1
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Norman H, Munson A, Cortese D, Koeck B, Killen SS. The interplay between sleep and ecophysiology, behaviour and responses to environmental change in fish. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247138. [PMID: 38860399 PMCID: PMC11213526 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Evidence of behavioural sleep has been observed in every animal species studied to date, but current knowledge of the behaviour, neurophysiology and ecophysiology associated with sleep is concentrated on mammals and birds. Fish are a hugely diverse group that can offer novel insights into a variety of sleep-related behaviours across environments, but the ecophysiological relevance of sleep in fish has been largely overlooked. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the current breadth of knowledge on fish sleep, and surveyed the diverse physiological effects and behaviours associated with sleep. We also discuss possible ways in which unstudied external factors may alter sleep behaviours. For example, predation risk may alter sleep patterns, as has been shown in mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Other environmental factors - such as water temperature and oxygen availability - have the potential to alter sleep patterns in fish differently than for terrestrial endotherms. Understanding the ecological influences on sleep in fish is vital, as sleep deprivation has the potential to affect waking behaviour and fitness owing to cognitive and physiological impairments, possibly affecting ecological phenomena and sensitivity to environmental stressors in ways that have not been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Norman
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amelia Munson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daphne Cortese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barbara Koeck
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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2
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Rutschmann A, Perry C, Le Galliard JF, Dupoué A, Lourdais O, Guillon M, Brusch G, Cote J, Richard M, Clobert J, Miles DB. Ecological responses of squamate reptiles to nocturnal warming. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:598-621. [PMID: 38062628 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Nocturnal temperatures are increasing at a pace exceeding diurnal temperatures in most parts of the world. The role of warmer nocturnal temperatures in animal ecology has received scant attention and most studies focus on diurnal or daily descriptors of thermal environments' temporal trends. Yet, available evidence from plant and insect studies suggests that organisms can exhibit contrasting physiological responses to diurnal and nocturnal warming. Limiting studies to diurnal trends can thus result in incomplete and misleading interpretations of the ability of species to cope with global warming. Although they are expected to be impacted by warmer nocturnal temperatures, insufficient data are available regarding the night-time ecology of vertebrate ectotherms. Here, we illustrate the complex effects of nocturnal warming on squamate reptiles, a keystone group of vertebrate ectotherms. Our review includes discussion of diurnal and nocturnal ectotherms, but we mainly focus on diurnal species for which nocturnal warming affects a period dedicated to physiological recovery, and thus may perturb activity patterns and energy balance. We first summarise the physical consequences of nocturnal warming on habitats used by squamate reptiles. Second, we describe how such changes can alter the energy balance of diurnal species. We illustrate this with empirical data from the asp viper (Vipera aspis) and common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), two diurnal species found throughout western Europe. Third, we make use of a mechanistic approach based on an energy-balance model to draw general conclusions about the effects of nocturnal temperatures. Fourth, we examine how warmer nights may affect squamates over their lifetime, with potential consequences on individual fitness and population dynamics. We review quantitative evidence for such lifetime effects using recent data derived from a range of studies on the European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). Finally, we consider the broader eco-evolutionary ramifications of nocturnal warming and highlight several research questions that require future attention. Our work emphasises the importance of considering the joint influence of diurnal and nocturnal warming on the responses of vertebrate ectotherms to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rutschmann
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Constant Perry
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (iEES Paris), Tours 44-45, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de Recherche en écologie expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 78 rue du château, Saint-Pierre-Lès-Nemours, 77140, France
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539, LEMAR, 1625 Rte de Sainte-Anne, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372-Université de La Rochelle, 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière, Villiers-en-Bois, 79630, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences Center Building, 427E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Michaël Guillon
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372-Université de La Rochelle, 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière, Villiers-en-Bois, 79630, France
- Cistude Nature, Chemin du Moulinat-33185, Le Haillan, France
| | - George Brusch
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR5174, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, 118 Rte de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, 131 Life Science Building, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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3
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap L, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP88198. [PMID: 37910019 PMCID: PMC10619980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lucy Tainton-Heap
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Amber B Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
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4
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap LA, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535331. [PMID: 37066182 PMCID: PMC10103959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, Gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Amber B. Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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5
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Lacroux C, Krief S, Douady S, Cornette R, Durand S, Aleeje A, Asalu E, Pouydebat E. Chimpanzees select comfortable nesting tree species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16943. [PMID: 37805595 PMCID: PMC10560204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Every evening, chimpanzees build sleeping "nests" in trees. In some studied communities, individuals appear to be selective about the tree species used, which has led researchers to hypothesize whether chimpanzees prefer trees that repel troublesome insects or/and that provide comfortable and stable structures. We investigate these hypotheses, or a trade-off between both, though study of tree species preference based on their biomechanical and/or biochemical properties in the Sebitoli chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda. The ten tree species most frequently used for nesting were compared with ten abundant in their environment but not preferred for nesting. For these 20 tree species, we determined their biomechanical and morphological characteristics such as foliar density, foliar units form (shape and size) and branch rigidity. Their spatial repellent activity, previously tested against Anopheles gambiae was incorporated into the analysis. Chimpanzees chose tree species with medium-sized and elongated foliar units, high foliar density and branch with stiffer wood. In addition, most tree species with such mechanical and morphological properties also have mosquito repellent activity. These tree properties may provide a comfortable sleeping environment enhancing sleep quality. Finally, a comparison across chimpanzee communities would be relevant to understand whether these choices are not only ecological but also cultural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75116, Paris, France.
