1
|
Zhang H, Lee CKF, Law YK, Chan AHY, Zhang J, Gale SW, Hughes A, Ledger MJ, Wong MS, Tai APK, Hau BCH, Wu J. Integrating both restoration and regeneration potentials into real-world forest restoration planning: A case study of Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 369:122306. [PMID: 39216351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Forest restoration is a vital nature-based solution for mitigating climate change and land degradation. To ensure restoration effectiveness, the costs and benefits of alternative restoration strategies (i.e., active restoration vs. natural regeneration) need to be evaluated. Existing studies generally focus on maximum restoration potential, neglecting the recovery potential achievable through natural regeneration processes, leading to incomplete understanding of the true benefits and doubts about the necessity of active restoration. In this study, we introduce a multi-stage framework incorporating both restoration and regeneration potential into prioritized planning for ecosystem restoration. We used the vegetated landscape of Hong Kong (covering 728 km2) as our study system due to its comprehensive fine-resolution data and unique history of vegetation recovery, making it an ideal candidate to demonstrate the importance of this concept and inspire further research. We analyzed vegetation recovery status (i.e., recovering, degrading, and stable) over the past decade based on the canopy height data derived from multi-temporal airborne LiDAR. We assessed natural regeneration potential and maximum restoration potential separately, producing spatially-explicit predictions. Our results show that 44.9% of Hong Kong's vegetated area has showed evidence of recovery, but remaining gains through natural regeneration are limited, constituting around 4% of what could be attained through active restoration. We further estimated restoration priority by maximizing the restoration gain. When prioritizing 5% of degraded areas, the increment in canopy height could be up to 10.9%. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of integrating both restoration and regeneration potential into restoration planning. The proposed framework can aid policymakers and land managers in optimizing forest restoration options and promoting the protection and recovery of fragile ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Calvin K F Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Ki Law
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aland H Y Chan
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephan W Gale
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alice Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martha J Ledger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Sing Wong
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Billy C H Hau
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morante-Filho JC, Cruz CD, Benchimol M, Almeida FV, de Oliveira RA. Linking changes in landscape structure to insect herbivory in forest edges and interiors of Atlantic Forest remnants. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e3026. [PMID: 39192366 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have triggered profound changes in natural landscapes, resulting in species loss and disruption of pivotal ecological interactions such as insect herbivory. This antagonistic interaction is affected by complex pathways (e.g., abundance of herbivores and predators, plant chemical defenses, and resource availability), but the knowledge regarding how forest loss and fragmentation affect insect herbivory in human-modified tropical landscapes still remains poorly understood. In this context, we assessed multi-pathways by which changes in landscape structure likely influence insect herbivory in 20 Atlantic forest fragments in Brazil. Using path analysis, we estimated the direct effects of forest cover and forest edge density, and the indirect effect via canopy openness, number of understory plants and phenolic compounds, on leaf damage in understory plants located in the edge and interior of forest fragments. In particular, plants located in forest edges experienced greater leaf damage than interior ones. We observed that landscape edge density exerted a positive and direct effect on leaf damage in plants sampled at the edge of forest fragments. Our findings also indicated that forest loss and increase of edge density led to an increase in the canopy opening in the forest interior, which causes a reduction in the number of understory plants and, consequently, an increase in leaf damage. In addition, we detected that phenolic compounds negatively influence leaf damage in forest interior plants. Given the increasing forest loss in tropical regions, in which forest fragments become stranded in highly deforested, edge-dominated and degraded landscapes, our study highlights the pervasive enhancement in insect herbivory in remaining forest fragments-especially along forest edges and canopy gaps in the forest interior. As a result, increased herbivory is likely to affect forest regeneration and accelerate the ecological meltdown processes in these highly deforested and disturbed anthropogenic landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Morante-Filho
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Dias Cruz
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maíra Benchimol
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrine Vitória Almeida
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bracewell SA, Johnston EL, Clark GF. Variation in Successional Dynamics Shape Biodiversity Patterns over a Tropical-Temperate Latitudinal Gradient. Am Nat 2024; 204:327-344. [PMID: 39326054 DOI: 10.1086/731905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
AbstractSuccessional dynamics can vary because of a range of ecological and environmental factors, but our understanding of biogeographic variation in succession, and the processes contributing to community development across ecosystems, is limited. The pattern and rate of recruitment of dispersive propagules likely differs over large spatial scales and can be an important predictor of successional trajectory. Over a 20° tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient, we measured sessile invertebrates over 12 months of community development and successive 3-month recruitment windows to understand succession and how it is influenced by recruitment. Succession and recruitment patterns varied over latitude. In the tropics, fast temporal turnover, fluctuating abundances, and lack of successional progression suggest that the contribution of stochastic processes was high. As latitude increased, successional progression became more apparent, characterized by increasing species richness and community cover and a shift to more competitive taxa over time. At temperate locations, species identities were similar between older communities and recruiting assemblages; however, community composition became more variable across space over time. Such divergence suggests an important role of early colonizers and species interactions on community structure. These findings demonstrate differences in the processes contributing to community development and biodiversity patterns over latitude. Understanding such biogeographic variation in community dynamics and identifying the prevalence of different processes can provide insights into how communities assemble and persist in response to environmental variability.
Collapse
|
4
|
Piquer-Doblas M, Correa-Londoño GA, Osorio-Vélez LF. From Stand to Forest: Woody Plant Recruitment in an Andean Restoration Project. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2474. [PMID: 39273957 PMCID: PMC11397074 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The growing deforestation of tropical forests requires the implementation of restoration actions capable of assisting the recovery of biodiversity and the functioning of these ecosystems. This research aimed to identify the environmental factors that influence the abundance and diversity of woody plant recruitment in an Andean forest restoration project in Medellin (Colombia). Data from woody plant individuals taller than 80 cm were collected in 22 plots of 200·m-2. The environmental factors selected were edaphic variables, plantation structure, slope, elevation, prior land use, and landscape forest cover. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyze recruitment densit and Linear Mixed Models (LMM) to assess recruited species richness, diversity, and dominance. Woody plant recruitment attributes in our study area were similar to those of secondary succession in an Andean forest, but planted trees contributed little to recruitment density and diversity. While recruitment density was affected by slope, canopy closure, and landscape forest cover, recruitment diversity was influenced by physical (bulk density) and chemical (pH, aluminum, Cation Exchange Capacity) edaphic factors, planted tree diversity (species richness and composition), canopy closure, and the mortality rate of planted trees. We conclude that sites with lower mortality rates of planted trees and denser canopies enhance both recruitment density and diversity, indicating a synergy between active restoration and passive regeneration processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Piquer-Doblas
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 50034, Colombia
| | - Guillermo A Correa-Londoño
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 50034, Colombia
| | - Luis F Osorio-Vélez
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín 50034, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guclu C, Luk CL, Ashton LA, Abbas S, Boyle MJW. Beta diversity subcomponents of plant species turnover and nestedness reveal drivers of community assembly in a regenerating subtropical forest. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70233. [PMID: 39290666 PMCID: PMC11405291 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary forests represent a significant proportion of global forest cover, with over 70% of forests in East Asia classified as regenerating. While succession has been studied extensively in temperate systems, trajectories of subtropical succession remain poorly characterized in highly disturbed, urban-adjacent forests. Investigating the additive beta diversity components of turnover and nestedness may reveal community assembly mechanisms driving secondary succession. The present study investigates plant community assembly along a successional gradient from 7 to 70 years following the onset of succession in secondary subtropical forests in Hong Kong, China. Plant survey data for 28 plots were analysed, generating additive Simpsons turnover and nestedness beta diversity metrics. Dissimilarity matrices were generated and modelled as a function of environmental matrices including forest plant community age (years following onset of secondary succession), inter-community distance (metres), and soil moisture saturation (%) across three elevational bands using generalized dissimilarity models. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of plant communities was conducted with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices. Inter-community distance and successional age differentially influenced plant species turnover between lowland and Montane forest types. Models of nestedness found that plot age and soil moisture saturation were significant drivers of nestedness patterns in plant communities across elevational classes. Turnover represented a higher proportion of Sorensen beta diversity than nestedness, while ANOSIM found significant differentiation between plant communities at different successional stages. Turnover patterns suggest a deterministic model of community assembly, with strong patterns of species replacement between communities at fine spatial scales and successional stages, as well as clear compositional shifts between lowland and montane forest types. NMDS analysis and functional compositional assessments suggested a transition from early successional communities with a high proportion of shrub species, to later successional communities with a higher proportion of tree species, with an increase in species turnover with greater age dissimilarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coskun Guclu
- Ecology and Biodiversity Department, School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chung-Lim Luk
- Ecology and Biodiversity Department, School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Louise Amy Ashton
- Ecology and Biodiversity Department, School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sawaid Abbas
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael J W Boyle
- Ecology and Biodiversity Department, School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cooley SS, Pinto N, Becerra M, Alvarado JWV, Fahlen JC, Rivera O, Fricker GA, Dantas ARDLR, Aguilar‐Amuchastegui N, Reygadas Y, Gan J, DeFries R, Menge DNL. Combining spaceborne lidar from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation with local knowledge for monitoring fragmented tropical landscapes: A case study in the forest-agriculture interface of Ucayali, Peru. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70116. [PMID: 39114160 PMCID: PMC11303661 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Improving our ability to monitor fragmented tropical ecosystems is a critical step in supporting the stewardship of these complex landscapes. We investigated the structural characteristics of vegetation classes in Ucayali, Peru, employing a co-production approach. The vegetation classes included three agricultural classes (mature oil palm, monocrop cacao, and agroforestry cacao plantations) and three forest regeneration classes (mature lowland forest, secondary lowland forest, and young lowland vegetation regrowth). We combined local knowledge with spaceborne lidar from NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation mission to classify vegetation and characterize the horizontal and vertical structure of each vegetation class. Mature lowland forest had consistently higher mean canopy height and lower canopy height variance than secondary lowland forest (μ = 29.40 m, sd = 6.89 m vs. μ = 20.82 m, sd = 9.15 m, respectively). The lower variance of mature forest could be attributed to the range of forest development ages in the secondary forest patches. However, secondary forests exhibited a similar vertical profile to mature forests, with each cumulative energy percentile increasing at similar rates. We also observed similar mean and standard deviations in relative height ratios (RH50/RH95) for mature forest, secondary forest, and oil palm even when removing the negative values from the relative height ratios and interpolating from above-ground returns only (mean RH50/RH95 of 0.58, 0.54, and 0.53 for mature forest, secondary forest, and oil palm, respectively) (p < .0001). This pattern differed from our original expectations based on local knowledge and existing tropical forest succession studies, pointing to opportunities for future work. Our findings suggest that lidar-based relative height metrics can complement local information and other remote sensing approaches that rely on optical imagery, which are limited by extensive cloud cover in the tropics. We show that characterizing ecosystem structure with a co-production approach can support addressing both the technical and social challenges of monitoring and managing fragmented tropical landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah S. Cooley
- NASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Naiara Pinto
- NASA Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Jocelyn C. Fahlen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ovidio Rivera
- International Center for Tropical AgricultureCaliColombia
| | - G. Andrew Fricker
- Department of Social SciencesCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis ObispoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Yunuen Reygadas
