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How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012237. [PMID: 36293091 PMCID: PMC9602559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interact with and modulate different functions of both FFA1 and FFA4, suggesting that it is indeed important to consider these interactions when studying the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in both normal physiology and in different disease settings. Here, we discuss what is currently known and show the importance of understanding fully how β-arrestins and GRKs regulate the function of long chain fatty acid receptors.
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Lok KH, Wareham NJ, Nair RS, How CW, Chuah LH. Revisiting the concept of incretin and enteroendocrine L-cells as type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106237. [PMID: 35487405 PMCID: PMC7614293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The significant growth in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence strikes a common threat to the healthcare and economic systems globally. Despite the availability of several anti-hyperglycaemic agents in the market, none can offer T2DM remission. These agents include the prominent incretin-based therapy such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors that are designed primarily to promote GLP-1R activation. Recent interest in various therapeutically useful gastrointestinal hormones in T2DM and obesity has surged with the realisation that enteroendocrine L-cells modulate the different incretins secretion and glucose homeostasis, reflecting the original incretin definition. Targeting L-cells offers promising opportunities to mimic the benefits of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis, bodyweight management, and T2DM remission. Revising the fundamental incretin theory is an essential step for therapeutic development in this area. Therefore, the present review explores enteroendocrine L-cell hormone expression, the associated nutrient-sensing mechanisms, and other physiological characteristics. Subsequently, enteroendocrine L-cell line models and the latest L-cell targeted therapies are reviewed critically in this paper. Bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy and new paradigm of L-cell targeted pharmaceutical formulation are discussed here, offering both clinician and scientist communities a new common interest to push the scientific boundary in T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Hou Lok
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Liu C, Cheng ZY, Xia QP, Hu YH, Wang C, He L. GPR40 receptor agonist TAK-875 improves cognitive deficits and reduces β-amyloid production in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2133-2146. [PMID: 34173034 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in brain in addition to periphery and is associated with cognitive function such as space orientation, memory, and learning. However, the effects and mechanisms of GPR40 agonist in improving the AD progression remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of a potent and selective GPR40 agonist TAK-875 on the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. RESULTS The results showed that intracerebroventricular administration of TAK-875 significantly rescued cognitive deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, and these effects may be mediated by the regulation of phospholipase C/protein kinase C signaling pathway, which enhanced α-secretase ADAM10 activity, promoted amyloid precursor protein non-amyloidogenic processing pathway, and reduced β-amyloid production. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GPR40 may be a potential therapeutic target for AD, and GPR40 agonists may become promising AD drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Qing-Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiang Su Province, China.
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4
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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5
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Vana V, Lærke MK, Kleberg K, Mroz PA, Lindberg BL, Ekberg JH, Rehfeld JF, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS. Post-oral fat-induced satiation is mediated by endogenous CCK and GLP-1 in a fat self-administration mouse model. Physiol Behav 2021; 234:113315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Understanding the appetite modulation pathways: The role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114503. [PMID: 33711286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaconutrition is an area of current interest, especially concerning the advances in the pharmacology of nutrient-sensing receptors, as have been accomplished in the last 20 years. The family of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors is composed of four members, sequentially named as FFA1 to FFA4, which are activated by the short to long-chain fatty acids. The affinity of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors for the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prompted pre-clinical and clinical investigations regarding their involvement in metabolic diseases. The main studies have been focused on the receptors' expression analyses, the featuring of knockout mice, and the assessment of selective synthetic ligands. These clearly have indicated a relevant role for FFA1 and FFA4 in the peripheral and central circuits for the regulation of energetic metabolism. This review article aimed to discuss the relevance of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in appetite-related complications, mainly related to obesity, cancer cachexia, and anorexia in the elderly, emphasizing whether their pharmacological modulation might be useful for the management of these disorders.
