serum was collected, the aorta was isolated, and blood lipid levels were detected. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The thickness of the aortic wall was measured by ultrasonography. Atherosclerotic plaque and endothelial cell apoptosis in the aortic root were evaluated using oil red O staining and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively.

Results

A comparison of mice in the CDT group and mice in the model group showed that CDT significantly inhibited mice's weight gain. CDT reduced the levels of the inflammatory factor ICAM-1 and the oxidative damage molecule 4-HNE. In the coagulation system, CDT significantly increased tPA levels and reduced TXB2 and PAI-1 levels. Ultrasonography showed that CDT increased the thickness of the aortic wall. The oil red O staining results revealed that CDT significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in the aortic valve. TUNEL assays indicated that CDT reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the aortic valve.

Conclusions

CDT has a certain protective effect on hyperlipidemia. The mechanism of CDT may be related to antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation, and anti-apoptosis.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects against sympathetic excitation-induced cardiac fibrosis

Sympathetic stimulated-cardiac fibrosis imposes great significance on both disease progression and survival in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. However, there are few effective therapies targeting it clinically. The cardioprotective effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has been explored in many pathological conditions, whether it can exert benefit effects on chronic sympathetic stimulus-induced cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we determined to explore the role of ALDH2 on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibroblasts (CF) proliferation and cardiac fibrosis. It was found that ALDH2 enzymatic activity was impaired in ISO-induced HCF proliferation and Aldh2 deficiency promoted mouse CF proliferation. Alda-1, an ALDH2 activator, exerted obvious suppressive effect on ISO-induced HCF proliferation, together with the induction of cell cycle arrest at G₀/G₁ phase and decreased expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Mechanistically, the inhibitory role of Alda-1 on HCF proliferation was achieved by decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was partially reversed by rotenone, an inducer of ROS. In addition, wild-type mice treated with Alda-1 manifested with reduced fibrosis and better cardiac function after ISO pump. In summary, Alda-1 alleviates sympathetic excitation-induced cardiac fibrosis via decreasing mitochondrial ROS accumulation, highlighting ALDH2 activity as a promising drug target of cardiac fibrosis.

Si-Miao-Yong-An Decoction attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in AMPK-driven Akt/mTOR and TGF-β/SMAD3 pathways

Myocardial fibrosis is well-known to be the aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which may cause cardiac dysfunction, morbidity, and death. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Si-Miao-Yong-An Decoction (SMYAD), which is used clinically in cardiovascular diseases has been recently reported to able to resist myocardial fibrosis. The anti-fibrosis effects of SMYAD have been evaluated; however, its intricate mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we found that SMYAD treatment reduced the fibrosis injury and collagen fiber deposition that could improve cardiac function in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced fibrosis rat models. Combined with our systematic RNA-seq data of SMYAD treatment, we demonstrated that the remarkable up-regulation or down-regulation of several genes were closely related to the functional enrichment of TGF-β and AMPK pathways that were involved in myocardial fibrosis. Accordingly, we further explored the molecular mechanisms of SMYAD were mainly caused by AMPK activation and thereby suppressing its downstream Akt/mTOR and TGF-β/SMAD3 pathways. Moreover, we showed that the ECM deposition and secretion process were attenuated, suggesting that the fibrosis pathological features are changed. Interestingly, we found the similar AMPK-driven pathways in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts treated with ISO. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SMYAD may be a new candidate agent by regulating AMPK-driven Akt/mTOR and TGF-β/SMAD3 pathways for potential therapeutic implications of myocardial fibrosis.

Alamandine attenuates angiotensin II-induced vascular fibrosis via inhibiting p38 MAPK pathway

Alamandine attenuates hypertension and cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We examined whether alamandine attenuates vascular remodeling in mice, and regulates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced fibrosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Alamandine attenuated hypertension in mice induced by Ang II. Ang II increased the fibrosis of thoracic aorta in mice, which was attenuated by alamandine treatment. Increased levels of collagen I, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) levels in thoracic aortas after Ang II treatment in mice were inhibited by alamandine. Ang II-stimulated collagen I, TGF-β, and CTGF level increases were inhibited by alamandine in rat VSMCs. This could be reversed by Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor, member D (MrgD) antagonist D-Pro⁷-Ang-(1-7) but not Mas receptor antagonist A779. MrgD expression was increased in the thoracic aortas of mice or VSMCs treatment with Ang II. Ang II increased p-p38 and cAMP levels in rat VSMCs, and alamandine blocked Ang II-induced these increases. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) reversed the inhibitory effects of alamandine on the Ang II-induced increases in collagen I, TGF-β, and CTGF levels. These results demonstrate alamandine attenuates vascular fibrosis by stimulating MrgD expression and decreases arterial fibrosis by blocking p-p38 expression. Alamandine/MrgD axis is a potential target for the treatment of vascular remodeling.