- Department of GeosciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Julie Gan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ruth DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Duncan N. L. Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Chase JM, Liao J. Habitat amount modulates biodiversity responses to fragmentation. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1437-1447. [PMID: 38914711 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat destruction leads to habitat loss and fragmentation, both of which interact to determine how biodiversity changes at the landscape level. While the detrimental effects of habitat loss are clear, there is a long-standing debate about the role of habitat fragmentation per se. We identify the influence of the total habitat amount lost as a modulator of the relationship between habitat fragmentation and biodiversity. Using a simple metacommunity model characterized by colonization-competition (C-C) trade-offs, we show that the magnitude of habitat loss can induce a unimodal response of biodiversity to habitat fragmentation. When habitat loss is low, habitat fragmentation promotes coexistence by suppressing competitively dominant species, while habitat fragmentation at high levels of habitat loss can shape many smaller isolated patches that drive extinctions of superior competitors. While the C-C trade-off is not the only mechanism for biodiversity maintenance, the modulation of habitat fragmentation effects by habitat loss is probably common. Reanalysis of a globally distributed dataset of fragmented animal and plant metacommunities shows an overall pattern that supports this hypothesis, suggesting a resolution to the debate regarding the relative importance of positive versus negative fragmentation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Prevention and Green Development, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jinbao Liao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Prevention and Green Development, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Breugel M, Bongers F, Norden N, Meave JA, Amissah L, Chanthorn W, Chazdon R, Craven D, Farrior C, Hall JS, Hérault B, Jakovac C, Lebrija-Trejos E, Martínez-Ramos M, Muñoz R, Poorter L, Rüger N, van der Sande M, Dent DH. Feedback loops drive ecological succession: towards a unified conceptual framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:928-949. [PMID: 38226776 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The core principle shared by most theories and models of succession is that, following a major disturbance, plant-environment feedback dynamics drive a directional change in the plant community. The most commonly studied feedback loops are those in which the regrowth of the plant community causes changes to the abiotic (e.g. soil nutrients) or biotic (e.g. dispersers) environment, which differentially affect species availability or performance. This, in turn, leads to shifts in the species composition of the plant community. However, there are many other PE feedback loops that potentially drive succession, each of which can be considered a model of succession. While plant-environment feedback loops in principle generate predictable successional trajectories, succession is generally observed to be highly variable. Factors contributing to this variability are the stochastic processes involved in feedback dynamics, such as individual mortality and seed dispersal, and extrinsic causes of succession, which are not affected by changes in the plant community but do affect species performance or availability. Both can lead to variation in the identity of dominant species within communities. This, in turn, leads to further contingencies if these species differ in their effect on their environment (priority effects). Predictability and variability are thus intrinsically linked features of ecological succession. We present a new conceptual framework of ecological succession that integrates the propositions discussed above. This framework defines seven general causes: landscape context, disturbance and land-use, biotic factors, abiotic factors, species availability, species performance, and the plant community. When involved in a feedback loop, these general causes drive succession and when not, they are extrinsic causes that create variability in successional trajectories and dynamics. The proposed framework provides a guide for linking these general causes into causal pathways that represent specific models of succession. Our framework represents a systematic approach to identifying the main feedback processes and causes of variation at different successional stages. It can be used for systematic comparisons among study sites and along environmental gradients, to conceptualise studies, and to guide the formulation of research questions and design of field studies. Mapping an extensive field study onto our conceptual framework revealed that the pathways representing the study's empirical outcomes and conceptual model had important differences, underlining the need to move beyond the conceptual models that currently dominate in specific fields and to find ways to examine the importance of and interactions among alternative causal pathways of succession. To further this aim, we argue for integrating long-term studies across environmental and anthropogenic gradients, combined with controlled experiments and dynamic modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Breugel
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, 117570, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Norden
- Centro de Estudios Socioecológicos y Cambio Global, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Circunvalar #16-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Lucy Amissah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UPO Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak District, 10900, Thailand
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Dylan Craven
- Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, 8580745, Chile
| | - Caroline Farrior
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Stop C0930, Austin, Texas, 78705, USA
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398 Montpellier, France & Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Catarina Jakovac
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88034-000, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja Rüger
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Economics, Institute of Empirical Economic Research, University of Leipzig, Grimmaische Str. 12, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masha van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy H Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hua F, Liu M, Wang Z. Integrating forest restoration into land-use planning at large spatial scales. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R452-R472. [PMID: 38714177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Forest restoration is being scaled up globally, carrying major expectations of environmental and societal benefits. Current discussions on ensuring the effectiveness of forest restoration are predominantly focused on the land under restoration per se. But this focus neglects the critical issue that land use and its drivers at larger spatial scales have strong implications for forest restoration outcomes, through the influence of landscape context and, importantly, potential off-site impacts of forest restoration that must be accounted for in measuring its effectiveness. To ensure intended restoration outcomes, it is crucial to integrate forest restoration into land-use planning at spatial scales large enough to account for - and address - these larger-scale influences, including the protection of existing native ecosystems. In this review, we highlight this thus-far neglected issue in conceptualizing forest restoration for the delivery of multiple desirable benefits regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services. We first make the case for the need to integrate forest restoration into large-scale land-use planning, by reviewing current evidence on the landscape-level influences and off-site impacts pertaining to forest restoration. We then discuss how science can guide the integration of forest restoration into large-scale land-use planning, by laying out key features of methodological frameworks required, reviewing the extent to which existing frameworks carry these features, and identifying methodological innovations needed to bridge the potential shortfall. Finally, we critically review the status of existing methods and data to identify future research efforts needed to advance these methodological innovations and, more broadly, the effective integration of forest restoration design into large-scale land-use planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Hua
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mingxin Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matsuo T, Martínez-Ramos M, Onoda Y, Bongers F, Lohbeck M, Poorter L. Light competition drives species replacement during secondary tropical forest succession. Oecologia 2024; 205:1-11. [PMID: 38727828 PMCID: PMC11144147 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Light competition is thought to drive successional shifts in species dominance in closed vegetations, but few studies have assessed this for species-rich and vertically structured tropical forests. We analyzed how light competition drives species replacement during succession, and how cross-species variation in light competition strategies is determined by underlying species traits. To do so, we used chronosequence approach in which we compared 14 Mexican tropical secondary rainforest stands that differ in age (8-32 year-old). For each tree, height and stem diameter were monitored for 2 years to calculate relative biomass growth rate (RGR, the aboveground biomass gain per unit aboveground tree biomass per year). For each stand, 3D light profiles were measured to estimate individuals' light interception to calculate light interception efficiency (LIE, intercepted light per unit biomass per year) and light use efficiency (LUE, biomass growth per intercepted light). Throughout succession, species with higher RGR attained higher changes in species dominance and thus increased their dominance over time. Both light competition strategies (LIE and LUE) increased RGR. In early succession, a high LIE and its associated traits (large crown leaf mass and low wood density) are more important for RGR. During succession, forest structure builds up, leading to lower understory light levels. In later succession, a high LUE and its associated traits (high wood density and leaf mass per area) become more important for RGR. Therefore, successional changes in relative importance of light competition strategies drive shifts in species dominance during tropical rainforest succession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Matsuo
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martínez-Ruiz M, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Arasa-Gisbert R, Hernández-Ruedas MA, San-José M. Maintenance of different life stages of old-growth forest trees in deforested tropical landscapes. Ecology 2024; 105:e4273. [PMID: 38361224 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Tropical tree species are increasingly being pushed to inhabit deforested landscapes. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, in remaining forest patches, species diversity in equal-sized samples decreases with decreasing forest cover in the surrounding landscape. We tested this prediction by taking into account three important factors that can affect species responses to forest loss. First, forest loss effects can be linear (proportional) or nonlinear, as there can be threshold values of forest loss beyond which species extirpation may be accelerated. Second, such effects are usually scale dependent and may go unnoticed if assessed at suboptimal scales. Finally, species extirpation may take decades to become evident, so the effects of forest loss can be undetected when assessing long-lived organisms, like adult old-growth forest trees. Here, we evaluated the linear and nonlinear effects of landscape forest loss across different spatial scales on site-scale abundance and diversity of old-growth forest trees, separately for four plant-life stages (seeds, saplings, juveniles, and adults) in two rainforest regions with different levels of deforestation. We expected stronger (and negative) forest loss effects on early plant-life stages, especially in the region with the highest deforestation. Surprisingly, in 13 of 16 study cases (2 responses × 4 life stages × 2 regions), null models showed higher empirical support than linear and nonlinear models at any scale. Therefore, the species richness and abundance of local tree assemblages seem to be weakly affected by landscape-scale forest loss independently of the spatial scale, life stage, and region. Yet, as expected, the predictive power of forest cover was relatively lower in the least deforested region. Our findings suggest that landscape-scale forest loss is poorly related to site-scale processes, such as seed dispersal and seedling recruitment, or, at least, such effects are too small to shape the abundance and diversity of tree assemblages within forest patches. Therefore, our findings do not support the most important prediction of the habitat amount hypothesis but imply that, on a per-area basis, a unit of habitat (forest) in a highly deforested landscape has a conservation value similar to that of a more forested one, particularly in moderately deforested rainforests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Martínez-Ruiz
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ricard Arasa-Gisbert
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Miriam San-José
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Wei L. Species and structural diversity of trees at the structural type level. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:40. [PMID: 38549102 PMCID: PMC10976781 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species and structural diversity are important for understanding the formation of forest communities, key ecological processes, and improving forest ecological functions and services, but their spatial characteristics have received little attention. Based on the spatial relationships among neighbouring trees, we proposed to divide trees within a structural unit into 15 structural types, and used the univariate distributions of the uniform angle index (W), mingling (M), and dominance (U), along with four common species diversity indices, to analyse the diversity of structural types in natural forests near the Tropic of Cancer. RESULTS Only a portion of clumped class maintained aggregation, most exhibited a random pattern. Species mixture increased exponentially across distribution classes, and abundance and richness exhibited an initial increase followed by a slight decrease. The distribution patterns of mixture classes varied from highly clustered to random, and M distributions gradually shifted from an inverted J-shaped curve to a J-shaped curve. Abundance and richness exhibited an exponential distribution, whereas the Shannon-Wiener index increased linearly. The W distribution of differentiation classes approximated a normal distribution, whereas M distributions exhibited a J shape. The U distribution of each structure type was approximately 0.2. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the species and structural diversity characteristics of trees at the structural type level and expand our knowledge of forest biodiversity. The new method proposed here should significantly contribute to biodiversity monitoring efforts in terrestrial ecosystems, and suggests that higher standards for the simulation and reconstruction of stand structure, as well as thinning in near-natural forests, is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Laibin Jinxiu Dayaoshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi. No, Jinxiu County, 95 Gongde Road, Laibin, 545700, Guangxi, China.