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris, France.
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda.
- La Phocéenne de Cosmétique, ZA Les Roquassiers, 174 Rue de La Forge, 13300, Salon-de-Provence, France.
| | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75116, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Stéphane Douady
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot, 75025, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Durand
- La Phocéenne de Cosmétique, ZA Les Roquassiers, 174 Rue de La Forge, 13300, Salon-de-Provence, France
| | - Alfred Aleeje
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Edward Asalu
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris, France
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6
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Putyora E, Brocklehurst S, Tuyttens F, Sandilands V. The Effects of Mild Disturbances on Sleep Behaviour in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071251. [PMID: 37048507 PMCID: PMC10093027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive welfare of commercial animals presents many benefits, making the accurate assessment of welfare important. Assessments frequently use behaviour to determine welfare state; however, nighttime behaviours are often ignored. Sleep behaviour may offer new insights into welfare assessments. This study aimed to establish a baseline for sleep behaviour in laying hens and to then apply mild short-term disturbances and observe the subsequent effects. Twelve laying hens were divided into four batches and were surgically implanted with electroencephalogram (EEG) devices to record their brain activity. The batches were subjected to undisturbed, disturbed and recovery types of nights. Disturbed nights consisted of systematic sequences of disturbance application (wind, 90 dB noise or 20 lux light) applied one at a time for 5 min every 30 min from 21:00 to 03:00 (lights off period: 19:00-05:00). Sleep state was scored using EEG data and behaviour data from infrared cameras. Over all the types of night hens engaged in both SWS (58%) and REM sleep (18%) during lights off. When applied, the disturbances were effective at altering the amounts of wakefulness and SWS (Time × Type of Night, p < 0.001, p = 0.017, respectively), whereas REM sleep was unaltered (p = 0.540). There was no evidence of carry-over effects over the following day or night. Laying hens may be resilient to short-term sleep disruption by compensating for this in the same night, suggesting that these disturbances do not impact their long-term welfare (i.e., over days). Sleep behaviour potentially offers a unique means of assessing an aspect of animal welfare that, to date, has been poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Putyora
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Frank Tuyttens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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7
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Rattenborg NC, Ungurean G. The evolution and diversification of sleep. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:156-170. [PMID: 36411158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery of a single type of sleep in jellyfish suggests that sleep evolved much earlier than previously thought, it is unclear when and why sleep diversified into multiple types of sleep. Intriguingly, multiple types of sleep have recently been found in animals ranging from non-avian reptiles to arthropods to cephalopods. Although there are similarities between these states and those found in mammals and birds, notable differences also exist. The diversity in the way sleep is expressed confounds attempts to trace the evolution of sleep states, but also serves as a rich resource for exploring the functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Gianina Ungurean
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Seewiesen, Germany
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8
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Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Raap T, Pinxten R, Eens M. Anthropogenic noise and light pollution additively affect sleep behaviour in free-living birds in sex- and season-dependent fashions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120426. [PMID: 36273698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid anthropogenic transformation of environments exposes organisms to diverse disturbance factors, including anthropogenic noise pollution and artificial light at night (ALAN). These sensory pollutants interfere with acquisition of, and response to, environmental cues and can be perceived as stressors. Noise pollution and ALAN are often experienced simultaneously, and are thus likely to jointly affect organisms, either additively or interactively. Yet, combined effects of noise pollution and ALAN remain poorly elucidated. We studied combined effects of noise pollution and ALAN on the sleep behaviour of a free-living songbird, the great tit (Parus major). Sleep is widely conserved across animal taxa and fulfils essential functions, and research has demonstrated independent effects of both noise and ALAN on sleep. We measured noise and light levels at nest boxes and used infrared video-recording to assess sleep behaviour. Results did not support interactive effects of noise and ALAN. However, noise pollution and ALAN were both independently related to variation in sleep behaviour, in sex- and season-dependent fashions. Males, but not females, woke up and left the nest box ∼20 min later in the noisiest as compared to quietest environments (range: 44.2-79.4 dB), perhaps because males are more sensitive to acoustical cues that are masked by noise. Furthermore, as the season progressed from November to early March, birds woke up and left the nest box ∼35 min earlier relative to sunrise on territories with the lowest, but not the highest, light levels (range: 0.01-8.5 lux). Thus, the seasonal difference in sleep duration was dampened on light polluted territories. These effects could arise if ALAN interferes with birds' ability to sense and respond to increasing daylength, and could have fitness ramifications. Our study suggests that noise pollution and ALAN exert additive effects on sleep behaviour, and that these effects can be sex- and season-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, FR-17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Melissa L Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, FR-17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Thomas Raap
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rianne Pinxten
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Faculty of Social Sciences, Antwerp School of Education, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Taboada C, Delia J, Chen M, Ma C, Peng X, Zhu X, Jiang L, Vu T, Zhou Q, Yao J, O’Connell L, Johnsen S. Glassfrogs conceal blood in their liver to maintain transparency. Science 2022; 378:1315-1320. [PMID: 36548427 PMCID: PMC9984244 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transparency in animals is a complex form of camouflage involving mechanisms that reduce light scattering and absorption throughout the organism. In vertebrates, attaining transparency is difficult because their circulatory system is full of red blood cells (RBCs) that strongly attenuate light. Here, we document how glassfrogs overcome this challenge by concealing these cells from view. Using photoacoustic imaging to track RBCs in vivo, we show that resting glassfrogs increase transparency two- to threefold by removing ~89% of their RBCs from circulation and packing them within their liver. Vertebrate transparency thus requires both see-through tissues and active mechanisms that "clear" respiratory pigments from these tissues. Furthermore, glassfrogs' ability to regulate the location, density, and packing of RBCs without clotting offers insight in metabolic, hemodynamic, and blood-clot research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Taboada