A novel compound DBZ ameliorates neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated microglia and ischemic stroke rats: Role of Akt(Ser473)/GSK3β(Ser9)-mediated Nrf2 activation

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of multiple neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke, yet lacks effective therapeutic agents. Previously, we discovered one novel synthetic compound, tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ), possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities, whereas little is known about its effects in CNS. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the effects and potential mechanism of DBZ on neuroinflammation and microglial function. Our studies revealed that DBZ significantly inhibited NF-κB activity, suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators meanwhile promoted M2 mediators expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and mouse primary microglia cells. DBZ also exhibited antioxidant activity by enhancing Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity, increasing HO-1 and NQO1 expression, and inhibiting LPS-induced ROS generation in BV2 cells. Importantly, the anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant effects of DBZ above were reversed by Nrf2 knockdown. Additionally, DBZ ameliorated sickness behaviors of neuroinflammatory mice induced by systemic LPS administration, and significantly reduced infract volume, improved sensorimotor and cognitive function in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO); besides, DBZ restored microglia morphological alterations and shifted the M1/M2 polarization in both murine models. Mechanistically, DBZ-induced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and antioxidant enzymes expression were accompanied by increased level of p-Akt(Ser473) (activation) and p-GSK3β(Ser9) (inactivation), and decreased nuclear level of Fyn both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacologically inhibiting PI3K or activating GSK3β markedly increased nuclear density of Fyn in microglia cells, which blocked the promoting effect of DBZ on Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and its antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Collectively, these results indicated the effects of DBZ on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation were strongly associated with the nuclear accumulation and stabilization of Nrf2 via the Akt(Ser473)/GSK3β(Ser9)/Fyn pathway. With anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant properties, DBZ could be a promising new drug candidate for prevention and/or treatment of cerebral ischemia and other neuroinflammatory disorders.

Mechanism of Heshouwuyin inhibiting the Cyt c/Apaf-1/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathway in spermatogenic cell apoptosis

BACKGROUND

The Chinese herbal compound Heshouwuyin has been shown to downregulate the apoptotic rate of testicular tissue cells in Wistar naturally aging rats, and this effect might be related to the mitochondrial pathway [15]. Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) is a major component of the apoptotic complex, which is a key element of the mitochondrial endogenous apoptotic pathway [13]. To further clarify the mechanism of Heshouwuyin in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, this study used Apaf-1 as a target to explore the mechanism by which Heshouwuyin inhibits the Apaf-1 pathway of spermatogenic cell apoptosis.

METHODS

In this study, an aging model of rat spermatogenic cells was established using free radical oxidative damage. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of germ cells and the inhibitory effect of Heshouwuyin. Apaf-1 was specifically knocked down by siRNA interference technology, and mitochondrial membrane potential was measured. qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were used to detect the expression of the key genes Cyt c, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway of spermatogenic cells.

RESULTS

Heshouwuyin reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cyt c, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in senescent spermatogenic cells. In these cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cyt c did not change significantly after specific knockdown of Apaf-1, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 decreased significantly. This finding indicated that knockdown of Apaf-1 could decrease the mRNA and protein expression levels of the downstream pro-apoptotic genes Caspase-9 and Caspase-3. Although Cyt c was an upstream gene of Apaf-1, knockdown of Apaf-1 had no significant effect on Cyt c expression.

CONCLUSION

The inhibition of spermatogenic cell apoptosis by Heshouwuyin was closely related to the Cyt c/Apaf-1/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathway. The inhibition of apoptosis by Heshouwuyin not only involved the Apaf-1 pathway, but other signaling pathways.