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road 100, Xixiangtang DistrictGuangxi Province, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Liting Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou C, Ding Y, Zang R. Compositional changes at neighborhood and stand scales during recovery of a tropical lowland rainforest after shifting cultivation on Hainan Island, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119951. [PMID: 38171125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding compositional changes during secondary forest recovery is crucial for effective restoration efforts. While previous research has predominantly focused on shifts in species composition at the stand scale, this study delves into the recovery dynamics in three compositional aspects of location (neighbor distances), size (tree diameters), and species (tree species) at both stand and neighborhood scale. The investigation spans nine chronosequence plots within a tropical lowland rainforest ecosystem after shifting cultivation, including three each for young-secondary forests (18-30 years), old-secondary forests (60 years), and old-growth forests (without obvious human interference). The quantification of location, size, and species composition involved categorized neighbor distances (Near, Moderate, Far-distance), tree diameters (Small, Medium, Large-tree), and tree species (Pioneer, Intermediate, Climax-species) into three groups, respectively. Compositional changes at the stand scale (plot) were directly based on these groups, while at the neighborhood scale, assessment involved combination types of these groups within a neighborhood (comprising three adjacent trees). At the stand scale, neighbor distances shifted from Near to Moderate and Far, tree diameters transitioned from Small to Medium and Large, and tree species of Pioneer gave way to Climax. Meanwhile, at the neighborhood scale, there was a notable decline in the aggregations of Near-distance (N), Small-tree (S), and Pioneer-species (P), while the mixtures of Far and Moderate-distance (F-M), Large and Small-tree (L-S), and Climax and Intermediate-species (C-I) experienced a marked increase. The compositional change exhibited a recovery pattern, with the fastest recovery in neighbor distances, followed by tree diameters and tree species. Moreover, compositional recovery in tree diameters and tree species at the neighborhood scale generally lagged behind that at the stand scale. The study suggests that rapid restoration of secondary forest can be achieved by different targeted cutting according to the recovery stages, aimed at reduce the Pioneer-species, Small-tree and Near-distance in neighborhood. Our findings underscore that analyzing the compositional changes in three aspects at two scales not only provides a profound understanding of secondary forest recovery dynamics, but also offers valuable insights for guiding practices in the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Elsy AD, Pfeifer M, Jones IL, DeWalt SJ, Lopez OR, Dent DH. Incomplete recovery of tree community composition and rare species after 120 years of tropical forest succession in Panama. Biotropica 2024; 56:36-49. [PMID: 38515454 PMCID: PMC10952663 DOI: 10.1111/btp.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Determining how fully tropical forests regenerating on abandoned land recover characteristics of old-growth forests is increasingly important for understanding their role in conserving rare species and maintaining ecosystem services. Despite this, our understanding of forest structure and community composition recovery throughout succession is incomplete, as many tropical chronosequences do not extend beyond the first 50 years of succession. Here, we examined trajectories of forest recovery across eight 1-hectare plots in middle and later stages of forest succession (40-120 years) and five 1-hectare old-growth plots, in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), Panama. We first verified that forest age had a greater effect than edaphic or topographic variation on forest structure, diversity and composition and then corroborated results from smaller plots censused 20 years previously. Tree species diversity (but not species richness) and forest structure had fully recovered to old-growth levels by 40 and 90 years, respectively. However, rare species were missing, and old-growth specialists were in low abundance, in the mid- and late secondary forest plots, leading to incomplete recovery of species composition even by 120 years into succession. We also found evidence that dominance early in succession by a long-lived pioneer led to altered forest structure and delayed recovery of species diversity and composition well past a century after land abandonment. Our results illustrate the critical importance of old-growth and old secondary forests for biodiversity conservation, given that recovery of community composition may take several centuries, particularly when a long-lived pioneer dominates in early succession. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Elsy
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Modelling, Evidence and Policy GroupNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Isabel L. Jones
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Saara J. DeWalt
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Omar R. Lopez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT)ClaytonPanama
| | - Daisy H. Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaPanama
- Max Planck Institute for Animal BehaviorKonstanzGermany
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poorter L, Amissah L, Bongers F, Hordijk I, Kok J, Laurance SGW, Lohbeck M, Martínez-Ramos M, Matsuo T, Meave JA, Muñoz R, Peña-Claros M, van der Sande MT. Successional theories. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2049-2077. [PMID: 37455023 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Succession is a fundamental concept in ecology because it indicates how species populations, communities, and ecosystems change over time on new substrate or after a disturbance. A mechanistic understanding of succession is needed to predict how ecosystems will respond to land-use change and to design effective ecosystem restoration strategies. Yet, despite a century of conceptual advances a comprehensive successional theory is lacking. Here we provide an overview of 19 successional theories ('models') and their key points, group them based on conceptual similarity, explain conceptual development in successional ideas and provide suggestions how to move forward. Four groups of models can be recognised. The first group (patch & plants) focuses on plants at the patch level and consists of three subgroups that originated in the early 20th century. One subgroup focuses on the processes (dispersal, establishment, and performance) that operate sequentially during succession. Another subgroup emphasises individualistic species responses during succession, and how this is driven by species traits. A last subgroup focuses on how vegetation structure and underlying demographic processes change during succession. A second group of models (ecosystems) provides a more holistic view of succession by considering the ecosystem, its biota, interactions, diversity, and ecosystem structure and processes. The third group (landscape) considers a larger spatial scale and includes the effect of the surrounding landscape matrix on succession as the distance to neighbouring vegetation patches determines the potential for seed dispersal, and the quality of the neighbouring patches determines the abundance and composition of seed sources and biotic dispersal vectors. A fourth group (socio-ecological systems) includes the human component by focusing on socio-ecological systems where management practices have long-lasting legacies on successional pathways and where regrowing vegetations deliver a range of ecosystem services to local and global stakeholders. The four groups of models differ in spatial scale (patch, landscape) or organisational level (plant species, ecosystem, socio-ecological system), increase in scale and scope, and reflect the increasingly broader perspective on succession over time. They coincide approximately with four periods that reflect the prevailing view of succession of that time, although all views still coexist. The four successional views are: succession of plants (from 1910 onwards) where succession was seen through the lens of species replacement; succession of communities and ecosystems (from 1965 onwards) when there was a more holistic view of succession; succession in landscapes (from 2000 onwards) when it was realised that the structure and composition of landscapes strongly impact successional pathways, and increased remote-sensing technology allowed for a better quantification of the landscape context; and succession with people (from 2015 onwards) when it was realised that people and societal drivers have strong effects on successional pathways, that ecosystem processes and services are important for human well-being, and that restoration is most successful when it is done by and for local people. Our review suggests that the hierarchical successional framework of Pickett is the best starting point to move forward as this framework already includes several factors, and because it is flexible, enabling application to different systems. The framework focuses mainly on species replacement and could be improved by focusing on succession occurring at different hierarchical scales (population, community, ecosystem, socio-ecological system), and by integrating it with more recent developments and other successional models: by considering different spatial scales (landscape, region), temporal scales (ecosystem processes occurring over centuries, and evolution), and by taking the effects of the surrounding landscape (landscape integrity and composition, the disperser community) and societal factors (previous and current land-use intensity) into account. Such a new, comprehensive framework could be tested using a combination of empirical research, experiments, process-based modelling and novel tools. Applying the framework to seres across broadscale environmental and disturbance gradients allows a better insight into what successional processes matter and under what conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucy Amissah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, PO Box UP63, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Hordijk
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jazz Kok
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, 4878, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, CP 58190, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Tomonari Matsuo
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masha T van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 342, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang P, Cheng J, Hu J, Jing Y, Wang J, Yang H, Ding X, Yan X. Quercus wutaishanica shrub affects temperate forest community composition and soil properties under different restoration stage. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294159. [PMID: 37976250 PMCID: PMC10655981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus wutaishanica is the dominant tree species in the natural ecosystem restoration of temperate forests in China, and it plays an active role in maintaining ecological balance. However, little is known about how ecosystem versatility develops during the restoration of forest ecosystems dominated by Q. wutaishanica. In this study, we investigated the species composition of the Q. wutaishanica community, soil nutrients, and their functional traits at various restoration stages, and comprehensively analyzed the correlations among them. At the early stage of restoration (10 years of restoration), there were Spiraea pubescens and Syringa pubescens in Q. wutaishanica community (87% of the total species), while had a larger niche width. In the middle of restoration (30 years of restoration), shannon and evenness indices were the largest, while soil total carbon, ammonium nitrogen and chlorophyll content of Q. wutaishanica leaves were the highest; among them, soil total carbon was 15.7% higher than that in 10 years of restoration, 32.4% higher than that in 40 years of restoration, ammonium nitrogen was 71.7% higher than that in 40 years of restoration, and chlorophyll content was 217.9% higher than that in 10 years of restoration, and 51.8% higher than that in 40 years of restoration. At the later stage of restoration (40 years of restoration), Lonicera ferdinandii occupied the dominant ecological niche, and soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus content and leaf thickness were the largest; while AN was 10.9% higher than that of 10 years of restoration, 16.5% higher than that of 30 years of restoration, AP was 60.6% higher than that of 10 years of restoration, 21.6% higher than that of 30 years of restoration, leaf thickness was 22.3% higher than that of 10 years of restoration, 84.9% higher than that of 30 years of restoration. However, the restriction of various soil nutrients was reduced. Our study highlighted the effectiveness of soil resource availability in plant communities during restoration, reduced competition for light among plants, and altered species richness. Furthermore, changes in the interrelationship between plant community composition and leaf functional traits of the dominant species responded positively to community restoration. These results further deepen our understanding of forest management and restoration of forest communities. In the future, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the influence of various factors on forest community restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Kang