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Tough IR, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Synthetic G protein-coupled bile acid receptor agonists and bile acids act via basolateral receptors in ileal and colonic mucosa. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13943. [PMID: 32656959 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled bile acid (BA) receptor, GPBA (previously named TGR5), mediates BA gastrointestinal (GI) activities. Our aim was to elucidate the mucosal and motility responses to selective GPBA agonists compared with conjugated BA (eg, taurodeoxycholate, TDCA) in mouse and human colon. METHODS Ion transport responses to GPBA agonists or BAs were measured in mucosal preparations with intact submucous innervation, from C57Bl/6, PYY-/-, or GPBA-/- mice and compared with GPBA signaling in human colon. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying GPBA agonism in mucosae and on natural fecal pellet propulsion. KEY RESULTS GPBA agonist Merck V stimulated basolateral responses involving peptide YY (PYY), cholinergic, and 5-HT mechanisms in colonic mucosa. The PYY-mediated GPBA signal was glucose-sensitive. Luminal TDCA crossed the epithelial lining via the apical sodium-dependent BA transporter (ASBT) and its inhibitor, GSK2330672 significantly reduced luminal, but not basolateral TDCA activity. Merck V also slowed natural fecal pellet progression in wild-type and PYY-/- colons but not in GPBA-/- colon, while TDCA increased motility in wild-type colon. The antimotile GPBA effect was reversed by blockade of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors or nitric oxide synthase, indicating involvement of GLP-1 and nitric oxide. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that several different targets within the lamina propria express GPBA, including L cells (that release PYY and GLP-1), enterochromaffin cells and neurons (that release 5-HT), and other enteric neurons. Furthermore, luminal-conjugated BAs require transport across the epithelium via ASBT in order to activate basolateral GPBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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8
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Freitas RDS, Muradás TC, Dagnino APA, Rost FL, Costa KM, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Campos MM. Targeting FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in cancer-induced cachexia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E877-E892. [PMID: 32893672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00509.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid (FFA) receptors FFA1 and FFA4 are omega-3 molecular targets in metabolic diseases; however, their function in cancer cachexia remains unraveled. We assessed the role of FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in the mouse model of cachexia induced by Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell implantation. Naturally occurring ligands such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the synthetic FFA1/FFA4 agonists GW9508 and TUG891, or the selective FFA1 GW1100 or FFA4 AH7614 antagonists were tested. FFA1 and FFA4 expression and other cachexia-related parameters were evaluated. GW9508 and TUG891 decreased tumor weight in LLC-bearing mice. Regarding cachexia-related end points, ALA, DHA, and the preferential FFA1 agonist GW9508 rescued body weight loss. Skeletal muscle mass was reestablished by ALA treatment, but this was not reflected in the fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) measurement. Otherwise, TUG891, GW1100, or AH7614 reduced the muscle fiber CSA. Treatments with ALA, GW9508, GW1100, or AH7614 restored white adipose tissue (WAT) depletion. As for inflammatory outcomes, ALA improved anemia, whereas GW9508 reduced splenomegaly. Concerning behavioral impairments, ALA and GW9508 rescued locomotor activity, whereas ALA improved motor coordination. Additionally, DHA improved grip strength. Notably, GW9508 restored abnormal brain glucose metabolism in different brain regions. The GW9508 treatment increased leptin levels, without altering uncoupling protein-1 downregulation in visceral fat. LLC-cachectic mice displayed FFA1 upregulation in subcutaneous fat, but not in visceral fat or gastrocnemius muscle, whereas FFA4 was unaltered. Overall, the present study shed new light on FFA1 and FFA4 receptors' role in metabolic disorders, indicating FFA1 receptor agonism as a promising strategy in mitigating cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel D S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaís C Muradás
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A Dagnino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L Rost
- Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kesiane M Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina T Venturin
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul - BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul - BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson C da Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul - BraIns), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Luscombe VB, Lucy D, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. 20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor? DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1926-1937. [PMID: 33001759 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other "full-time" free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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McCauley HA, Matthis AL, Enriquez JR, Nichol JT, Sanchez JG, Stone WJ, Sundaram N, Helmrath MA, Montrose MH, Aihara E, Wells JM. Enteroendocrine cells couple nutrient sensing to nutrient absorption by regulating ion transport. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4791. [PMID: 32963229 PMCID: PMC7508945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to absorb ingested nutrients is an essential function of all metazoans and utilizes a wide array of nutrient transporters found on the absorptive enterocytes of the small intestine. A unique population of patients has previously been identified with severe congenital malabsorptive diarrhea upon ingestion of any enteral nutrition. The intestines of these patients are macroscopically normal, but lack enteroendocrine cells (EECs), suggesting an essential role for this rare population of nutrient-sensing cells in regulating macronutrient absorption. Here, we use human and mouse models of EEC deficiency to identify an unappreciated role for the EEC hormone peptide YY in regulating ion-coupled absorption of glucose and dipeptides. We find that peptide YY is required in the small intestine to maintain normal electrophysiology in the presence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, a potent stimulator of ion secretion classically produced by enteric neurons. Administration of peptide YY to EEC-deficient mice restores normal electrophysiology, improves glucose and peptide absorption, diminishes diarrhea and rescues postnatal survival. These data suggest that peptide YY is a key regulator of macronutrient absorption in the small intestine and may be a viable therapeutic option to treat patients with electrolyte imbalance and nutrient malabsorption. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized gastrointestinal cells that have a role in nutrient sensing and hormone secretion. Here the authors show that peptide YY from EECs regulates nutrient absorption in intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Andrea L Matthis
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jacob R Enriquez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jonah T Nichol
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - J Guillermo Sanchez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - William J Stone
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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11
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Free Fatty Acid-Induced Peptide YY Expression Is Dependent on TG Synthesis Rate and Xbp1 Splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093368. [PMID: 32397573 PMCID: PMC7247705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived satiety hormones provide negative feedback to suppress food intake and maintain metabolic function in peripheral tissues. Despite the wealth of knowledge of the systemic effects of these hormones, very little is known concerning the mechanisms by which nutrients, such as dietary fats, can promote the expression of genes involved in L-cell hormone production. We have tested the role of various dietary fats and found that after hydrolysis into free fatty acids (FFA’s), there is a differential response in the extent to which they induce PYY gene and protein production. The effect of FFA’s also seems to relate to triglyceride (TG) re-esterification rate, with MUFA re-esterifying faster with lower PYY production. We have also found that there are differences in potency of FFA’s based on their desaturation patterns in vitro. The potency effect of FFA’s is influenced by the rate of TG re-esterification, such that the longer FFA’s are in contact with L-cells, the more PYY they produce. We found that chronic consumption of high-fat diets enables the small intestine to re-esterify FFA’s into TG faster and earlier which resulted in a blunted postprandial PYY response. Lastly, we found that FFA’s induce X-box-binding protein-1 activation (Xbp1s) in L-cells and that adenoviral delivery of Xbp1s was sufficient to induce PYY gene expression. Taken together, the present work indicates that dietary fat can induce satiety, in part, prior to re-esterification. Chronic high-fat diet consumption increases the rate of re-esterification which diminishes satiety and may lead to increased food intake. Targeting intestinal TG synthesis may prove beneficial in restoring obesity-associated reductions in postprandial satiety.
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12
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Tsai CC, Li YC, Chang LC, Tey SL, Lin KJ, Huang SC. Long-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors Mediate Relaxation of the Porcine Lower Esophageal Sphincter. Front Physiol 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31214048 PMCID: PMC6554435 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids activate the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and FFA4. In the gastrointestinal system, FFA1 and FFA4 have been found in the pancreas and intestine. Fatty food and decreased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) motility are associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The effect of long-chain fatty acids on the esophageal motility is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of long-chain fatty acids on the porcine LES motility ex vivo using isometric transducers. In endothelin 1-precontracted porcine LES strips, the FFA1 selective agonists, fasiglifam, TUG424, and GW9508, caused marked relaxations in a concentration-dependent manner. The relative efficacies to elicit relaxation were GW9508 > TUG424 > fasiglifam in both clasp and sling strips. In contrast, the FFA4 specific agonists, TUG891 and GSK137647, produced mild relaxations. In addition, the endogenous FFA1 agonist DHA caused a mild relaxation whereas GW1100, an FFA1 antagonist, inhibited GW9508 induced relaxation of the porcine LES clasp and sling muscle. Both real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that FFA1 and FFA4 were expressed in the porcine LES. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the FFA4 expression was much lower than FFA1. Taken together, long-chain fatty acid receptor agonists elicit relaxation of the porcine LES. FFA1 might influence LES motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Leei Tey
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Lin
- Department of Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shosanbetsu Village Clinic, Hokkaido, Japan
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Tough IR, Forbes S, Cox HM. Signaling of free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 differs in colonic mucosa following selective agonism or coagonism by luminal propionate. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13454. [PMID: 30136343 PMCID: PMC6282569 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionate exhibits affinity for free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2, formerly GPR43) and FFA3 (GPR41). These two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed by enteroendocrine L cells that contain anorectic peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), while FFA3 is also expressed by enteric neurons. Few studies have investigated the individual roles of FFA2 and FFA3 in propionate's gastrointestinal (GI) effects. Here, we compared FFA2, FFA3, and propionate mucosal responses utilizing selective ligands including an FFA3 antagonist, in mouse and human colonic mucosa. METHODS Vectorial ion transport was measured in native colonic preparations from normal mouse and human colon with intact submucosal innervation. Endogenous fecal pellet propulsion was monitored in colons isolated from wild-type (WT) and PYY-/- mice. KEY RESULTS FFA2 and FFA3 signaling differed significantly. FFA2 agonism involved endogenous L cell-derived PYY and was glucose dependent, while FFA3 agonism was independent of PYY and glucose, but required submucosal enteric neurons for activity. Tonic FFA3 activity was observed in mouse and human colon mucosa. Apical propionate responses were a combination of FFA2-PYY mediation and FFA3 neuronal GLP-1- and CGRP-dependent signaling in mouse ascending colon mucosa. Propionate also slowed WT and PYY-/- colonic transit, and this effect was blocked by a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We conclude that luminal propionate costimulates FFA2 and FFA3 pathways, reducing anion secretion and slowing colonic motility; FFA2 via PYY mediation and FFA3 signaling by activation of enteric sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Tough
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Sarah Forbes
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Helen M. Cox
- King's College LondonWolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
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14
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Tough IR, Forbes S, Herzog H, Jones RM, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Bidirectional GPR119 Agonism Requires Peptide YY and Glucose for Activity in Mouse and Human Colon Mucosa. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1704-1717. [PMID: 29471473 PMCID: PMC5972582 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid sensor G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is highly expressed by enteroendocrine L-cells and pancreatic β-cells that release the hormones, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagonlike peptide 1, and insulin, respectively. Endogenous oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and the dietary metabolite, 2-monoacylglycerol (2-OG), can each activate GPR119. Here, we compared mucosal responses with selective, synthetic GPR119 agonists (AR440006 and AR231453) and the lipids, OEA, 2-OG, and N-oleoyldopamine (OLDA), monitoring epithelial ion transport as a readout for L-cell activity in native mouse and human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosae. We also assessed GPR119 modulation of colonic motility in wild-type (WT), GPR119-deficient (GPR119-/-), and PYY-deficient (PYY-/-) mice. The water-soluble GPR119 agonist, AR440006 (that cannot traverse epithelial tight junctions), elicited responses, when added apically or basolaterally in mouse and human colonic mucosae. In both species, GPR119 responses were PYY, Y1 receptor mediated, and glucose dependent. AR440006 efficacy matched the GI distribution of L-cells in WT tissues but was absent from GPR119-/- tissue. OEA and 2-OG responses were significantly reduced in the GPR119-/- colon, but OLDA responses were unchanged. Alternative L-cell activation via free fatty acid receptors 1, 3, and 4 and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 or by the melanocortin 4 receptor, was unchanged in GPR119-/- tissues. The GPR119 agonist slowed transit in WT but not the PYY-/- colon in vitro. AR440006 (intraperitoneally) slowed WT colonic and upper-GI transit significantly in vivo. These data indicate that luminal or blood-borne GPR119 agonism can stimulate L-cell PYY release with paracrine consequences and slower motility. We suggest that this glucose-dependent L-cell response to a gut-restricted GPR119 stimulus has potential therapeutic advantage in modulating insulinotropic signaling with reduced risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Forbes
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert M Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Helen M. Cox, PhD, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Moodaley R, Smith DM, Tough IR, Schindler M, Cox HM. Agonism of free fatty acid receptors 1 and 4 generates peptide YY-mediated inhibitory responses in mouse colon. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4508-4522. [PMID: 28971469 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Free fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 are located on enteroendocrine L cells with the highest gastrointestinal (GI) expression in descending colon. Their activation causes the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY (PYY) from L cells. Additionally, FFA1 agonism releases insulin from pancreatic β cells. As these receptors are modulators of nutrient-stimulated glucose regulation, the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacology of commercially available agonists (TUG424, TUG891, GW9508) with proven selective agonists (JTT, TAK-875, AZ423, Metabolex-36) in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mouse mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers, voltage-clamped and the resultant short-circuit current (Isc ) was recorded continuously. Pretreatments included antagonists of FFA1, Y1 or Y2 receptors. Glucose sensitivity was investigated by mannitol replacement apically, and colonic and upper GI transit was assessed in vitro and in vivo. KEY RESULTS FFA1 and FFA4 agonism required glucose and reduced Isc in a PYY-Y1 receptor-dependent manner. The novel compounds were more potent than GW9508. The FFA1 antagonists (GW1100 and ANT825) blocked FFA1 activity only and revealed FFA1 tonic activity. The FFA4 agonist, Metabolex-36, slowed colonic transit in vitro but increased small intestinal transit in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The selective FFA1 and FFA4 agonists were more potent at reducing Isc than GW9508, a dual FFA1 and FFA4 agonist. A paracrine epithelial mechanism involving PYY-stimulated Y1 receptors mediated their responses, which were glucose sensitive, potentially limiting hypoglycaemia. ANT825 revealed tonic activity and the possibility of endogenous FFA1 ligands causing PYY release. Finally, FFA4 agonism induced regional differences in transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runisha Moodaley
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain R Tough
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Schindler
- AstraZeneca Mölndal, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Helen M Cox
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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