The Mechanism Underlying the Protective Effects of Tannic Acid Against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis in Mice

Tannic acid (TA) belongs to a class of complex water-soluble polyphenolic derivatives that show anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and scavenging activities. Here, we investigate the protective effects of TA against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis (MF) in mice. Mice received TA and ISO dosing and were sacrificed 48 h later. The activities of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mitochondria enzymes were measured. Cardiac histopathology was done using H&E, Sirius red, and Masson’s Trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to indicate changes in B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) protein expressions in cardiac tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively), c-fos, and c-jun. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, phosphorylated NF-κB p65), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p38, phosphorylated p38, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Compared to the ISO group, the TA group had reduced levels of TLR4, p38, p-p38, NF-κB (p65), p-NF-κB (p-p65), caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2, as well as CK, CK-MB, and LDH. These results indicate that TA protects against ISO-induced MF, possibly through its ability to suppress the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.

Resveratrol prevents ISO-induced myocardial remodeling associated with regulating polarization of macrophages through VEGF-B/AMPK/NF-kB pathway

Macrophage expansion and inflammatory responses are involved in induction of cardiac remodeling. Resveratrol has strong anti-inflammatory effects, however its effect on macrophage infiltration and polarization is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of RSV on ISO-induced myocardial remodeling in mice and its regulatory role in macrophage polarization. BALB/c mice were orally administered with RSV (100 mg/kg) daily for one week, then were subcutaneously injected with ISO (50 mg/kg) daily for another week. ISO injections to mouse caused cardiac dysfunction evidenced by cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte fibrosis. Meanwhile, macrophage M1 polarization was found in ISO treated mice, which was evidenced by increased percentage of Ly6C^low macrophages in the heart, levels of M1 cytokines and expression of CD68, and decreased percentage of Ly6C^high macrophage, levels of M2 cytokines and expression of CD206. All these changes in cardiac and macrophage M1 polarization were ameliorated when mice were pretreated with RSV. The effect of RSV on macrophage polarization was also tested in RAW264.7 cells. It was found that pre-treatment with RSV decreased the levels of M1 marker or proinflammatory cytokines, while increased the levels of M2 markers in ISO treated cells. In addition, it was found that RSV could upregulate the expression of VEGF-B and the activity of AMPK, while it downregulated the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 both in RAW264.7 cells and in mice. Furthermore, pretreatment with VEGF-B siRNA greatly reversed changes in almost all above parameters evoked by RSV in RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, our findings suggest RSV has potential therapeutic effects in ISO-induced myocardial injury, which may be by inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages through VEGFB/AMPK/NF-кB pathway.

Chronic peripheral ghrelin injection exerts antifibrotic effects by increasing growth differentiation factor 15 in rat hearts with myocardial fibrosis induced by isoproterenol

This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of ghrelin in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to control, ISO, and ISO + ghrelin groups. ISO (2 mg/kg per day, subcutaneous) or vehicle was administered once daily for 7 days, then ghrelin (100 microg/kg per day, subcutaneous) was administered once daily for the next 3 weeks. Ghrelin treatment greatly improved the cardiac function of ISO-treated rats. Ghrelin also decreased plasma brain natriuretic peptide level and ratios of heart weight to body weight and left ventricular weight to body weight. Ghrelin significantly reduced myocardial collagen area and hydroxyproline content, accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of collagen type I and III. Furthermore, ghrelin increased plasma level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and GDF15 mRNA and protein levels in heart tissues, which were significantly decreased with ISO alone. The phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and GSK-3beta at Ser9 was decreased with ISO, and ghrelin significantly reversed the downregulation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta. Mediated by GDF15, ghrelin could attenuate ISO-induced myocardial fibrosis via Akt-GSK-3beta signaling.

Mechanism of miR-320 in Regulating Biological Characteristics of Ischemic Cerebral Neuron by Mediating Nox2/ROS Pathway