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiming Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinpeng Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yongshun Jing
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Liupanshan Forestry Bureau, Guyuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingfu Yan
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vanderley-Silva I, Valente RA. Landscape resistance index aiming at functional forest connectivity. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1224. [PMID: 37725180 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Resistance models may quantify the ability of the landscape to impede species' movement and represent suitable habitats. Moreover, the performance of resistance models parameterized by land-use/land cover attributes evidence that the integrity of the environments subject to urban sprawl is poorly understood. In this sense, the study assumed we could identify the forest functional connectivity in a landscape considering the disparity in the landscape mosaic. In this context, we sought to develop a landscape resistance index through structural equation modeling (SEM), supported by the criteria of heat emission, biomass, and anthropogenic barriers, obtained by remote sensing, called observed variables. The landscape studied in the Green Belt Biosphere Reserve of São Paulo has significant remnants of the Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot. However, our results indicated criteria variability in the landscape modeled through the SEM, obtaining a significant adjustment of the landscape resistance index, with comparative fit index (CFI) of 1.00 and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.00. The index reflects the resistance levels of the land use/land cover, expressed by the class interval, ranging from 0% (1.73) to 100% (493.88), with the highest values associated with the anthropized uses and forest isolation. Thus, our index based on environmental attributes reflects the structure of functional forest connectivity and offers a framework to design forest corridors across landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vanderley-Silva
- Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources (PPGPUR), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR-Sorocaba), João Leme dos Santos Highway (SP-264), km 110, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Averna Valente
- Environmental Sciences Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR-Sorocaba), João Leme dos Santos Highway (SP-264), km 110, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li K, Zhang B. Analysis of the relationship between landscape fragmentation and ecosystem service value in northern Shaanxi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:94537-94551. [PMID: 37535285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Landscape fragmentation affected the structure and function of the ecosystem, resulting in an impact on ecosystem service value (ESV). This paper analyzed the correlation between landscape fragmentation and ESV using land-use data from northern Shaanxi covering three periods from 2000 to 2020. The paper employed the granularity deduction method, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and value equivalent method to study the fragmentation characteristics of the regional landscape and the spatial-temporal evolution of ESV. The research findings indicated that the optimal granularity was 150 m, and the amplitude was 5 km × 5 km. The study found that the degree of landscape fragmentation was positively correlated with patch density (PD), division index (DIVISION), and Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), while negatively correlated with the largest patch index (LPI), patch cohesion index (COHESION), and effective mesh size (MESH). Moreover, the total ESV in the study area showed a decreasing trend, with grass, forest, and cultivated land being the three land-use types that contributed the most value. The analysis indicated that there was a negative correlation between the degree of landscape fragmentation and ESV. As the degree of landscape fragmentation increased, ESV decreased. The correlation between landscape fragmentation and ESV discussed in this paper provided valuable insights into the optimal utilization and sustainable development of regional land resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Beiying Zhang
- School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domingues GF, Hughes FM, Dos Santos AG, Carvalho AF, Calegario AT, Saiter FZ, Marcatti GE. Designing an optimized landscape restoration with spatially interdependent non-linear models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162299. [PMID: 36801326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot drastically fragmented due to different land use practices. Our understanding on the impacts of fragmentation and restoration practices on ecosystem functionality significantly increased during the last decades. However, it is unknown to our knowledge how a precision restoration approach, integrated with landscape metrics, will affect the decision-making process of forest restoration. Here, we applied Landscape Shape Index and Contagion metrics in a genetic algorithm for planning forest restoration in watersheds at the pixel level. We evaluated how such integration may configure the precision of restoration with scenarios related to landscape ecology metrics. The genetic algorithm worked toward optimizing the site, shape, and size of forest patches across the landscape according to the results obtained in applying the metrics. Our results, obtained by simulations of scenarios, support aggregation of forest restoration zones as expected, with priority restoration areas indicated where most of the aggregation of forest patches occurs. Our optimized solutions for the study area (Santa Maria do Rio Doce Watershed) predicted an important improvement of landscape metrics (LSI = 44 %; Contagion/LSI = 73 %). Largest shifts are suggested based on LSI (i.e., three larger fragments) and Contagion/LSI (i.e., only one well-connected fragment) optimizations. Our findings indicate that restoration in an extremely fragmented landscape will promote a shift toward more connected patches and with reduction of the surface:volume ratio. Our work explores the use of genetic algorithms to propose forest restoration based on landscape ecology metrics in a spatially explicit innovative approach. Our results indicate that LSI and Contagion:LSI ratio may affect the choice concerning precise location of restoration sites based on forest fragments scattered in the landscape and reinforce the usefulness of genetic algorithms to yield an optimized-driven solution for restoration initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getulio Fonseca Domingues
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Frederic Mendes Hughes
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioinformática, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Conselho de Curadores das Coleções Científicas, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Antônio F Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Global Conservation Program, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Eduardo Marcatti
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Campus Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rosenfield MF, Jakovac CC, Vieira DLM, Poorter L, Brancalion PHS, Vieira ICG, de Almeida DRA, Massoca P, Schietti J, Albernaz ALM, Ferreira MJ, Mesquita RCG. Ecological integrity of tropical secondary forests: concepts and indicators. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:662-676. [PMID: 36453621 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Naturally regenerating forests or secondary forests (SFs) are a promising strategy for restoring large expanses of tropical forests at low cost and with high environmental benefits. This expectation is supported by the high resilience of tropical forests after natural disturbances, yet this resilience can be severely reduced by human impacts. Assessing the characteristics of SFs and their ecological integrity (EI) is essential to evaluating their role for conservation, restoration, and provisioning of ecosystem services. In this study, we aim to propose a concept and indicators that allow the assessment and classification of the EI of SFs. To this end, we review the literature to assess how EI has been addressed in different ecosystems and which indicators of EI are most commonly used for tropical forests. Building upon this knowledge we propose a modification of the concept of EI to embrace SFs and suggest indicators of EI that can be applied to different successional stages or stand ages. Additionally, we relate these indicators to ecosystem service provision in order to support the practical application of the theory. EI is generally defined as the ability of ecosystems to support and maintain composition, structure and function similar to the reference conditions of an undisturbed ecosystem. This definition does not consider the temporal dynamics of recovering ecosystems, such as SFs. Therefore, we suggest incorporation of an optimal successional trajectory as a reference in addition to the old-growth forest reference. The optimal successional trajectory represents the maximum EI that can be attained at each successional stage in a given region and enables the evaluation of EI at any given age class. We further suggest a list of indicators, the main ones being: compositional indicators (species diversity/richness and indicator species); structural indicators (basal area, heterogeneity of basal area and canopy cover); function indicators (tree growth and mortality); and landscape proxies (landscape heterogeneity, landscape connectivity). Finally, we discuss how this approach can assist in defining the value of SF patches to provide ecosystem services, restore forests and contribute to ecosystem conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena F Rosenfield
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69083-000, Brazil
| | - Catarina C Jakovac
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel L M Vieira
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Av. W5 Norte (final), Brasília, DF, 70770917, Brazil
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ima C G Vieira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Danilo R A de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Massoca
- Center for the Analysis of Social-Ecological Landscapes (CASEL), Indiana University, Student Building 331, 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Coroado I, Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa M Albernaz
- Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil
| | - Marciel J Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Rita C G Mesquita
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69083-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oliveira FMP, Knoechelmann CM, Wirth R, Tabarelli M, Leal IR. Leaf‐cutting ant nests support less dense and impoverished seed assemblages in a human‐modified Caatinga dry forest. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. P. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Clarissa M. Knoechelmann
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará ‐ Folha 31 Marabá Brazil
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Molecular Botany (Plant Ecology Group) University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Srednick G, Cohen A, Diehl O, Tyler K, Swearer SE. Habitat attributes mediate herbivory and influence community development in algal metacommunities. Ecology 2023; 104:e3976. [PMID: 36691779 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers and impacts of spatiotemporal variation in species abundance on community trajectories is key to understanding the factors contributing to ecosystem resilience. Temporal variation in species trajectories across patches can provide compensation for species loss and can influence successional patterns. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that lead to patterns of species or spatial compensation and how those patterns may be mediated by consumer-resource relationships. Here we describe an experiment testing whether habitat attributes (e.g., structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity) mediate the effects of herbivory on tropical marine macroalgal communities by reducing accessibility and detectability, respectively, leading to variable trajectories among algal species at community (within patch) and metacommunity (i.e., among patch) scales. Reduced accessibility (greater habitat complexity) decreased the effects of herbivory (i.e., depressed consumption rate, increased algal species richness), and both accessibility and detectability (spatial heterogeneity) influenced algal community structure. Moreover, decreased accessibility at the community scale and a mosaic of accessibility at the metacommunity scale led to variation in community assembly. We suggest that habitat attributes can be important influencers of consumer-resource interactions on coral reefs, which in turn can increase species diversity, promote species succession, and enhance stability in algal metacommunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Srednick
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa Cohen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Olivia Diehl
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kaela Tyler