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | - Jesse Delia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Division of Vertebrate Zoology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | - Maomao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chenshuo Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaorui Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laiming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author.(C.T.);(J.D.);(J.Y.)
| | | | - Sönke Johnsen
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Temperature-robust rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep in the lizard Laudakia vulgaris. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1310. [PMID: 36446903 PMCID: PMC9709036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During sleep our brain switches between two starkly different brain states - slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. While this two-state sleep pattern is abundant across birds and mammals, its existence in other vertebrates is not universally accepted, its evolutionary emergence is unclear and it is undetermined whether it is a fundamental property of vertebrate brains or an adaptation specific to homeotherms. To address these questions, we conducted electrophysiological recordings in the Agamid lizard, Laudakia vulgaris during sleep. We found clear signatures of two-state sleep that resemble the mammalian and avian sleep patterns. These states switched periodically throughout the night with a cycle of ~90 seconds and were remarkably similar to the states previously reported in Pogona vitticeps. Interestingly, in contrast to the high temperature sensitivity of mammalian states, state switches were robust to large variations in temperature. We also found that breathing rate, micro-movements and eye movements were locked to the REM state as they are in mammals. Collectively, these findings suggest that two-state sleep is abundant across the agamid family, shares physiological similarity to mammalian sleep, and can be maintain in poikilothems, increasing the probability that it existed in the cold-blooded ancestor of amniotes.
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11
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Smeltzer EA, Stead SM, Li MF, Samson D, Kumpan LT, Teichroeb JA. Social sleepers: The effects of social status on sleep in terrestrial mammals. Horm Behav 2022; 143:105181. [PMID: 35594742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social status among group-living mammals can impact access to resources, such as water, food, social support, and mating opportunities, and this differential access to resources can have fitness consequences. Here, we propose that an animal's social status impacts their access to sleep opportunities, as social status may predict when an animal sleeps, where they sleep, who they sleep with, and how well they sleep. Our review of terrestrial mammals examines how sleep architecture and intensity may be impacted by (1) sleeping conditions and (2) the social experience during wakefulness. Sleeping positions vary in thermoregulatory properties, protection from predators, and exposure to parasites. Thus, if dominant individuals have priority of access to sleeping positions, they may benefit from higher quality sleeping conditions and, in turn, better sleep. With respect to waking experiences, we discuss the impacts of stress on sleep, as it has been established that specific social statuses can be characterized by stress-related physiological profiles. While much research has focused on how dominance hierarchies impact access to resources like food and mating opportunities, differential access to sleep opportunities among mammals has been largely ignored despite its potential fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Smeltzer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - S M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - M F Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - D Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - L T Kumpan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - J A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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12
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Rice EA, Lewis TR, Griffin RK, Grant PBC. Heads nods and boat bobs: Behavior of
Iguana iguana
is affected by environment and boat traffic in riparian tropical forest. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Van De Poll MN, van Swinderen B. Balancing Prediction and Surprise: A Role for Active Sleep at the Dawn of Consciousness? Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:768762. [PMID: 34803618 PMCID: PMC8602873 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.768762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a prediction machine. Yet the world is never entirely predictable, for any animal. Unexpected events are surprising, and this typically evokes prediction error signatures in mammalian brains. In humans such mismatched expectations are often associated with an emotional response as well, and emotional dysregulation can lead to cognitive disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. Emotional responses are understood to be important for memory consolidation, suggesting that positive or negative 'valence' cues more generally constitute an ancient mechanism designed to potently refine and generalize internal models of the world and thereby minimize prediction errors. On the other hand, abolishing error detection and surprise entirely (as could happen by generalization or habituation) is probably maladaptive, as this might undermine the very mechanism that brains use to become better prediction machines. This paradoxical view of brain function as an ongoing balance between prediction and surprise suggests a compelling approach to study and understand the evolution of consciousness in animals. In particular, this view may provide insight into the function and evolution of 'active' sleep. Here, we propose that active sleep - when animals are behaviorally asleep but their brain seems awake - is widespread beyond mammals and birds, and may have evolved as a mechanism for optimizing predictive processing in motile creatures confronted with constantly changing environments. To explore our hypothesis, we progress from humans to invertebrates, investigating how a potential role for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in emotional regulation in humans could be re-examined as a conserved sleep function that co-evolved alongside selective attention to maintain an adaptive balance between prediction and surprise. This view of active sleep has some interesting implications for the evolution of subjective awareness and consciousness in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Mohanty NP, Wagener C, Herrel A, Thaker M. The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:505-526. [PMID: 34708504 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya P Mohanty
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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15