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-320 in regulating biological characteristics of ischemic cerebral neuron by mediating Nox2/ROS pathway. Primary neurons were cultured and grouped: normal group (normal primary neurons), negative control (NC) group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with negative control plasmid), model group (ischemic primary neurons), miR-320 mimic group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with miR-320-overexpressed plasmid), Nox2 vector group (ischemic primary neurons, transfected with Nox2-overexpressed plasmid), and miR-320 mimic + Nox2 vector group (ischemic primary neurons, co-transfected with miR-320- and Nox2-overexpressed plasmid). Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that there was the target relationship between miR-320 and Nox2. miR-320 expression was significantly decreased, and Nox2 expression was significantly increased in the rest groups compared with normal group (both P < 0.05). There was a co-localization of miR-320 and Nox2 in the cytoplasm. Cell proliferation, contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and mRNA and protein expressions of Ki67, Bcl-2, and c-myc were significantly declined, and apoptosis rate, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased in the rest groups compared with normal group (all P < 0.05). miR-320 promoted cell proliferation; increased contents of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX; and declined apoptosis and contents of MDA and ROS. Moreover, miR-320 could affect the regulation of Nox2/ROS pathway on ischemic cerebral neuron by negatively regulating Nox2 expression. Overexpressed miR-320 affects the proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress injury of ischemic cerebral neuron by inhibiting Nox2/ROS pathway.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Vicious Cycle Triggered by Sarcomere Mutations and Secondary Disease Hits

Significance: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiac genetic disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and myocardial disarray. Disease onset occurs between 20 and 50 years of age, thus affecting patients in the prime of their life. HCM is caused by mutations in sarcomere proteins, the contractile building blocks of the heart. Despite increased knowledge of causal mutations, the exact path from genetic defect leading to cardiomyopathy is complex and involves additional disease hits. Recent Advances: Laboratory-based studies indicate that HCM development not only depends on the primary sarcomere impairment caused by the mutation but also on secondary disease-related alterations in the heart. Here we propose a vicious mutation-induced disease cycle, in which a mutation-induced energy depletion alters cellular metabolism with increased mitochondrial work, which triggers secondary disease modifiers that will worsen disease and ultimately lead to end-stage HCM. Critical Issues: Evidence shows excessive cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HCM patients and HCM animal models. Oxidative stress markers are increased in the heart (oxidized proteins, DNA, and lipids) and serum of HCM patients. In addition, increased mitochondrial ROS production and changes in endogenous antioxidants are reported in HCM. Mutant sarcomeric protein may drive excessive levels of cardiac ROS via changes in cardiac efficiency and metabolism, mitochondrial activation and/or dysfunction, impaired protein quality control, and microvascular dysfunction. Future Directions: Interventions restoring metabolism, mitochondrial function, and improved ROS balance may be promising therapeutic approaches. We discuss the effects of current HCM pharmacological therapies and potential future therapies to prevent and reverse HCM. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 31, 318-358.

Tanshinol borneol ester, a novel synthetic small molecule angiogenesis stimulator inspired by botanical formulations for angina pectoris

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a novel synthetic compound derived from Dantonic^® , a botanical drug approved in 26 countries outside the United States for angina pectoris and currently undergoing FDA Phase III clinical trial. Here, we investigated the angiogenic effects of (S)-DBZ and (R)-DBZ isomers in vitro and in vivo.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

A network pharmacology approach was used to predict molecular targets of DBZ. The effects of DBZ isomers on proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human endothelial cells were assessed. For in vivo approaches, the transgenic Tg (vegfr2:GFP) zebrafish and C57BL/6 mouse Matrigel plug models were used. ELISA and western blots were used to quantitate the release and expression of relevant target molecules and signalling pathways.

KEY RESULTS

DBZ produced a biphasic modulation on proliferation and migration of three types of human endothelial cells. Both DBZ isomers induced tube formation in Matrigel assay and a 12-day co-culture model in vitro. Moreover, DBZ promoted Matrigel neovascularization in mice and partially reversed the vascular disruption in zebrafish induced by PTK787. Mechanistically, DBZ enhanced the cellular levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, and MMP-9, as well as activating Akt and MAPK signalling in endothelial cells. Selective inhibition of PI3K and MEK significantly attenuated its angiogenic effects.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These data reveal, for the first time, that DBZ promotes multiple key steps of angiogenesis, at least in part through Akt and MAPK signalling pathways, and suggest it may be potentially developed further for treating myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.