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Rito KF, Farfán M, Navia IC, Mora F, Arreola-Villa F, Balvanera P, Bongers F, Castellanos-Castro C, Catharino ELM, Chazdon RL, Dupuy-Rada JM, Ferguson BG, Foster PF, González-Valdivia N, Griffith DM, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Jakovac CC, Junqueira AB, Jong BHJ, Letcher SG, May-Pat F, Meave JA, Ochoa-Gaona S, Meirelles GS, Muñiz-Castro MA, Muñoz R, Powers JS, Rocha GPE, Rosário RPG, Santos BA, Simon MF, Tabarelli M, Tun-Dzul F, van den Berg E, Vieira DLM, Williams-Linera G, Martínez-Ramos M. Landscape-scale forest cover drives the predictability of forest regeneration across the Neotropics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222203. [PMID: 36629117 PMCID: PMC9832557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abandonment of agricultural lands promotes the global expansion of secondary forests, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Such roles largely depend, however, on two essential successional attributes, trajectory and recovery rate, which are expected to depend on landscape-scale forest cover in nonlinear ways. Using a multi-scale approach and a large vegetation dataset (843 plots, 3511 tree species) from 22 secondary forest chronosequences distributed across the Neotropics, we show that successional trajectories of woody plant species richness, stem density and basal area are less predictable in landscapes (4 km radius) with intermediate (40-60%) forest cover than in landscapes with high (greater than 60%) forest cover. This supports theory suggesting that high spatial and environmental heterogeneity in intermediately deforested landscapes can increase the variation of key ecological factors for forest recovery (e.g. seed dispersal and seedling recruitment), increasing the uncertainty of successional trajectories. Regarding the recovery rate, only species richness is positively related to forest cover in relatively small (1 km radius) landscapes. These findings highlight the importance of using a spatially explicit landscape approach in restoration initiatives and suggest that these initiatives can be more effective in more forested landscapes, especially if implemented across spatial extents of 1-4 km radius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97357 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Kátia F. Rito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Michelle Farfán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geomática e Hidráulica, División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36000 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Iván C. Navia
- Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas, 58219 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe Arreola-Villa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Road, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Juan M. Dupuy-Rada
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bruce G. Ferguson
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 29290 San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Paul F. Foster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Bijagual Ecological Reserve, Apdo. 35-3069, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Heredia 41001, Costa Rica
| | - Noel González-Valdivia
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Departamento de Ingenierías, 24520 Chiná, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Daniel M. Griffith
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, EcoSs Lab, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, CP 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | | | - Catarina C. Jakovac
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - André B. Junqueira
- Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardus H. J. Jong
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | | | - Filogonio May-Pat
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Gabriela S. Meirelles
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Muñiz-Castro
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45200 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108 Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gustavo P. E. Rocha
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, 70919-970 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo P. G. Rosário
- Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 01302-907 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botanica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tun-Dzul
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Recursos Naturales, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo van den Berg
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel L. M. Vieira
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Estrada-Villegas S, Stevenson PR, López O, DeWalt SJ, Comita LS, Dent DH. Animal seed dispersal recovery during passive restoration in a forested landscape. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210076. [PMID: 36373921 PMCID: PMC9661942 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal by animals is key for restoration of tropical forests because it maintains plant diversity and accelerates community turnover. Therefore, changes in seed dispersal during forest restoration can indicate the recovery of species interactions, and yet these changes are rarely considered in forest restoration planning. In this study, we examined shifts in the importance of different seed dispersal modes during passive restoration in a tropical chronosequence spanning more than 100 years, by modelling the proportion of trees dispersed by bats, small birds, large birds, flightless mammals and abiotic means as a function of forest age. Contrary to expectations, tree species dispersed by flightless mammals dominated after 20 years of regeneration, and tree richness and abundance dispersed by each mode mostly recovered to old growth levels between 40 and 70 years post-abandonment. Seed dispersal by small birds declined over time during regeneration, while bat dispersal played a minor role throughout all stages of succession. Results suggest that proximity to old growth forests, coupled with low hunting, explained the prevalence of seed dispersal by animals, especially by flightless mammals at this site. We suggest that aspects of seed dispersal should be monitored when restoring forest ecosystems to evaluate the reestablishment of species interactions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Estrada-Villegas
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
| | - Pablo R. Stevenson
- CIEM, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia 111711
| | - Omar López
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Saara J. DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Liza S. Comita
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
| | - Daisy H. Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá
- Max Planck Institute for Animal Behaviour, Konstanz 78315, Germany
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich 8902, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
König LA, Medina-Vega JA, Longo RM, Zuidema PA, Jakovac CC. Restoration success in former Amazonian mines is driven by soil amendment and forest proximity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210086. [PMID: 36373924 PMCID: PMC9661946 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining contributes importantly to tropical deforestation and land degradation. To mitigate these effects, mining companies are increasingly obliged to restore abandoned mine lands, but factors driving restoration success are hardly evaluated. Here, we investigate the influence of ecological factors (restoration age, soil properties and surrounding forest area) and management factors (diversity and density of planted species, mine zone) on the recovery rate of forest structure and tree diversity on 40 post-mining restoration areas in Southern Amazonia, Brazil, using a 9-year annual monitoring dataset consisting of over 25 000 trees. We found that recovery of forest structure was closely associated with interactions between soil quality and the planted tree communities, and that tree diversity recovery was positively associated with the amount of surrounding forests. We also observed that forest structure and diversity recover more slowly in mine tailings compared to pit surroundings. Our study confirms the complexity of mine land restoration but also reveals that planting design and soil improvement can increase restoration success. For resource-efficient mine restoration, we recommend the focusing of efforts on tailings, which are hardest to restore, and reducing efforts in pit surroundings and areas close to surrounding forest because of their potential for restoration by natural regeneration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis A. König
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR), Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - José A. Medina-Vega
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Regina M. Longo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Professor Doutor Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, 1516, 13087-571 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina C. Jakovac
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Sciences Department, Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chazdon RL, Norden N, Colwell RK, Chao A. Monitoring recovery of tree diversity during tropical forest restoration: lessons from long-term trajectories of natural regeneration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210069. [PMID: 36373917 PMCID: PMC9661944 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of species diversity as a tool for assessing recovery during forest regeneration and active restoration, robust approaches for assessing changes in tree species diversity over time are urgently needed. We assessed changes in tree species diversity during natural regeneration over 12-20 years in eight 1-ha monitoring plots in NE Costa Rica, six second-growth forests and two old-growth reference forests. We used diversity profiles to show successional trajectories in measures of observed, asymptotic and standardized tree diversity and evenness as well as sample completeness. We randomly subsampled 1-ha plot data to evaluate how well smaller spatial subsamples would have captured temporal trajectories. Annual surveys in eight 1-ha plots were missing substantial numbers of rare or infrequent species. Older second-growth sites showed consistent declines in tree diversity, whereas younger sites showed fluctuating patterns or increases. Subsample areas of 0.5 ha or greater were sufficient to infer the diversity of abundant species, but smaller subsamples failed to capture temporal trajectories of species richness and yielded positively biased estimates of evenness. In tropical forest regions with high levels of diversity, species diversity from small sample plots should be assessed using methods that incorporate abundance information and that standardize for sample coverage. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Chazdon
- Tropical Forest and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4556 Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CO 06269, USA
| | - Natalia Norden
- Programa Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Robert K. Colwell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CO 06269, USA
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, 30043
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeng L, Cao M, Lin L, Peters CM. Tree Diversity and Regeneration in Sacred Groves and Nature Reserves in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. J ETHNOBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-42.4.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zeng
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Charles M. Peters
- School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rojas‐Sandoval J, Ackerman JD, Marcano‐Vega H, Willig MR. Alien species affect the abundance and richness of native species in tropical forests: The role of adaptive strategies. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Ackerman
- Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico USA
| | | | - Michael R. Willig
- Institute of the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilson VK, Ayyappan N, Parthasarathy N. Decadal forest dynamics in logged and unlogged sites at Uppangala, Western Ghats, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:66. [PMID: 36329327 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging disrupts forests, changing their structure and species composition. Long-term monitoring helps in identifying the factors influencing it and aids in designing management plans. We conducted a quantitative re-assessment of trees ≥ 30 cm girth at breast height in four 1 ha plots in logged and two 1 ha plots in adjacent unlogged compartments of Uppangala forest continuum in the Western Ghats, India to compare the structural and compositional changes after a decade (2010-2021). Altogether, four species disappeared and three species were newly recruited. Mean species richness and stem density of both the forest sites decreased. Logged plots showed a slight increase in basal area (2.5%) and biomass (5.1%), whereas unlogged plots showed a decline in basal area (3.92%) and biomass (2.9%). As compared to unlogged plots, all the demographic rates were higher for logged forest sites. Across the six individual plots, the growth rates varied significantly owing to wood density and forest strata categories. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) identified three groups with significant difference in species composition, where logged and unlogged plots have a distinct composition except for one plot. Although species richness and stem diversity remained stable, the species composition is different 37 years after logging, and the impacts of logging are still evident in the forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincy K Wilson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, 605014
- Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, St. Louis Street, Puducherry, India, 605001
| | - N Ayyappan
- Department of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, St. Louis Street, Puducherry, India, 605001.