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Malinowski JE, Scheel D, McCloskey M. Do animals dream? Conscious Cogn 2021; 95:103214. [PMID: 34653784 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of biological functions of sleep has improved recently, including an understanding of the deep evolutionary roots of sleep among animals. However, dreaming as an element of sleep may be particularly difficult to address in non-human animals because in humans dreaming involves a non-wakeful form of awareness typically identified through verbal report. Here, we argue that parallels that exist between the phenomenology, physiology, and sleep behaviors during human dreaming provide an avenue to investigate dreaming in non-human animals. We review three alternative measurements of human dreaming - neural correlates of dreaming, 'replay' of newly-acquired memories, and dream-enacting behaviors - and consider how these may be applied to non-human animal models. We suggest that while animals close in brain structure to humans (such as mammals and birds) may be optimal models for the first two of these measurements, cephalopods, especially octopuses, may be particularly good candidates for the third.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Malinowski
- School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK.
| | - D Scheel
- Institute of Culture & Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - M McCloskey
- Institute of Culture & Environment, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA.
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16
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Basic Functions and Behaviour. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-82879-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Yamazaki R, Toda H, Libourel PA, Hayashi Y, Vogt KE, Sakurai T. Evolutionary Origin of Distinct NREM and REM Sleep. Front Psychol 2021; 11:567618. [PMID: 33381062 PMCID: PMC7767968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamazaki
- CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Hirofumi Toda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Canavan SV, Margoliash D. Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000929. [PMID: 33201883 PMCID: PMC7707536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study-and commonly used in older bird studies-dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija V. Canavan
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel Margoliash
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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19
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Comparative Perspectives that Challenge Brain Warming as the Primary Function of REM Sleep. iScience 2020; 23:101696. [PMID: 33196022 PMCID: PMC7644584 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical state of wake-like brain activity occurring after non-REM (NREM) sleep in mammals and birds. In mammals, brain cooling during NREM sleep is followed by warming during REM sleep, potentially preparing the brain to perform adaptively upon awakening. If brain warming is the primary function of REM sleep, then it should occur in other animals with similar states. We measured cortical temperature in pigeons and bearded dragons, lizards that exhibit NREM-like sleep and REM-like sleep with brain activity resembling wakefulness. In pigeons, cortical temperature decreased during NREM sleep and increased during REM sleep. However, brain temperature did not increase when dragons switched from NREM-like to REM-like sleep. Our findings indicate that brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states characterized by wake-like activity, challenging the hypothesis that their primary function is to warm the brain in preparation for wakefulness. In many mammals, the brain cools during non-REM sleep and warms during REM sleep Pigeons exhibit similar changes in cortical temperature during non-REM and REM sleep Brain temperature does not increase during REM-like sleep in bearded dragon lizards Brain warming is not a universal outcome of sleep states with wake-like brain activity
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20
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Bors M, Mohanty NP, Gowri Shankar P. Anti-predatory sleep strategies are conserved in the agamid lizard Monilesaurus rouxii. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Kelly ML, Spreitzenbarth S, Kerr CC, Hemmi JM, Lesku JA, Radford CA, Collin SP. Behavioural sleep in two species of buccal pumping sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni and Cephaloscyllium isabellum). J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13139. [PMID: 32672393 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is known to occur in most, if not all, animals studied thus far. Recent studies demonstrate the presence of sleep in flatworms and jellyfish, suggesting that this behaviour evolved early in the evolution of animals. Sharks are the earliest known extant, jawed vertebrates and may play an important role in understanding the evolutionary history of sleep in vertebrates, and yet, it is unknown whether they sleep. The Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and draughtsboard (Cephaloscyllium isabellum) sharks are both benthic, buccal pumping species and remain motionless for extended periods of time. Whether these periods of prolonged inactivity represent sleep or quiet wakefulness is unknown. A key criterion for separating sleep from other quiescent states is an increased arousal threshold. We show here that inactive sharks of both species require significantly higher levels of electric stimulation before they show a visible response. Sharks deprived of rest, however, show no significant compensatory increase in restfulness during their normal active period following enforced swimming. Nonetheless, increased arousal thresholds in inactive animals suggest that these two species of shark sleep - the first such demonstration for members of this group of vertebrates. Further research, including electrophysiological studies, on these and other sharks, is required for a comprehensive understanding of sleep in cartilaginous fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stefan Spreitzenbarth
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caroline C Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jan M Hemmi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A Radford
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shaun P Collin
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Libourel PA, Barrillot B. Is there REM sleep in reptiles? A key question, but still unanswered. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Ungurean G, van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA. Evolution and plasticity of sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Abstract
For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have' rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived from the expression of REM sleep in the adults of a small number of mammalian species. Here, we argue for a different approach that focuses less on a binary decision about haves and have nots, and more on the diverse expression of REM sleep components over development and across species. By focusing on the components of REM sleep and discouraging continued reliance on a restricted template, we aim to promote a richer and more biologically grounded developmental-comparative approach that spans behavioral, physiological, neural, and ecological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Neurocampus, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 BRON, France
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.