Enhanced Neurogenesis and Collaterogenesis by Sodium Danshensu Treatment After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Ischemic stroke remains a serious threat to human life. There are limited effective therapies for the treatment of stroke. We have previously demonstrated that angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the brain play an important role in functional recovery following ischemic stroke. Recent studies indicate that increased arteriogenesis and collateral circulation are determining factors for restoring reperfusion and outcomes of stroke patients. Danshensu, the Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract, is used in treatments of various human ischemic events in traditional Chinese medicine. Its therapeutic mechanism, however, is not well clarified. Due to its proposed effect on angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, we hypothesized that danshensu could benefit stroke recovery through stimulating neurogenesis and collaterogenesis in the post-ischemia brain. Focal ischemic stroke targeting the right sensorimotor cortex was induced in wild-type C57BL6 mice and transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) to label smooth muscle cells of brain arteries. Sodium danshensu (SDS, 700 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 10 min after stroke and once daily until animals were sacrificed. To label proliferating cells, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered, starting on day 3 after ischemia and continued once daily until sacrifice. At 14 days after stroke, SDS significantly increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the peri-infarct region. SDS-treated animals showed increased number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells. Greater numbers of proliferating endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were detected in SDS-treated mice 21 days after stroke in comparison with vehicle controls. The number of newly formed neurons labeled by NeuN and BrdU antibodies increased in SDS-treated mice 28 days after stroke. SDS significantly increased the newly formed arteries and the diameter of collateral arteries, leading to enhanced local cerebral blood flow recovery after stroke. These results suggest that systemic sodium danshensu treatment shows significant regenerative effects in the post-ischemic brain, which may benefit long-term functional recovery from ischemic stroke.

Effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection on heart failure: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Danshen injection (DSI) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation extracted from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), which has the functions of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Heart failure (HF) is a complex cardiovascular disease, always leading to frequent onset and hospitalization, decreased quality of life, increased mortality, etc. Many clinical studies demonstrate that DSI has a good treatment on HF. We will provide a protocol to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DSI for HF.

METHODS

We will systematically search 3 English databases (PubMed, Excerpta Medica database [EMBASE], the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [Cochrane Library]) and 4 Chinese databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], Chinese VIP Information, Wanfang Database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database [CBM]) for randomised controlled trials (RCT) of DSI for HF. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), ejection fraction, left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVEDD), and six-minute walk distance (SWD) will be set as the primary outcome measures. The secondary outcome measures will include NT-pro BNP, quality of life and adverse reaction. All data will be analysed by using Stata 14.0 software and TSA v0.9 software. We will use I test statistics to assess the heterogeneity of included studies, and Begg's funnel plots and Egger's test to assess publication bias. Methodological quality will be assessed through a Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

RESULT

This study will provide a high quality evidence for DSI on HF.

CONCLUSION

This protocol will provide a reliable evidence to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DSI on HF.

REGISTRATION

PROS-PERO CRD42019125274.

Phosphocreatine Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis

The present study was designed to further explore the role and the underlying molecular mechanism of phosphocreatine (PCr) for cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Isoproterenol (ISO) was used to induce cardiac fibrosis in rats. PCr administration ameliorated fibrosis by reducing collagen accumulation and fibrosis-related signals, including transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I, and collagen type III. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, including p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p65, were highly activated by ISO and blocked by PCr. Moreover, PCr decreased ISO-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and increased the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression. Furthermore, PCr suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by ISO, as shown by downregulated expression of the proapoptotic caspase-3, Bax, and upregulated expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Taken together, PCr can be an effective agent for preventing cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Melatonin Protects Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Dysfunction of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Through Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation

BACKGROUND

Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induces oxidative stress and eventually leads to vascular injury.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of melatonin on HUVECs injured by H/R and explore the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A model of HUVECs under hypoxia/reoxygenation was established. Cell migration and adhesive ability was measured by wound healing and adhesion assays. Cell proliferation was measured by EdU assay. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by CM-H2DCFDA staining. Actin cytoskeleton rearrangement was examined by immunofluorescence. Western blotting analysis were used to analyze P38 and HSP27 phosphorylation levels.

RESULTS

H/R inhibited HUVEC proliferation, cell migratory and adhesive capacities, whereas melatonin (1~100 μM) inhibited these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Melatonin alone did not affect HUVEC viability, however, it inhibited the increase in ROS production and cytoskeleton disruption elicited by H/R, and it dose-dependently prevented H/R-induced upregulation of P38 and HSP27 phosphorylation. In addition, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine markedly inhibited increased phosphorylation levels of P38 and HSP27 under H/R.

CONCLUSIONS

Melatonin may have a potential clinical effect in trials of H/R-induced vascular injury through its antioxidant property.