| | - N Parthasarathy
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, 605014
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
da Silva DA, Pfeifer M, Vibrans AC. Conspecific density plays a pivotal role in shaping sapling community in highly fragmented subtropical forests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augusto da Silva
- Environmental Engineering Graduate Program Regional University of Blumenau Blumenau São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mudi S, Paramanik S, Behera MD, Prakash AJ, Deep NR, Kale MP, Kumar S, Sharma N, Pradhan P, Chavan M, Roy PS, Shrestha DG. Moderate resolution LAI prediction using Sentinel-2 satellite data and indirect field measurements in Sikkim Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:897. [PMID: 36251087 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The leaf area index (LAI) has been traditionally used as a photosynthetic variable. LAI plays an essential role in forest cover monitoring and has been identified as one of the important climate variables. However, due to challenges in field sampling, complex topography, and availability of cloud-free optical satellite data, LAI assessment on larger scale is still unexplored in the Sikkim Himalayan area. We used two optical instruments, digital hemispherical photography (DHP) and LAI-2200C, to assess the LAI across four different forests following 20 × 20 m2 elementary sampling units (ESUs) in the Himalayan state of Sikkim, India. The use of Sentinel-2 derived vegetation indices (VIs) demonstrated a better correlation with the DHP based LAI estimates than using LAI-2200C. Further, the combination of both reflectance bands and VIs were integrated to predict the LAI maps using random forest model. The temperate evergreen forests demonstrated the highest LAI value, while the predicted maps exhibited LAI maxima of 3.4. The estimated vs predicted LAI for DHP and LAI-2200C based estimation demonstrated reasonably good (R2 = 0.63 and R2 = 0.68, respectively) agreement. Further, improvements on the LAI prediction can be attempted by minimizing errors from the inherent field protocols, optimizing the density of field measurements, and representing heterogeneity. The recent rise of frequent forest fires in Sikkim Himalaya prompts for better understanding of fuel load in terms of surface fuel or canopy fuel that can be linked to LAI. The high-resolution LAI map could serve as input to forest fuel bed characterization, especially in seasonal forests with significant variations in green leaves and litter, thereby offering inputs for forest management in changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Mudi
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Somnath Paramanik
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Mukunda Dev Behera
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - A Jaya Prakash
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Nikhil Raj Deep
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Manish P Kale
- CDAC 3Rd Floor, RMZ Westend Center 3, Westend IT Park, Nagras Road, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Narpati Sharma
- Department of Science and Technology, Vigyan Bhawan, Deorali Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Prerna Pradhan
- Department of Science and Technology, Vigyan Bhawan, Deorali Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Manoj Chavan
- CDAC 3Rd Floor, RMZ Westend Center 3, Westend IT Park, Nagras Road, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | | | - Dhiren G Shrestha
- Department of Science and Technology, Vigyan Bhawan, Deorali Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Larson CD, Rew LJ. Restoration intensity shapes floristic recovery after forest road decommissioning. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115729. [PMID: 35853306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest roads fragment and degrade ecosystems and many have fallen into disrepair and are underutilized, to address these issues the United States Forest Service is restoring, or "decommissioning," thousands of kilometers of forest roads each year. Despite the prevalence of decommissioning and the importance of vegetation to restoration success, relatively little is known about floristic responses to different forest road decommissioning treatments or subsequent recovery to reference conditions. Over a ten year period, this study assessed floristic cover, diversity, and composition responses to and recovery on forest roads decommissioned using three treatments varying in intensity (abandonment, ripping, recontouring), in Montana, USA. Initially, floristic cover groups were lowest on the recontoured roads, however, they demonstrated the fastest temporal response (e.g. increased litter and vegetative cover). The floristic communities of both active treatments (ripped and recontoured) had more species and were more diverse than the communities of the abandoned (control) treatment. Among the three on-road plant communities, the recontoured treatment was most associated with desirable species, including the native shrubs Rosa woodsii and Spirea betulifolia, while the abandoned treatment was most associated with two non-native species, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens. Assessed using a restoration index, recovery to reference conditions was limited in all treatments, however, the recontoured treatment had a positive restoration trajectory in seven of eight metrics and was the best recovered treatment. Community composition on the recontoured treatment had more native species than the other treatments, and was moving toward, though still substantially different from, reference communities. These findings demonstrate that restoration of forest roads benefit from active restoration methods and, while forest road recontouring facilitates floristic recovery in the first decade after decommissioning, full recovery will likely take years to decades longer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Larson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States.
| | - Lisa J Rew
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pires Coelho AJ, Ribeiro Matos FA, Villa PM, Heringer G, Pontara V, de Paula Almado R, Alves Meira-Neto JA. Multiple drivers influence tree species diversity and above-ground carbon stock in second-growth Atlantic forests: Implications for passive restoration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115588. [PMID: 35779299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Second-growth forests (SGF) are critical components for limiting biodiversity loss and climate change mitigation. However, these forests were established after anthropic disturbances such as land use for planting, and in highly human-modified landscapes. These interventions can decrease the ability of biological communities to recover naturally, and it is necessary to understand how multiple drivers, from local scale to landscape scale influence the diversity and carbon stock of these forests in natural regeneration. For this, we used data from 37 SGF growing on areas previously used for eucalyptus plantations in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, after the last cut cycle. For each SGF, the forest tree species diversity was calculated based on the Hills number, and we also calculated the above-ground carbon stock. Then, we evaluated the influence of multiple environmental factors on these indexes: soil properties, past-management intensity, patch configuration, and landscape composition. Little influence of soil properties was found, only soil fertility negatively influenced above-ground carbon stock. However, past-management intensity negatively influenced tree species diversity and carbon stock. The isolation of other forests and tree species propagules source distance (>500 ha) also negatively influenced the diversity of species. This is probably due to the favoring of tree pioneer species in highly human-modified landscapes because they are more tolerant of environmental changes, less dependent on animal dispersal, and have low carbon stock capacity. Thus, areas with higher past-management intensity and more isolated areas are less effective for passive restoration and may require intervention to recover tree diversity and carbon stock in the Atlantic Forest. The approach, which had not yet been applied in the Atlantic Forest, brought similar results to that found in other forests, and serves as a theoretical basis for choosing priority areas for passive restoration in the biome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Josélio Pires Coelho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Antônio Ribeiro Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), São Mateus, Espírito Santo, 29932-540, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manuel Villa
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Associação para Conservação da Biodiversidade - Probiodiversa Brasil, Viçosa, Minas Gerias, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Heringer
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pontara
- Laboratório de Macroecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79240-000, Brazil
| | | | - João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Habitat fragmentation rather than habitat amount or habitat split reduces the diversity and abundance of ground-dwelling anurans within forest remnants of the Brazilian Cerrado. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Martinuzzi S, Cook BD, Helmer EH, Keller M, Locke DH, Marcano‐Vega H, Uriarte M, Morton DC. Patterns and controls on island‐wide aboveground biomass accumulation in second‐growth forests of Puerto Rico. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Martinuzzi
- SILVIS Lab Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Bruce D. Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Eileen H. Helmer
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry San Juan Puerto Rico USA
| | - Michael Keller
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry San Juan Puerto Rico USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | - Dexter H. Locke
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Baltimore Field Station Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Douglas C. Morton
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qiu X, Liu X, Lu Q, Chen J, Liang T, Wang W, Ouyang S, Zhou C, Wu X. Seasonal and spatial variability of zooplankton diversity in the Poyang Lake Basin using DNA metabarcoding. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8972. [PMID: 35784091 PMCID: PMC9168339 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems face multiple threats to their stability globally. Poyang Lake is the largest lake in China, but its habitat has been seriously degraded because of human activities and natural factors (e.g. climate change), resulting in a decline in freshwater biodiversity. Zooplankton are useful indicators of environmental stressors because they are sensitive to external perturbations. DNA metabarcoding is an approach that has gained significant traction by aiding ecosystem conservation and management. Here, the seasonal and spatial variability in the zooplankton diversity were analyzed in the Poyang Lake Basin using DNA metabarcoding. The results showed that the community structure of zooplankton exhibited significant seasonal and spatial variability using DNA metabarcoding, where the community structure was correlated with turbidity, water temperature, pH, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a. These results indicated habitat variations affected by human activities and seasonal change could be the main driving factors for the variations of zooplankton community. This study also provides an important reference for the management of aquatic ecosystem health and conservation of aquatic biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Qiu
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- School of Life SciencesJiangxi Science and Technology Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xiongjun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous AreasSchool of Life ScienceJiaying UniversityMeizhouChina
| | - Quanfeng Lu
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jinping Chen
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Tao Liang
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Weikai Wang
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Shan Ouyang