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25
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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26
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Tisdale RK, Lesku JA, Beckers GJL, Rattenborg NC. Bird-like propagating brain activity in anesthetized Nile crocodiles. Sleep 2019; 41:5003083. [PMID: 29955880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity that characterize sleep and its sub-states-slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-are similar in mammals and birds. SWS is characterized by EEG slow waves resulting from the synchronous alternation of neuronal membrane potentials between hyperpolarized down-states with neuronal quiescence and depolarized up-states associated with action potentials. By contrast, studies of non-avian reptiles report the presence of high-voltage sharp waves (HShW) during sleep. How HShW relate to EEG phenomena occurring during mammalian and avian sleep is unclear. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of electrophysiological phenomena in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) anesthetized with isoflurane to determine whether they share similar spatiotemporal patterns to mammalian and avian slow waves. Methods Recordings of anesthetized crocodiles were made using 64-channel penetrating arrays with electrodes arranged in an 8 × 8 equally spaced grid. The arrays were placed in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), a region implicated in the genesis of HShW. Various aspects of the spatiotemporal distribution of recorded signals were investigated. Results Recorded signals revealed the presence of HShW resembling those reported in earlier studies of naturally sleeping reptiles. HShW propagated in complex and variable patterns across the DVR. Conclusions We demonstrate that HShW within the DVR propagate in complex patterns similar to those observed for avian slow waves recorded from homologous brain regions. Consequently, sleep with HShW may represent an ancestral form of SWS, characterized by up-states occurring less often and for a shorter duration than in mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabriel J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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27
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ONEIROS, a new miniature standalone device for recording sleep electrophysiology, physiology, temperatures and behavior in the lab and field. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 316:103-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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29
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Tisdale RK, Tieri L, Rattenborg NC, Beckers GJL, Lesku JA. Spectral Properties of Brain Activity Under Two Anesthetics and Their Potential for Inducing Natural Sleep in Birds. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:881. [PMID: 30538619 PMCID: PMC6277676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mammals and birds exhibit two sleep states, slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Studying certain aspects of sleep-related electrophysiology in freely behaving animals can present numerous methodological constraints, particularly when even fine body movements interfere with electrophysiological signals. Interestingly, under light general anesthesia, mammals and birds also exhibit slow waves similar to those observed during natural SWS. For these reasons, slow waves occurring under general anesthesia are commonly used in the investigation of sleep-related neurophysiology. However, how spectral properties of slow waves induced by anesthesia correspond to those occurring during natural SWS in birds has yet to be investigated systematically. In this study, we systematically analyzed spectral properties of electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns of pigeons (Columba livia) occurring under two commonly used anesthetics, isoflurane and urethane. These data were compared with EEG patterns during natural sleep. Slow waves occurring during spontaneous SWS, and those induced with isoflurane and urethane all showed greatest absolute power in the slowest frequencies (<3 Hz). Isoflurane and urethane-induced slow waves had near-identical power spectra, and both had higher mean power than that observed during SWS for all frequencies examined (0–25 Hz). Interestingly, burst suppression EEG activity observed under deeper planes of isoflurane anesthesia could occur bihemispherically or unihemispherically. Electrophysiological patterns while under isoflurane and urethane share phenomenological and spectral similarities to those occurring during SWS, notably the generation of high amplitude, slow waves, and peak low-frequency power. These results build upon other studies which suggest that some anesthetics exert their effects by acting on natural sleep pathways. As such, anesthesia-induced slow waves appear to provide an acceptable model for researchers interested in investigating sleep-related slow waves utilizing electrophysiological methods not suitable for use in freely behaving birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Laura Tieri