Nrf2 Is a Key Regulator on Puerarin Preventing Cardiac Fibrosis and Upregulating Metabolic Enzymes UGT1A1 in Rats

Puerarin is an isoflavone isolated from Radix puerariae. Emerging evidence shown that puerarin possesses therapeutic benefits that aid in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects of puerarin on oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic banding (AB) and angiotensin II (AngII). We also investigated the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The results of histopathological analysis, as well as measurements of collagen expression and cardiac fibroblast proliferation indicated that puerarin administration significantly inhibited cardiac fibrosis induced by AB and AngII. These effects of puerarin may reflect activation of Nrf2/ROS pathway. This hypothesis is supported by observed decreases of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases Keap 1, increases Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation, and decreases of collagen expressions in cardiac fibroblasts treated with a combination of puerarin and AngII. Inhibition of Nrf2 with specific Nrf2 siRNA or Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol attenuated anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidant effects of puerarin. The metabolic effects of puerarin were mediated by Nrf2 through upregulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1. The Nrf2 agonist tBHQ upregulated protein expression of UGT1A1 over time in cardiac fibroblasts. Treatment with Nrf2 siRNA or brusatol dramatically decreased UGT1A1 expression in puerarin-treated fibroblasts. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation–qPCR further confirmed that puerarin significantly increased binding of Nrf2 to the promoter region of Ugt1a1. Western blot analysis showed that puerarin significantly inhibited AngII-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK. A specific inhibitor of p38-MAPK, SB203580, decreased collagen expression, and ROS generation induced by AngII in cardiac fibroblast. Together, these results suggest that puerarin prevents cardiac fibrosis via activation of Nrf2 and inactivation of p38-MAPK. Nrf2 is the key regulator of anti-fibrotic effects and upregulates metabolic enzymes UGT1A1. Autoregulatory circuits between puerarin and Nrf2-regulated UGT1A1 attenuates side effects associated with treatment, but it does not weaken puerarin’s pharmacological effects.

Connexin 43 reduces susceptibility to sympathetic atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia reported in clinical practice. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a member of the connexin protein family, which serves important roles in signal transduction in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Cx43 in the induction and maintenance of atrial fibrillation by using an animal model of sympathomimetic atrial fibrillation. Cx43 was successfully knocked down in the myocardium with gene‑specific small interfering (si)RNA via lentiviral infection. A total of 25 dogs were randomly and evenly divided into five groups: Normal (N), rapid atrial pacing (RAP), isoproterenol (ISO) + RAP, RAP + Cx43 siRNA and ISO + RAP + Cx43 siRNA. The mRNA and protein levels, as well as the distribution of Cx43 on the cell membrane, were gradually decreased in each group compared with the N group following treatment (P<0.05). The induction rate of the atrial effective refractory period was not significantly affected in the RAP and RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups, whereas it was significantly reduced in the ISO + RAP and ISO + RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups compared with the N group (P<0.05). The induction rate of AF was gradually increased in the RAP + Cx43 siRNA, ISO + RAP and ISO + RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups compared with the N group (P<0.05). The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was gradually increased in the ISO + RAP and ISO + RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups compared with their respective controls (RAP and RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups, respectively). However, no significant difference in the levels of NGF and TH was observed between the RAP, RAP + Cx43 siRNA, ISO + RAP and ISO + RAP + Cx43 siRNA groups. The mitochondrial morphology in each group was notably altered compared with the N group. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic index were gradually increased in each group compared with the N group (P<0.05). The results of the present study suggest that Cx43 reduces susceptibility to AF. Downregulation of Cx43 mediates the induction and maintenance of sympathetic AF.

Sesamin alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption in mice with experimental traumatic brain injury