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- School of Life SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Prieto PV, Bukoski JJ, Barros FSM, Beyer HL, Iribarrem A, Brancalion PHS, Chazdon RL, Lindenmayer DB, Strassburg BBN, Guariguata MR, Crouzeilles R. Predicting landscape-scale biodiversity recovery by natural tropical forest regrowth. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13842. [PMID: 34705299 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural forest regrowth is a cost-effective, nature-based solution for biodiversity recovery, yet different socioenvironmental factors can lead to variable outcomes. A critical knowledge gap in forest restoration planning is how to predict where natural forest regrowth is likely to lead to high levels of biodiversity recovery, which is an indicator of conservation value and the potential provisioning of diverse ecosystem services. We sought to predict and map landscape-scale recovery of species richness and total abundance of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants in tropical and subtropical second-growth forests to inform spatial restoration planning. First, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantify the extent to which recovery of species richness and total abundance in second-growth forests deviated from biodiversity values in reference old-growth forests in the same landscape. Second, we employed a machine-learning algorithm and a comprehensive set of socioenvironmental factors to spatially predict landscape-scale deviation and map it. Models explained on average 34% of observed variance in recovery (range 9-51%). Landscape-scale biodiversity recovery in second-growth forests was spatially predicted based on socioenvironmental landscape factors (human demography, land use and cover, anthropogenic and natural disturbance, ecosystem productivity, and topography and soil chemistry); was significantly higher for species richness than for total abundance for vertebrates (median range-adjusted predicted deviation 0.09 vs. 0.34) and invertebrates (0.2 vs. 0.35) but not for plants (which showed a similar recovery for both metrics [0.24 vs. 0.25]); and was positively correlated for total abundance of plant and vertebrate species (Pearson r = 0.45, p = 0.001). Our approach can help identify tropical and subtropical forest landscapes with high potential for biodiversity recovery through natural forest regrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Prieto
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacob J Bukoski
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Felipe S M Barros
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Centro de Referencia en Tecnologías de la Información para la Gestión con Software Libre (CeRTIG+SoL), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina
- Departamento de Geografía, Instituto Superior Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Misiones, Argentina
- Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Hawthorne L Beyer
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alvaro Iribarrem
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Crouzeilles
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Mestrado Profissional em Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Crawford CL, Yin H, Radeloff VC, Wilcove DS. Rural land abandonment is too ephemeral to provide major benefits for biodiversity and climate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8999. [PMID: 35613262 PMCID: PMC9132457 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of hectares of cropland have been abandoned globally since 1950 due to demographic, economic, and environmental changes. This abandonment has been seen as an important opportunity for carbon sequestration and habitat restoration; yet those benefits depend on the persistence of abandonment, which is poorly known. Here, we track abandonment and recultivation at 11 sites across four continents using annual land-cover maps for 1987-2017. We find that abandonment is largely fleeting, lasting on average only 14.22 years (SD = 1.44). At most sites, we project that >50% of abandoned croplands will be recultivated within 30 years, precluding the accumulation of substantial amounts of carbon and biodiversity. Recultivation resulted in 30.84% less abandonment and 35.39% less carbon accumulated by 2017 than expected without recultivation. Unless policymakers take steps to reduce recultivation or provide incentives for regeneration, abandonment will remain a missed opportunity to reduce biodiversity loss and climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Crawford
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - He Yin
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Volker C. Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David S. Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Arasa‐Gisbert R, Arroyo‐Rodríguez V, Meave JA, Martínez‐Ramos M, Lohbeck M. Forest loss and treeless matrices cause the functional impoverishment of sapling communities in old‐growth forest patches across tropical regions. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Arasa‐Gisbert
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán Mexico
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lueder S, Narasimhan K, Olivo J, Cabrera D, Jurado JG, Greenstein L, Karubian J. Functional Traits, Species Diversity and Species Composition of a Neotropical Palm Community Vary in Relation to Forest Age. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.678125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that shape the diversity and composition of biotic communities in natural and human-modified landscapes remains a key issue in ecology. Here, we evaluate how functional traits, species diversity and community composition of palm species vary in relation to biogeographic variables and forest age in northwest Ecuador. Functional traits capture essential aspects of species’ ecological tradeoffs and roles within an ecosystem, making them useful in determining the ecological consequences of environmental change, but they have not been used as commonly as more traditional metrics of species diversity and community composition. We inventoried palm communities in 965 10 × 10 m plots arrayed in linear transects placed in forests of varying age. Adult palms in forests of younger regeneration stages were characterized by species with greater maximum stem height, greater maximum stem diameter, and solitary stems. The shift in functional features could indicate that shade tolerant palms are more common in old-growth forest. The shift could also reflect the legacy of leaving canopy palms as remnants in areas that were cleared and then allowed to regrow. Moreover, younger forest age was associated with decreased abundance and altered species composition in both juvenile and adult palms, and decreased species richness in adults. These results highlight the importance of retaining intact, old-growth forest to preserve functional and species diversity and highlight the importance of considering multiple aspects of diversity in studies of vegetation communities.
Collapse
|
41
|
Rother DC, Sousa ILF, Gressler E, Liboni AP, Souza VC, Rodrigues RR, Morellato LP. Comparing the potential reproductive phenology between restored areas and native tropical forest fragments in Southeastern Brazil. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora C. Rother
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Instituto de Biociências São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Igor L. F. Sousa
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Fenologia Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Biociências Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eliana Gressler
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Fenologia Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Biociências Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana P. Liboni
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vinícius C. Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo R. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. Patrícia Morellato
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Fenologia Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Biociências Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Forest Ecosystem Fragmentation in Ecuador: Challenges for Sustainable Land Use in the Tropical Andean. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural ecosystems are declining and fragmenting globally at unprecedented rates. Fragmentation of natural ecosystems leads to decline in functions and services with severe impact on people. In Ecuador, despite establishment of the nationwide ecosystem classification, this baseline information has not been fully exploited to generate a monitoring system for ecosystem changes. Forest ecosystems are altered daily in Ecuador by human impact, but the relationship between forest fragmentation and human land use has not been adequately explored. To provide an overview of how recent forest fragmentation at the national and ecosystem level was affected by practices in human land use, we quantified the degree of forest fragmentation using the forest fragmentation index (FFI). The relationship between the degree of forest ecosystem fragmentation and human land use of 64 natural forest ecosystems was analyzed during the time period 1990 to 2014. At the national level, the expansion of pasture and inhabited area significantly increased forest fragmentation. The regression models based on the FFI value indicated that the forest fragmentation was highly correlated to pastures in forest ecosystems with low, moderate, and high fragmentation in 2014 due to a progressive increase in pastures. This study showed the critical gaps between forest conservation strategies and actual practices in human land use.
Collapse
|
43
|
Vieira LA, Tabarelli M, Souza G, Queiroz RT, Santos BA. Divergent herb communities in drier and chronically disturbed areas of the Brazilian Caatinga. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
44
|
Cecilio Rebola L, Pandolfo Paz C, Valenzuela Gamarra L, F R P Burslem D. Land use intensity determines soil properties and biomass recovery after abandonment of agricultural land in an Amazonian biodiversity hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149487. [PMID: 34418614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been widespread clearance of tropical forests for agriculture, but in many cases the cultivation phase is only transient. The secondary forests recovering on these abandoned sites may contribute to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and protection of biodiversity, but the rates of recovery may be dependent on land-use intensity and changes in soil properties during cultivation. However fine-scale details on these changes are poorly known for many tropical forest locations. We quantified soil properties and recovery of woody biomass in 42 tropical forest fragments representing a chronosequence following two types of agricultural land-uses, and in 15 comparable reference old growth forests, between the Andes and the Amazon in Peru. Soil fertility, particularly base cation concentrations, responded negatively to increasing intensity of agricultural land-use, and either decreased or increased with time after abandonment dependent on prior land-use. The predicted mean recovery rate of woody biomass over the first 20 years following abandonment matched that predicted by a general model for the Neotropics, but recovery was three-fold higher on sites abandoned following traditional agriculture than on sites recovering from intensive agriculture. Estimated total biomass recovered to just above half that of reference old growth forests within 71 years. The inclusion of the biomass of lianas and smaller tree stems did not modify the apparent rate of ecosystem biomass recovery, however the proportion of the total biomass stored in small stems was greater following intensive than traditional agriculture, which suggests that patterns of stand structural development are sensitive to land-use history. We conclude that effects of historic land use on soil nutrient concentrations and their changes through time are required for a more complete interpretation of variation in biomass recovery rates at local scales. These results also highlight the critical importance of contemporary agricultural intensification for carbon storage in tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Cecilio Rebola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom.