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Gabriel J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Libourel PA, Barrillot B, Arthaud S, Massot B, Morel AL, Beuf O, Herrel A, Luppi PH. Partial homologies between sleep states in lizards, mammals, and birds suggest a complex evolution of sleep states in amniotes. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005982. [PMID: 30307933 PMCID: PMC6181266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to determine whether rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS) (or non-REM sleep), identified in most mammals and birds, also exist in lizards, as they share a common ancestor with these groups. Recently, a study in the bearded dragon (P. vitticeps) reported states analogous to REM and SWS alternating in a surprisingly regular 80-s period, suggesting a common origin of the two sleep states across amniotes. We first confirmed these results in the bearded dragon with deep brain recordings and electro-oculogram (EOG) recordings. Then, to confirm a common origin and more finely characterize sleep in lizards, we developed a multiparametric approach in the tegu lizard, a species never recorded to date. We recorded EOG, electromyogram (EMG), heart rate, and local field potentials (LFPs) and included data on arousal thresholds, sleep deprivation, and pharmacological treatments with fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake blocker that suppresses REM sleep in mammals. As in the bearded dragon, we demonstrate the existence of two sleep states in tegu lizards. However, no clear periodicity is apparent. The first sleep state (S1 sleep) showed high-amplitude isolated sharp waves, and the second sleep state (S2 sleep) displayed 15-Hz oscillations, isolated ocular movements, and a decrease in heart rate variability and muscle tone compared to S1. Fluoxetine treatment induced a significant decrease in S2 quantities and in the number of sharp waves in S1. Because S2 sleep is characterized by the presence of ocular movements and is inhibited by a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as is REM sleep in birds and mammals, it might be analogous to this state. However, S2 displays a type of oscillation never previously reported and does not display a desynchronized electroencephalogram (EEG) as is observed in the bearded dragons, mammals, and birds. This suggests that the phenotype of sleep states and possibly their role can differ even between closely related species. Finally, our results suggest a common origin of two sleep states in amniotes. Yet, they also highlight a diversity of sleep phenotypes across lizards, demonstrating that the evolution of sleep states is more complex than previously thought. Until recently, the general understanding about sleep was that only mammals and birds show two sleep states: slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Consequently, it was thought that these two states appeared independently in these warm-blooded animals. However, a recent paper reported the presence of these two states in the bearded dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps), suggesting that these two states arose with the common ancestor of mammals, birds, and reptiles. We confirmed the presence of two sleep states in the bearded dragon and compared its sleep with that of another lizard, the Argentine tegu (Salvator merianae). Our results show that both lizard species have two sleep states with similarities to the two sleep states observed in mammals and birds. Additionally, our study of behavioral and physiological parameters as well as the brain activity associated with sleep in these lizards allowed us to also show important differences between these two species of lizards and between lizards, birds, and mammals. Our findings indicate that sleep in lizards is more complex than previously thought and raise further questions about the nature, function, and evolution of these two sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Baptiste Barrillot
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Massot
- Nanotechnologies Institute of Lyon, UMR5270 CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Anne-Laure Morel
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Beuf
- Health Image Processing and Acquisition Research Center of Lyon, UMR 5220 CNRS/U1206 INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LYON, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- MECADEV, UMR7179 CNRS, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Ghent University, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, SLEEP Team, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Sleep is crucial for survival and well-being. This behavioral and physiological state has been studied in all major genetically accessible model animals, including rodents, fish, flies, and worms. Genetic and optogenetic studies have identified several neurons that control sleep, making it now possible to compare circuit mechanisms across species. The “motor” of sleep across animal species is formed by neurons that depolarize at the onset of sleep to actively induce this state by directly inhibiting wakefulness. These sleep-inducing neurons are themselves controlled by inhibitory or activating upstream pathways, which act as the “drivers” of the sleep motor: arousal inhibits “sleep-active” neurons whereas various sleep-promoting “tiredness” pathways converge onto sleep-active neurons to depolarize them. This review provides the first overview of sleep-active neurons across the major model animals. The occurrence of sleep-active neurons and their regulation by upstream pathways in both vertebrate and invertebrate species suggests that these neurons are general and ancient components that evolved early in the history of nervous systems.