Sesamin, a major lignan of sesame oil, was reported to have neuroprotective effects in several brain injury models. However, its protective action in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity has not been studied. In this study we investigated the effects of sesamin on the BBB in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explored the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury and then received sesamin (30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, ip). The mice were euthanized on the 1^st and 3^rd days after CCI injury and samples were collected for analysis. Sesamin treatment significantly attenuated CCI-induced brain edema on the 1^st and 3^rd days after the injury, evidenced by the decreases in water content, tissue hemoglobin levels, Evans blue extravasation and AQP4 expression levels in the ipsilateral cortical tissue compared with the vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, sesamin treatment significantly alleviated CCI-induced loss of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin in the brain tissues. The neuroprotective mechanisms of sesamin were further explored in cultured mouse brain microvascular bEnd.3 cells subjected to biaxial stretch injury (SI). Pretreatment with sesamin (50 μmol/L) significantly alleviated SI-induced loss of ZO-1 in bEnd.3 cells. Furthermore, we revealed that pretreatment with sesamin significantly attenuated SI-induced oxidative stress and early-stage apoptosis in bEnd.3 cells by decreasing the activation of ERK, p-38 and caspase-3. In conclusion, sesamin alleviates BBB disruption at least partly through its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects on endothelial cells in CCI injury. These findings suggest that sesamin may be a promising potential therapeutic intervention for preventing disruption of the BBB after TBI.

Activation of Nrf2 Attenuates Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling via Inhibiting Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: an Insight from a Plant Polyphenol

The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been demonstrated to be involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. It is partly attributed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses in endothelial cells. In current study, we conducted a series of experiments to clarify the effect of salvianolic acid A (SAA), a kind of polyphenol compound, in the process of EndMT in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and in vivo therapeutic efficacy on vascular remodeling in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced EndMT. EndMT was induced by TGFβ1 in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). SAA significantly attenuated EndMT, simultaneously inhibited cell migration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In MCT-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) model, SAA improved vascular function, decreased TGFβ1 level and inhibited inflammation. Mechanistically, SAA stimulated Nrf2 translocation and subsequent heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) up-regulation. The effect of SAA on EndMT in vitro was abolished by ZnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor. In conclusion, this study indicates a deleterious impact of oxidative stress on EndMT. Polyphenol antioxidant treatment may provide an adjunctive action to alleviate pulmonary vascular remodeling via inhibiting EndMT.

Danshen injection prevents heart failure by attenuating post-infarct remodeling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Danshen Injection (DSI) is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from Danshen, prepared from the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danshen is an ancient antipyretic traditional Chinese medicine which is mostly used to improve blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Danshen decoction or liquor-fried Danshen (with grain-based liquor) which is cool in nature is traditionally used to 'cool the blood' and reduce the swelling of sores and abscesses.

AIM OF STUDY

The present study aimed to examine the effect and mechanism of DSI in LAD induced heart injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One day after LAD surgery, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 3 groups: MI group; DSI group (1.5ml/kg/d, intramuscular); and Valsartan group (10mg/kg/d, intragastric). Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements (Pressure-Volume loop) were performed to evaluate cardiac function. Pathological methods (Masson, and Sirus red staining) were used to check myocardial fibrosis. Western blotting assay was used to detect the protein expression of MMP-2. RT-PCR was used to detect the gene expression of MMP-9, MPO, iNOS, Bcl-2 and Bax.

RESULTS

DSI administration to LAD rats resulted in improved cardiac functions, hemodynamic parameters and normalized ventricular mass. Furthermore, DSI-treated group demonstrated potential regulation of myocardial collagen I and III deposition associated with MMP-2 expression. Also, DSI administration decreased gene expression of iNOS, MPO and MMP-9, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio.

CONCLUSION

Myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, hemodynamic deterioration as well as systolic and diastolic dysfunctions which characterize a failing hearts were significantly prevented by DSI. Our study may provide future directions to focus on the anti-hypertrophic mechanisms of DSI and pathological roles played by MMP-2 in myocardial hypertrophy. Meanwhile, DSI also performed the effect of anti-inflammation by the way of decreasing iNOS and MPO. The way Danshen Injection increasing Bcl-2/Bax presented the possibility that it may has the effect of inhibiting cell death.

Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery

Ageing, an unanswered question in the medical field, is a multifactorial process that results in a progressive functional decline in cells, tissues and organisms. Although it is impossible to prevent ageing, slowing down the rate of ageing is entirely possible to achieve. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is characterized by the nourishing of life and its role in anti-ageing is getting more and more attention. This article summarizes the work done on the natural products from TCM that are reported to have anti-ageing effects, in the past two decades. The effective anti-ageing ingredients identified can be generally divided into flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, alkaloids and others. Astragaloside, Cistanche tubulosa acteoside, icariin, tetrahydrocurcumin, quercetin, butein, berberine, catechin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, gastrodin, 6-Gingerol, glaucarubinone, ginsenoside Rg1, luteolin, icarisid II, naringenin, resveratrol, theaflavin, carnosic acid, catalpol, chrysophanol, cycloastragenol, emodin, galangin, echinacoside, ferulic acid, huperzine, honokiol, isoliensinine, phycocyanin, proanthocyanidins, rosmarinic acid, oxymatrine, piceid, puerarin and salvianolic acid B are specified in this review. Simultaneously, chemical structures of the monomers with anti-ageing activities are listed, and their source, model, efficacy and mechanism are also described. The TCMs with anti-ageing function are classified according to their action pathways, including the telomere and telomerase, the sirtuins, the mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated kinase and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling pathway, free radicals scavenging and the resistance to DNA damage. Finally, Chinese compound prescription and extracts related to anti-ageing are introduced, which provides the basis and the direction for the further development of novel and potential drugs.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.

Moderate exercise training attenuates aging-induced cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis injuries of rat hearts

Aging is the most important risk factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading causes of death worldwide and the second major cause of death in Taiwan. The major factor in heart failure during aging is heart remodeling, including long-term stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Exercise is good for aging heart health, but the impact of exercise training on aging is not defined. This study used 3-, 12- and 18-month-old rats and randomly divided each age group into no exercise training control groups (C3, A12 and A18) and moderate gentle swimming exercise training groups (E3, AE12 and AE18). The protocol of exercise training was swimming five times weekly with gradual increases from the first week from 20 to 60 min for 12 weeks. Analyses of protein from rat heart tissues and sections revealed cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis pathway increases in aged rat groups (A12 and A18), which were improved in exercise training groups (AE12 and AE18). There were no heart injuries in young rat hearts in exercise group E3. These data suggest that moderate swimming exercise training attenuated aging-induced cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis injuries of rat hearts.

Role of phosphodiesterase 4 expression in the Epac1 signaling-dependent skeletal muscle hypertrophic action of clenbuterol

Clenbuterol (CB), a selective β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, induces muscle hypertrophy and counteracts muscle atrophy. However, it is paradoxically less effective in slow-twitch muscle than in fast-twitch muscle, though slow-twitch muscle has a greater density of β-AR We recently demonstrated that Epac1 (exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP [cAMP]1) plays a pivotal role in β2-AR-mediated masseter muscle hypertrophy through activation of the Akt and calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)/histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of Epac1 in the differential hypertrophic effect of CB using tibialis anterior muscle (TA; typical fast-twitch muscle) and soleus muscle (SOL; typical slow-twitch muscle) of wild-type (WT) and Epac1-null mice (Epac1KO). The TA mass to tibial length (TL) ratio was similar in WT and Epac1KO at baseline and was significantly increased after CB infusion in WT, but not in Epac1KO The SOL mass to TL ratio was also similar in WT and Epac1KO at baseline, but CB-induced hypertrophy was suppressed in both mice. In order to understand the mechanism involved, we measured the protein expression levels of β-AR signaling-related molecules, and found that phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) expression was 12-fold greater in SOL than in TA These results are consistent with the idea that increased PDE4-mediated cAMP hydrolysis occurs in SOL compared to TA, resulting in a reduced cAMP concentration that is insufficient to activate Epac1 and its downstream Akt and CaMKII/HDAC4 hypertrophic signaling pathways in SOL of WT This scenario can account for the differential effects of CB on fast- and slow-twitch muscles.

Bu Shen Tiao Chong recipe restores diminished ovary reserve through the BDNF pathway

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular pathway of BSTCR (Bu Shen Tiao Chong recipe) in retrieving diminished ovary reserve (DOR).

METHODS

The DOR model was established through injecting cyclophosphamide and the effect of BSTCR was examined under this background.

RESULTS

BSTCR was shown to restore depleted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), CDC2, cyclin B, GSH1, and P38 levels as well as impaired oocyte maturation and the higher apoptosis induced in DOR. BSTCR also enhances the response of oocytes to in vitro fertilization, with higher implantation rate, birth rate, and placenta weight.

CONCLUSION

BSTCR might exert its beneficial role in oocyte maturation and restore DOR through regulating the BDNF pathway. And this pathway itself is probably through the consequence on several serum hormones such as FSH, E2, Inhibin B, etc.

Chinese innovation in cardiovascular drug discovery

This article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23