| | - Claudia Pandolfo Paz
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Quirino de Andrade 215, Centro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Poorter L, Craven D, Jakovac CC, van der Sande MT, Amissah L, Bongers F, Chazdon RL, Farrior CE, Kambach S, Meave JA, Muñoz R, Norden N, Rüger N, van Breugel M, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Amani B, Andrade JL, Brancalion PHS, Broadbent EN, de Foresta H, Dent DH, Derroire G, DeWalt SJ, Dupuy JM, Durán SM, Fantini AC, Finegan B, Hernández-Jaramillo A, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Hietz P, Junqueira AB, N'dja JK, Letcher SG, Lohbeck M, López-Camacho R, Martínez-Ramos M, Melo FPL, Mora F, Müller SC, N'Guessan AE, Oberleitner F, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Pérez-García EA, Pinho BX, Piotto D, Powers JS, Rodríguez-Buriticá S, Rozendaal DMA, Ruíz J, Tabarelli M, Teixeira HM, Valadares de Sá Barretto Sampaio E, van der Wal H, Villa PM, Fernandes GW, Santos BA, Aguilar-Cano J, de Almeida-Cortez JS, Alvarez-Davila E, Arreola-Villa F, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Cabral GAL, Castellanos-Castro C, de Jong BHJ, Nieto JE, Espírito-Santo MM, Fandino MC, García H, García-Villalobos D, Hall JS, Idárraga A, Jiménez-Montoya J, Kennard D, Marín-Spiotta E, Mesquita R, Nunes YRF, Ochoa-Gaona S, Peña-Claros M, Pérez-Cárdenas N, Rodríguez-Velázquez J, Villanueva LS, Schwartz NB, Steininger MK, Veloso MDM, Vester HFM, Vieira ICG, Williamson GB, Zanini K, Hérault B. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery. Science 2021; 374:1370-1376. [PMID: 34882461 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catarina C Jakovac
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Rod. Admar Gonzaga, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Masha T van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lucy Amissah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Stephan Kambach
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Economics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama.,Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Bienvenu Amani
- UFR Agroforesterie, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eben N Broadbent
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hubert de Foresta
- UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Daisy H Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- CIRAD, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Saara J DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Juan M Dupuy
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sandra M Durán
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Bryan Finegan
- CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | - José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André B Junqueira
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Justin Kassi N'dja
- Departement of Bioscience, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Madelon Lohbeck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - René López-Camacho
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Facultad de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe P L Melo
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Sandra C Müller
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anny E N'Guessan
- Departement of Bioscience, University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruno X Pinho
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, BA, Brazil
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorge Ruíz
- Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Geografia, Convenio Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnológica de Colombia-Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Heitor Mancini Teixeira
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans van der Wal
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - Unidad Villahermosa, Centro, Tabasco, México
| | - Pedro M Villa
- Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Plantas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (PROBIODIVERSA), Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Geraldo W Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - José Aguilar-Cano
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Felipe Arreola-Villa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - George A L Cabral
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Ben H J de Jong
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Jhon Edison Nieto
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mário M Espírito-Santo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria C Fandino
- Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Hernando García
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jefferson S Hall
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Balboa, Panama
| | - Alvaro Idárraga
- Fundación Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Herbario JAUM, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Deborah Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA
| | | | - Rita Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Environmental Dynamics Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Yule R F Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nathalia Pérez-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Lucía Sanaphre Villanueva
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Naomi B Schwartz
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc K Steininger
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Maria D M Veloso
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henricus F M Vester
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - G Bruce Williamson
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Environmental Dynamics Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kátia Zanini
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.,Forêts et Sociétés, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vulnerabilities and Threats to Natural Forest Regrowth: Land Tenure Reform, Land Markets, Pasturelands, Plantations, and Urbanization in Indigenous Communities in Mexico. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10121340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the economic and social costs of national and international efforts to restore millions of hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes, results have not met expectations due to land tenure conflicts, land-use transformation, and top-down decision-making policies. Privatization of land, expansion of cattle raising, plantations, and urbanization have created an increasingly competitive land market, dispossessing local communities and threatening forest conservation and regeneration. In contrast to significant investments in reforestation, natural regrowth, which could contribute to landscape regeneration, has not been sufficiently promoted by national governments. This study analyzes socio-ecological and economic vulnerabilities of indigenous and other peasant communities in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Chiapas, and Morelos related to the inclusion of natural regeneration in their forest cycles. While these communities are located within protected areas (Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, El Tepozteco National Park, and Chichinautzin Biological Corridor), various threats and vulnerabilities impede natural regeneration. Although landscape restoration involves complex political, economic, and social relationships and decisions by a variety of stakeholders, we focus on communities’ vulnerable land rights and the impacts of privatization on changes in land use and forest conservation. We conclude that the social, economic, political, and environmental vulnerabilities of the study communities threaten natural regeneration, and we explore necessary changes for incorporating this process in landscape restoration.
Collapse
|
47
|
Understanding the Long-Term Impact of Bamboos on Secondary Forests: A Case for Bamboo Management in Southern Brazil. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As secondary forests become more common around the world, it is essential to understand successional pathways to ensure their proper forest management. Despite optimism about secondary forests in terms of landscape restoration, the influence of invasive species on their development has been poorly explored. Here, forest plots in the Araucaria Forest, Southern Brazil, are used to compare forest dynamics over a 14-year period between unmanaged bamboo forest development (control) and the removal of bamboo. Six control plots (15 × 15 m) were monitored for all adult trees since 2007 alongside six adjacent removal plots; after the initial measurement of the control in 2007, all plots were measured bi-annually from 2010 to 2020. Comparisons were based on tree species diversity, composition, and structure parameters. Removal plots show a trend towards developing a forest composition with more secondary and late successional species while the control plots demonstrate succession restricted to the pioneer trees that regenerated immediately after bamboo die-off (2005–2006). Without the presence of bamboos, removal plots are mirroring the well-known successional pathway typical of the Araucaria Forest. Conversely, bamboos are effectively arresting successional development in the control, resulting in lower levels of diversity and less complex forest structure. For the first time, this study presents a direct analysis of the influence of bamboos on forest succession, providing evidence on which practices to manage bamboo forests can be developed so these secondary forests can fulfill their ecological and economic potential.
Collapse
|
48
|
Edwards DP, Cerullo GR, Chomba S, Worthington TA, Balmford AP, Chazdon RL, Harrison RD. Upscaling tropical restoration to deliver environmental benefits and socially equitable outcomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1326-R1341. [PMID: 34637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration offers immense potential to return hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded tropical landscapes to functioning ecosystems. Well-designed restoration can tackle multiple Sustainable Development Goals, driving synergistic benefits for biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural and timber production, and local livelihoods at large spatial scales. To deliver on this potential, restoration efforts must recognise and reduce trade-offs among objectives, and minimize competition with food production and conservation of native ecosystems. Restoration initiatives also need to confront core environmental challenges of climate change and inappropriate planting in savanna biomes, be robustly funded over the long term, and address issues of poor governance, inadequate land tenure, and socio-cultural disparities in benefits and costs. Tackling these issues using the landscape approach is vital to realising the potential for restoration to break the cycle of land degradation and poverty, and deliver on its core environmental and social promises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Andrew P Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fahrig L, Watling JI, Arnillas CA, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Jörger-Hickfang T, Müller J, Pereira HM, Riva F, Rösch V, Seibold S, Tscharntke T, May F. Resolving the SLOSS dilemma for biodiversity conservation: a research agenda. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:99-114. [PMID: 34453405 PMCID: PMC9290967 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The legacy of the 'SL > SS principle', that a single or a few large habitat patches (SL) conserve more species than several small patches (SS), is evident in decisions to protect large patches while down-weighting small ones. However, empirical support for this principle is lacking, and most studies find either no difference or the opposite pattern (SS > SL). To resolve this dilemma, we propose a research agenda by asking, 'are there consistent, empirically demonstrated conditions leading to SL > SS?' We first review and summarize 'single large or several small' (SLOSS) theory and predictions. We found that most predictions of SL > SS assume that between-patch variation in extinction rate dominates the outcome of the extinction-colonization dynamic. This is predicted to occur when populations in separate patches are largely independent of each other due to low between-patch movements, and when species differ in minimum patch size requirements, leading to strong nestedness in species composition along the patch size gradient. However, even when between-patch variation in extinction rate dominates the outcome of the extinction-colonization dynamic, theory can predict SS > SL. This occurs if extinctions are caused by antagonistic species interactions or disturbances, leading to spreading-of-risk of landscape-scale extinction across SS. SS > SL is also predicted when variation in colonization dominates the outcome of the extinction-colonization dynamic, due to higher immigration rates for SS than SL, and larger species pools in proximity to SS than SL. Theory that considers change in species composition among patches also predicts SS > SL because of higher beta diversity across SS than SL. This results mainly from greater environmental heterogeneity in SS due to greater variation in micro-habitats within and across SS habitat patches ('across-habitat heterogeneity'), and/or more heterogeneous successional trajectories across SS than SL. Based on our review of the relevant theory, we develop the 'SLOSS cube hypothesis', where the combination of three variables - between-patch movement, the role of spreading-of-risk in landscape-scale population persistence, and across-habitat heterogeneity - predict the SLOSS outcome. We use the SLOSS cube hypothesis and existing SLOSS empirical evidence, to predict SL > SS only when all of the following are true: low between-patch movement, low importance of spreading-of-risk for landscape-scale population persistence, and low across-habitat heterogeneity. Testing this prediction will be challenging, as it will require many studies of species groups and regions where these conditions hold. Each such study would compare gamma diversity across multiple landscapes varying in number and sizes of patches. If the prediction is not generally supported across such tests, then the mechanisms leading to SL > SS are extremely rare in nature and the SL > SS principle should be abandoned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenore Fahrig
- Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James I Watling
- John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd., University Heights, OH, U.S.A
| | | | - Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro No. 8701, Ex-Hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tablaje Catastral No. 6998, Carretera Merida-Tetiz km 4.5, Municipio de Ucu, 97357, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Theresa Jörger-Hickfang
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Halle-Jena-Leipzig), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- University of Würzburg, Sanderring 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Halle-Jena-Leipzig), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Federico Riva
- Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verena Rösch
- Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.,Berchtesgaden National Park, Doktorberg 6, 83471, Berchtesgaden, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix May
- Freie Universität Berlin, Kaiserswerther Str. 16-18, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee RH, Morgan B, Liu C, Fellowes JR, Guénard B. Secondary forest succession buffers extreme temperature impacts on subtropical Asian ants. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ho Lee
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Brett Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutional Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 26 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | | | - Benoit Guénard
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|