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INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE ASSURES STABLE ANAESTHESIA NEEDED FOR LONG-TERM SURGERY IN THE ARGENTINE TEGU SALVATOR MERIANAE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:291-296. [PMID: 29900770 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To define a protocol of anesthesia for long-duration invasive surgery in a lizard, eight young adult Argentine tegus ( Salvator merianae) of mean body weight 3.0 kg (interquartile range [IQR] 3.40-2.65) were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (K) and medetomidine (M) at 19°C, injected intramuscularly and equally distributed in the four limbs. As the experimental surgery procedure required a prolonged deep anesthesia with a good myorelaxation (between 16 and 21 hr), reinjections were required and reflexes were checked during surgery. Times for anesthetic induction, anesthetic reinjection, and recovery periods were recorded for five different combinations of ketamine-medetomidine: 1) 66 mg/kg K + 100 μg/kg M; 2) 80 mg/kg K + 100 μg/kg M; 3) 100 mg/kg K + 130 μg/kg M; 4) 125 mg/kg K + 200 μg/kg M; and 5) 150 mg/kg K + 200 μg/kg M. The effect on the recovery speed of the postoperative atipamezole injection was also evaluated. The median induction time was 30 (IQR 35-27.5) min with no statistical difference between all the concentrations tested. The first reinjection of half a dose was administered after a mean of 5 hr (5.64 hr, IQR 5.95-4.84) as were the subsequent reinjections of a quarter dose (3.99 hr, IQR 5.98-3.23). Intramuscular administration of the ketamine-medetomidine combination is a simple, rapid, and efficient anesthesia for long-term surgery (>12 hr). A mix of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 200 μg/kg medetomidine, with reinjections every 4 hr of half a dose of the previous injection can maintain a good quality of anesthesia for at least 16 hr. The injection of atipamezole after the surgery reverses the effects of medetomidine and permits a reduction of the recovery period.
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Rattenborg NC, de la Iglesia HO, Kempenaers B, Lesku JA, Meerlo P, Scriba MF. Sleep research goes wild: new methods and approaches to investigate the ecology, evolution and functions of sleep. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0251. [PMID: 28993495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a prominent aspect of animal life, sleep and its functions remain poorly understood. As with any biological process, the functions of sleep can only be fully understood when examined in the ecological context in which they evolved. Owing to technological constraints, until recently, sleep has primarily been examined in the artificial laboratory environment. However, new tools are enabling researchers to study sleep behaviour and neurophysiology in the wild. Here, we summarize the various methods that have enabled sleep researchers to go wild, their strengths and weaknesses, and the discoveries resulting from these first steps outside the laboratory. The initial studies to 'go wild' have revealed a wealth of interindividual variation in sleep, and shown that sleep duration is not even fixed within an individual, but instead varies in response to an assortment of ecological demands. Determining the costs and benefits of this inter- and intraindividual variation in sleep may reveal clues to the functions of sleep. Perhaps the greatest surprise from these initial studies is that the reduction in neurobehavioural performance resulting from sleep loss demonstrated in the laboratory is not an obligatory outcome of reduced sleep in the wild.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | | | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine F Scriba
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
What is known about sleep results from years of observation at the surface of the Earth. Since a few decade man has been able to reach space, escape from the earth attraction and spend days and nights in a weightless condition. Some major physiological changes have been observed during long stays and in particular the sleep duration in space is shorter than on ground. This paper reviews a novel hypothesis proposing that sleep is partly due to gravity. Gravity is a fundamental part of our environment, but is elusive and difficult to apprehend. At the same time, all creatures on Earth undergo cycles of activity and periods of rest (although not always sleep). Careful analysis of previous research on sleep, on Earth, in space and in water, shows that gravity differs in these three situations, and sleep also varies, at least in its duration. On Earth, Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is conditioned by gravity; in space, astronauts have a shorter sleep duration and this is even more striking when a test subject is immersed in water for a week. In conclusion, sleep is partly due to gravity, which acts on our body and brain during the wake period.
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Omond S, Ly LMT, Beaton R, Storm JJ, Hale MW, Lesku JA. Inactivity Is Nycthemeral, Endogenously Generated, Homeostatically Regulated, and Melatonin Modulated in a Free-Living Platyhelminth Flatworm. Sleep 2018; 40:4091373. [PMID: 28958003 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sleep either appeared once early in the evolution of animals, or at multiple instances over evolutionary time. Understanding whether sleep is a diagnostic trait for members of the kingdom Animalia has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of sleep and sleep functions. Unfortunately, knowledge on the phylogenetic breadth of sleep is restricted to vertebrates, a few arthropods and molluscs, and one species of nematode. There is a dearth of information on the other 30 or so animal phyla. Aims and Methods Here, we provide original data on a previously unstudied group of animals with respect to sleep: platyhelminth flatworms. These free-living animals are relatively simple, with a rudimentary central nervous system and absence of many other specialized physiological systems. Results Despite this simplicity, inactive flatworms appeared to be sleeping. Specifically, quiescence was organized in a circadian manner, occurring largely during the daytime. This basic rhythm persisted under constant darkness, suggesting that it was endogenously generated. Active flatworms responded more readily to stimulation, and flatworms recovered lost sleep by sleeping longer after a 3-hour period of inactivity deprivation. We were also able to increase inactivity in a dose-dependent manner with exposure to melatonin, a hormone that increases sleep in diurnal animals. Conclusions Taken together, these data expand our understanding of the phylogenetic extent of sleep and reinforce the idea that sleep evolved early in the evolutionary history of animals. However, additional studies on other types of animals are required for a comprehensive understanding of the origin(s) and evolution of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauni Omond
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Linh M T Ly
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Russell Beaton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Storm
- Division of Natural Sciences & Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg 29301, SC
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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The Role of Sleep in Learning Placebo Effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 139:321-355. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Disruptive effects of light pollution on sleep in free-living birds: Season and/or light intensity-dependent? Behav Processes 2017; 144:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reed CM, Birch KG, Kamiński J, Sullivan S, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Automatic detection of periods of slow wave sleep based on intracranial depth electrode recordings. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 282:1-8. [PMID: 28238858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An automated process for sleep staging based on intracranial EEG data alone is needed to facilitate research into the neural processes occurring during slow wave sleep (SWS). Current manual methods for sleep scoring require a full polysomnography (PSG) set-up, including electrooculography (EOG), electromyography (EMG), and scalp electroencephalography (EEG). This set-up can be technically difficult to place in the presence of intracranial EEG electrodes. There is thus a need for a method for sleep staging based on intracranial recordings alone. NEW METHOD Here we show a reliable automated method for the detection of periods of SWS solely based on intracranial EEG recordings. The method utilizes the ratio of spectral power in delta, theta, and spindle frequencies relative to alpha and beta frequencies to classify 30-s segments as SWS or not. RESULTS We evaluated this new method by comparing its performance against visually scored patients (n=9), in which we also recorded EOG and EMG simultaneously. Our method had a mean positive predictive value of 64% across all nights. Also, an ROC analysis of the performance of our algorithm compared to manually labeled nights revealed a mean average area under the curve of 0.91 across all nights. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Our method had an average kappa score of 0.72 when compared to visual sleep scoring by an independent blinded sleep scorer. CONCLUSION This shows that this simple method is capable of differentiating between SWS and non-SWS epochs reliably based solely on intracranial EEG recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kurtis G Birch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Kamiński
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Sullivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vigerust DJ. The enigma of sleep. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting and maintaining neurological health and organismal homeostasis. Research over the past 135 years has brought significant understanding on various aspects of sleep biology; however, many questions still remain around the role and function of sleep. Sleep clearly has a powerful influence on infectious disease, cardiovascular health and neurological disorders. During the modern age, the majority of investigation into sleep has focused on identifying the biological factors underlying the effect of sleep on various pathological conditions. Disorders of sleep have the power to affect neuroimmunity, cognition and the development of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and autism. This present short review will highlight these factors affecting sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- MyGenetx Clinical Laboratories, 201 Jordan Rd, Suite 100, Franklin, TN 37067, USA
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Resting-state brain networks revealed by granger causal connectivity in frogs. Neuroscience 2016; 334:332-340. [PMID: 27530699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state networks (RSNs) refer to the spontaneous brain activity generated under resting conditions, which maintain the dynamic connectivity of functional brain networks for automatic perception or higher order cognitive functions. Here, Granger causal connectivity analysis (GCCA) was used to explore brain RSNs in the music frog (Babina daunchina) during different behavioral activity phases. The results reveal that a causal network in the frog brain can be identified during the resting state which reflects both brain lateralization and sexual dimorphism. Specifically (1) ascending causal connections from the left mesencephalon to both sides of the telencephalon are significantly higher than those from the right mesencephalon, while the right telencephalon gives rise to the strongest efferent projections among all brain regions; (2) causal connections from the left mesencephalon in females are significantly higher than those in males and (3) these connections are similar during both the high and low behavioral activity phases in this species although almost all electroencephalograph (EEG) spectral bands showed higher power in the high activity phase for all nodes. The functional features of this network match important characteristics of auditory perception in this species. Thus we propose that this causal network maintains auditory perception during the resting state for unexpected auditory inputs as resting-state networks do in other species. These results are also consistent with the idea that females are more sensitive to auditory stimuli than males during the reproductive season. In addition, these results imply that even when not behaviorally active, the frogs remain vigilant for detecting external stimuli.
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Shein-Idelson M, Ondracek JM, Liaw HP, Reiter S, Laurent G. Slow waves, sharp waves, ripples, and REM in sleeping dragons. Science 2016; 352:590-5. [PMID: 27126045 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has been described in animals ranging from worms to humans. Yet the electrophysiological characteristics of brain sleep, such as slow-wave (SW) and rapid eye movement (REM) activities, are thought to be restricted to mammals and birds. Recording from the brain of a lizard, the Australian dragon Pogona vitticeps, we identified SW and REM sleep patterns, thus pushing back the probable evolution of these dynamics at least to the emergence of amniotes. The SW and REM sleep patterns that we observed in lizards oscillated continuously for 6 to 10 hours with a period of ~80 seconds. The networks controlling SW-REM antagonism in amniotes may thus originate from a common, ancient oscillator circuit. Lizard SW dynamics closely resemble those observed in rodent hippocampal CA1, yet they originate from a brain area, the dorsal ventricular ridge, that has no obvious hodological similarity with the mammalian hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janie M Ondracek
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hua-Peng Liaw
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sam Reiter
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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